Index

Abel. Niels. 287 argument. of a complex Bolzano-Weierstrass

Abel summation. 292 number. 73 property. 50. 153
Abel's partial summation arithmetic of limits. 42 Bolza no-Weierstrass
formula. 287. 308 Arzela-Ascoli theorem. theorem. 153. 165
Abel's test. 287. 308 273.299 bound. lower. 38. 47
Abel's theorem. 292. 311 associative. 22. 26. 57 bound. upper. 38. 47
absolute convergence of atomic sentences. 12 boundary condition. 593.
integrals. 464 axiom 594.598
absolute convergence of of choice. 16 boundary of a set. 118
series. 126. 323 of extension. 13 boundary value
absolute maximum. 189. of infinity. 16 problems. 661
214 of pairing. 15 boundary. properties of.
absolute minimum. 189. of powers. 15 145
214 of specification. 14
bounded
absolute value. 30. 73 of substitution. 17
of unions. 15 above. 38
absolute value function. metric. 65
198 axioms
of addition. 26 sequence. 38. 86. 115.
accumulation points. 113. 123.133
131 of a field. 26
of multiplication. 26 totally. 153. 166
addition axioms. 26 variation. 570
additive inverse. 26 of order. 27
of set theory. 7 bow-tie region. 198
affine approximation. Brouwer fixed point
best. 329 theorem. 275
Baire category theorem.
affine hyperplane. 59
175 Brownian motion. 337
algebra. 284 ball in n-space. volume of. Bunyakovskii. 62
algebraic number. 258 532
alternating series. 127. Banach space. 270 (C. 1) integrability. 325
136 barber's paradox. 11 (C. r) summable. 291. 571
amplitude. 543 base of logarithms. 259
analysis. Fourier. 543 C1 function. 199
basis. standard. 59 cancellation laws. 28
analytic. real. 360 Bernstein. Sergei. 283
angular momentum. 614 Cantor. Georg. 8. 43
Bernstein polynomials. Cantor set. 176.494
antiderivative. 208 283.305
antisymmetry. 27 cardinality of a set. 6
Bessel's inequality. 554.
approximate identity. 628 621 Carleson. L.. 560
approximation. best affine approximation. cartesian product. 3
polygonal. 322 329 Cauchy. Augustin Louis.
Archimedean ordered best mean approximation. 49
field. 33. 40.50.82. 102 555.622 Cauchy
Archimedean property. big oh notation. 142 completeness. 50
33.40. 50.82. 102 bilinear map. 356 condensation test. 137
area element in polar binomial coefficient. 283 criterion for integrals.
coordinates. 499. 508 binomial series. 325 466
area of a set. 452 bisection process. 87 criterion for series.
area under a graph. 204 black box. 280 126. 135

