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    Manish Raj
    This document discusses atmospheric corrections for high-voltage testing. It presents two methods for calculating atmospheric correction factors to account for differences in air density and humidity from standard reference conditions. The correction factors allow disruptive discharge voltages measured under non-standard conditions to be converted to equivalent values under standard conditions. The document also compares the correction factors from the two IEEE methods to those from actual atmospheric data and other standards.

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    Acf

    Uploaded by

    Manish Raj
    107 views23 pages
    This document discusses atmospheric corrections for high-voltage testing. It presents two methods for calculating atmospheric correction factors to account for differences in air density and humidity from standard reference conditions. The correction factors allow disruptive discharge voltages measured under non-standard conditions to be converted to equivalent values under standard conditions. The document also compares the correction factors from the two IEEE methods to those from actual atmospheric data and other standards.

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    Altitude correction factor for Electrical clearances

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    This document discusses atmospheric corrections for high-voltage testing. It presents two methods for calculating atmospheric correction factors to account for differences in air density and humidity from standard reference conditions. The correction factors allow disruptive discharge voltages measured under non-standard conditions to be converted to equivalent values under standard conditions. The document also compares the correction factors from the two IEEE methods to those from actual atmospheric data and other standards.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    107 views23 pages

    Acf

    Uploaded by

    Manish Raj
    This document discusses atmospheric corrections for high-voltage testing. It presents two methods for calculating atmospheric correction factors to account for differences in air density and humidity from standard reference conditions. The correction factors allow disruptive discharge voltages measured under non-standard conditions to be converted to equivalent values under standard conditions. The document also compares the correction factors from the two IEEE methods to those from actual atmospheric data and other standards.

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    1

    Atmospheric Corrections
    Johannes Rickmann
    Phenix Technologies
    2014 IEEE PES Panel Session
    Discussions on IEEE Std.4-2013: High-Voltage Testing
    Techniques
    2

    Introduction to atmospheric corrections


    - Disruptive discharge of external insulation depends on the atmospheric conditions
    (air density and humidity)
    - Disruptive discharge voltage increases with air density and humidity (up to 80%
    relative humidity)
    - Applying a correction factor allows to calculate the disruptive discharge voltage for
    different conditions than the standard conditions
    - Two procedures to calculate atmospheric correction factors:
    - Standard Procedure: where a disruptive discharge voltage measured in given conditions may be converted
    to the to the value that would have been obtained under the standard reference conditions (U0 = U/k)
    - Converse Procedure: where a test voltage is specified under standard reference conditions can be
    converted to the equivalent value under the test conditions (U = U0/k)
    With k being the atmospheric correction factor

    The standard reference atmosphere is:

    a) Temperature t0 = 20 °C
    b) Pressure b0 = 101.3 kPa (1013 mbar)
    c) Absolute humidity h0 = 11 g/m3
    3

    Definition of atmospheric correction factors


    Two methods are in use in IEEE STD 4 to calculate atmospheric correction factors

    13.2.1 Atmospheric correction using Method 1 (recommended method for new


    equipment)

    The disruptive discharge voltage is proportional to the atmospheric correction factor k

    K = k1k2
    With k1 air density correction factor
    k2 humidity correction factor

    13.2.1.1 Air density correction factor, k1

    The air density correction factor k1 depends on the relative air density δ and can be
    generally expressed as:
    k1 = δm

    where m is an exponent given in 13.2.1.3


    4

    Definition of atmospheric correction factors


    5

    Definition of atmospheric correction factors


    6

    Definition of atmospheric correction factors


    The exponents, m and w, are obtained from Table 9 for the specified ranges of g
    (Figures 33 and 34)

    Table 9 – Values of exponents, m for air density correction and w for humidity
    correction, as a function of the parameter g
    g m w

    <0,2 0 0

    0,2 to 1,0 g(g-0,2)/0,8 g(g-0,2)/0,8

    1,0 to 1,2 1,0 1,0

    1,2 to 2,0 1,0 (2,2-g)(2,0-g)/0,8

    >2,0 1,0 0
    7

    Definition of atmospheric correction factors


    8

    Definition of atmospheric correction factors


    13.2.2 Atmospheric correction using Method 2 (alternate method for air gaps < 1m
    and comparisons against historic data, re-introduced as amendment to 1995
    edition upon demand of Switchgear committee)

    Two correction factors are used:

    kd air density correction factor


    kh humidity correction factor

    The disruptive discharge voltage is proportional to kd / kh

    - Standard Procedure: where a disruptive discharge voltage measured in given


    conditions may be converted to the to the value that would have been obtained
    under the standard reference conditions
    (U0 = U kh / kd)
    - Converse Procedure: where a test voltage is specified under standard reference
    conditions can be converted to the equivalent value under the test conditions
    (U = U0 kd / kh)
    9

    Definition of atmospheric correction factors


    10

    Definition of atmospheric correction factors


    11

    Definition of atmospheric correction factors


    12

    Definition of atmospheric correction factors


    13

    Atmospheric correction factors


    Correction curves comparing Method 1 and Method 2 correction factors using only
    air density correction to those using actual atmospheric data

