Problems 247

lt
Problems
It
Section 7.1 c) Find i 1(t) fort ;:::: O.
7.1 In the circuit in Fig. P7.1, the voltage and current d) Find i2(t) for t ;:::: 0+.
expressions are e) Explain why i2 (0-) "* i2(0+).
v = 160e- lOr V, t;:::: 0+;
Figure P7.4
i = 6.4e- lOr A, t ;:::: O.
soon 6ki1
Find

("" ()
a) R.

40V 400mH
b) T (in milliseconds).

c) L.

d) the initial energy stored in the inductor.

e) the time (in milliseconds) it takes to dissipate

7.5 The switch shown in Fig. P7.5 has been open a long
60% of the initial stored energy.
time before closing at t = o.
Figure P7.1 a) Find io(O-).
b) Find iL(O-).
c) Find io(O+).
d) Find i [(0+).
e) Find io(oo).
f) Find iL(oo).
7.2 a) Use component values from Appendix H to create g) Write the expression for iL(t) for t ;:::: O.
a first-order RL circuit (see Fig. 7.4) with a time
h) Find VL(O-).
constant of 1 ms. Use a single inductor and a net­
work of resistors, if necessary. Draw your circuit. i) Find v L(O+).
b) Suppose the inductor you chose in part (a) has j) FindvL(oo).
an initial current of 10 rnA. Write an expression k) Write the expression for VL(t) for t ;:::: 0+.
for the current through the inductor for t ;:::: o. I) Write the expression for VI) for I ;:::: 0+.
c) Using your result from part (b), calculate the
time at which half of the initial energy stored in
Figure P7.5
the inductor has been dissipated by the resistor.
10,0, 401} 20,0,
7.3 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.3 has been open

PSP!CE for a long time. At t = 0 the switch is closed.

MUlTISlf·l 12V
120 n 100 mH r l ,
a) Determine io(O+) and io(oo).
b) Determine ioCt) for t ;:::: 0+.

c) How many milliseconds after the switch has been

closed will the current in the switch equal 3 A?

Figure P7.3 7.6 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.6 has been closed a
5,0, 10,0, PSPICE long time.At t = 0 it is opened. Find ioCt) for I ;:::: O.
HUlTlSI/.1

Figure P7.6
]25 V 50mH
.. ---'{.= I)
4,0, 1.5,0, 12.45,0, i" ..

7.4 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.4 has been closed 48V 18,0, 0.5 H 54,0, 26 n
PSPICE for a long time before opening at / = O.
/.lUlTISII·l
a) Find iJ(O-) and i 2 (0-).
b) Find i l (0+) and i 2 (0+). 2,0, JOn
248 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

7.7 In the circuit shown in Fig. P7.7, the switch makes 7.10 In the circuit in Fig. P7.10, the switch has been
contact with position b just before breaking contact closed for a long time before opening at t = 0.
with position a. As already mentioned, this is a) Find the value of L so that vo(t) equals 0.5 vo(O+)
known as a make-before-break switch and is when I = 1 ms.
designed so that the switch does not interrupt the
b) Find the percentage of the stored energy that
current in an inductive circuit. The interval of time
has been dissipated in the 10.n resistor when
between "making" and "breaking" is assumed to be
t = 1 ms.

°
negligible. The switch has been in the a position for
a long time. At t = the switch is thrown from posi­
tion a to position b.
Figure P7.10
9kD
a) Determine the initial current in the inductor.
1= U
b) Determine the time constant of the circuit
for I > 0. 30mA 1 kD laD /'" L
c) Find i, VJ, and V2 for I 2: 0.
d) What percentage of the initial energy stored in
the inductor is dissipated in the 72.n resistor
7.11 In the circuit shown in Fig. P7.11, the switch has
15 ms after the switch is thrown from position a
PSPICE been in position a for a long time. At t = 0, it moves
to position b? NULTISII·I
instantaneously from a to b.

a) Find Lo(t) for t O.

2:
Figure P7.7
b) What is the total energy delivered to the 8 n

4D 8D resistor?
c) How many time constants does it take to deliver
1.6 B 1'1
95% of the energy found in (b)?

Figure P7.11

30D a

7.8 The switch in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.8 has been ,
in position 1 for a long time. At t = 0, the switch 12A lS0D 8D 2mH
moves instantaneously to position 2. Find the value
of R so that 10% of the initial energy stored in the
10 mR inductor is dissipated in R in 10 f.-Ls.
7.12 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.12 has been in
Figure P7.8 PSPICE position 1 for a long time. At t = 0, the switch moves
/·\ULTISU·\ instantaneously to position 2. Find vo(t) for t 2: 0+.

1
Figure P7.12
12D 1 4D 72mB
SA 100D R

240 V I'" 400, Ion

7.9 In the circuit in Fig. P7.8, let I g represent the dc cur­
rent source, 0' represent the fraction of initial
energy stored in the inductor that is dissipated in [0 7.13 For the circuit of Fig. P7.12, what percentage of the
seconds, and L represent the inductance.
initial energy stored in the inductor is eventually
a) Show that dissipated in the 40 .n resistor?

Lin [1/(1 - 0')] 7.14 The switch in Fig. P7.14 has been closed for a long
R= . time before opening at t = O. Find
2t o
a) i L(t), t 2: O.
b) Test the expression derived in (a) by using it to b) VL(t), t 2: 0+.

find tbe value of R in Problem 7.8. c) il;.(t), t 2: 0+.