729
730 Index

cauchy (con#nued) compact metric space, conditional convergence

criterion for uniform 153 for integrals, 464
convergence, 244, compact set, image of, conditional convergence
295 182,212 for series, 126
sequence, 49, 86, 88, compact sets, product of, conditions for
123, 270, 549 174 differentiability, 340
cauchy-Riemann compact, relatively, 235 conjugate, complex, 73
equations, 440 compactness, pointwise, connected set, 163, 191
cauchy-Schwarz 273 connected set, image of,
inequality, 61, 69, 94, 98, comparison test for 182,212
547,619 integrals, 461, 462, 464 connected sets, product
Cesaro 1-summable, 290, comparison test for of, 174
571 series, 126, 135 connectives, logical, 12
Cesaro summability, 290, complement, 2 conservation of energy,
571 complement, orthogonal, 654
chain rule, 199, 216, 345, 62,650 constant multiple rule,
371,384 complete induction, 32 199
change of coordinates, complete metric space, constant, Euler's, 148
412,506 123 constant, Lipschitz, 408
change of variables complete ordered field, constrained extrema, 414
theorem, 505, 523 39,82 constraints, 417
changing the fastest, 350 complete orthonormal content zero, 452
chaos, 338 family, 552, 553 continuity
characteristic function, complete space, 270 conditions for, 221
451 completeness, 35, 39, 123 of a function, 179
characteristics, 596 cauchy, 50 of a linear map, 228
Chernoff, Paul, 626 of the complex separate, 233
choice, axiom of, 16 numbers, 76 continuous function, 68,
circle of convergence, of Euclidean space, 179
289,310 124 continuous function,
class C", 358 of an inner product uniform approximation
class, equivalence, 43 space, 549 of, 283
classical Fourier series, of an ordered field, 39 continuous functions,
545,553 complex conjugate, 73 properties of, 213
classical mechanics, 610 complex inner product continuous functions,
closed interval, 46 space, 76 space of, 268
closed loop feedback, 280 complex number, 70, 72 continuous maps,
closed set, 110 complex numbers, properties of, 186
closed sets, and sequence of, 76 continuous on a set, 179
convergent sequences, complex parallelogram continuous path, 160
122 law, 101 continuous sectionally,
closed sets, intersection complex valued 550
of, 110 functions, 230 contraction mapping
closed sets, union of, 110 complex vector space, 58 principle, 275, 301, 420
closed, relatively, 173 component of a set, 164 contra positive, 84 '
closure ota set, 116, 131 component, path, 164 control problem, ,281
closure properties, of, 145 composite function convergence
cluster point, 52, 88,91, theorem, 345 circle of, 289,310
113,124 composition of maps, 6, conditional, for
common Fourier series, 184 integrals, 464
579 computation of Fourier conditional, for series,
commutative, 26, 57 series, 573 126
commutative group, 28 condensation test, 137 mean, 548
commutative ring, 32 condition, Lipschitz, 276, theorem, dominated,
commutator of operators, 334 248
615 condition, Riemann's for pointwise of a
compact, 151, 152, 153 integrability, 448, 472 sequence, 238
Index 731

pointwise of a series, decapitation, 291 differentiation under the

240 decimal expansion, 35, integral, 517, 532
properties of Fourier 48,83 Dini's theorem, 314
series, 561, 575 decreasing function, 200, Dirac, Paul, 469
radius of, 289, 310 217 directional derivative, 341
of a series, absolute, decreasing sequence, 39 Dirichlet, P. G., 287
126,323 Dedekind, Richard, 43 Dirichlet-Jordan theorem,
of a series, uniform, Dedekind cut, 97 570
240 definite, negative, 364 Dirichlet's problem, 600,
of a series, 125, 547 definite, positive, 364 642
of a sequence of degree m, 385 Dirichlet's test, 287, 309,
complex numbers, delta function, 469 493
76 delta function, Fourier disconnected set, 163
of a sequence, series of, 571 discontinuity, jump, 563
uniform, 239 dense set, 44,148,284, discrete metric, 65, 108
convergent sequence, 36, 305 discrete set, 174
86, 120, 133, 547 dense, nowhere, 175 disk, 104
and closed sets, 122 denumerable set, 6 distance, 30
in Euclidean space, dependence, functional, distance, between
121 437 functions, 270, 547
in a metric space, 120 derivative, 196,328 distance, between points,
in a normed space, 121 directional, 341 64,103
properties of, 121 of a distribution, 471 distance, between
converse, 84 of a function of one vectors, 67
convex function, 537 variable, 196 distribution, derivative of,
convex set, 354 of inverse function, 471
convolution, 609, 628, 646 393 distributions, 469
coordinates, change of, matrix, 331, 368 distributivity, 17, 58, 60,
506 second, 356 68,77,92
coordinates, cylindrical, total, 331 domain, 4
511 uniqueness of, 329 domain straightening
coordinates, polar, 498, derivatives and limits, 516 theorem, 401, 426
508 derivatives and uniform dominated convergence
coordinates, spherical, convergence, 249,516 theorem for series, 496
439,510 derivatives, higher, 355 double series, 322
cosine, 263 determinant, Jacobian, double-slit experiment,
cosine series, Fourier, 391 611
569,573,574 Devaney, Robert, 338
cosine transform, Fourier, diagonal process, 300 e,258
607 differentiability and
e, irrationality of, 142
countability of the continuity, 197
rationals, 33 e-ball,104
differentiabiliity of the
countable set, 6 exponential, 258 e"disk, 104, 130
Courant, Richard, 321 differentiability, e-neighborhood, 104
cover, 152, 452 conditions for, 340 e-tube,239
cr,358 differentiable function, eigenfunction, 612
critical point, index of, 412 328 eigenvalue, 612, 653
critical point, differentiable function of elementary functions, 254
nondegenerate, 412 one variable, 196, 327 empty set, 1, 14, 104
cubic polynomial, 193 differential, 331 energy operator, 614
cut, Dedekind, 97 differential equations, 276 energy, conservation of,
cylindrical coordinates, differential equations, 654
integrals in, 511 existence theorem for, equation
302,407,430 heat, 598, 639
d'Alembert's solution, 605 differentiation of Fourier Laplace's, 600
Darboux' theorem, 448, series, 589, 638 of motion, 594
472 differentiation rules, 199, Schroedinger, 614
de Morgan's laws, 22 215 wave, 543, 593
732 Index

