Advantages of internet:

1.You can access millions of pages of information

Disadvantage of Internet:
There is no restriction of information
Expensive internet connection

History of Internet:

1957
-The USSR launches Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite. In Response, the United States forms the
Advanced Research Project Agency(ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DOD) to establish US lead
in science and technology applicable to the military.

1962
-Paul Baran, of the RAND Corporation ( a government agency),was commissions by the U.S. Air Force to
do a study on how it could maintain it command and control over its missiles and bombers, after a
nuclear attack. This was to be a military research network that could survive a nuclear strike,
decentralize so that if any location’s (cities) in the U.S. were attacked, the military could still have
control of nuclear arms for a counter-attack. Baran’s finished document described several ways to
accomplish this. His final proposal was a packet switched network.

-“Packet Switching is the breaking down of data into datagrams or packets that are labeled to indicate
the origin and the destination of the information and the forwarding of these packets from one
computer to another computer until the information arrives at its final destination computer. This was
crucial to the realization of a computer network. If packets are lost at any given point, the message can
be resent by the originator”.

1968
ARPA awarded the ARPANET contact to BBN. BBN had selected a Honeywell minicomputer as the base
on which they would build the switch. The physical network was constructed in 1969, linking four nodes:
University of California at Los Angeles, SRI (in Stanford), University of California at Santa Barbara, and
University of Utah. The Network was wired together via 50 kbps circuits.

1972
-The First e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN. The Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) was renamed, the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA).

-ARPANET was currently using the protocol later to be called TCP/IP, it was developed by a group
headed by Vinton Cerf from Stanford and Bob Kahn from DARPA. The new protocol was to allow diverse
computer networks to interconnect and communicate with each other.

1974
First Use of term Internet by Vint Cerf and Bob kahn in paper on Transmission Control Protocol.
1976
-Dr. Robert M. Metcalfe develops Ethernet, which allowed coaxial cable to move data extremely fast.
This was a crucial component to the development of LANs.
The packet satellite project went into practical use. SATNET, Atlantic packet Satellite network, was born.
This network linked the United States with Europe. Surprisingly, it used commercial IntelSat satellites
that were owned by the International Tele-communication Satellite Organization, rather than
government satellite.
UUCP(Unix-to-Unix Copy) developed at AT & T Bell Labs and distributed with UNIX one year. The
Department of Defense began to experiment with the TCP/IP protocol soon decided to require it for use
on ARPANET.

1979 - USENEY (The decentralized news group network) was created by Steve Bellovin, a graduate
student at University of North Carolina, and programmers Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis. It was based on
UUCP.

- The creation of BITNET, by IBM. “Because it’s Time Network”. “store and forward” network. It
was used for email and list serves.

1981 – National Science Foundation created backbone called CSNET 50 kbps network for institution
without access to ARPANET. Vinton Cerf proposed a plan for an inter-network connection CSNET and the
ARPANET.

1983 - Internet Activities Board (LAB) was created in 1983

On January 1st, every machine connected to ARPANET had to use TPC/IP. TPC/IP became the core
Internet protocol and replace NCP entirely.

The university of Wisconsin created Domain Name System (DNS)

This allowed packets to be directed to a domain name, which would be translated by the server
database into the corresponding IP number. This made it much easier for people to access other servers
because they no longer had to remember numbers.

1984 – The ARPANET was divided into two networks: MILNET and ARPANET.

MILNET was to serve the needs of the military and ARPANET to support the advanced research
component. DOD continued to support both networks.

Upgrade to CSNET was contracted to MCI. New circuits would be T1 lines, 1.5 Mbps which is twenty-five
times faster than the old 56 kbps lines. IBM would provide advance routers and Merit would manage
the network. New network was to be called NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network), and old
lines were to remain called CSNET.

1985 – The National Science Foundation began deploying its new T1 lines which be finished by 1988.
 1986 – The Internet Engineering Task Force or IETF was created to serve as a forum for technical
coordination by contractors for DARPA working on ARPANET, US Defense Data Network (DDN), and the
Internet core gateway system.

1987 – BITNET & CSNET merged to form the Corporation for Research and Educational Networking
(CREN) another work of the National Science Foundation.

1988 – Soon after the completion of the T1 NSFNET backbone, traffic increased so quickly that plans
immediately began on upgrading the network again.

- Merit and its partners formed a not for profit corporation called ANS, Advanced Network
Systems, which was to conduct research into high speed networking. It soon came up with the
concept of the T3, a 45 Mbps line. NSF quickly adopted the new network and by the end of 1991
all of its sites were connected by this new backbone.

1990 – While the T3 lines were being constructed, the Department of Defense disbanded the ARPANET
and it was replaced by the NSFNET backbone. The original 50 kbps lines of ARPANET were taken out of
service.

- Tim Berners – Lee and CERN in Geneva implements a hypertext system to provide efficient
information access to the members of the international high-energy physics community.

1991 – CSNET (which consisted of 56 kbps lines) was discontinued having fulfilled its important early role
in the provision of academic networking service. A key feature of CREN is that its operational cost are
fully met through dues paid by its member organizations.

- The NSF established a new network, named NREN, the National Research and Education
Network. The purpose of this network is to be used to send a lot of the data that the Internet
now transfer.

1992 – Internet Society is chartered.

1993 – InterNic created by NSF to provide specific Internet services: directory and database services (by
AT & T), registration services (by Networking Solutions Inc.), and information services (by General
Atomic/CERFnet).

- Marc Andreessen and NCSA and the University of Illinois develop a graphical user interface to
the www, called “Mosaic for X”.

1994 – No major changes were made to the physical network. The most significant thing that happened
was the growth. Many new network were added to the NSF backbone. Hundreds of thousands of new
hosts were added to the Internet during that time.
- Pizza Hut offers pizza ordering on its Web Pages.
- First Virtual, the first cyberbank, opens.
- ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode, 145 Mbps) backbone is installed on NSFNET.