Chapter 1

Introduction

What is Mechanics?
That science which describes and predicts the conditions of rest
or motion of bodies under the action of forces:

-Mechanics of Rigid Bodies

-Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

-Mechanics of Fluids

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For Instructor's Use Only.
What is Mechanics? 1-1
Fundamental Concepts and Principles
-The Parallelogram Law for the addition of forces:

-The principle of Transmissibility:

-Newton's First Law:

-Newton's Second Law:

-Newton's Third Law:

-Newton's Law of Gravitation:

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For Instructor's Use Only.
Fundamental Concepts and Principles
1-2
Numerical Accuracy
Numerical accuracy depends on:
-accuracy of the given data

-the accuracy of the computations

Example:
I want to measure the area of my house and I'm so cheap I
can't afford a tape measure. But my foot is approximatly 1
foot (no pun intended) long. So I measure the length and
width of the house accordingly (47.5 by 26.5 foot lengths).
Find the area.

Trial and Error Solutions

Find x given: 0=73.6 - 100sin(x) - 45cos(x)

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For Instructor's Use Only.
Numerical Accuracy
1-3
 Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
 Chapter 2
Statics of Particles
Introduction
Particles- when all of the forces converge at a common point:

Bodies- when all of the forces do not converge on a common point:

Goals:
-Replace two or more forces acting on a given particle by a
single force having the same effect as the original (2D and 3D).

-Equilibrium (Newton's First Law) for 2D and 3D.

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For Instructor's Use Only.
Introduction 2-1
Vectors

Addition of Vectors
Parallelogram Law
P

4
Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
Vectors
2-2
 Triangle Rule
P

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Addition of Vectors
2-3
Example A
The cable stays AB and AD help
support pole AC. Knowing that the
tension is 120 lb in AB and 40 lb in 10'
AD, determine graphically the
magnitude and direction of the
resultant of the forces exerted by the B C D
stays at A using (a) the parallelogram
law, (b) the triangle rule. Units: Lb.
8' 6'

SCALE 1"= 40 lb

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-4
 Subtraction

Sum of three or more vectors (Polygon Rule)

S
Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
Addition of Vectors 2-5
Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces
Law of Sines
In any triangle, the sides are proportional to the sines of the opposite
angles, i.e.,

sin A sin B sin C

= =
a b c

C a
b
A B
c

Law of Cosines
In any triangle ABC, the square of any side is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides diminished by twice the product of
these sides and the cosine of their included angle, i.e.,

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces
2-6
Resolution of a Force into Components

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For Instructor's Use Only.
Resolution of a Force into Components
2-7
Example A
The cable stays AB and AD help
support pole AC. Knowing that the
tension is 120 lb in AB and 40 lb in 10'
AD, determine using trigonometry the
magnitude and direction of the
resultant of the forces exerted by the B C D
stays at A. Units: Lb, ft.
8‘ 6'

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
2-8
Example
The 300 N force is to be resolved into
two components along a-a and b-b. (a) b
a
Determine by trigonometry the angle ø,
knowing that the component along line 300
45°
a-a is to be 150-N. (b) What is the ø
corresponding value of the component
along b-b? Units: N.

b
a

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-9
Example 400 P
A steel plate is to be lifted straight up.
Determine by trigonometry (a) the magnitude 30° ø
and direction of the smallest force P for which
the resultant R of the two forces applied at the
eye hook is vertical, (b) the corresponding
magnitude of R. Units: Lb.

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-10
Rectangular Components of a Force. Unit Vectors

F
F

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For Instructor's Use Only.
Rectangular Components of a Force. Unit Vectors 2-11
 Unit Vectors

ø
x

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For Instructor's Use Only.
Rectangular Components of a Force. Unit Vectors
2-12
Addition of Forces by Summing X and Y Components
S
P

In Summary
The scalar components of Rx and Ry of the resultant R of several
Not for Distribution.
forces acting on a particle are obtained by adding algebraically the
corresponding scalar components of the given forces.
For Instructor's Use Only.
Addition of Forces by Summing X and Y Components
2-13
Example
(a)Determine the x and y components of each of the forces
shown on the stake. (b) Find the magnitude and direction of
the resultant. Units: Lb.
100
200

60°
45°
35°

75

Magnitude x component y component

100 lb

75 lb

200 lb

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-14
Example T
Prove that α = θ .
θ W

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-15
Example T
Find the x and y components of T
and W. Units: N. W

50°

Magnitude x component y component

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-16
Equilibrium of a Particle
Newton's First Law
If the resultant force acting on a particle is zero, the particle will
remain at rest (if originally at rest) or will move with constant
speed in a straight line (if originally in motion).

∑F x =0 F4

∑F y =0

F1

F2
F3

F1

F4

F2

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For Instructor's Use Only.
Equilibrium of a Particle F3 2-17
 Free-Body Diagram (FBD)

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Problems Involving the Equilibrium of a Particle. Free-body Diagrams 2-18
Example A
The loads are supported by two rods C
AB and BC as shown. Find the
tension in each rod. Units: N.
5
3
60° 4
B
60° 75 N
90°
100 N

Magnitude x component y component

100 N

75 N

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-19
Example
A
It is known that the maximum allowable C
tension is 1200 N in rod AB and 600 N in
BC. Determine (a) the maximum force P
that may be applied at B, (b) the 5
3
corresponding value of ø. Use the closed
60° 4
polygon method to solve. Units: N. B
ø

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-20
Example
It is known that the maximum allowable A
C
tension is 1200 N in rod AB and 600 N in
BC. Determine (a) the maximum force P
that may be applied at B, (b) the 5
3
corresponding value of ø. Use the
component method to solve. Units: N. 60° 4
B
ø

Magnitude x component y component

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-21
Example
Find the tension in the rope. Assume that all cables are vertical. Note:
The tension is the same through-out a continuous cable. This will be
proven in another chapter.

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-22
Example B 500
Determine the forces in AB and BC.
Units: Lb, in. 60
C A

45 30

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-23
Example A C
Determine the forces in cables AB and BC 3 B 1
due to the 25 lb traffic light. Units: Lb. 12 12

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-24
Example A
Determine the forces in wires AB and BC. The
sphere weighs 75 lbs. Units: Lb, in. 26
C

12 B 300

40

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-25
 24 24
Example
Determine the force F required to lift the
200 lb log when ø= 30°. Units: Lb, in. B ø D
ø

A E

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2-26
FORCES IN SPACE

Rectangular Components of a Force in Space

Review y
F

ø
x
y

z
y

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For Instructor's Use Only.
Rectangular Components of a Force in Space 2-27
3D Vector Format
y

x
Fy = F cos θ y

x Fx = F cos θ x

x Fz = F cos θ z

   
F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k

F = Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2

Not for Distribution.
For Instructor'sθ zUse = 1 Only.
2 2 2
cos θ x + cos θ y + cos

Rectangular Components of a Force in Space

2-28
Example y
Determine (a) the x, y, and z
components of the 350-N force, (b) the 350
angles theta x, y, and z that the force
forms with the coordinate axes.

40°
x
30°

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-29
Example
A 300 lb force is applied to point A F
50°
on the edge of the wide flange
beam. Calculate the 3 components 30°
A (36,72,-6)
of this force. Units: Lb, in.

50° Y
F
B (0,0,0)

30°
Z X

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
2-30
Force Defined by its Magnitude and Two Points on its Line of Action

y N (x2,y2,z2)

M (x1,y1,z1)

 F   
F=
d
(
dx i + d y j + dz k )
d dy dz
Fx = F x
d Not
F y = Fford Distribution.
F z = F
d
For Instructor's Use Only.
Force Defined by its Magnitude and Two Points on its Line of Action 2-31
Example A (20,60,30)
y
B (10,55,0)

The crate is supported by 3 cables tied

C (50,50,0)
to the ring at D. Find the components
of each on the ring in terms of their
magnitude. Units: in.

z
D (20, 0, 15)
x

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
2-32
 y
Example A
Find the 750 lb force in vector
format, then determine the 48
45°
directional angles. Point A is in
750 x
the xy-plane. Units: Lb, in.