 Problems 249

figure P7.14 Figure P7.18

1= () [ = () f = ()
20i"
40D 6D ~
~ •
'. i;,.
" 6H

l20V <GOD ~rA

T: ~ /', IOOD< 60D~ ( , 11(1<; rn.6. :> 1 kD <4 kD <20 kD <80 kfl

7.15 What percentage of the initial energy stored in the

7.19 The two switches shown in the circuit in Fig. P7.19
inductor in the circuit in Fig. P7.14 is dissipated by PSPICE operate simultaneously. Prior to t = 0 each switch
the 60 D resistor? '·\ULTISIM
has been in its indicated position for a long time. At
7.16 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.16 has been t = 0 the two switches move instantaneously to
F5PlCE closed for a long time before opening at t = O. Find their new positions. Find
~ULnsll·l
vo(t) for t 2: 0+.
a) vo(t), t 2: 0+.

Figure P7.16 b) io(t), t 2: O.

1= ()
Figure P7.19

4A 2D 1',,~5mH

7.17 The 240 V,2 D source in the circuit in Fig. P7.17 is

FSPICE
MUlTISH·l
inadvertently short-circuited at its terminals a,b. At
the time the fault occurs, the circuit has been in
2A 10D
..
1"
)
..,6H
7.5 kD

operation for a long time.

a) What is the initial value of the current i ab in the
short-circuit connection between terminals a,b? 7.20 For the circuit seen in Fig. P7.19, find
b) What is the final value of the current i ab ? a) the total energy dissipated in the 7.5 kD resistor.
c) How many microseconds after the short circuit b) the energy trapped in the ideal inductors.
has occurred is the current in the short equal
to 114 A? Section 7.2
Figure P7.17

7.21 In the circuit in Fig. P7.21 the voltage and current

2,0, a
expressions are

v = 72e- 5001 V, t 2: 0;
IOD 15 D
i = ge- 5001 rnA, t 2: 0+.
240V' +
Find
2mH ~6 mH
a) R.
b) C.
b c) T (in milliseconds).
d) the initial energy stored in the capacitor.
7.18 The two switches in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.18 are
synchronized. The switches have been closed for a e) how many microseconds it takes to dissipate
long time before opening at t = O. 68% of the initial energy stored in the capacitor.
a) How many microseconds after the switches are Figure P7.21
open is the energy dissipated in the 4 kD resis­ i ..
cO
tor 10% of the initial energy stored in the 6 H
inductor?
b) At the time calculated in (a), what percentage of
the total energy stored in the inductor has been
dissipated?
250 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

7.22 a) Use component values from Appendix H to cre­ a) How many microjoules of energy have been
ate a first-order RC circuit (see Fig. 7.11) with a dissipated in the 12 kfl resistor 12 ms after the
time constant of 50 ms. Use a single capacitor switches open?
and a network of resistors, if necessary. Draw b) How long does it take to dissipate 75% of the
your circuit. initially stored energy?
b) Suppose the capacitor you chose in part (a) has an
initial voltage drop of 50 V. Write an expression for
the voltage drop across the capacitor for t 2': O. I -= (J
c) Using you resull from part (b), calculate the
time at which the voltage drop across the capac­
itor has reached 10 V.
12 kfl 68 kfl

7.23 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.23 has been in

position a for a long time and VI = 0 V. At t = 0,
the switch is thrown to position b. Calculate 7.26 Both switches in the circuit in Fig. P7.26 have been
a) i, VI, and VI for t 2': 0+.

PSPICE closed for a long time. At t = 0, both switches open

/·\ULTIS!I·\
simultaneously.

b) the energy stored in the capacitor at t = O.

a) Find io(t) for t 2': 0+.

c) the energy trapped in the circuit and the total

energy dissipated in the 25 kfl resistor if the b) Find vo(t) for t 2': O.

switch remains in position b indefinitely. c) Calculate the energy (in microjoules) trapped in

the circuit.
Figure P7.23
Figure P7.26
3.3 kfl a b 25 kfl

~
~"-
I = ()
lkfl
40V /. 4 "F r,
1. J.LF I r- ­
40mA 300 of r"

7.24 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.24 is closed at

PSPICE 7.27 After the circuit in Fig. P7.27 has been in operation
t = 0 after being open for a long time.
t·~UlT!Sl;·i PSPICE for a long time, a screwdriver is inadvertently con­
a) Find i1(0-) and iI(O-). r·\ULTISlf.!
nected across the terminals a,b. Assume the resist­
b) Find i 1(0+) and iI(O+). ance of the screwdriver is negligible.
c) Explain why i1(0-) = i[(O+). a) Find the current in the screwdriver at t = 0+ and
d) Explain why i2CO-) =j. i2 (0+). t = 00.

e) Find i] (t) for t 2': O. b) Derive the expression for the current in the
f) Find i2 (t) for t 2': 0+.
screwdriver for t 2': 0+.

Figure P7.27
Figure P7.24
a
100mA

0.2fl 100 J.LF

SA 30fl
20fl Sfl 2fl O.Sfl
.­
/, ij
IV 3fl b
1= ()
7.28 The switch in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.28 has been
in position x for a long time. At t = 0, the switch
moves instantaneously to position y.
7.25 In the circuit shown in Fig. P7.25, both switches
operate together; that is, they either open or close at a) Find (l' so that the time constant for t > 0 is
the same time. TIle switches are closed a long time 40ms.
before opening at t = O. b) For the ex found in (a), find vb,'
 Problems 251

been . Figure P7.28 c) Find Vl(t) fort 2: O.

er the
20kD d) Find V2(t) for t 2: O.
)f the e) Find the energy (in millijoules) trapped in the
ideal capacitors.