equations inversion formula, 606 propositional, 10

Cauchy-Riemann, 440 series, 553 range of, 4
Fredholm, 277, 303 series, classical, 545, real-valued, 17
integral, 277 553 restriction, 6
Volterra, 277 series, computation of, simple, 320
equicontinuity, 272 573 source of,4
equivalence class, 43 series, convergence surjective, 4
error function, 268 properties, 561 target of, 4
Euclidean n space, 57 series, differentiation functional dependence,
Euclidean space, metric of,589,638 437
of,103 series, uniform functions
Euclidean space, convergence of, 588, composition of, 6, 184
topologyof,103 636 distance between, 270
Euler's constant, 148 sine series, 569, 573, elementary, 254
Euler's formula, 251 574 Hermite, 321, 554
European convention, 46 sine transform, 607 Laguerre, 554
even extension, 575 Fredholm equations, 277, orthogonal, 550
even function, 573 303 sequence of, 238
existence theorem, 40, Fubini's theorem, 500, series of, 240
407 519,521 test, 471
existence theorem for function, 3, 17 trigonometric, 263
differential equations, characteristic, 451 fundamental solutions,
302,407,430 of class C', 199 543
expectation value, 613 continuous, 68 fundamental theorem of
exponential Fourier convex, 537 calculus, 209, 226
series, 574 decreasing, 200, 217
exponential function, delta, 469 game of n tosses, 284
differentiability of, 258 differentiable, 328 gamma function, 492
exponential functions, domain of,4 Gaussian function, 531,
254,256 error, 268 607
exponential system, 553 even,573 general linear group, 421
exponents, properties of, extension of, 6 generalized Pythagorean
254,262-3 gamma, 492 theorem, 555
extension, axiom of, 13 Gaussian, 531, 607 geometric series, 126, 135
extension of a function, 6 graph of,4 geometry of the gradient,
extension to be periodic, harmonic, 388, 600 350,414
563 identity,5, 180 Gibbs' phenomenon, 582,
extrema, constrained, 414 image of, 4, 5 635,658
implicit, 397 Gibbs' phenomenon, for a
fastest change, 350 increasing, 200, 217 step function, 584
feedback loop, 280 injective, 4 glb,47
Fejer kernel, 632 integrable, 205, 446 gluing lemma, 232
Fejer's theorem, 571,632 integral of, 205, 448 Grabiner, Judith, 49
field, 26, 32 inverse, 5 gradient, defined, 332
field, ordered, 27 inverse image under, 5 gradient, geometry of,
finite intersection limit of, 177 350,414
property, 154 maximum of, 189 Gram-Schmidt process,
finite set, 6, 11 minimum of, 189 553
finite subcover, 152 norm of, 269, 546 graph,4
first harmonic, 544 nowhere differentiable, greatest lower bound
fIXed point, 193, 275,421 318,337 property, 47, 85
formula of Euler, 251 odd,573 group, commutative, 28
Fourier of one variable, group, general linear, 421
analYSiS, 543 differentiable, 196, growing sets, 157
cosine series, 569, 327
573,574 one-to-one, 4 half-interval series, 574
cosine transform, 607 onto, 4 Hardy, G. H., 143
integrals, 605 oscillation of, 477 harmonic, first, 544
Index 733