B (24, 6, 36)
z

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-33
Example y
A
Part 2: Find the 750 lb force in
vector format, then determine 48
the direction angles. Point A is 45°
in the xy-plane. Units: Lb, in. 750 x

B (24, 6, 36)
z

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-34
Example y

Determine the magnitude and

A (3, 5, -1)
direction of the resultant of the two
forces. Units: N, m.
220

760
x
O

z B (7, -1, 4)

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-35
Example y A (2, 4, 0)
Determine the forces in vector
format for each of the two forces.
Units: N, m. 100
150

B (-5, 0.6, -0.5)

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-36
Equilibrium of a Particle in Space

∑ Fx = 0
∑ Fy = 0
∑F z =0

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Equilibrium of a Particle in Space 2-37
 B (10,55,0)
Example A (20,60,30)
y
The crate is supported by 3 cables tied C (50,50,0)
to the ring at D. Find the tension in
each cable and the weight of the crate
knowing that the tension in cable DC is
200 lb. Units: Lb, in.

z
From a previous solution, D (20, 0, 15)
    x
TDA = 0i + 0.971TDA j + 0.243TDA k
    
TDB = −0.173TDB i + 0.950TDB j − 0.259TDB k
    
TDC = 0.498TDC i + 0.830TDC j − 0.249TDC k
   
W= 0i − Wj + 0k

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-38
Example
Using two ropes and a roller chute, two workers are unloading a 200 lb
cylinder from a truck. Assuming that no friction exists between the
cylinder and the chute, determine the tension in each rope. (Hint: Since
there is no friction the force exerted by the chute on the cylinder must
be perpendicular to the chute). Units: Lb, in. y
B(-40, 50, 0)

C(45, 40, 0)

x
z
A(10, -20, 40) 20

40

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
2-39
 y
Example
Determine the force in each of the three cables, AB, P
AC, and AD needed to support the 2200 lb object
A
located in the center of the platform. Units: Lb, in.

60

D
B
24
18 24
18 C x
z

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
2-40
Example y 2
If the resultant force of AB, AC, and
5
the weight is directed along AD, C
determine the forces in AB and AC
due to the 150 lb sphere.
Units: Lb, ft. B

A
7 D x

z
6

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
2-41
Example (-2, 4, -3)
y
Determine the magnitude of P1, P2,
and P3 to maintain equilibrium.
Units: Lb, ft. 500

100
P1 x
30°

P2
z
P3

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-42
Example y
A
The plate is supported by three wires. Each
wire forms a 25° angle with the vertical. If the
force in AD is 600 lb, determine the 3
components acting at point D. Also find the
directional cosines. Units: Lb.
B
30°
20° 45° x
D
z C

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For Instructor's Use Only.
2-43
Example y
A
The plate is supported by three wires.
Each wire forms a 25° angle with the
vertical. If the x component of AB is 150
lbs, determine the force in AB. Also find
the directional cosines. Units: Lb.
B
30°
20° 45° x
D
z C

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
2-44
SUMMARY
-Drawing FBDs

-Equilibrium

y
-Calculating Forces in 3D
350
If Given Angles:

40°
x
30°

z
If Given Points (Distances): y
B (10,55,0)
A (20,60,30)
C (50,50,0)

Not for Distribution.

z
D (20, 0, 15)
For Instructor's Use Only.
x

Summary: Statics of Particles

2-45
 Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
 Chapter 3
Rigid Bodies: Equivalent Systems of Forces

Introduction

500
600
3
4
C
A B
3 7 5

Goals:

-moments and couples

-priniciple of transmissibility

-replace a given system of forces by an equivalent system

-vector products and scalar products

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For Instructor's Use Only.
Introduction 3-1
Moment of a Force about a Point in 2D

Sign Convention

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For Instructor's Use Only.
Monent of a Force about a Point in 2D
3-2
Example P
Determine the smallest force P that will
ø A
create a 200 lb-in clockwise moment about
B. Units: Lb, in.

15

10

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-3
 P
Example
Determine the smallest force P that will ø A
create a 200 lb-in clockwise moment about
B. Units: Lb, in.

15

10

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-4
Example B

Calculate the moment about point

A due to the 600 N force at point B.
600
Units: N, mm.

350
A

600 100

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For Instructor's Use Only.
3-5
 B
Example
Calculate the moment about point
A due to the 600 N force at point B.
600
Units: N, mm.

350
A

600 100

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For Instructor's Use Only.
3-6
Example 500
600
Find the moment of the two forces 3
4
about point C on the beam.
C
Units: N, m. B
A
3 7 5

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-7
Example
Determine the force F required to 75
prevent the 5 meter pole from
tipping. Units: N, m.

3
A(-4,1.2)
C(2,1)
B

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-8
Example
Determine the moment about point A
created by the 100 kg fish.
Units: N, m.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-9
Rectangular Components of the Moment of a Force

Sign Convention for Moments in 3D

y

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Rectangular Components of the Moment of a Force 3-10
 Review

Fy force
y

Fx force
y

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Rectangular Components of the Moment of a Force 3-11
 General y

z
y x
y y
Fx force

z z
z x x

Fy force y
y
x
y

z z
z x x

Fz force y x
y y

z z
z x x
Summary
M x = Fz d y − Fy d z
y
M y = Fx d z − Fz d x
M z = Fy d x − Fxd y
Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only. x

Rectangular Components of the Moment of a Force

z
3-12
Example y
The tension force in wire AB is
600 lb. Calculate the moment A
at E due to this force.
Units: Lb, in.
52" 14"

E D 12" x

26" B
36"
z
C
16" 32"

z x

x
y

Not for Distribution.

z
For Instructor's Use Only.
x

3-13
Example
A 300 lb force is applied to F
50°
point A on the edge of the
wide flange beam. Calculate 30°
A (36,72,-6)
the moment at B due to this
force. Units: Lb, in.

B (0,0,0)

Z X
y

z x

z y

z
x

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-14
Example y
Find the moment about point O due A
to the 75 lb force applied at the top
of the 25 ft pole. Units: Lb, ft. 75

B (10, 3, -5)

z
x

o
z

x
z

o
x
Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
3-15
Example y 2
Determine the moment about D due to 5
the force in wire AB if the force in AB is C
64.2 lb. Units: Lb, ft.
B

A
7 D x

z
6

Not for Distribution. 6

z x

For Instructor's Use Only.

3-16
Vector Product of Two Vectors

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For Instructor's Use Only.
Vector Product of Two Vectors 3-17
Vector Product of Two Vectors- continued
y

z
     
i ×i = j ×i = k ×i =
     
i×j= j× j = k× j =
     
i ×k = j ×k = k ×k =

        
V = P × Q = ( Px i + Py j + Pz k ) × (Qx i + Qy j + Qz k )
     
= ( Px i ) × (Qx i ) + ( Px i ) × (Qy j ) + ( Px i ) × (Qz k )
     
+ ( Py j ) × (Qx i ) + ( Py j ) × (Q y j ) + ( Py j ) × (Qz k )
     
+ ( Pz k ) × (Qx i ) + ( Pz k ) × (Q y j ) + ( Pz k ) × (Qz k )

Not for Distribution.

   
For Instructor's Use Only.
V = ( Py Qz − Pz Qy )i + ( Pz Qx − Px Qz ) j + ( PxQy − Py Qz )k
Vector Product of Two Vectors
3-18
Vectors- continued

  
i j k
  
V = P × Q = Px Py Pz
Qx Qy Qz

   
V = ( Py Qz − Pz Qy )i + ( Pz Qx − Px Qz ) j + ( PxQy − Py Qz )k

        
i j k i j k i j k
Px Py Pz Px Py Pz Px Py Pz
Qx Qy Qz Qx Qy Qz Qx Qy Qz

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Vector Product of Two Vectors
3-19
Moment of a Force about a Point

Definition of a Position Vector:

The position vector always starts at the point you want to find the
moment about and ends anywhere along the axis of the force.

  
i j k

M = rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
Moment of a Force about a Point
3-20
Example
A 300 lb force is applied to F
50°
point A on the edge of the
wide flange beam. Calculate 30°
A (36,72,-6)
the moment at B due to this
force. Use vector products to
solve. Units: Lb, in.

B (0,0,0)

Z X

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-21
Example y
The tension force in wire AB is
600 lb. Calculate the moment at A
E due to this force. Units: Lb, in.