Figure P7.3 2

7.29 a) In Problem 7.28, how many microjoules of

energy are generated by the dependent current
source during the time the capacitor discharges I'" 250 kD
+
to OV?
/',
een b) Show that for t 2: 0 the total energy stored and 2/-LF
pen generated in the capacitive circuit equals the
total energy dissipated.
7.30 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.30 has been in
P511CE position 1 for a long time before moving to posi­
HUlTISlI-I tion 2 at t = O. Find io(t) for t 2: 0+. Section 7.3
lin
Figure P7.30
7.33 The current and voltage at the terminals of the
inductor in the circuit in Fig. 7.16 are
4.7 kD 1
i(t) = (4 + 4e-40') A, t 2: 0;
2

15V

v(t) = -80e- 401 V,

15 D

a) Specify the numerical values of v" R, 10 , and L.

b) How many milliseconds after the switch has
been closed does the energy stored in the induc­
n 7.31 At the time the switch is closed in the circuit in tor reach 9 J?
F5PJ([ Fig. P7.31, the voltage across the paralleled capaci­
HUlTISl~1
tors is 50 V and the voltage on the 250 nF capacitor
is 40 V. 7.34 a) Use component values from Appendix H to
a) What percentage of the initial energy stored in create a first-order RL circuit (see Fig. 7.16)
the three capacitors is dissipated in the 24 kD, with a time constant of 8 fLS. Use a single induc­
resistor? tor and a network of resistors, if necessary.
b) Repeat (a) for the 400 D, and 16 kD, resistors. Draw your circuit.
c) What percentage of the initial energy is trapped b) Suppose the inductor you chose in part (a) has
in the capacitors? no initial stored energy. At t = 0, a switch con­
nects a voltage source with a value of 25 V in
Figure P7.31 series with the inductor and equivalent resist­
250 of 400D ance. Write an expression for the current
r+l 40 V _ I = +()-----'INv_---,
through the inductor for l 2: O.
c) Using your result from part (b), calculate the
~\
+ 24kSl 16kSl time at which the current through the inductor
200 of 50 V 800 of reaches 75% of its final value.

7.32 At the time the switch is closed in the circuit shown

7.35 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.35 has
in Fig. P7.32, the capacitors are charged as shown.
been closed for a long time before opening at t = O.
PSP!CE
a) Find vo(t) for t 2: 0+. :.IULTlSll-l
a) Find the numerical expressions for iL(t) and
b) What percentage of the total energy initially vO(t) for t 2: O.
stored in the three capacitors is dissipated in the
b) Find the numerical values of vL(O+) and vo(O+).
250 kD, resistor?

rtrtt.~ _

252 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

Figure P7.35 c) Find Vsw as a function of JfI' RI> Rz, and L.

4n
.f-
4mB
1'1. --
i, ..
+
d) Explain what happens to vsw as Rz gets larger
and larger.
Figure P7.3 9
40V 1'" 16n 5A
1= (J

7.36 After the switch in the circuit of Fig. P7.36 has been
open for a long time, it is closed at t = O. Calculate -I- t',,, ­
(a) the initial value of i; (b) the final value of i;
L 1',.(1)
(c) the time constant for t :=:: 0; and (d) the numeri­
cal expression for i(t) when t :=:: O.

Figure P7.36
7.40 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.40 has been
5 k.(1 4k.(1 75rnH 20 k.(1 closed for a long time. A student abruptly opens the
switch and reports to her instructor that when the
150V 20 k.(1 20 k.(1 0.5 rnA switch opened, an electric arc with noticeable per­
[ = () sistence was established across the switch, and at
the same time the voltmeter placed across the coil
was damaged. On the basis of your analysis of the
7.37 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.37 has circuit in Problem 7.39, can you explain to the stu­
PSPICE been in position a for a long time. At t = 0, the dent why this happened?
/·IULTISHoI
switch moves instantaneously to position b. Figure P7.40
a) Find the numerical expression for io(t) when R
t :=:: O.
b) Find the numerical expression for vo(t) for
t :=:: 0+. L

Figure P7.3 7

IOn 7.41 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.41 has been
a PSPICE open a long time before closing at t = O. Find voCt)
+ l·lULTISI/·\ for t :=:: 0+.

50A sn '-'" 40n 40mB Figure P7.41

10.(1 5.(1
+
20 rnA 15.(1 I'"
7.38 a) Derive Eq. 7.47 by first converting the Thevenin
equivalent in Fig. 7.16 to a Norton equivalent
and then sununing the currents away from the
upper node, using the inductor voltage v as the
variable of interest. 7.42 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.42 has been open a
long time before closing at t = O. Find ioCt) for t :=:: O.
PS?ICE
b) Use the separation of variables technique to find /·1 ULTISII·\

the solution to Eq. 7.47. Verify that your solution Figure P7.42
agrees with the solution given in Eq. 7.42.
80mH In 20n

i,,( I) f­ 1',1, .­
7.39 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.39 has
been closed for a long time. The switch opens at
+ 480 V
t = O. For t :=:: 0+: 15 n t 0.8 vI/>
a) Find vo(t) as a function of I g , R 1, R z, and L.
2S0V
b) Explain what happens to vo(t) as Rz gets larger
and larger.
 Problems 253

7.43 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.43 has been Figure P7.46
PiPICE open a long time before closing at t = O. Find vo(t) ----+--,2
"umsl/~ for ( ;::: 0+.

Figure P7.43 +
SOY 1.5 H /'" 40 D

1= ()

20 mH lOD
+ 40n ISA
7.47 For the circuit in Fig. P7.46, find (in joules):
SOmH SOY
1'"
a) the total energy dissipated in the 40 n resistor;
b) the energy trapped in the inductors;
c) the initial energy stored in the inductors.

7.44 There is no energy stored in the inductors L j and L 2 7.48 The current and voltage at the terminals of the
at the time the switch is opened in the circuit shown capacitor in the circuit in Fig. 7.21 are
in Fig. P7.44.
a) Derive the expressions for the currents ij(t) and
i(t) = 3e-2500t rnA, ( ;::: 0+;
tzCt) for t ;::: O.
b) Use the expressions derived in (a) to find ij(OO) v(f) = (4D - 24e-'l':RR") V, ( ;::: D.
and i 2(00).
a) Specify the numerical values of Is. Yc" R, C,
Figure P7.44 and T.
b) How many microseconds after the switch has
been closed does the energy stored in the capac­
itor reach 81 % of its final value?

