EVOLUTION OF CELL SIGNALING
- The yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae, has two mating type, a dan A
- cells of different mating types locate each other via secreted factors specific to each type
- signal transduction pathways convert signals received a a cell's surface into celluler responses
- the molecular details of signal transduction in yeast and mammals are strikingly similar
local and long distance signalling
- cells in a multicellular organisms communicate via signaling molecules
- in local signaling, animal cells may communicate by direct contact
local signaling
-Animal and plant cells have cell junction that directly connect the cytoplasms if adjacent cells. ,
- signaling substances in the cytosol can pass freely between adjacent cells
- in many other cases, animal cells communicate using secreted messenger molecules that travel
only short distances
- growth factors, which stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide, are one class of such local
regulator in animal
- this type of local signaling in animals is called paracrine signaling
Long distance signaling
- in long-distance signaling, plants and animals use chemicals calles hormones
- hormonal signaling in animals is called endocrine signalling; specialized cells release hormones.
which travel to target cells via the circulatory system
- the ability of a cell to respond to a signal depends on whether or not it has a receptor specific to
that signal
the three stages of cell signaling review
- earl W. sutherland discovered how the hormone epinephrine acts on cells
- sutherland
sutherland suggested that cells receiving signals went through three processes
1. reception
2. transduction
3. response
1. reception
in reception, the target cell detects a signaling molecules that binds to a receptor protein on the
cell surface
Gambar
-the binding between a signal molecule (ligand) and receptor is highly specific
- a shape change in receptor is often the initial transduction of the signal
- most signal receptors are plasma membrane proteins
- there are three main types of membran receptors
1. G protein-coupled receptors
2. receptor tyrosine kinases
3. ion channel receptors
- G protein- coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface transmembrane receptors that work with
help of a G protein
- G protein bind the energy rich GTP
intracellular receptors
- intracellular receptor proteins are found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells
- small or hydrophobic chemical messengers can readily cross the membrane and activate receptor
-Examples of hydrophobic messengers are the steroid and thyroid hormones of animals
- An activated hormone-receptor complex can act as atranscription factor, turning on specific genes
2. Transduction
in transduction, the binding of the signaling molecule alters the receptor and initiates a signal
transduction pathway; transduction often occurs in a series of steps
Gambar
transduction
Cascade of molecular interpraction relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell
- signal transduction usually involves multiple steps
- multistep pathways can greatly amplifyy a signal
- multistep pathways provide more opportunities for coordination and regulation of the cellular
response
PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION AND DEPHOSHPHORYLATION
- phosphorylation and desphosphorylation of proteins is a widespread cellular mechanisms for
regulating protein activity
- protein kinase transfer phoshpate from atp to protein, a process called phosphorylation
-many relay molecules in signal transduction pathways are protein kinases, creating a
phosphorylation cascade
small molecules and lons as second messenger
- many signaling pathways involve second messengers
- second messengers are small, non protein, water-soluble molecules or ions that spread throught a
cell by diffusion
- second messengers participate in pathways initiated by GPCRs and RTKs
- cyclic amp and calcius ions are common second messenger