52" 14"

E D 12" x

26" B
36"
z
C
16" 32"

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-22
Example y
Find the moment about point O due A
to the 75 lb force applied at the top
of the 25 ft pole. Units: Lb, ft. 75

B (10, 3, -5)

o
z
x

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-23
Example y 2
Determine the moment about D due to
5
the force in wire AB if the force in AB is C
64.2 lb.
Units: Lb, ft.
B

A
7 D x

z
6

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-24
Example y

Determine the moment about point

O if AO= 150, AB= 400, BC= 300, B F
20°
and F= 5.5 N. Points OABC are in
40° 55° 45°
one plane. Units: N, mm. A
C

O
x
30°

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-25
Scalar Product of Two Vectors

     
i ⋅i = j ⋅i = k ⋅i =
     
i⋅j= j⋅ j = k⋅j=
     
i ⋅k = j ⋅k = k ⋅k =

 
P ⋅ Q = Px Qx + Py Qy + Pz Qz

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Scalar Product of Two Vectors 3-26
Angle Formed by Two Given Vectors

    Q
P = Px i + Py j + Pz k
   
Q = Qx i + Qy j + Qz k
P

Px Qx + Py Qy + Pz Qz
cos θ =
PQ

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Scalar Product of Two Vectors 3-27
Example y
Determine the angle between wires
AB and AC. Units: In. A

52" 14"

E D 12" x

26" B
36"
z
C
16" 32"

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-28
Example
Determine the angle between AB and the 25 ft y
pole. Units: ft.
A

B (10, 3, -5)

o
z
x

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-29
Example y 2
Determine the angle between AB 5
and AC. C
Units: Lb, ft.
B

A
7 D x

z
6

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-30
Example y
Find the angle between AB and AC. A (0, 7, 0)
Units: Ft.

B (0, 0, 10)

C (14, 0, 14)
z

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-31
Example y
A (0, 8, 0)
Find the angle between AB and CD.
Units: Ft. D (6, 6, 0)
B (0, 5, 0)

C (-7, -7, 0)

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-32
Mixed Triple Product of Three Vectors
Projection of a Vector on a Given Axis
Review
y y

P P

x x

P
x

 
POL = P iλOL

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Mixed Triple Product of Three Vectors 3-33
Example y

The tension force in wire AB is 600

lb. Calculate the projection of that A
force on AC. Units: Lb, in.

52" 14"

E D 12" x

26" B
36"
z
C
16" 32"

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-34
 y
Example
Determine the component of F onto the OA A
axis of the 25 m pole. Units: N, m.
75

B (10, 3, -5)

o
z
x

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-35
Example y

Find the component

B (0, 0.5, 0.15)
(projection) of the 50 N force T C (0.4, 0.3, 0)
along AB onto CD.
Units: N, m. A 0.2
x

D (0.2, 0, 0.25)

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-36
Example y
Find the component (projection) A (0, 7, 0)
of the 1000 lb force onto AB.
Units: Lb, in.
1000
x

B (0, 0, 10)

C (14, 0, 14)
z

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-37
Moment of a Force about a Given Axis
L

y
F

Recall,
B
  
i j k
  
x M = r × F = rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
z

λx λy λz
M BL = rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz

Note: This is the easiest way to solve moments about a line. It

is normally far more difficult to look into the axis as we did
earlier in the chapter.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Moment of a Force about a Given Axis
3-38
Example y
The tension force in wire AB is 600
lb. Compute the moment of the A
tension about line EC. Units: Lb, in.

52" 14"

E D 12" x

26" B
36"
z
C
16" 32"

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-39
 y
Example
(0.5,1,-1)
Determine the magnitude of the moment
about AB due to the 100 lb force.
Units: Lb, ft. 100

B
A
z x
3
2
C

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-40
 C
Example
Determine the magnitude of the
moment about AB. The force
F= 100 lb. Units: Lb, ft. F
1.75'
B

A
2'
D
3'

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-41
Observation
-When finding moments about a point:

The position vector must always start at the point and

ends anywhere along the force.

-When finding moments about a axis:

The position vector can start anywhere along the axis and
ends anywhere along the force.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Moment of a Force about a Given Axis 3-42
Moment of a Couple
Two forces F and -F having the same magnitude, parallel
lines of action, and opposite sense are said to form a
couple.
F

-F

M = Fd ⊥

F
y

-F

x
  
M = r ×F
z

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Moment of a Couple 3-43
Equivalent Couples
y y

4” 4”

x x
30 lb
4” 4”
20 lb
6” 6” 30 lb
z 20 lb z

y y

30 lb 21.2 lb

30 lb
4” 4”

x x

4” 4”
6” 6” 21.2 lb
z z

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Equivalent Couples
3-44
Example y
Determine the magnitude and
direction of the couple. 75
Units: Lb, in. 10
x

16
75

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-45
Example 300 45°
350
If the resultant of two couples is to 45° F
be zero, determine the magnitudes d
of P and F, and the distance d. 2 1.5
Units: N, m. P

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-46
 y
Example
Determine the magnitude of the
couple. Units: Lb, in. F= (80i -30j -20k)

(-3i +8j +5k)

x
z (5i -6j -4k)

F= (-80i +30j +20k)

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-47
Resolution of a Given Force into a Force at O and a
Couple
F F

A A

o o

Conclusion:
You can move a force to a new location provided you add in the
appropiate moment.
Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
Resolution of a Given Force into a Force at O and a Couple 3-48
Example 600
Find the equivalent 5
3
force-couple system at point 4
C
A and B on the beam. A B
Units: Lb, ft. 3 7 5

C
A B
3 7 5

C
A B
3 7 5

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-49
Example C
Find the equivalent force-couple 30°
1.35
system at point A and B on the beam. 800
Units: N, m.

B
1.00

45° 45°
D A

C
30°
1.35
800

B
1.00

45° 45°
D A

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-50
Example y

The tension force in wire AB is 600 lb.

Calculate the equivalent force-couple A
system of this force at point E.
Units: Lb, in.
52" 14"

From a previous solution,

    E D 12" x
TAB = −159i − 517 j + 259k
26" B
36"
z
C
16" 32"

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-51
Reduction of a System of Forces to One Force and a
Couple

o o

Conclusion:
  
MO = ∑ r × F ( )

Moving a Moment to a New Location

Conclusion:
To move a moment to a o
new location... just do it!

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Reduction of a System of Forces to One Force and a Couple 3-52
Example
600
Replace the forces and M= 500 60° 200 5
3
moment by an equivalent 4
force-couple system at point D C
A D B
on the beam. Units: Lb, ft. 3 4 3 5

C
A D B
3 4 3 5

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-53
Example
Replace the forces in the three wires at A by an equivalent force-couple
system at point E. Units: Lb, ft.
y

From a previous solution,

    A
TAB = −159i − 517 j + 259k
   
TAC = 135i − 220 j + 152k
    52" 14"
TAD = 127i − 471 j − 109k

E D 12" x

26" B
36"
z
C
16" 32"

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-54
Example
Replace the force and moments by an equivalent force-couple system
at point B. Units: Lb, in. 
MC
y

FA
C
Given:
   
FA = −117i + 95.6 j + 210k A 4
   
M C = 48.4i + 15.4 j − 33.6k
    x
M B = 32.6i − 56.2 j + 14.8k
3
6 B
z 
MB

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-55
Equivalent System of Forces
Q

o o

Two systems are equivalent if the have the same:

-Translational effect
-Rotational effect

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Equivalent system of Forces
3-56
Further Reduction of a System of Forces
Q

o o

A system of forces can be

replaced by a single force
placed at a certain location.
o

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Further Reduction of a System of Forces 3-57
Example
Replace this system with a single force at C and determine the dis-
tance d. Units: Lb, ft.
4' 3‘ 3‘ 2‘ 4'

100
500
100 A B
C

A B
C

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-58
Example 600
60° 200
Replace the two forces with an 5
3
4
equivalent force. Specify the C
location along the beam’s A D B
centerline that this force must 3 4 3 5
pass through. Units: N, m.