7.49 a) Use component values from Appendix H to cre­

ate a first-order RC circuit (see Fig. 7.21) with a
7.45 The make-before-break switch in the circuit of time constant of 250 ms. Use a single capacitor
PiPICE Fig. P7.45 has been in position a for a long time. At and a network of resistors, if necessary. Draw
MUmSI/·\
( = 0, the switch moves instantaneously to posi­
your circuit.
tion b. Find
b) Suppose the capacitor you chose in part (a) has an
a) vo(t), t ;::: 0+.
initial voltage drop of 100 V. At t = 0, a switch con­
nects a current source with a value of 1 rnA in par­
b) tJ(t), t ;::: O.

allel with the capacitor and equivalent resistance.

c) i2(t), t :=:: O.
Write an expression for the voltage drop across
the capacitor for ( ;::: O.
Figure P7.45
c) Using your result from part (b), calculate the
a
~----'c-- /
time at which the voltage drop across the capici­
r-..,1=() tor reaches 50 V.
-'­ ...-----,

7.50 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.50 has

40 mH I',. 120 D SOmA PSP[CE been closed a long time before opening at t = O.
'·\ULnSII·\
a) What is the initial value of ioCt)?
b) What is the final value of ioCt)?
c) What is the time constant of the circuit for ( ;::: O?
7.46 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.46 has been in d) What is the numerical expression for to(t) when
FSPICE position 1 for a long time. At t = 0 it moves instan­ ( ;::: O+?
~!UlTISI/·\
taneously to position 2. How many milliseconds e) What is the numerical expression for vo(t) when
after the switch operates does Va equal 100 Y? t ;::: O+?

4 _
 254 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

Figure P7.50 7.54 The switch in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.54 has been
2kl1 3.2 kD,
PSPICE in position a for a long time. At t = O. the switch
/·\UlTlSIi·!
moves i'nstantaneously to position b. Find vo(t) and
-~

i,,(1 )
io(l) for I ~ 0+.
40Y 18kl1 0.8/LF
Figure P7.54

7.51 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.51 has

PSPICE been closed a long time before opening at t = O. lOrnA 20 kD, 15 mA
NULTlSII·t For t ~ 0+, find
a) VoCE). 50 kD, 16 nF
b) io(t).
c) ij(t). a
d) i 2 (t).
e) il(O+). 7.55 Assume that the switch in the circuit of Fig, P7.55
has been in position a for a long time and that at
Figure P7.51 t = 0 it is moved to position b. Find (a) vcCO+);
Skn (b) vc(oo); (c) T for t > 0; (d) i(O+); (e) vc, t ~ 0;
+ and (f) i, t ~ 0+.

SmA Hi)
- , 15 kO,i,,(1) , 60 kfl ('" 500 nF Figure P7.55
400 kD,a b SD,

r = ()
7.52 The switch in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.52 has been in SOY 20n 30Y
PSPICE position a for a long time. At t = 0, the switch moves
r·lULTlSJ~l
instantaneously to position b. For I ~ 0+, find

a) V,,(l).

7.56 The switch in the circuit of Fig. P7.56 has been in

b) io(t).

position a for a long time. At t = 0 the switch is

c) vit).
moved to position b. Calculate (a) the initial voltage
d) vn(O+).
on the capacitor; (b) the final voltage on the capaci­
"
tor; (c) the time constant (in microseconds) for
Figure P7.52 t > 0; and (d) the length of time (in microseconds)
required for the capacitor voltage to reach zero
after the switch is moved to position b.
i,,(1) +
150 kfl 50 kO, ('Jr) 4mA Figure P7.56

lOkD

3kD
7.53 The circuit in Fig. P7.53 has been in operation for a
PSPICE long time. At t = 0, the voltage source reverses +
MUlTlSII,\ 120Y 40kD L.5 mA
polarity and the current source drops from 3 rnA to
2 mA. Find vo(t) for I ~ O. 9kD I'·(

Figure P7.53
lOkn 4kl1
7.57 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.57 has been in
SOY 40 kl1 3 rnA 24 kl1 0.05/LF
PSPICE position a for a long time. At t = 0, the switch
/·lULTlSIt·!
moves instantaneously to position b. At the instant
the switch makes contact with terminal b, switch 2
opens. Find vo(t) for t ~ O.
 Problems 255

Figure P7.5 7
Figure P7.62
40kfl
a 1 Ib
r-.llM~_~"1 = ()/~-'---_----~
+
50V I'"~ 20 kfl

7.58 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.58 has

PSPICE been in the OFF position for a long time. At t = 0,

~UlTISIM h . 7.63 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.63 has been in
t e swItch moves instantaneously to the ON posi­
tion. Find vo(t) for t ;::= O.
position x for a long time. The initial charge on the
10 nF capacitor is zero. At t = 0, the switch moves
Figure P7.58

instantaneously to posi tion y.

a) Find vo(t) for t ;::= 0+.

20k[1
b) Find vJ(t) for t ;::= O.

i .:;
lOk[1 80 k[1 100Y
Figure P7.63
x
10k[1 / 10nF
,••- - / f.--~
-:-­
7.59 Assume that the switch in the circuit of Fig. P7.58
PSPICE has been in the ON position for a long time before 75 Y 20k[1 + I" 250 k[1
MUlTISII·\
switching instantaneously to the OFF position at
t = O. Find vo(t) for f ;::= O.

