Muhammad Usman Arshid

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers 1
 introduction
Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers 2
.
  Problem solving is common to all engineering
works.
 The problem may involve quantitative or
qualitative factors;
 it may be physical or economic;
 it may require abstract mathematics or
common sense.
 In order of decreasing emphasis on science,
the major functions of all engineering
branches are the following:

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

  Research.
 Development.
 Design.
 Production.
 Management and other functions.

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

  The first engineer known by name and
achievement is Imhotep, builder of the
Step Pyramid at Ṣaqqārah, Egypt,
 probably in about 2550 bc. Imhotep’s
successors
 Egyptian, Persian, Greek, and Roman—
carried civil engineering to remarkable
heights

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

  Vitruvius’ De architectura, published in
Rome in the 1st century ad, a 10-volume
work covering building materials,
construction methods, hydraulics,
measurement, and town planning.

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

Civil engineering is …

… the practice of improving and

maintaining the built
environment to enhance the
quality of life for the present
and future generations

Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)

Why become a civil engineer? Institution of Civil Engineers

CIVIL ENGINEERING
 Civil Engineering has been an aspect of
life since the beginning of human life.The
earliest practices of Civil Engineering may
have commenced
 between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient
Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq),
human realized the need to have the
shelter long term residence as they
started to abandon the roving existence.

Why become a civil engineer? Institution of Civil Engineers

CIVIL ENGINEERING
 This was the era leading to the invention
of wheel, in response to the dire
requirement of transportation, and sailing
was the further development for
transportation of goods and humans.

Why become a civil engineer? Institution of Civil Engineers

 SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD
• ALL of The classic seven wonders of the World
belong to Civil Engineers
• Great Pyramid of Giza
• Hanging Gardens of Babylon
• Statue of Zeus at Olympia
• Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
• Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
• Colossus of Rhodes
• Lighthouse of Alexandria
Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers
 GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA

Why become a civil engineer? Institution of Civil Engineers

 HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON

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 Lighthouse of Alexandria

Why become a civil engineer? Institution of Civil Engineers

CIVIL ENGINEERING STATISTICS

 Civil engineers make up a significant

proportion, about 50 per cent, of all
engineers in the world. (Unesco Report:
Engineering: Issues Challenges And
Opportunities For Development) ,
 in Pakistan the proportion of Civil
Engineers as compared to other branches
of engineering has been shown
graphically in Figure.

Why become a civil engineer? Institution of Civil Engineers

40000
34590
35000 32184 Civil
30000 25492 Electrical
24677
25000 Mechanical
20000 16484 Electronic
15000 10118 Chemical
10000 Telecom
4023
5000 Others
0
Engineers

Why become a civil engineer? Institution of Civil Engineers

Famous Civil Engineers of the
World
 Among many following are the prominent
Civil Engineers
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Ex-President of Iran

Yasser Arafat Former Palestinian President

Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo Spanish Prime Minister.

H. D. Deve Gowda Ex-Prime Minister of India.

Hu Jintao President of the People's Republic of China.

Gabriel Narutowicz The first president of the Second Polish Republic..

Fidel V. Ramos Former President of Philippines.

Why become a civil engineer? Institution of Civil Engineers

What do civil
engineers do?

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

 WHAT DO CIVIL ENGINEERS DO?

SAVE LIVIES
it’s often said that civil engineers have saved more
lives than doctors.

Doctors – readers of the British Medical Journal -

chose the provision of clean water and sewage
disposal as the most important medical milestone
since 1840 (when the BMJ was first published).

More significant than antibiotics and anaesthesia!

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

WHAT DO CIVIL ENGINEERS DO?
In the early days of civil engineering as a
profession, engineers were often
promoters of projects themselves,
being responsible for
fund raising and
gaining political acceptance for a scheme,
thus serving the role of both client and
professional in ‘progressing’ society,

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

Challenges facing our
cities

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Population growth

Image source: Lauren Manning (Creative Commons)

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More people living in cities

1990 2010

Image sources: Environmental Education UK

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Ageing infrastructure

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 Resource depletion
Fossil fuels Raw materials

Image source: Agência Brasil Image source: www.leicestershirevillages.com

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Climate Change & Natural Disasters