A D B

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-59
Example
Two children are sitting at the ends of a
seesaw. Where should a third child sit so 64
d 60
that the seesaw is perfectly balanced if B
84
the third child weighs 60 lb? Units: Lb, ft.
A

6' 7'

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-60
Example
A concrete foundation mat in the shape of
a regular hexagon of side 14 ft support four F2 15
column loads as shown. Determine the
20 40
magnitudes of the additional loads which
must be applied at B and F if the resultant F1 F 5 E

of all six loads is to pass through the

A x
center of the mat. D
Units: Ft, kip (1 kip= 1000 pounds) B C
z

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-61
Example
Find the resultant of the three loads and its location. Units: kN, mm.
1.5 2.5

30°

60 50
52

2.0
45

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-62
Reduction of a System of Forces to a Wrench
R

R R

M1
M1
A
MRO O O

M2

 R
Ri M O
ρ=
R2

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Reduction of a System of Forces to a Wrench 3-63
Example
Replace the three loads with an equivalent wrench and determine (a)
the magnitude and direction of R, (b) the pitch of the wrench, (c) the
point where the wrench intersects the yz plane. Units: kN, mm.
1.5

50 30°
1.5

50

60 50
52

2.0
45

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
3-64
Summary
-Moments about a point in 2D

-Moments about a point in 3D

-Moments about a line

-Equivalent force couple systems

-Equivalent systems

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Summary: Equivalent Systems of Forces
3-65
 Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
 Chapter 4
Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies

Introduction
A particle remains at rest or continues to move in a straight line with
uniform velocity if the resultant forces acting on it are zero, in other
words:

∑ =0
F
∑M = 0

Goals:
-Master drawing FBDs
-Map (planning what you are going to do)
-Equilibrium in 2D
-Mastering moments about a point
-Two force bodies
-Three force bodies
-Equilibrium in 3D
-Mastering moments about an axis or a line

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Introduction 4-1
 Reactions at Supports and Connections for a
Two-Dimensional Structure
General Rule:
-If it can move then there
-If it can't move then there
-If it can rotate then there
-If it can't rotate then there
Smooth
Surface

Rough
Surface

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Reactions at Supports and Connections for a Two-dimensional Structure
4-2
Sample Free-Body Diagrams

General Approach:

Map:

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Sample Free-body Diagrams
4-3
Sample Free-Body Diagrams

B
8'

D E
P P
5' 5'

18 60

G
F E

36

36

B C
A

36 36

400
W=100
A B C
Not for Distribution.
8 For Instructor's
8 Use Only.
Sample Free-body Diagrams
4-4
Sample Free-Body Diagrams
P
10 10

B A

30
D

60° 45°
P
C 10 10

B A

30

C 60°

4 3

A B C

Not for Distribution.

400

For Instructor's Use Only.

Sample Free-body Diagrams 4-5
Constraints and Statical Determinacy

Sum of the forces and sum of the moments are always

valid, but may be insufficient to solve the problem.

Statically Determinate

Statically Indeterminate

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Constraints and Determinacy
4-6
Example
The car weighs 1400 kg (Mc) and
the two passengers weigh 100 kg
each (Mp). Determine the
reactions at each of the two (a)
Mp
rear wheels A, (b) front wheels B. Mc

Units: N, m. 0.8 0.4

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-7
Example
Determine the reactions that each
person needs to support. The 6 ft.
couch weighs 100 lb and is tilted
45°. Assume that the upper
person is only able to supprt a
reaction perpendicular to the
couch (no friction) whereas the
lower person can support parallel
and perpendicular to the couch.
Units: Lb, ft.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-8
Example E
Determine the reactions at D and the
tension in BE. The wire connected at A 45°
and C is continuious. 2000

Units: N, mm. 800 800

A
B C D
1600
F

120 2000

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-9
Example A
The cable stays AB and AD help
support pole AC. Knowing that the
tension is 140 lb in AB and 40 lb in 10'
AD, determine the reactions at C.
Units: Lb, ft.
B C D

8’ 6'

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-10
Example 500
600
Determine the reactions at 3
4
supports A and B.
C
Units: Lb, ft.
A B
3 7 5

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-11
Example M= 500 60° 200
600
5
Determine the reactions at A 4
3

and B. Units: Lb, ft. C

A D B
3 4 3 5

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-12
Example
Determine the reactions at the fixed 75
support (point B) of the 5 m pole.
Units: N, m.

100
3
A(-4,1.2)
C(2,1)
B

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-13
Example
Find the reactions at the fixed
support C. Units: Lb, ft.
400
100
A B C

8 8

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-14
Example 350
Determine the reactions at fixed
500 1.5
support A. Units: N, m. A

1.7 3.5 1.5

30°
300

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-15
Example 50 lb 50 lb
Determine the reactions
at A and B for each type
of shoe. Units: Lb, in.

A A
B B
1.5" 5.5" 3.5" 1.0"

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-16
Example 300 450
Determine the reactions
at C and E. B C
A
Units: Lb, ft.

7
D

E
7 7

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-17
Example 3
1
3 3
Determine the reactions at
D and F. A
B C D
Units: kN, m. 2

4.5

F
E

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-18
Example
18 48
Find the reactions at A and C
due to the 650 lb engine. G
Units: Lb, in. F E

36

36

B C
A

36 36

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-19
Example 10
500
10
Find the reactions at rollers A and C and
the tension in the rope.
B A
Units: Lb, ft. 30

10 D

45° 45°
C

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-20
Equilibrium of a Two-Force Body

F2?

F1?

Conclusion:
For any member that is pinned at both ends and no loads
between the ends, the resultant forces must pass through each
other.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Equilibrium of a Two-Force Body 4-21
Equilibrium of a Three-Force Body
F1 F1

F2 F2

Conclusion: When the direction of two of the three forces are

known, the third force must pass through the intersection of the
other two.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Equilibrium of a Three-Force Body
4-22
Example
Find the reactions at A and C. A
Units: Lb, in.
100 in
900 lb

B C

100 in 50 in 50 in

Solution 1

900 lb

Solution 2

900 lb

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-23
Example
C
The square plate has two holes at A and C. At A a 500
lb load is applied. At C a nail is inserted and is attached
B
to the wall so as to prevent movement in 2 directions.
Another nail at the 45° slot B prevents movement
perpendicular to the slot. Find the reactions at B and C A
knowing that B is in the center of the plate. Units: Lb,
in.
500 lb

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-24
Example 8 1000
Determine the reactions at A 4
and D. Units: Lb, ft.
C
A B

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-25
 4 3
Example
Determine the reactions at A, D, D
and the tension in the rope.
The radius of the smaller pulley
is 2.5" and the larger is 5”. 3
Units: Lb, ft.

A B C

400

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-26
Reactions at Supports and Connections for a
Three-Dimensional Structure

Smooth
Surface

Rough
Surface

Why do we normally ignore the moments for hinges and bearings?

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Reactions at Supports and Connections for a Three-Dimensional Structure 4-27
Equilibrium of a Rigid Body in 3D

∑ =0
F
∑M = 0

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Equilibrium of a Rigid Body in Three-Dimensions
4-28
General Approach for Solving Three Dimensional
Problems
Recall for 2D problems we normally start by taking moments
about a point that has 2 out of the 3 unknowns.
E

45°
2000
800 800
A
B C D
1600
F

P
2000
For 3D problems

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
General Approach for Solving Three-Dimensional Problems
4-29
 B
Example
The two steel I-beams, each C
0.9
with a mass of 100 kg are 1.5
welded together at right angles A
2.4
and lifted by the vertical cables
so that the beams remain in a
horizontal plane. Compute the
tension in each of the cables A,
B, C. Units: N, m.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-30
Symmetry
A structure whose geometry and loads are symmetric, will behave
symmetrically.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Symmetry 4-31
Example y 2
Calculate the tension in cables AB, AC,
5
and the reactions at D. The sphere weighs C
150 lb.
Units: Lb, ft.
B
From a previous solution,
   
TAB = TAB (−0.571i + 0.667 j + 0.476k )
    A
TAC = TAC (−0.636i + 0.742 j − 0.212k ) 7 D x

z
6

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-32
Example 900 B
The cellar door weighs 50 kg. C

Hinge A can support thrust 30°

along the hinge axis AB, E
whereas hinge B supports
force normal to the hinge axis 1800
only. Find the tension T in the
wire ED. Units: N, mm. A

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-33
Example 900 B
C
The cellar door weighs 50 kg.
Hinge A can support thrust 30°
along the hinge axis AB, E
whereas hinge B supports
force normal to the hinge axis 1800
only. Find the reactions at A
and B. A

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-34
Example y
Determine the vertical reactions at A, B, and (0.5,1,-1)
C. Units: N, m.

100

B
A
x
z
3
2
C

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-35
Example y
Determine the vertical reactions at A, B, and (0.5,1,-1)
C. Units: N, m.