7.60 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.60 opens at

PSPICE f = 0 after being closed for a long time. How many
7.64 The switch in the circuit of Fig. P7.64 has been in
MUlTlSI/\
milliseconds after the switch opens is the energy
PSPICE position a for a long time. At ( = 0, it moves instan­
~\ULTISH·l

stored in the capacitor 36% of its final value? taneously to position b. For t ;::= 0+, find

a) vo(t).

7.61 a) Derive Eq. 7.52 by first converting the Norton b) ioCt).

equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 7.21 to a Thevenin

c) VI(t).

equivalent and then summing the voltages around

the closed loop, using the capacitor current i as the d) V2(t).

relevant variable. e) the energy trapped in the capacitors as f ~ 00.

b) Use the separation of variables technique to find

the solution to Eq. 7.52. Verify that your solution Figure P7.64
agrees with that of Eg. 7.53. 2.2 k[1 a Ib 6.25 k[1

7.62 There is no energy stored in the capacitors C j and

i"
I = ()
C2 at the time the switch is closed in the circuit seen

in Fig. P7.62.
+
40 Y + + SOY
a) Derive the expressions for VI(t) and V2(t) for
t ;::= O. /'"

b) Use the expressions derived in (a) to find Vl(oo)

and V2(00).

Figure P7.60

120MA 33 k[1 47k[1 16 k[1 0.25 MF

!=()

~===;=:=;=:======._---
 256 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

Section 7.4 Figure P7.69

7.65 Repeat (a) and (b) in Example 7.10 if the mutual 250 n

inductance is reduced to zero.

lOY , 0.25 H
i,
7.66 There is no energy stored in the circuit in Fig. P7.66
PSPICEat the time the switch is closed.
•
f1ULTISlfI
a) Find i(t) for t 2: O.

b) Find VI (t) for t 2: 0+.

Section 7.5
c) Find V2(t) for t 2: O.
7.70 In the circuit in Fig. P7.70, switch A has been open
d) Do your answers make sense 1n terms of known
PSPICE and switch B has been closed for a long time. At
;·IULTlSIM
circuit behavior? t = 0, switch A closes. Five seconds after switch A
closes, switch B opens. Find iL(t) for t 2: O.
Figure P7.66
Figure P7. 70

40 n
.. i (I)

SOV lOV In 5H

•
7.71 The action of the two switches in the circuit seen in
7.67 Repeat Problem 7.66 if the dot on the 10 H coil is at PSPICE Fig. P7.71 is as follows. For t < 0, switch 1 is in posi­
'·Iumml
PSPICE the top of the coil. tion a and switch 2 is open. This state has existed for
1·1ULTISIM
a long time. At t = 0, switch 1 moves instanta­
neously from position a to position b, while switch 2
7.68 There is no energy stored in the circuit of Fig. P7.68 remains open. Ten milliseconds after switch 1 oper­
at the time the switch is closed. ates, switch 2 closes, remains closed for 10 ms and
a) Find io(t) for t 2: O. then opens. Find v o(£) 25 ms after switch 1 moves to
position b.
b) Find vo(t) for t 2: 0+.
c) Find iJ(t) for t 2: O. Figure P7.71
cl) Find i 2(t) for t 2: O. 5 Sl () + lO ms
2
e) Do your answers make sense in terms of known
circuit behavior? +
15 A /'" 50 mH 20 n
Figure P7.68
20n

5H '"
7.72 For the circuit in Fig. P7.71, how many milliseconds
after switch 1 moves to position b is the energy
SOV
5H 10H
stored in the inductor 4% of its initial value?
• 7.73 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.73 has
PSPICE been in position a for a long time. At t = 0, the
MumSlfl
switch is moved to position b, where it remains for
7.69 There is no energy stored in the circuit in Fig. P7.69
1 ms. The switch is then moved to position c, where
PSPICE at the time the switch is closed. Fi
~IULTlSIM it remains indefinitely. Find
a) Find io(£) for t 2: O.
a) i(O+).
b) Find vo(t) for I 2: 0+.

b) 1(200 fLS).
c) Find il(t) for t 2: O.

c) i(6 ms).
d) Find i 2 (t) for ( 2: O.
7.
d) v(l- ms).
e) Do your answers make sense in terms of known

e) v(l+ ms).
circuit behavior?
 Problems 257

Figure Pl.l3 7.77 For the circuit in Fig. P7.76, what percentage of the
a 40D, PSPICE initial energy stored in the 500 nF capacitor is dissi­
r·w lTISH·\
.... + pated in the 3 kfl resistor?
b c !

40D 60D, I' 80mH 7.78 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.78 has been in
120D PSPICE position a for a long time. At t = 0, it moves instan­
1·\UlTISH,1
taneously to position b, where it remains for five
seconds before moving instantaneously to position
7.74 There is no energy stored in the capacitor in the cir­ c. Find va for t 2': O.
PSPiCE cuit in Fig. P7.74 when switch 1 closes at t = O. Ten
HUlTISIH
microseconds later, switch 2 closes. Find vo(t) for Figure P7.78
t 2': O. b

Figure P7.74
3.3kn!=O~s
.e---~
a / C

5mA 1 kD • 100 kD
100 f.LF
4kfl 30V

7.79 The voltage waveform shown in Fig. P7.79(a) is

PSPICE applied to the circuit of Fig. P7.79(b). The initial
7.75 The capacitor in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.75 has 1·\ULTISII,\ current in the inductor is zero.
PlPICE been charged to 300 V. At t = 0, switch 1 closes,
HUlTlSIH a) Calculate vo(t).
causing the capacitor to discharge into the resistive
network. Switch 2 closes 200 J-LS after switch 1 b) Make a sketch of vo(t) versus I.

closes. Find the magnitude and direction of the cur­ c) Find io at t = 5 ms.

