SOLID GEOMETRY

Fachira Humaira
1711142004

MATHEMATICS PROGRAM
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
2018
Introduction

Solid Geometry is the traditional name for the geometry of three-dimensional figure is is
a geometric setting in which three values (called parameters) are required to determine the
position of an element (i.e., point). This is the informal meaning of the term dimension.
In physics and mathematics, a sequence of n numbers can be understood as a location in
n-dimensional space. When n = 3, the set of all such locations is called three-dimensional
Euclidean space. It is commonly represented by the symbol ℝ3. This serves as a three-parameter
model of the physical universe (that is, the spatial part, without considering time) in which all
known matter exists. However, this space is only one example of a large variety of spaces in
three dimensions called 3-manifolds. In this classical example, when the three values refer to
measurements in different directions (coordinates), any three directions can be chosen, provided
that vectors in these directions do not all lie in the same 2-space (plane). Furthermore, in this
case, these three values can be labeled by any combination of three chosen from the terms width,
height, depth, and breadth.
Why do we do Geometry? To discover patterns, find areas, volumes, lengths and angles,
and better understand the world around us. The next time you play a video game, thank
geometry for the realistic look to the landscape and the characters that inhabit the game’s virtual
world. Besides helping computer designers build virtual realities, geometry’s applications in the
real world include architecture, computer-aided manufacturing, medicine, biology, physical
sciences and much more. Applications of geometry in the real world include computer-aided
design for construction blueprints, the design of assembly systems in manufacturing,
nanotechnology, computer graphics, visual graphs, video game programming and virtual reality
creation. Geometry also plays a role in global positioning systems, cartography, astronomy, and
geometry even helps robots see things.
When people recall their geometry learning experience, many of them recall it not only
as an unpleasant experience, but they often also recall difficulties that they experienced in
learning geometry. These two facets of learning, unpleasantness and a lack of depth of
understanding, go hand in hand. When we find it difficult or impossible to understand an area of
study, we typically resort to rote memorization, and this entire experience is distasteful to most
people. So why is it that geometry is so often the school mathematics topic that people
remember with unpleasantness and a lack of comprehension? The answer hinges on an
inadequate school geometry curriculum.
Discussion

A. Definition of Solid Geometry

Solid Geometry as we know now as three-dimensional figure is a geometry in
mathematics that have contents and limited by set of points contained in the entire surface of the
geometry.

B. Historical of Solid Geometry

Geometry (from the Ancient Greek: γεωμετρία; geo- "earth", -metron "measurement")
arose as the field of knowledge dealing with spatial relationships. Geometry was one of the two
fields of pre-modern mathematics, the other being the study of numbers (arithmetic).
Classic geometry was focused in compass and straightedge constructions. Geometry was
revolutionized by Euclid, who introduced mathematical rigor and the axiomatic method still in
use today. His book, The Elements is widely considered the most influential textbook of all
time, and was known to all educated people in the West until the middle of the 20th century.
In modern times, geometric concepts have been generalized to a high level of abstraction
and complexity, and have been subjected to the methods of calculus and abstract algebra, so that
many modern branches of the field are barely recognizable as the descendants of early geometry.

C. Types of Solid Geometry

Solid geometry is concerned with three-dimensional shapes. Some examples of three-
dimensional shapes are cubes, rectangular prisms, prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones and
spheres.
1. Cubes

figure 1
A cube is a three-dimensional figure with six matching square sides. The figure above shows a
cube. It has 8 vertices and 12 edges. The dotted lines indicate edges hidden from your view. If s
is the length of one of its sides, then the volume of the cube is s × s × s.
 Volume of the cube = s3
The area of each side of a cube is s2. Since a cube has six square-shape sides, its total surface
area is 6 times s2.
Surface area of a cube = 6s2