100

B
A
x
z
3
2
C

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-36
Example y
1.5
Determine the tension in BD due to the
100 kg sphere. Supports A and C of the
right angle pipes are pinned.
D
Units: N, m.
2

C
x

A B
2
E
z

2.5

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-37
Example y 2
Find the force P so that the tension in AC
5
is 0. The sphere weighs 150 lb. C
Units: Lb, ft.
From a previous solution,
    B
TAB = TAB (−0.571i + 0.667 j + 0.476k )
   
TAC = TAC (−0.636i + 0.742 j − 0.212k )
A
7 D x
P

4
z
6

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-38
Example y
3.0
Determine the tension in CD.
3.5
Units: N, m. 3.75
C

B
4.0
1.75
O
D
z E
A x

600

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-39
Example
Determine the force in each wire. 1
y
Units: N, m.
200

D 3

A
C

1
x
3.25
1.5
z
B

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
4-40
Summary
FBD

2D Equilibrium

Mapping 45°
200
80 80
A
B C D
160
F

200 N 200
3D Equilibrium

3 y
C
3

O 5

Not for Distribution.

z
6 x

For Instructor's Use

2
Only.
4-41
 Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
 Chapter 5
Distributed Forces
Introduction C

C C

Line Distribution
Cable

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only. Bridge

Introduction 5-1
Area Distribution

Volume Distribution

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Introduction
5-2
Center of Gravity of a Two-Dimensional Body

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Center of Gravity of a Two-Dimensional Body
5-3
Composite Plates and Wires
Example
Find a general equation to locate the center of mass. Assume
uniform thickness and homogeneous (same material).

X=
∑ xA Not ∑ yA
Y =for Distribution.
Z=
∑zA
∑A
∑ A For Instructor's ∑A
Use Only.
Composite Plates and Wires
5-4
First Moment of Areas and Lines

X=
∑ xA Y=
∑ yA Z=
∑zA
∑A ∑A ∑A

Qx = ∑ x A Qy = ∑ y A Qz = ∑ z A

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
First Moment of Areas and Lines 5-5
Centroids of Areas
Shape x y Area

b h bh
h h 3 3 2
Triangle
y y
x
b/2 b/2 b

Semi- 4r π r2
circle 0
3π 2
r

Quarter- y 4r 4r π r2
circle 3π 3π 4
o x

Semi- 4b π ab
ellipse 0
3π 2
b
y
Quarter- 4a 4b π ab
o a x
ellipse 3π 3π 4

a x 3h 4ah
Parabola o 0
5 3

h
Semi- y
3a 3h 2ah
parabola
8 5 3

y = kx 2
Parabolic h
3a ah
3h
spandrel 4 3
10
Not
o
x
for Distribution.
y

For Instructor's
a Use Only.
Centroids of Areas
5-6
Example
Determine the centroid of the plane area. Units: In.

r
8"
4r
y=
3π
1" o

2"

1" 3"

Part Area x y xA yA

X=
∑ xA
∑A

Y=
∑ yA
∑A

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-7
Example
Determine the centroid of the plane area. Units: In.
y y y
(4,6)
y = kx 2
y=kx²

x x x

y = kx 2
h h

y o y
x x
b a

Part Area x y xA yA

X=
∑ xA
∑A

Y=
∑ yA
∑A

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-8
Example 2"
Determine the centroid of the
plane area. Units: In.

7"

2"

8"

Part Area x y xA yA

X=
∑ xA
∑A

Y=
∑ yA
∑A

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-9
 150
Example
Determine the centroid of
the plane area. Units: mm. 15

150

15

R= 50

Part Area y yA

Y=
∑ yA
∑A

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-10
Example 6' 5' 9'
Determine the X centroid of the dam.
Units: Ft.

h 24'

y
x
b

Part Area x xA

X=
∑ xA
∑A

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-11
Example y
Determine the centroid of
the plane area. Units: mm. 40

30
c
x
30

40

40 120

Part Area x xA

X=
∑ xA
∑A

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-12
Centroids of Lines
y

z
x

X=
∑ xL Y=
∑ yL Z=
∑ zL
∑L ∑L ∑L

L L L

∫ xdL ∫ ydL ∫ zdL

X= 0
Y= 0
Z= 0
L L L

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Centroids of Lines 5-13
Centroids of Lines
Shape x y L
Half- 2r 2r πr
Circle π π 2
r

y
Quarter- 2r
0 πr
Circle o x π

R
α C r sin α
Arc o
α 0 2α r
α
x

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Centroids of Lines 5-14
Example R1.5
A thin steel wire of uniform cross
section is bent into the shape
shown. Locate the center of 3

gravity. Units: In.

6

r
y 18

Part Length x y xL yL

X=
∑ xL
∑L
Y=
∑ yL
∑L Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
5-15
Example 8 12
A thin steel wire of uniform cross
section is bent into the shape shown.
Determine the distance d to keep it 6
aligned as shown. Units: In.
d

Part Length x y xL yL

X=
∑ xL
∑L

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-16
 y
Example
A thin steel wire of uniform cross 2.4 m 2.4 m
section is bent into the shape
A
shown. Locate the center of
gravity.

O
1.0 m
y
x
C B x
z

Part Length x y z xL yL zL

X=
∑ xL
∑L
Y=
∑ yL
∑L
Z=
∑ zL
∑L
Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
5-17
Determination of Centroids by Integration

L
X W = ∫ dW dm = xdW
x 0

L
XW = ∫ xdW
0
dW
W
Since the moments in each system must be equal,
L L L

∫ xdW ∫ ydW ∫ zdW

X= 0
Y= 0
Z= 0

W W W

or with W= Mg and dW= gdM,

L L L

∫ xdM ∫ ydM ∫ zdM

X= 0 Y= 0
Z= 0

M M M

or with M= ρV and dM= ρdV,

L L L

∫ xρ dV ∫ yρ dV ∫ zρ dV
Not Yfor
= Distribution.
Z=
0 0
X= 0

ρV ρV ρV
For Instructor's Use Only.
Determination of Centroids by Integration 5-18
Areas y

dA
C

L L L

∫ xdA ∫ ydA ∫ zdA

X= 0
Y= 0
Z= 0

A A A

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Determination of Centroids by Integration 5-19
Choice of Element Integration

Order of Element
l
y y

dy dx
dy

x x

Continuity
y

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Determination of Centroids by Integration 5-20
Choice of Coordinates

y y
x=ky ²

x x

Centroidal Coordinates of the Element

l
y

dy

Not for
x
Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
5-21
Example y
Using integration, determine the (b,b)
coordinates of the centroid of the
shaded area.
y=kx²

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-22
Example y
Using integration, determine the coordinates
of the centroid of the shaded area. x=y²/5

1 4 x

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-23
Example y
Determine the centroid of the area. a
Use integration.
b

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-24
Example y
(a,b)
Determine the centroid of the area. Use
integration.

y = kx3

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-25
 y
Example
Determine the x centroid of the area. y = b(1 −kx 3 )
Use integration.
b

x
a

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-26
Example y
Determine the centroid of the area. y = mx (a,b)

Use integration.

y = kx 2

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-27
Example y
Determine the x centroid of the area. y = kx 2
b
Use integration.

x
a a

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-28
Example Y

Determine the length of the homogeneous 2

x=ky
rod. Use integration. (1,1)

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-29
Example Y
Determine the x centroid of the
2
homogeneous rod. Use integration. x=ky
(1,1)

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-30
Example Y
Determine the y centroid of the 2
homogeneous rod. Use integration. x=ky
(1,1)

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-31
Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus: Theorem I

The area of a surface of revolution is equal to the length of the

generating curve times the distance traveled by the centroid of the
curve while the surface is being generated.

A = 2π yL

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus
5-32
Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus-Theorem II

The volume of a body of revolution is equal to the generating area

times the distance traveled by the centroid of the area while the
body is being generated.

V = 2π yA

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus 5-33
Example y
Determine the surface area of a circle
with radius r rotated about the x-axis
forming a torus.
R

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-34
Example y
Determine the surface area of the parabolic
2
shape if it is rotated 180˚ about the x-axis. x=ky
(1,1)
Units: in.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-35
Example
Determine the surface area and
volume of a ball that has been cut
4
off on the top and bottom as
shown. Units: In.
4

10

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-36
Example y y' y''
Determine the volume of
the semi-elliptical shape
rotated about the y, y'
b
and y'' axis.

x
a a c

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-37
Example y
Determine volume of a circle with radius
r rotated about the x-axis forming a
torus.
R

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-38
Distributed Loads on Beams
2.5-kN/m²
Example
Determine the support reactions of the
cantilever beam. Units: kN, m. 2m

1.5-kN/m²

1.6m 1.2m

Conclusion:
-When given a distributed load with the units of force per length
the resultant is equal to the area under the curve.

-When given a distributed load with the units of force per area
the resultant is equal to the volume under the curve.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Distributed Loads on Beams 5-39
Example 30 lb/ft
Determine the reactions at A and B. 20 lb/ft
Units: Lb, ft.

A B
4' 8' 4'

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-40
Example 30 lb/ft
Determine the reactions at A and B.
Units: Lb, ft.

A B
4' 8' 4'

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-41
Example 30 lb/ft
Determine the reactions at A and B.
Units: Lb, ft.