    The curves where calculated for 550 kV equipment (3800 mm discharge path) and 245
    kV equipment (2000 mm discharge path)

    The actual atmospheric data was taken from the Chinese Standard DL/T620
    Altitude
    0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
    m
    Relative air
    1 0.945 0.888 0.835 0.786 0.741 0.695 0.655
    pressure
    Relative air
    1 0.955 0.9085 0.865 0.824 0.784 0.745 0.708
    density
    Absolute
    11 9.17 7.64 6.37 5.33 4.42 3.68 3.08
    humidity h g/m3
    Temperature
    20 16.9 13.4 9.8 6.5 3.9 0.3 -1.9
    °C
    14

    Atmospheric correction factors

    SI level: 1175 kV SI level: 700 kV


    1.5% difference in correction factor when 2.1% difference in correction factor when
    using actual data using actual data
    15

    Atmospheric correction factors

    LI level: 1550 kV LI level: 1050 kV


    3.7% difference in correction factor when 7.2% difference in correction factor when
    using actual data using actual data
    16

    Atmospheric correction factors

    ACpeak level: 1047 kV (740 kV) ACpeak level: 651 kV (460 kV)
    1.6% difference in correction factor when 7.2% difference in correction factor when
    using actual data using actual data
    17

    Atmospheric correction factors

    DC level: 1800 kV DC level: 920 kV


    2.5% difference in correction factor when 2.4% difference in correction factor when
    using actual data using actual data
    18

    ACrms to ACpeak

    Correction factors calculated for peak and rms withstand voltage and discharge voltage
    3800 – 740: rms withstand value for 3800 mm discharge path
    3800 – 1047: peak withstand value for 3800 mm discharge path
    3800 – 880: rms withstand value for 3800 mm discharge path
    3800 – 1245: peak withstand value for 3800 mm discharge path
    19

    Differences to IEC 60060-1 Ed.3


    IEC 60060-1 Ed.3 states for the converse procedure in clause 4.3.3.2
    “However, as U enters into the calculation of Kt, an iterative procedure might have to be
    used (see Annex E)
    For the converse procedure of applying correction factors, where a test voltage is
    specified for standard reference conditions and must be converted into the equivalent
    value under the test conditions an iterative procedure is proposed, specially if the
    correction factor Kt is lower than e.g. 0.95 in order to reduce the error in calculating
    correction factors for high altitude test sites.

    U 50 (i ) = 1.1xU t (i ) = 1.1xK t (i − 1) xU 0
    The iteration is continued until
    K t (i ) − K t ( −1) < predetermined value
    20

    Differences to IEC 60060-1 Ed.3

    Comparison of calculated correction factors for SI for a 3800 mm discharge path at withstand and
    flashover using the converse procedure with and without the iterative procedure
    The differences are about the same for AC but smaller for DC and almost negligible for LI
    21

    Differences to other Standards


    • IEC 60071-2 • IEEE C37.100

    Where:
    H is the altitude in m Where:
    m is defined as 1 for LI and short m is defined as 1 for LI and short
    duration AC test voltages and for SI m duration AC test voltages and 0.75 for
    is to be calculated using the curves phase to ground SI
    below
    22

    Differences to other Standards

    Comparison between calculated correction factors and those achieved through tests
    [1] A. Pigini et.al: “Influence of Air Density and Humidity on the Breaakdown Voltage of Air Gaps, 33-83(WG03) 29
    IWD”
    [2] M. Ramirez et.al.: “Air Density Influence on the Strength of External Insulation under Positive Impulses:
    Experimental Investigation up to an Altitude of 3000 m a.s.l.”, IEEE 1989
    [3] Liao Yongli et.al.: “Switching Impulse strength of ±800 kV UHVDC Under High Altitude Condition”, High Voltage
    Engineering, Vol 38, No12, December 31, 2012
    IEC 60071-2: Insulation coordination – Part 2: Application guide
    IEEE C37.100: DEFINITIONS FOR POWER SWITCHGEAR
    IEEE48: TEST PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR ALTERNATING-CURRENT CABLE TERMINATIONS USED ON
    SHIELDED CABLES HAVING LAMINATED INSULATION RATED 2.5 KV THROUGH 765 KV OR EXTRUDED INSULATION
    RATED 2.5 KV THROUGH 500 KV
    23

    Future of Atmospheric Correction Factors

    • Due to the large differences in the results using the correction methods of different
    standards a CIGRE working group was established within the CIGRE Study
    Committee D1 (Materials and Emerging Test Techniques) and a joint IEC working
    group JWG22

    • D1.50: Atmospheric and altitude corrections factors for air gaps and clean insulators
    – Members from Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Africa, Sweden, USA
    – Tendency is going away from the simplified method having one m over g curve for various arrangements
    – Tests at higher altitude suggest that the factor m is increasing again at higher altitudes

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