harmonic function, 388, inequality, triangle, 30, 61, properties of, 223
600 64,65,92,103 in spherical
harmonic sequence, 44, inequality, upper-lower coordinates, 510
84 integral,219 and uniform
harmonic series, 137 inf,47 convergence, 247,
harmonics, 543 infimum, 47, 90 516
heat equation, 598, 639 infinite product, 648, 661 integration, order of, 504
Heine-Borel theorem, 151, infinite set, 6 integration and series, 248
155, 167 infinity, axiom of, 16 integration theorem for
Hermite, Charles, 143, 258 initial condition, 276, 408, Fourier series, 576, 634
Hermite functions, 321, 593,594,598 interchange of limits, 514
554 initial displacement interchange of limits and
Hermitian form, 77 problem, 594 sums, 240, 295
Hermitian symmetry, 77 injective, 4 interior ofa set, 108, 109
Hessian, 363 inner product, 60, 545 interior point, 108
higher derivatives, 355 inner product space, 62, interior; as largest open
Hilbert, David, 321 68,545 subset, 109
Hilbert space, 549 completeness of, 549 interior, properties of, 145
history of set theory, 8 complex, 76, 545 intermediate value
Holder's inequality, 324 metric of, 94 theorem, 191,215
homogeneous, 385 norm of, 94, 546 interpolation formula of
hypergeometric series, instantaneous velocity, lagrange, 286
148 335 intersection, 2, 14
hyperplane, affine, 59 integers, 32 intersection of closed
integers, nonnegative, 25 sets, 110
identity function, 180 integrability, (e, 1),325 intersection of open sets,
identity mapping, 5 integrable function of one 106
identity, Lagrange's, 98 variable, 205 interval, closed, 46
identity, polarization, 98 integrable function of interval, open, 46
if and only if, 4 several variables, 446 inverse function, 5
iff,4 integral inverse function theorem,
image of a compact set, equations, 277 202,218,393,420
182,212 equations, Volterra, inverse function,
image of a connected set, 277 derivative of, 393
182,212 of a function, 205, 448 inverse image of a closed
imaginary axis, 71 Lebesgue, 513 set, 180
imaginary part, 73 properties of, 457 inverse image of an open
imaginary unit, 71 test, 127, 136 set, 180
implicit function, 397 transform, 608 inverse image, 5
implicit function theorem, transform, kernel of, inverse, additive, 26
397,424 608 inverse, left, 22
improper integrals, 459 upper and lower, 207, inverse, right, 22
improper integrals 448 inverses, unique, 79
defined,461 integrals inversion formula, Fourier,
increasing function, 200, absolute convergence 606
217 of,464 invertibility, local, 392
increasing sequence, 39 Cauchy criterion for, irrational powers, 261
index of a critical point, 466 irrationality of e, 142
412 in cylindrical isolated point, 174
induction, 7, 19,31 coordinates, 511 isometry, 234
induction, complete, 32 Fourier, 605 isomorphism, 43
inequality, Bessel's, 554, improper, 459 isoperimetric problem,
621 iterated, 501 648
inequality, and limits, 516 iterated integrals, 501
Cauchy-Schwarz, 61, 69, mean value theorem iteration, Picard,409
94,98,547,619 for, 457, 481
inequality, mean value, in polar coordinates, Jacobian determinant,
382 508 391
734 Index