A B
4' 3' 5' 4'

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-42
Example 30 lb/ft
Determine the reactions at A 20 lb/ft
and B. Units: Lb, ft.

A B
4' 3' 5' 4'

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-43
Forces on Submerged Surfaces- Flat Surfaces

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Forces on Submerged Surfaces
5-44
Forces on Submerged Surfaces- Curved Surfaces

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Forces on Submerged Surfaces
5-45
Example 1.5'
Determine the minimum tension
required to open the gate. The gate
4'
AB is 2.25 ft wide.
Units: Lb, ft. T B
2'

A 1'

By

Bx
T

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-46
Example 1.5'
Determine the minimum tension
required to open the gate. The gate
4'
AB is 2.25 ft wide.
Units: Lb, ft. T B
2'

A 1'

By

Bx
T

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-47
Example
The dam is designed to withstand
the additional force caused by silt.
Assuming that silt is equivalent to a 6.6 m
liquid of density of 1800 kg/m³ and
considering a 1 m wide section of
dam, determine the force acting on
the dam face for a slit accumulation
of depth 2 m. Units: N, m.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-48
Example 8' 10'
Determine the resultant force
due to the water on the face of
the dam. Also find the forces
under the concrete dam. 30'
Units: Lb, ft.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-49
Example
Find the reactions at A 1.25
and C. Point C is a
B A
frictionless surface. The
1.5
width of the gate is 1.5 m.
Units: N, m C

1 2

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-50
Example 6
Determine the reactions at A 5 A B
and B. The gate is 8' wide.
Units: Ft 9

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
5-51
Center of Gravity of a Three-Dimensional Body
Centroid of a Volume

dy dV

X=
∑ xV
Y=
∑ yV
Z=
∑ zV
∑V ∑V ∑V

L L L

∫ xdV ∫ ydV ∫ zdV

X= 0
L
Y= 0
L
Z= 0
L

∫ dV ∫ dV
0
∫ dV
0
0

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Center of Gravity of a Three-Dimensional Body
5-52
Centroids of Volumes
Shape x Volume

a
3a 2 3
Hemisphere C πa
8 3

h
3h 2 2
πa h
8 3
Semiellipsoid a
of revolution C

x
h
1 2
h πa h
Paraboloid of a 2
3
revolution C

h
h 1 2
4 πa h
a 3
Cone
C

x
h

Pyramid b h 1
abh
C 4 3

Not
a for Distribution.
For Instructor's
x Use Only.
Centroids of Volumes 5-53
Example
For the machine element
shown, locate the centroid.
Ø26 16
Units: mm.
78
24
40 10
18

z
28 x
20
100
Ø24
20 90

Part Volume Xel Yel Zel XelV YelV ZelV

X=
∑ xV
∑V
Y=
∑ yV
∑V
∑ zV Not for Distribution.
Z=
∑V For Instructor's Use Only.
5-54
Example y
For the machine element 2.00
shown, locate the centroid.
Units: in.

4.25

1.75 x
z 4.00
2.25

Part Volume Xel Yel Zel XelV YelV ZelV

X=
∑ xV
∑V
Y=
∑ yV
∑V
Z=
∑ zV
∑V Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
5-55
 y
Example
25
For the machine element shown,
locate the centroid.
Units: mm.

Ø26
150

20 x
z
100 215
175 75

Part Volume Xel Yel Zel XelV YelV ZelV

X=
∑ xV
∑V
Y=
∑ yV
∑V
Z=
∑ zV
∑V
Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
5-56
Summary
Centroids Vs. Center of Masses

Centroids of Lines

X=
∑ xL Y=
∑ yL Z=
∑ zL
∑L ∑L ∑L
Centroids of Areas

X=
∑ xA Y=
∑ yA Z=
∑zA
∑A ∑A ∑A
Centroids of Volumes

X=
∑ xV Y=
∑ yV Z=
∑ zV
∑V ∑V ∑V
Distributed Loads (Force/Length)
2.5-kN/m²

8' 10'

1.5-kN/m²
Pressures (Force/Area)

Not for Distribution.

30'

For Instructor's Use Only.

5-57
 Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
 Chapter 6
Analysis of Structures
Introduction
Trusses

Frames 18 60

G
F E

36

36

B C
A

36 36

Machines
25 350 550 300

13
A
D
B 20
20
Not for Distribution.
E
C
For Instructor's Use Only.
Introduction 300
6-1
Plane Trusses

-Loads act only at the joints

-Pinned connections
-Two force members (tension/compression)
-Basic element is the triangle

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Plane Trusses
6-2
Bridge Truss in Santa Margarita

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Plane Trusses
6-3
Method of Joints
Joints Under Special Loading Conditions- Tricks

P
Trick #1

Trick #2

Trick #3

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
NOTE: No additional loads applied to the joints.
Method of Joints
6-4
Example
Using the tricks, find the zero force members and also any members of
known values.
D
E

A
B
C F

10
7 14 7

D
E

A
B
C F

10
7 14 7

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-5
Example
Using the tricks, find the zero force members and also any members of
known values. 1

A
B

C
D
4 4

A
B

C
D
4 4
1

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-6
Example
Using the tricks, find the zero force I
members and also any members of H G F
known values. E

A D
B C

5 6 7
3 3 3

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-7
 2.5
Example
Using the tricks, find the zero force B C D
members and also any members of
known values.

G F

E
A

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-8
Review of FBDs

NEWTON'S THIRD LAW: The forces of action and reaction

between interacting bodies are equal in magnitude, opposite in
direction, and collinear.

Conclusion:
If a bar is in tension, then no matter what FBD you draw it is still
in tension. If a bar is in compression, then no matter what FBD
you draw it is still in compression.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Method of Joints
6-9
Relationships Between FBDs
D
E

A
B
C F

10
7 14 7

FBD- Joint A FBD- Joint D FBD- Joint C

D
A
C

10

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Method of Joints 6-10
Example
Determine the force in each member of the truss. Note the presence of
any zero-force members. Units: kN, m.
D
E

A
B
C F
10
7 14 7

FBD- Joint A

FBD- Joint D
D

FBD- Joint C

C Not for Distribution.

10 For Instructor's Use Only.
6-11
Example
Determine the force in each member of the truss. Note the 1
presence of any zero-force members. Units: Kips, ft.
A
B

C
D
4 4

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-12
Example H G
Determine the forces
in members BI and I F
90°
BH. Units: kN, m. 60°
60° 60°
A E
B C D
5 1 4
3 6 6 3

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-13
Example 300 450

Determine the forces in

AB and AD. B C
A
Units: kN, m.

7
D

E
7 7

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-14
 450
Example 300

Determine the forces in

CD and DE. B C
A
Units: kN, m.

7
D

E
7 7

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-15
Example 1
Determine the forces in 3 3 3
AB and AE. A
Units: kN, m. B C D
2

4.5

F
E
2

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-16
Example 3
1
3 3
Determine the forces in
CD and DF. A
B C D
Units: kN, m. 2

4.5

F
E

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-17
Example A
Determine the forces in BC and
EC. Units: Lb, ft.
B
8

D E
700 500
5 5

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-18
Example A

Determine the forces in AB and

BD. Units: Lb, ft.
B
8

D E
700 500
5 5

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-19
Method of Sections
Example I
Determine the force in member CG. H G F
Units: kN, m. E

A D
B C

5 6 7
3 3 3

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Method of Sections 6-20
Example
Determine the forces in members CD, CF, and EF. Ignore any horizontal
reactions at the supports. Units: Lb, ft.
200

B
200

C 200

60° 60° 30° 30°

A E
F
14

28

200

30°
E

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-21
Example
Compute the forces in members BC, CJ, CI, and HI. The members CJ
and CF pass behind BI and DG. Units: Kips, ft. 1 Kip= 1000 lb.

3 3 3 3
2 B C D E
A

J F
I H G

3 9 7

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-22
Example 300 450

Determine the forces in

BC, CD, and DE. B C
A
Units: kN, m.

7
D

E
7 7

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-23
 450
Example 300

Determine the forces in

BC, BD, and AD. B C
A
Units: kN, m.