2. Rectangular Prisms or Cuboids

figure 2
A rectangular prism is also called a rectangular solid or a cuboid. In a rectangular prism, the
length, width and height may be of different lengths. It has 6 faces, 8 vertices and 12 edges.
The volume of the above rectangular prism would be the product of the length, width and height
that is.
Volume of rectangular prism = lwh
Total area of top and bottom surfaces is lw + lw = 2lw
Total area of front and back surfaces is lh + lh = 2lh
Total area of the two side surfaces is wh + wh = 2wh
Surface area of rectangular prism = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh = 2(lw + lh + wh)

3. Prisms

figure 3 figure 4
A prism is a solid that has two congruent parallel bases that are polygons. The polygons form
the bases of the prism and the length of the edge joining the two bases is called the height.
The above diagrams show two prisms: one with a pentagon-shaped base called a pentagonal
prism (figure 3) and another with a triangle-shaped base called a triangular prism (figure 4).
Triangular prisms has 5 faces with 2 triangular bases and 3 rectangular faces, 6 vertices and 9
edges.
The volume of a prism is given by the product of the area of its base and its height.
Volume of prism = area of base × height
The surface area of a prism is equal to 2 times area of base plus perimeter of base times height.
Surface area of prism = 2 × area of base + perimeter of base × height

4. Pyramids

figure 5 figure 6
A pyramid is a solid with a polygon base and connected by triangular faces to its vertex. A
pyramid is a regular pyramid if its base is a regular polygon and the triangular faces are all
congruent isosceles triangles.
The above diagrams show two pyramids: one with a triangular-shape base called a triangular
pyramid (figure 5) and another with a square-shaped base called a square pyramid (figure 6).
Square pyramid has 5 faces with 4 triangular bases and 1 square faces, 5 vertices and 8 edges.
1
Volume of pyramid = 3 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Surface Area of a Pyramid is the measure of how much exposed area a pyramid has. Surface
Area of a Pyramid is expressed in square units.
1
Surface area of a pyramid = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 2 × 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
 5. Cylinders

figure 7
A cylinders is a solid with two congruent circles joined by a curved surface. In the above figure,
the radius of the circular base is r and the height is h. The volume of the cylinder is the area of
the base × height.
Volume of cylinders = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
The net of a solid cylinder consists of 2 circles and one rectangle. The curved surface opens up
to form a rectangle.
Surface area = 2 × area of circle + area of rectangle
Surface area of cylindesr = 2πr2 + 2πrh = 2πr (r + h)

6. Cones

figure 8
A circular cone has a circular base, which is connected by a curved surface to its vertex. A cone
is called a right circular cone, if the line from the vertex of the cone to the center of its base is
perpendicular to the base.
1
Volume of cones = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

The net of a solid cone consists of a small circle and a sector of a larger circle. The arc of the
sector has the same length as the circumference of the smaller circle.
Surface area of cone = Area of sector + area of circle
Surface area of cone = πrs + πr2 = πr(r + s)
 7. Spheres

figure 9
A sphere is a three dimensional circular object. It is the set of points which are equidistant from
a fixed point. This distance between points and fixed point is known as the radius of the sphere,
and the given point is known as the center of the sphere. If the set of points of distance one from
the centre then the sphere is unit sphere.
4
Volume of sphere = 𝜋𝑟 3
3

Surface area of sphere = 4 πr2

Diameter of sphere = Twice of radius = 2 × Radius
Conclusion

Solid Geometry is the traditional name for the geometry of three-dimensional figure is is
a geometric setting in which three values (called parameters) are required to determine the
position of an element (i.e., point). This is the informal meaning of the term dimension.
Geometry (from the Ancient Greek: γεωμετρία; geo- "earth", -metron "measurement")
arose as the field of knowledge dealing with spatial relationships. Geometry was one of the two
fields of pre-modern mathematics, the other being the study of numbers (arithmetic).
Solid geometry is concerned with three-dimensional shapes. Some examples of three-
dimensional shapes are cubes, rectangular prisms, prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones and
spheres.
We do geometry to discover patterns, find areas, volumes, lengths and angles, and better
understand the world around us.
References

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