Jacobian matrix, 331, 368 limit mapping, Lipschitz, 195,

Jacobians, product rule of a function, 177 198,276,408
for, 435 inferior, 53, 90 mathematical induction,
Jordan measurable, 452 left hand, 179 31
Julia set, 337 point, 145 matrix of the derivative,
jump discontinuity, 563 right hand, 179 331,368
of a sequence, 36 matrix, Jacobian, 331, 368
kernel, Fejer, 632 superior, 53, 90 maximal connected, 164
Klein, Morris, 513 theorem for maximum, absolute, 189,
sequences,39,81 214
Lagrange multiplier limits and derivatives, 516 maximum, local, 363
theorem, 433 limits and integrals, 516 maximum-minimum
Lagrange multipliers, 414 limits, interchange of, 514 theorem, 189,214
Lagrange's identity, 98 limits, uniqueness of, 38, mean approximation,
Lagrange's interpolation 178 best, 555, 622
formula, 286 Lindemann, C. L. F., 143, mean completeness
Laguerre functions, 554 258 theorem, 562, 623
Laplace's equation, 600 line segment, 353 mean convergence, 548
Laplace transform, 608 line, long, 102 mean value inequality,
largest open subset, 109 linear map, continuity of, 382
law of trichotomy, 27 228 mean value theorem, 201,
law, de Morgan, 22 linear ordering, 27 353,373
law, distributive, 17 mean value theorem for
linear subspace, 58
law, parallelogram, 98 integrals, 457, 481
Lipschitz condition, 276,
laws of cancellation, 28 mean value theorem,
334,408
least upper bound, 45, 85 second,236
Lipschitz constant, 408
least upper bound measurable, Jordan, 452
Lipschitz mapping, 195,
property, 47, 85 measure zero, 452, 491
198,276,334
Lebesgue integral, 513 mechanics, 610
Lipschitz property, 276,
Lebesgue number, 166 members of a set, 1
334,369
Lebesgue's completeness metric
little oh notation, 142
proof,662 bounded,65
local invertibility, 392 discrete, 65, 108
Lebesgue's dominated
convergence theorem, local Lipschitz property, of an inner product
248 369 space,94,547
Lebesgue's monotone local maximum, 363 of a normed space, 93
convergence theorem, local minimum, 363 space, 62,64,93, 103
467,486 logarithm, natural, 259 space, compact, 153
Lebesgue's theorem, 455, logic, 9 space, compactness
476 logical connectives, 12 of,166
left-hand limit, 179 long line, 102 space, completeness
left inverse, 22 lower bound, 38, 47 of,123
Legendre polynomials, lower integral, 207,448 space, sequence in,
554 lower semicontinuous, 134
Leibniz rule, 349, 532 318 word,65
lemma, Morse, 412, 431, lower sum, 204, 447 Milnor, John, 540
443 lub,45 minimum, absolute, 189
lemma, power, 136 Luxemburg, W. A. J., 466, minimum, local, 363
lemma, 623 Minkowski's inequality,
Riemann-Lebesgue, 559, 324,548
628 M test, 245, 295 mixed partials, symmetry
lemma, sandwich, 37, 80 magnitude, of a number, of, 357, 374, 519
length of a set, 452 30, 73 momentum, angUlar, 614
length of a vector, 59, 546 Mandelbrot set, 338 momentum operator, 614
I'Hopital's rule, 100,355 map, 17 monotone convergence
lie in a set, 160 map, bilinear, 356 theorem, 467, 486
lim inf, 53, 90 map, multilinear, 228 monotone sequence
lim sup, 53, 90 mapping, identity, 5 property, 39
Index 735