7
D

E
7 7

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-24
Example 3
1
3 3
Determine the forces in
BC, CE, and EF. A
B C D
Units: kN, m. 2

4.5

F
E

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-25
Example 3
1
3 3
Determine the forces in
CD and DF. A
B C D
Units: kN, m. 2

4.5

F
E

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-26
Example A
Determine the forces in AB,
BD, and DE.
Units: Lb, ft. B
8

D E
700 500
5 5

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-27
Example A
Determine the forces in AB,
BD, and EC.
Units: Lb, ft. B
8

D E
700 500
5 5

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-28
FRAMES and MACHINES
A structure is called a FRAME or MACHINE if at least one of its
individual members is a multi-force member. If the structure is intended
to move then we call it a MACHINE, if its not intended to move as in a
building then its called a frame. No matter what you call them they are
both analyzed the same.
C

B D
8'
F
4'

A E

5'
10'

C C

B B D D

A E

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Frames and Machines 6-29
Example C
Compute the force supported
by the pin at B. P= 5000 lb. P
Units: Lb, ft.
B D
8
F

A E

5
10

B D

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
A

6-30
 A
Example
For the frame and loading shown,
determine the components of all
B
forces acting on member ABC. 12
Units: Kips, ft.
C

E D
20k
5 5

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-31
Example
Knowing that in the position shown the cylinders are parallel,
determine the force exerted by each cylinder when P= 190 N and
Q= 95 N. Dimensions: N, mm.

300 150 600 P

A
B
C Q

D
400

E F G

150 200
P
A
B
C Q

300 150 600 P

A
B
C Q

D
400

E F G

150 200

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-32
Example
18 48
Determine the forces on member
EFG due to the 650 lb engine. G
F E
Units: Lb, in.
36

36

B C
A

36 36

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-33
Example 4 3
Determine the forces on member
ABC. The radius of the small D

pulley is 2.5" and the larger is 5”.

Units: Lb, ft.
3

A B C

400

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use
A Only.B C

6-34
Example P 4' 4' 5'

Determine the forces on

member ABCD due to P= 500 lb A D
B C
and M= 700 ft-lb. Units: Lb, ft.
6'

B
M
E

A D
B C

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-35
 300
Example 10 10
Determine the reactions at A and C.
Units: Lb, in. B A

30

60°
C

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-36
Example 20 lb/ft
Determine the reactions at A
and C. C
Units: Lb, ft. A B

8 4

C
B

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-37
Example
4.00 1.25
Determine the clamping force
exerted on the pipe. 25
Units: Lb, in.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-38
Example 25 350 550 300
Determine the cutting
force exerted on the rod. 13
A
Units: N, mm.
D
B 20
20
E
C

300

A
D

300

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
6-39
Example 25
Determine the cutting force exerted
on the a) thin sheet metal and b) the
pipe. Ignore any friction between the
0.75
blades and the object. Units: Lb, in.

5.25

25

25
25

1.50

5.25

25

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
25
6-40
Summary
Two Force Members
D 25 350 550 300
E

13
7
A
D
A
B 20
B 20
C F E
C
10
7 14 7

300

Method of Joints and Method of Sections

D
E

A
B
C F

10
7 14 7

Frames and Machines (Multi-Force Members)

25 350 550 300

13
A
D
B 20
20
E
C

Not for Distribution.

300

For Instructor's Use Only.

Summary
6-41
 Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
 Chapter 7
Forces in Beams
Introduction
Internal Forces in Members
D E
E

A
B C
C F

10
7 14 7

C C

B D B
8' B
F
4'

A E A A

5'
10'

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Internal Forces in Members 7-1
Example C
Determine the internal forces
at point J. P= 5000 lb. J P
Units: Lb, ft.
1.5 B D
8
F

A E

5
10

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
7-2
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

Sign Convention
M M V

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
7-3
Why do we Need to Draw Shear and Bending Diagrams?
P P

C D

A B
40' 80' 40'

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
7-4
Example
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading
shown. Label all points of change, maximums and minimums, and the
axes. Units: Lb, ft.
P P Support Reactions

C D

A B
4 8 4

Segment Shear Moment

A to C

A
x

C to D P

A
x

D to B P P

A
x

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
7-5
Example
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and
loading shown. Label all points of change, maximums and
minimums, and the axes.
W
Support Reactions

A B
L

Segment Shear Moment

A
x

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
7-6
Caution:
W

A B A B
L L

When drawing FBDs, always use the original loading and not the
equivalent.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
7-7
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

w w

A B
L

The change in shear is

equal to the area under the
ΔV = − wΔx load curve.

The slope of the shear

dV
= −w diagram is equal to the
dx value of the w load.

dM The slope of the moment

=V diagram is equal to the
dx
value of the shear.

The change in moment is

equal to the area under the
ΔM = V Δx shear curve.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment 7-8
 Observations about the Shape of Shear/ Moment Diagrams
Shear Diagrams:
-Are a plot of forces (note the units).
-Discontinuities occur at concentrated forces.

Moment Diagrams:
-Are a plot of moments (note the units).
-Discontinuities occur at concentrated moments.

Miscellaneous:
-Check your work by noting that you always start and end at zero.
-Always use the original loading and not the equivalent.

4 kips/ft
15 kN 25 kN 20 kN
M

A B

30 kN

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Relationship Between Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
7-9
Example
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and
loading shown. Label all points of change, maximums and
minimums, and the axes. Units: kN, m
8 10 8

Support Reactions C D

A 10 B
3 3 3 3

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
7-10
Example
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and
loading shown. Label all points of change, maximums and
minimums, and the axes. Units: kN, m
2 kN/m

Support Reactions
A B
3.2 0.8

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
7-11
Example
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam
and loading shown. Label all points of change, maximums and
minimums, and the axes. Units: Lb, ft.
30 lb/ft
20 lb/ft

A B
4 8 4

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
7-12
Example
Sketch the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam
and loading shown. Label all points of change, maximums and
minimums, and the axes. Units: Lb, ft.
30 lb/ft

A B
4 8 4

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
7-13
Example
Sketch the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam
and loading shown. Label all points of change, maximums and
minimums, and the axes. Units: Lb, ft.
30 lb/ft

A B
4 3 5 4

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7-14
Example
Sketch the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam
and loading shown. Label all points of change, maximums and
minimums, and the axes. Units: Lb, ft.
30 lb/ft
20 lb/ft

A B
4 3 5 4

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
7-15
Example
Here is an example of how the shape of the girder reflects the
shear and bending diagrams.

B
A
L

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
7-16
So why did they put that gap in the bridge?

B B
A A

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
7-17
Pins

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
7-18
Example
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and
loading shown. Label all points of change, maximums and
minimums, and the axes. The addition of the internal pin at the
center of the beam allows additional head room because rather
than the moment being a maximum in the center it becomes zero.
This design is used at Wings Air West in SLO. Total span= 75 ft.

500 lb/ft 500 lb/ft

A A B
B

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For Instructor's Use Only.
7-19
Example
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and
loading shown. Label all points of change, maximums and minimums,
and the axes. This example demonstrates that with the addition of an
internal pin we get an additional equation, otherwise we would have too
many unknowns. 3

A B
Support Reactions
C

3.5 1 2

B
C

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For Instructor's Use Only.
7-20
Summary
Sign Convention
M

Shear Diagrams

Moment Diagrams

Observations about the Shape of Shear/ Moment Diagrams

Shear Diagrams:
-Are a plot of forces (note the units).
-Discontinuities occur at concentrated forces.

Moment Diagrams:
-Are a plot of moments (note the units).
-Discontinuities occur at concentrated moments.

Miscellaneous:
-Check your work by noting that you always start and end at zero.
-Always use the original loading and not the equivalent.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
7-21
 Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
 Chapter 8
Friction
Introduction

F = µs N

Friction
Coefficient of Static Friction for Dry
Surfaces

Metal on metal 0.15-0.60

Metal on wood 0.20-0.60
Metal on stone 0.30-0.70
Metal on leather 0.30-0.60
Wood on wood 0.25-0.50
Wood on leather 0.25-0.50
Stone on stone 0.40-0.70
Px Earth on earth 0.20-1.00

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For Instructor's Use Only.
Introduction to Friction 8-1
States of Friction
Friction
No Friction
P W

Px
No Motion
W
P

Motion Impending
W

Motion
W

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For Instructor's Use Only.
States of Friction
8-2
Example
The static and dynamic coefficients of friction between the block
and the incline are 0.35 and 0.25 respectively. Determine
whether the block is in equilibrium and find the magnitude and
direction of the friction force when ø= 25° and P= 750N. Units: N.

Friction
1.2kN

ø
Px

Friction

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only. Px
8-3
Example
The static and dynamic coefficients of friction between all surfaces
are 0.30 and 0.25 respectively. Determine the smallest force P
required to start block D moving if (a) block C is restrained by
cable AB as shown, (b) cable AB is removed. Units: N.
C
A)
B
C 100kg

A B
100kg

D
150kg P

D
150kg P

B)
C

100kg

Not for Distribution. 150kg

D P

For Instructor's Use Only.