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One Planet Living

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 Buildings

Waste
Transport
management
infrastructure
technologies

Cities Protection
from climate
Sewage
change and
networks
natural
disasters

Energy
Access to
generation
drinking
and
water
transmission

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As a civil engineer, you could help
overcome these challenges

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Taller
Deeper
Lighter
Stronger
Longer
Cleaner
Safer
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 Smart technology
Zero carbon
Zero waste
No pollution
Sustainable materials
Integrated transport

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 Support life

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

 Shelter people
from harm and make us safe

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

 Help us to get from
A to B

The Heart of Love River Bridge in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

 Help us to make
the best of our resources

Hoover Dam, Nevada, USA. Photographer: Victoria Rae

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

 Save our past
and protect our future

Highcliffe Castle, Dorset The Gherkin building, London

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

 Civil engineers work
in design offices and on construction sites

Andrew O’Mahony, B&S Inspector, London Underground Railroad worker on the railway bridge

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

 As populations grow
civil engineers help to build
a better world for us all

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

CIVIL ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS
The functions of the civil engineer can be
divided into three categories:
 those performed before construction
o feasibility studies,
o site investigations,
o and design

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

CIVIL ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS

those performed during construction

o dealing with clients,
o consulting engineers,
o and contractors

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

CIVIL ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS

and those performed after construction

o maintenance
o and research

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

As a civil engineer you will
 Design
 Calculate
 Analyse and solve
problems
 Build
 Be inventive
 Apply scientific
knowledge to real world
situations

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

You could work as…
 Structural engineer
 Environmental engineer
 Transportation engineer
 Water resource engineer
 Energy engineer
 Construction manager
 Project manager
 Cost consultant
 Technical specialist

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

 Why become a
civil engineer?
Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers
Why become a civil engineer?
 Interesting and challenging
 Improve society in a
sustainable way
 Creativity
 Problem solving
 Sense of accomplishment
 Travel
 Good money

Image source: urbandesign.tfl.gov.uk

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

Why become a civil engineer?
 It is a great profession,
 leads to fascination of watching a figment
of the imagination emerges through the
aid of science to a plan on paper.
 Then it brings jobs and homes which
elevates the standards of living and adds
to the comforts of life.
 That is the engineer’s high privilege.

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

 Construction Management
 Environmental /
Water Quality
 Geotechnical
 Hydraulics
 Materials
 Structural
 Surveying
 Transportation
 Water Resources and
Irrigation
 Town Planning
 Design formwork, scaffolding,
lifting apparatus, etc.

 Management of construction
resources: labor, materials,
equipment, money and time.
 Construction managers:
 Review contracts,
 Order materials,
 Hire and schedule sub-
contractors.
 The job of a construction manager
is to:
 Provide quality control and
insure project is completed on
time and.
 Within budget.
 Apply fluid mechanics, biology
and chemistry to the design and
operation of environmental
control systems, e.g., municipal
and industrial wastewater
systems.
 Model and monitor the
movement and behavior of water
pollutants in natural waters.
 Wastewater treatment engineers
are civil or environmental
engineers trained to design or
analyze water treatment plants.
 Water treatment plants are
categorized as follows:
 Sanitary waste treatment
facilities,
 Industrial waste treatment
facilities,
 Potable (drinking) water
treatment facility.
 Analyze soil and rock
that affect the behavior
of structures, pavements,
underground facilities,
and containment
structures for solid and
liquid wastes.
 Design foundations,
retaining walls, roadway
cuts, etc.
 Field and laboratory
work along with design.
 Analyze and design systems to
transport liquids.
 Small and large systems of pipes
as well as engineered and natural
channels.
 Hydraulic machinery such as
pumps and turbines, hydraulic
controls such as valves and weirs,
and hydraulic structures such as
dams and spillways.
 Water management involves the
use of hydrologic and
hydraulic principles to design:
 Drainage systems,
 Detention/retention ponds,
 Navigational waterways, and
 Flood control levees, dams, and
lakes.
Stone, bricks, timber, lime, Cement,
sand, steel, Aggregates are the
traditional building materials. The
composite material of steel and
concrete is called reinforced cement
concrete (RCC).
Design, analyze, and construct materials
such as:
 Steel
 Concrete
 Masonry
 Asphalt
 Composites
A Civil Engineer must know the
properties of all the materials so
they can use them appropriately.
 Design and analyze all man-made
objects whose primary function is
load resistance: buildings,
bridges, transmission towers,
radar domes and antennas,
drilling platforms, etc.
 Must also consider the economics,
aesthetics and social implications
of their creations.
 Structural engineers design steel,
concrete, or timber framed
structures such as:
 Tall buildings & towers,
 Bridges,
 Dams,
 Retaining walls, & foundations, &.
 Stadiums.
Surveying is the science of map
making. To start any
development activity in any
area the relative positions of
various objects in the
horizontal and vertical
directions are required. This is
approved by surveying the
area.
 Precisely locate and layout
engineering projects.
 GIS (Geographic Information
Systems), GPS (Global
Positioning Systems), and
lasers distance measurement
devices, Theodolites, Total
Station, Level.
 Maps and aerial photos.
 Analyze movement of
persons and goods.
 Plan, design,
construct, maintain
and operate various
transportation modes
(e.g., highway,
railway, air, water,
etc.).
 Design traffic
management systems.
 Develop, use and
manage world’s water
resources.
 Design water
distribution systems,
wells, reservoirs, canals,
locks and dams, port
facilities and flood
control systems.
 Analyze the impact of
other engineering
projects on the natural
hydrologic system.
 Aesthetically good structures are required.
Towns and Cities are to be planned
accordingly.
 This field of civil engineering has grown
considerably and has become a course separate
from Civil Engineering.
 Type of Roads/Pavements
Flexible Roads Rigid Roads
 Factors consider during Construction of Road.