rent in the second switch 300 J-Ls after switch 1

closes. Figure P7. 79
Vs (V)
Figure P7. 75
20D,
1 80/--­
+
I =() l'.\ i", 40 mH /'"
30kD, 60kD,
+ 2
300V 10 nF o 2.5 t (ms)
3 (a) (b)
I = () + 2()() fJ.'
120 kD 40 kD,
7.80 The current source in the circuit in Fig. P7.80(a)
P5PIC< generates the current pulse shown in Fig. P7.80(b).
I-\ULTISlfI
There is no energy stored at t = O.
7.76 In the circuit in Fig. P7.76, switch 1 has been in posi­ a) Derive the numerical expressions for va(t) for
tion a and switch 2 has been closed for a long time. the time intervals t < 0, 0 :0; t :0; 75 J-LS, and
At t = 0, switch 1 moves instantaneously to posi­ 75 J-LS :0; I < co.
tion b. Eight hundred microseconds later, switch 2
b) Calculate V o (75- J-Ls) and Va (75+ J-Ls).
opens, remains open for 300 J-LS, and then recloses.
Find V o 1.5 ms after switch 1 makes contact with c) Calculate i o (75- J-Ls) and i o (75+ J-Ls).
terminal b.
Figure P7.80
Figure P7. 76 is (rnA)

251------.

2kD, 250mH
7.5 rnA 10kfl 3kD
o 75 I (f.Ls)
(a) (b)
258 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

7.81 The voltage waveform shown in Fig. P7.81(a) is d) Sketch io(t) versus for the interval
PSPICE applied to the circuit of Fig. P7.81(b). The initial -1 ms < t < 4 ms.
nUlTISH·1
voltage on the capacitor is zero. e) Sketch vJt) versus t for the interval
a) Calculate v()(t). -1 ms < t < 4 ms.
b) Make a sketch of vo(t) versus t.

Figure P7.83
Figure P7.81
4kD. ig (rnA)
VS (V)
50/-----,
'T'
10 nF
~f--..----e
1­
..
i(, 20
ig 16 kD. I'"~ 0.2p.,F
1', 400 kf2

o 1 ( (ms) o 2 {(ms)
(a) (b) (a) (b)

7.82 The voltage signal source in the circuit in Fig. P7.82(a)

P5?ICE is generating the signal shown in Fig. P7.82(b). There is Section 7.6
r·1ULTISlll
no stored energy at t = O. 7.84 The capacitor in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.84 is
a) Derive the expressions for vo(t) that apply in the P5PlCE charged to 20 V at the time the switch is closed. If
t,lULTISH·l
intervals t < 0; 0 ::5 t ::5 4 ms; 4 ms ::5 t ::5 8 ms; the capacitor ruptures when its terminal voltage
and 8 ms ::5 t < 00. equals or exceeds 20 kV, how long does it take to
b) Sketch Vo and Vs on the same coordinate axes. rupture the capacitor?

c) Repeat (a) and (b) with R reduced to 50 kD..

Figure P7.84
Figure P7.82

12 X 104 iil
R = 200 kf2
80 kf2
,-----./ \----<+ -'>----..--~'\N\~----,

v'8----------.;
(a)
20Y

+
20 kf2
i.l

V,(Y)
7.85 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.85 has been
100 k-----,
PSPICE closed for a long time. The maximum voltage rating
r.1ULTIsrn
of the 1.6 p.,F capacitor is 14.4 kV. How long after
the switch is opened does the voltage across the
o 4 I (ms) capacitor reach the maximum voltage rating?
-100 I­

Figure P7.85
(b)
lkD.

7.83 The current source in the circuit in Fig. P7.83(a)

FSP!CEgenerates the current pulse shown in Fig. P7.83(b). 2kD. SmA
t·~ULnSPI
There is no energy stored at t = O.
a) Derive the expressions for io(t) and vo(t) for the
time intervals t < 0; 0 < t < 2 ms; and
2 ms < t < 00. 7.86 The inductor current in the circuit in Fig. P7.86 is
b) Calculate i()(O-); io(O+); io(O.OOT); and
PSPICE 25 rnA at the instant the switch is opened. The
nULTlSfI.\
i o(O.002+). inductor will malfunction whenever the magnitude
of the inductor current equals or exceeds 5 A. How
c) Calculate vo(O-); v()(O+); v()(O.OOT); and
long after the switch is opened does the inductor
v o (O.002+).
malfunction?
 Problems 259

Figure P7.86 Figure P7.88

2kD Push button

1'-" (J
+ 1'," ­ a ------=--:=~=.:~tof==---·t .. b
2 X 10- 3 Vrj> 4kD

4kD

7.87 The gap in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.87 will arc over 25 kD Electric
PSPICE
whenever the voltage across the gap reaches 45 kY. relay +
MULTI5I~I
The initial current in the inductor is zero. The value --=-SOY

of (3 is adjusted so the Thevenin resistance with

respect to the terminals of the inductor is -5 kfl.
a) What is the value of (3?
b) How many microseconds after the switch has Section 7.7
been closed will the gap arc over? 7.89 The voltage pulse shown in Fig. P7.89(a) is applied
PSPICE
to the ideal integrating amplifier shown in
!·IULTISm
Fig. P7.89(b). Derive the numerical expressions for

Figure P7.87
vo(t) when vo(O) = 0 for the time intervals

a) t < O.

5kD
b) 0 s t :S 250ms.

c) 250 ms s t s 500 ms.

20 kD
d) 500 ms s t < (x).