8-4
Example
The 80 lb block is attached to link AB
and rests on a moving belt. Knowing 30° B
that the static and dynamic 80 lb
coefficients are 0.25 and 0.20,
A
determine the magnitude of the
horizontal force P which should be
applied to the belt to maintain its
motion (a) to the right, (b) to the left.
Units: Lb.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
8-5
Example P
6"
Determine whether the 100 lb block will tip before
it has a chance to slide. The static coefficient is
0.30. 100 1 2"

100

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For Instructor's Use Only.
8-6
Example 700
Knowing that the 100 kg crate starts A B
to tip as it slides, determine (a) the 25°
magnitude of the force P, (b) the P
coefficient of kinetic friction. 500

Units: N, mm. C E D
150

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
8-7
Example
Calculate the force that each hand must apply to support (8) 1 lb books.
The coefficient of static friction between the hands and the books is 0.50
and 0.35 between each book.
Units: lb.

S T A T I C S
S T A T I C S
S T A T I C S
S T A T I C S

S T A T I C S
S T A T I C S
S T A T I C S

S T A T I C S
S T A T I C S
S T A T I C S

S T A T I C S
S T A T I C S
S T A T I C S

S T A T I C S

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For Instructor's Use Only.
8-8
Example
Determine the reactions at A and B. A is rough and B is smooth. The
ladder has a length of 25 ft and weighs 25 lb. The coefficient of static
friction is 0.3. Units: Lb, ft.

10'

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For Instructor's Use Only.
8-9
Example
Determine the distance d at which the ladder will start to slide. A is
rough and B is smooth. The ladder has a length of 25 ft and weighs 25
lb. The coefficient of static friction is 0.3. Units: Lb, ft.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
8-10
Example
Determine the force P required to start the ladder to slide or tip. A is
rough and B is smooth. P is applied to the middle of the ladder. The
ladder has a length of 25 ft and weighs 25 lb. The coefficient of static
friction is 0.3. Units: Lb, ft.
B

P
24.5

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
8-11
Example T
Find the range of T for which the
100
block is in equilibrium. The
coefficient of friction is 0.3.
Units: N.
y

50°

x
100

100

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
8-12
Example
Determine the smallest force P required to move the blocks. Block A and
B weigh 20 and 40 lb respectively.
Units: Lb.
B P
µ s = 0.2
µ s = 0.3 A

B P

B P

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For Instructor's Use Only.
8-13
Example
Determine the smallest force P required to move the blocks. Block A and
B weigh 20 and 40 lb respectively.
Units: Lb.
B P
µ s = 0.4
µ s = 0.2 A

B P

B P

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
8-14
Example
Determine the smallest force P required to move the blocks. Block A, B,
C weigh 20, 40, and 60 Lb respectively.
Units: Lb.
C P
µ s = 0.4
B
µ s = 0.2
µ s = 0.2 A

C P

C P

C P

B
Not for Distribution. A
For Instructor's Use Only.
8-15
Angles of Friction

W
P

tan φs = μ s

W
P

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Angles of Friction 8-16
Wedges W
Example
Find the force P required to move the block
up. W= 500 lb, Static coefficient= 0.30, a
15° wedge. Units: Lb.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Wedges
8-17
Example W
Determine whether the wedge will remain
in place. W= 500 lb, Static coefficient=
0.30, a 15° wedge. Units: Lb.

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
8-18
 P
Example
Find the minimum force P required to
move the 800 N block. Static
coefficient= 0.30, 15° wedges. 800
Units: N.

800

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
8-19
Example P
Find the minimum force P required to
move the 800 N block. Static
coefficient= 0.30, 15° wedges. 800
Units: N.

800

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For Instructor's Use Only.
8-20
Example P
Knowing that it takes 800 N to insert the 25°
wedge, find the forces exerted on the log.
Kinetic coefficient= 0.26. Units: N.
25°

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
8-21
Example P
Knowing that it takes 800 N to insert the 25°
wedge, will the wedge remain in place after P is
remove? Static coefficient= 0.30. Units: N.
25°

800

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For Instructor's Use Only.
8-22
Example
Wedge B is rough and the right end of the beam may be considered as
fixed. Determine the horizontal force P which should be applied to the
15° wedge A to raise the left end of the beam. The beam is 7 m long.
Static coefficient= 0.20. Units: N, m.
7000

A B

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
8-23
Example T
Find the range of T for which the
block is in equilibrium. The static 100
coefficient of friction is 0.3.
Units: N.
y

50°

100

100

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
8-24
Summary
Friction

If Equilibrium

Px
If Sliding

If Motion, but no Acceleration

P
If Tipping

100

Wedges

Not for Distribution.

P

For Instructor's Use Only.

Summary 8-25
 Not for Distribution.
For Instructor's Use Only.
 Chapter 9
Moments of Inertia of Areas
Introduction
Second Moment, or Moment of Inertia, of an Area

My
σ=
I
VQ
τ=
Ib

Determination of the Moment of Inertia of an Area by

Integration

I x = ∫ y 2 dA I y = ∫ x 2 dA

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For Instructor's Use Only.
Second Moment of an Area 9-1
Example
Determine the moment of inertia about the x-axis of the area below.
Use integration. y

b x

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For Instructor's Use Only.
9-2
Example
Determine the moment of inertia about the axes of the area below. Use
integration. y

Alternative Solution
y

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For Instructor's Use Only.
9-3
Example
Determine the moment of inertia of the area below. Use integration.
y

Alternative Solution

b x

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
9-4
Example
Determine the moment of inertia about the centroidal axes of the area
below. Use integration. y

x
h

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For Instructor's Use Only.
9-5
Example
Determine the moment of inertia about the y-axis of the area below.
Use integration. y
x2
5
y=
3

y
x2
5
y=
3

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For Instructor's Use Only.
9-6
Example
Determine the moment of inertia about the x-axis of the area below. Use
integration.
y

x = ky 2 (4,3)

Not for Distribution.

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9-7
Example
Determine the moment of inertia about the x-axis of the area below.
Use integration. y

Alternative Solution
x = ky 2 (4,3)

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
9-8
Polar Moment of Inertia

Tr
τ=
Jo

J o = I p = ∫ ρ 2 dA = ∫ ( x 2 + y 2 )dA

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For Instructor's Use Only.
Polar Moment of Inertia
9-9
Example
Determine the polar moment of inertia of the area below. Use integration.
y

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
9-10
Parallel-Axis Theorem
y y

I x = ∑ (I x + Ad y2 )

I y = ∑ (I y + Ad x2 )

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
Parallel-Axis Theorem 9-11
Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas

Shape
y y′ 1 3 1
I x′ = bh I y′ = hb3
12 12
x′ 1 1
Rectangle
h I x = bh3 I y = hb3
3 3
x 1
J c = bh(b 2 + h 2 )
b 12

y′ 1 3
I x′ = bh
h
36
Triangle x′
1 3
x
Ix = bh
12
b

y
1
Ix = I y = π r4
r 4
x
Circle
1
Jo = π r 4
2

y
1
Ix = I y = π r4
8
r
Semicircle
1
x Jo = π r 4
o
4

y 1
Ix = I y = π r4
16
Quarter circle
Not for
r Distribution. 1
J = πr 4

For Instructor's Use Only.

o
x 8

Moment of Inertia of Composite Areas

9-12
Example
Determine the moment of inertia about the centrodial axes of the area
below. y

I x = ∑ (I x + Ad y2 )
2r
r
I y = ∑ (I y + Ad x2 ) x
2r

2r 2r

Part I Area d Ad 2

Not for Distribution.

For Instructor's Use Only.
9-13
Example
Determine the moment of inertia about the centrodial axes of the area
below. Units: in.

I x = ∑ (I x + Ad y2 )
0.60"
I y = ∑ (I y + Ad 2
x )
x
16.00"

0.40"

7.00"
Note:
d is the distance between the property of the part to the new axis.
b is always parallel to the axis you want to find I about.

Part I d Area Ad 2

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For Instructor's Use Only.
9-14
Example
Determine the moment of inertia about the centrodial axes of
the area below. Uniform thickness t= 20 mm. Units: mm.
I x = ∑ (I x + Ad y2 )
y

I y = ∑ (I y + Ad x2 )
x
200

300

Part Ix Iy Area dx dy Ad x2 Ad y2

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9-15