Weather Conditions
Purpose of Road
Location
Load
Soil Properties (Bearing Capacity)
Budget
Materials Availability
Type of Traffic
Road alignment
Survey
 Factors to be considered:

Types of Materials
Soil Properties
Number of Storeys
Purpose of Building
Total Area
Location
Finance Availability
Environmental Impacts
Type of Construction
Architectural Drawings
Structural Design
 Factors to be considered

Environmental Impact Assessment

Budget
Water capacity
Purpose of Dam
Properties of Soil
Type of Dam
Location
Total Discharge
Surroundings
Sedimentation
CIVIL ENGINEERING IN PAKISTAN
 In the territory of the present Pakistan; the
first Civil Engineering Project of its nature
was
 the railway line built during 1847
from Karachi to Kotri. and it was the first
railway line to handle public trains, the
total length of track between these two
cities was 108 miles (174 km).

Why become a civil engineer? Institution of Civil Engineers

CIVIL ENGINEERING IN PAKISTAN
 On March 25, 1889 the Lansdowne
Bridge over the Indus was inaugurated to
connect Sukkur and Rohri and making the
route for Railway connection between
Pehawar and Karachi.

Why become a civil engineer? Institution of Civil Engineers

CIVIL ENGINEERING IN PAKISTAN

 Sukkur Barrage was another mega Project

built during 1923 to 1932 .
 The construction of this barrage opened
new horizons for the civil engineering
professionals by establishing the first
institution in Pakistan for training of
graduate Civil Engineers

Why become a civil engineer? Institution of Civil Engineers

CIVIL ENGINEERING IN PAKISTAN
 The Construction Karakoram Highway
(KKH) was started in 1959 and the project
reached to its completion in 1979. It has
the highest elevation as compared to all
the international paved roads of the world.
 On its route from Pakistan to China it
passes through Khunjerab Pass, construct
at an elevation of 4,693 meters. It is also
referred as the "Eighth Wonder of the
World”.
Why become a civil engineer? Institution of Civil Engineers
  Mangla Dam is a
multipurpose dam constructed during
1961-1967. At the time, it was the
9th largest dam in the world. Another dam
named Tarbela that is the earth and rock
filled Dam was completed in 1976, it is
one of the world’s largest of its nature.

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 Miracles of Civil Engineering

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 Burj Khalifa
•Tallest building in the world

•Tallest free-standing structure in the world

•Highest number of stories in the world

•Highest occupied floor in the world

•Highest outdoor observation deck in the world

•Elevator with the longest travel distance in the world

•Tallest service elevator in the world

CN Tower
The Venice Tide Barrier Project
 Civil engineers – shaping the world

Engineering your future Institution of Civil Engineers

 Thank you

Why become a civil engineer? Institution of Civil Engineers