Figure P7.89
vg (mY)

200 I­
7.88 The circuit shown in Fig. P7.88 is used to close the
switch between a and b for a predetermined length o 250
I
500 I (ms)
of time. The electric relay holds its contact arms
down as long as the voltage across the relay coil -2001---1
exceeds 5 Y. When the coil voltage equals 5 V, the
relay contacts return to their initial position by a
(a)
mechanical spring action. The switch between a and
b is initially closed by momentarily pressing the 400nF
push button. Assume that the capacitor is fully
charged when the push button is first pushed down.
The resistance of the relay coil is 25 kD, and the
inductance of the coil is negligible.
a) How long will the switch between a and b
remain closed?
b) Write the numerical expression for i from the
time the relay contacts first open to the time the
capacitor is completely charged.
c) How many milliseconds (after the circuit (b)
between a and b is interrupted) does it take the 7.90 Repeat Problem 7.89 with a 5 Mfl resistor placed
capacitor to reach 85% of its final value? across the 400 nF feedback capacitor.
PSPICE
r·\ULTlSI1·\

~--------------
 ----_._._------------------------.­

260 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

7.91 The energy stored in the capacitor in the circuit 7.94 There is no energy stored in the capacitors in the
PSPICE shown in Fig. P7.91 is zero at the instant the switch PSPICE
circuit shown in Fig. P7.94 at the instant the t\Vo
/\UlTISII·\ r·1ULTISIM
is closed. The ideal operational amplifier reaches switches close. Assume the op amp is, ideal.
saturation in 15 ms. What is the numerical value of a) Find V o as a function of Va' Vb, R, and C.
R in kilo-ohms?
b) On the basis of the result obtained in (a),
Figure P7.91
describe the operation of the circuit.
500nF
c) How long will it take to saturate the amplifier
if Va = 40mV; Vb = 15mV; R = 50kD;
C = 10 nF; and Vee = 6 V?

Figure P7.94

R
1'" 5.1 kf)
[~()

7.92 At the instant the switch is closed in the circuit of

PSPICE Fig. P7.91, the capacitor is charged to 6 V, positive at
r1UlTlSIM
the right-hand terminal. If the ideal operational
amplifier saturates in 40 ms, what is the value of R?

7.93 The voltage source in the circuit in Fig. P7.93(a) is

PSPICE generating the triangular waveform shown in
r1UlTlSIr-I
Fig. P7.93(b). Assume the energy stored in the 7.95 At the time the double-pole switch in the circuit
PSPICE
capacitor is zero at t = 0 and the op amp is ideal. shown in Fig. P7.95 is closed, the initial voltages on
r·\UlTlSlI·\
the capacitors are 12 V and 4 V, as shown. Find the
a) Derive the numerical expressions for vo(t) [or numerical expressions for vo(t), V2(t), and VI (t) that
the following time intervals: 0 s t s 1 f.Ls; are applicable as long as the ideal op amp operates
1 f.LS S t s 3 fJ.-s; and 3 f.Ls s t s 4 f.Ls. in its linear range.
b) Sketch the output waveform between 0 and 4 f.Ls.
c) If the triangular input voltage continues to repeat Figure P7.95
itself for t > 4 f.Ls, what would you expect the - 12V +

output voltage to be? Explain.

50 nF
Figure P7.93 l=lJ 1',-(11 -
800 pF
lOOkfl ~
20V

lkfl 15V
-;­

r= (J + T 1';.(1) 4V
-15V
1'(1
+
T ..,
7.96 At the instant the switch of Fig. P7.96 is closed, the
PSPICE voltage on the capacitor is 56 V. Assume an ideal
(a) r·!ULTISm
operational amplifier. How many milliseconds.

V,(Vt
after the switch is closed will the output voltage Vo
equal zero?

_+----'---~--L----}--[-(fL-S)

(b)
 Problems 261

Figure P7.96 7.99 The circuit shown in Fig. P7.99 is known as an

- 56V + PSPICE astable multivibrator and finds wide application in
MULTISIM
pulse circuits. The purpose of this problem is to
relate the charging and discharging of the capaci­
tors to the operation of the circuit. The key to ana­
lyzing the circuit is to understand the behavior of
the ideal transistor switches T 1 and T z. The circuit is
+
-25V designed so that the switches automatically alter­
nate between ON and OFF. When T] is OFF, T z is ON
and vice versa. Thus in the analysis of this circuit, we
assume a switch is either ON or OFF. We also assume
that the ideal transistor switch can change its state
instantaneously. In other words, it can snap from
Sections 7.1-7.7 OFF to ON and vice versa. When a transistor switch is
ON, (1) the base current i b is greater than zero,
7.97 The circuit shown in Fig. P7.97 is known as a (2) the terminal voltage vbe is zero, and (3) the ter­
PSPICE monostable l11ultivibrator. The adjective l11onostable minal voltage vee is zero. Thus, when a transistor
MULT15IH
is used to describe the fact that the circuit has one switch is ON, it presents a short circuit between the
stable state. That is, if left alone, the electronic terminals b,e and c,e. When a transistor switch is
switch T? will be ON, and T j will be OFF. (The opera­ OFF, (1) the terminal voltage vbe is negative, (2) the
tion of the ideal transistor switch is described in base current is zero, and (3) there is an open circuit
detail in Problem 7.99.) T 2 can be turned OFF by between the terminals c,e. Thus when a transistor
momentarily closing the switch S. After S returns to switch is OFF, it presents an open circuit between
its open position, T 2 will return to its ON state. the terminals b,e and c,e. Assume that T z has been
a) Show that ifT2 is ON, T j is OFF and will stay OFF. ON and has just snapped OFF, while T j has been OFF
b) Explain why T 2 is turned OFF when S is momen­ and has just snapped ON. You may assume that at
tarily closed. this instance, C2 is charged to the supply voltage
Vee, and the charge on C 1 is zero. Also assume
c) Show that T 2 will stay OFF for RC In 2 s.
C j = C 2 and R J = R2 = 10R L .
Figure P7. 97 a) Derive the expression for vbe2 during the inter­
val that T z is OFF.
b) Derive the expression for V ce 2 during the inter­
val that T z is OFF.
c) Find the length of time T z is OFF.
d) Find the value of vee 2 at the end of the interval
that T z is OFF.
e) Derive the expression for i bj during the interval
that T 2 is OFF.
f) Finel the value of i b1 at the end of the interval
that T z is OFF.
g) Sketch V ee 2 versus t during the interval that T z
is OFF.
7.98 The parameter values in the circuit in Fig. P7.97
are Vee = 6 V; R 1 = 5.0 kn; RL = 20 kn; h) Sketch i bJ versus t during the interval that T 2
C = 250 pF; anel R = 23,083 n. is OFF.