monotone sequences, 35 onto, 4 partial summation

Morse lemma, 412, 431, open interval, 46 formula, 287, 308
443 open set, 104 partial sums, 240
multilinear map, 228 open sets, intersection of, partition, 204, 446
multiplication axioms, 26 106 partition, refinement of,
multiplicative identity, 58 open sets, union of, 106 220,447
multiplicativity, 77, 92 open, relatively, 174 path component of a set,
multipliers, Lagrange, 414 operations, term by term, 164
515 path, continuous, 160
n space, 57 operator, energy, 614 path-connected set, 160,
n tosses, game of, 284 operator, position, 614 169, 192
natural logarithm, 259 operator, symmetric, 612 path-connected set,
natural number, 31 operator, unbounded, 612 locally, 173
negative definite, 364 optimization, 366 perfect set, 176
neighborhood, 104 order axioms, 27 periodic extension, 563
nested set property, 157, order of integration, 504 phenomenon, Gibbs',
169 ordered field, 27 582, 635, 658
non-Archimedean ordered field, Picard iteration, 409
ordered field, 102 Archimedean, 33, 40, Plancherel's theorem, 608
nondecreasing sequence, 50,82,102 Planck's constant, 614
39 ordered field, point, fixed, 193, 275, 421
nondegeneracy, 60, 61, completeness of, 39 point, interior, 108
64,65,68,76,92 ordered pair, 3 point, isolated, 174
nondegenerate critical ordering, linear, 27 point, limit, 145
point, 412 point, saddle, 363
ordering, partial, 27
nonnegative integers, 25 points, accumulation, 113
ordering, total, 27
norm of a function, 269, points, cluster, 113, 124
ordering, well, 31
546 pointwise compactness,
norm, 59, 65 orthogonal complements,
273
norm, of an inner product 62,650
pointwise convergence of
space, 94, 545 orthogonal functions, 550 a sequence, 238
norm, supremum, 66 orthogonal projection, pointwise convergence of
norm, taxicab, 66 550,552 a series, 240
normed space, 62, 65 orthogonal vectors, 62, 68 pointwise convergence
normed space, metric of, orthonormal family, 552 theorem, 565, 626
93 orthonormal family, polar coordinates, 498,
normed space, series in, complete, 552, 553 508
125 orthonormal vectors, 550 polar coordinates, area
nowhere dense, 175 oscillation of a function, element in, 499, 508
nowhere differentiable 477 polar coordinates,
function, 319, 337 overshoot, 658 integrals in, 508
number, absolute value, polarization identity, 98,
30, 70 p-series test, 127, 135 551
number, algebraic, 258 pairing, axiom of, 15 polygonal approximation,
number, complex, 70, 72 paraboloid, 411 322
number, magnitude of, 30 paradox, 11 polynomial, cubic, 193
number, natural, 31 parallelepiped, volume of, polynomial,
numbers, 26 506 trigonometric, 286
numbers, transcendental, parallelogram law, 98, 101 polynomials, Bernstein,
143,258 parallelogram law, 283, 305
number system, real, 43 complex, 101, 551 polynomials, Legendre,
number systems, 31 Parseval's relation, 577, 554
608 Porter, G. J., 137
odd extension, 575 Parseval's theorem, 555, position operator, 614
odd function, 573 622 positive definite, 364
one-to-one partial derivative, defined, positivity, 60, 61, 64, 65,
correspondence, 5 331 68,76,92
one-to-one function, 4 partial ordering, 27 power functions, 262
736 Index

power lemma, 136 Pythagorean theorem, root test, 127

power series, 289 551,555 Royden, H. L., 513
power set, 17, 19, 21 rule, chain, 199, 216, 345,
powers, axiom of, 15 quantifiers, 12 371,384
preimage,5 quantum mechanical rule, I'Hopital's, 100, 355
prime number, 9 state, 612 rule, Leibniz, 349, 532
principle of complete quantum mechanics, 469, rule, product, 349
induction, 32 610 rules of differentiation,
principle, contraction quotient rule, 199 199,215
mapping, 275, 301, 420 Russell paradox, 11
probability density, 611 Raabe's test, 148
problem, Dirichlet's, 600, radius of convergence, saddle point, 363
642 289,310 sandwich lemma, 37,80
problem, isoperimetric, range, 4 Sard's theorem, 540
648 range straightening scalar multiplication, 57
problems, boundary theorem, 403, 426 Schrodinger equation,
value, 661 rank theorem, 405, 428 614
problems, Sturn-Liouville, ratio comparison test, Schwartz, Laurent, 470
653 127, 136 second countable space,
process, diagonal, 300 ratio test, 127, 135 319
product formula, Wallis', rational numbers, 27, 32 second derivative, 356
real analytic, 360 second derivative,
648
real number system, 43 symmetry of, 357
product rule for
real part, 73 second mean vaule
Jacobians, 435
real-valued function, 17 theorem, 236, 377
product rule, 199,349
real vector space, 57, 58 second-order Taylor
product, infinite, 648, 661 rea Is, uncountability of, 83 formula, 361
projection, orthogonal, rearrangement of a series, sectionally continuous,
550, 552 315,323 550
properties reciprocal, 26 semicontinuous, lower,
boundary, 145 reductio ad absurdum, 10 318
of closure, 145 refinement of a partition, semicontinuous, upper,
of continuous maps, 220,447 318
186 reflecting waves, 597 semidefinite, 364
of the exponential reflexivity, 27 sentences, atomic, 12
function, 257 regularity, 291 separable space, 319
of exponents, 254, relatively closed, 173 separate continuity, 233
262-3 relatively compact, 235 separation of variables,
of integrals, 223 relatively open, 174 594
of interior, 145 restriction of a function, 6 sequence of functions,
of the integral, 457 Riemann integrable, 205, 238
property 446 sequence,6,36
Archimedean, 33, 40, Riemann-Lebesgue bounded, 38, 86, 115,
50,82,102 lemma, 559, 628 123,133
Bolzano-Weierstrass, Riemann's condition for Cauchy, 49, 88, 123,
50, 153, 165 integrability, 448, 472 549
completeness, 39 Riesz-Fischer theorem, cluster point of, 52, 124
finite intersection, 154 655 convergent, 36, 76, 86,
greatest lower bound, right hand limit, 179 120,133
47,85 right inverse, 22 decreasing, 39
least upper bound, 47, ring, 28,32 in Euclidean space,
85 ring, commutative, 32 134
Lipschitz, 276, 334, 408 ring, with identity, 32 harmonic, 44, 84
monotone sequence, ring, with unity, 32 increasing, 39
39 Rivlin's equation, 203 limit of, 36
nested set, 157, 167 R. n , 57,103 in a metric space, 120,
well-ordering, 31 Itn, metric of, 103 134
propositional function, 10 Rolle's theorem, 200 monotone, 35, 39
Index 737