a) Sketch vee 2 versus t, assuming that after S is

momentarily closed, it remains open until the
circuit has reached its stable state. Assume S is
closed at t = O. Make your sketch for the inter­
val -5 =5 t =5 10 J.LS.
b) Repeat (a) for i bZ versus t.

~"-----------------
 262 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

Figure P7.99 7.104 In the circuit of Fig. 7.45, the lamp starts to conduct
PSPICE PRilCT1CAL whenever the lamp voltage reaches 15 V. During
'·lUlTISft.l PERSPECTIVE
PSPICE the time when the lamp conducts, it can be modeled
"ULTlSJI.\ as a 10 leD resistor. Once the lamp conducts, it will
RI­R2 RL continue to conduct until the lamp voltage drops to
C2
5 V. When the lamp is not conducting, it appears as
+ Vee an open circuit. V, = 40 V; R = 800 kn; and
fbI ih~
C = 25 pF
-l­ ~ ..
+
a) How many times per minute will the lamp
cl bj b 2 C2 turn on?
1"""1 T[ T2 l'e>.::':'
e[
-l-
+ e2
b) The 800 kD resistor is replaced with a variable
i'bc-I t'h..:2
resistor R. The resistance is adjusted until the
lamp flashes 12 times per minute. What is the
7.100 The component values in the circuit of Fig. P7.99 value of R?
are Vee = 9 V; R L = 3 kD; C 1 = C 2 = 2 nF; and 7.105 In the flashing light circuit shown in Fig. 7.45, the
R[ = R2 = 18 kn. PRACTICAL lamp can be modeled as a 1.3 ld 1 resistor when it is
PERSPECTIVE
a) How long is T 2 in the OFF state during one cycle PSPICE conducting. The lamp triggers at 900 V and cuts off
of operation? /·\ULTlSlt.l at 300 V.

b) How long is T 2 in the ON state during one cycle a) If V, = 1000 V, R = 3.7 leD, and C = 250 p.F,
of operation? how many times per minute will the light flash?
c) Repeat (a) for T I . b) What is the average current in milliamps deliv­
d) Repeat (b) for T i . ered by the source?
e) At the first instant after T turns ON, what is the c) Assume the flashing light is operated 24 hours
1

value of i b1 ? per day. If the cost of power is 5 cents per kilowatt­

hour, how much does it cost to operate the light
f) At the instant just before T I turns OFF, what is
per year?
the value of i b1 ?
g) What is the value of V ce 2 at the instant just 7.106 a) Show that the expression for the voltage drop
before T 2 turns ON? PRACT1CAL
PERSPECTIVE
across the capacitor while the lamp is conduct­
ing in the flashing light circuit in Fig. 7.48 is
7.101 Repeat Problem 7.100 with C I = 3 nF and given by
C2 = 2.8 nP. All other component values are
unchanged. - V Th + (V max - V Til ) e-(1-111)/7
V L (t) -
7.102 TIle astable multivibrator circuit in Fig. P7.99 is to
satisfy the following criteria: (1) One transistor where
switch is to be ON for 48/.LS and OFF for 36 f.LS for
each cycle; (2) R L = 2 kD; (3) Vee = 5 V; RL
VTI1 = V
(4) R] = R2 ; and (5) 6R L s R 1 S 50R L . What are R + R L S
the limiting values for the capacitors C 1 and C2 ?
7.103 Suppose the circuit in Fig. 7.45 models a portable
flashing light circuit. Assume that four 1.5 V batter-
PRACTICAL

les power tI
PERSPECTIVE •
Je"CIrCUIt, an d th at t h e capacItor
. vaI
ue'IS b) Show that the expression for the time the lamp
10 f.LF. Assume that the lamp conducts when its conducts in the flashing light circuit in Fig. 7.48
voltage reaches 4 V and stops conducting when its is given by
voltage drops below 1 V. The lamp has a resistance
of 20 kD when it is conducting and has an infinite
resistance when it is not conducting.
a) Suppose we don't want to wait more than 10 sin
between flashes. What value of resistance R is
required to meet this time constraint?
b) For the value of resistance from (a), how long
does the flash of light last?
 Problems 263

7.107 The relay shown in Fig. P7.107 connects the 30 V dc Figure P7.107
generator to the dc bus as long as the relay current
PRACTICAL
~
/t\5PErnVE +
is greater than 0.4 A. If the relay current drops to
0.4 A or less, the spring-loaded relay immediately
connects the dc bus to the 30 V standby battery. The
.
....:::::....--30Y
-

resistance of the relay winding is 60 D. The induc­

tance of the relay winding is to be determined.
a) Assume the prime motor driving the 30 V dc
generator abruptly slows down, causing the gen­
30Y + relay
erated voltage to drop suddenly to 21 V. What de coil DC loads
value of L will assure that the standby battery gen (R,L)
will be connected to the dc bus in 0.5 seconds?
b) Using the value of L determined in (a), state
how long it will take the relay to operate if the
generated voltage suddenly drops to zero.