nondecreasing, 39 length of, 452 Spivak, Michael, 143

in a normed space, 132 locally standard basis, 59
of vectors, 132 path-connected,173 state, quantum
sequences, limit theorem Mandelbrot, 338 mechanical,612
for, 39, 81 members of, 1 step function, Gibbs'
sequentially compact, nowhere dense, 175 phenomenon for, 584
151, 153 open, 104 Stone-Weierstrass
series, 125 path-connected,160, theorem, 284,305,623
absolute convergence 169, 192 strictly decreasing, 39,
of,126,323 perfect, 176 200,217
alternating, 127, 136 power, 17 strictly increasing, 39,
binomial, 325 preimage of, 5 200,217
comparison test for, theory, axioms of, 7 Sturm-Liouville problems,
126,135 theory, history of, 8 653
convergence of, 125 totally disconnected, subcover, 152
dominated 176 subcover. finite, 152
convergence uncountable, 6 subsequence, 7,49,86,
theorem, 496 volume of,451 88
double, 322 sets, growing, 157 subset, 1
Fourier, 553 sets, intersection of, 2, 14 subspace, 58
of functions, 240 sets, union of, 2, 15 substitution, axiom of, 17
geometric, 126, 135 shape, wave, 543 sum rule, 199
hypergeometric,148 signal,280 summabilitv, Cesaro, 290,
integral test for, 127, signed area, 204 571
136 simple convergence of a summation, Abel, 292
and integrals, 248 sequence,238 sums, partial, 240
p-series, 127, 135 simple convergence of a sums, upper and lower,
power, 289 series, 240 204,447
ratio comparison test simple function, 320 sup,45,95,96
for, 127, 136 sine series, Fourier, 569, supremum, 45, 90, 95, 96
ratio testfor, 127, 135 573,574 supremum norm, 66
rearrangement of, 315 sine transform, Fourier, surjection, 4
roottestfor, 127, 136 607 symmetric operator, 612
sesquilinear form, 77 sine, 263 symmetry, 61, 64, 68, 77,
set, 1 Sobolev, S. L.,470 92
area of,452 solution, d'Alembert's, symmetry, Hermitian, 77
boundary of, 118 605 symmetry of mixed
Cantor, 176,494 solutions, fundamental, partials, 357,374,519
cardinality of, 6 543 symmetry of the second
cartesian product. 3 source, 4 derivative, 357, 374
closed,110 space
closure of, 116 Banach, 270 tangent line, 197
compact, 152 of bounded functions, target, 4
complement, 2 269 Tauberian theorem, 292
component of, 164 complete, 270 taxicab norm, 66
connected, 163,169, of continuous Taylor formula,
191 functions, 268 second-order, 361
convex,354 Hilbert, 549 Taylor's theorem, 359,
countable, 6 inner product, 62 375
dense, 148 metric, 62, 103 term by term operations,
denumerable, 6 normed,62 515
disconnected,163 second countable, 319 test, Abel, 287, 308
discrete, 174 separable, 319 test, comparison for
finite,6 topological,106 improper integrals, 461,
image of,5 specification, axiom of, 14 462,464
infinite, 6 spectral theorem, 613 test, Dirichlet, 287, 309,
interior of, 108, 109 spherical coordinates, 493
Julia, 337 439,510 test functions, 471
738 Index

theorem second mean value, union of closed sets, 110

Abel's, 292, 311 236,377 union of open sets, 106
Arzela-Ascoli, 27; 299 spectral,613 unions, axiom of, 15
Baire category, 175 Stone-Weierstrass, unique inverses, 79
Bolzano-Weierstrass, 284,305,623 uniqueness of limits, 38,
153, 165 Tauberian, 292 178
Brouwer fixed point, Taylor's, 359, 375 upper bound, 38
275 uniform continuity, upper bound, least, 45
change of variables, 194,215,515 upper integral, 207,448
505,523 topological space, 106 upper semicontinuous,
composite function, topology of Euclidean 318
345 space, 103 upper sum, 204, 447
Darboux', 448, 472 total derivative, 331 upper-lower integral
Dini's, 314 total ordering, 27 inequality, 219
Dirichlet-Jordan, 570 totally bounded, 153,166
domain straightening, totally disconnecteed set, value, expectation, 613
401,426 176 variation, bounded, 570
dominated transcendental numbers, vector addition, 57
convergence, 248 143,258 vector space, 57
Fejer's, 571, 632 transform, Laplace, 608 vector space, complex, 58
Fubini's, 500, 519, 521 traveling waves, 596 vector space, normed, 65
fundamental, 209, 226 triangle inequality, 30, 61, vector space, real, 58
Heine-Borel, 151, 155, 64,65,92,103 vector subspace, 58
167 triangle inequality, vector, length of, 59, 546
implicit function, 397, alternate version of, 30 vector, norm of, 59
424 trichotomy, 27
vectors, 57
integration for Fourier trigonometric Fourier
vectors, orthogonal, 62
series, 576, 634 series, 574
vectors, orthonormal,
intermediate value, trigonometric functions,
263 550,552
191,215
inverse function, 202, trigonometric polynomial, velocity, 335
218, 393,420 286 vibrating drum, 597
Lagrange multiplier. trigonometric system, 553 Volterra integral
433 tube, 239 equations, 277
Lebesgue's, 455, 476 volume of a ball in
Lebesgue's monotone unbounded operator, 612 n-space, 532
convergence, 467, uncertainty principle, 615, volume of a rectangle, 447
486 617 volume of a set, 451
maximum-minimum, uncountability of the volume of parallelepiped,
189,214 rea Is, 83 506
mean completeness, uncountable set, 6 volume zero, 452
562,623 uniform continuity,
mean value, 201, 353, definition, 194 Wallis' product formula,
373 uniform continuity 648
mean value of theorem, 194,215,515 wave equation, 543, 593
integrals, 457, 481 uniform convergence wave shape, 543
Parseval's, 555, 622 Cauchy criterion for, Weierstrass M test, 245,
Plancherel's,608 244,295 295
pointwise and derivatives, 249, well-ordering, 31
convergence, 565, 516 Wiener. Norbert, 337
626 . of Fourier series, 588, word metric, 65
Pythagorean, 555 636 Wright, E. M., 143
range straightening, and integrals, 247, 516
403,426 of a sequence, 239 zero content, 452
rank, 405, 428 of a series, 240 zero measure, 452, 491
Riesz-Fischer, 655 uniformly with respect to, zero vector, 57
Rolle's, 200 233 zero volume, 452
Sard's,54O union, 2, 15 Zygmund, A., 662