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Overview

• Minterm Expansions
• Maxterm Expansions
• Minterms and Maxterms from Switching
07-Minterm and Maxterm Expansions Expressions
Text: Unit 4

ECEGR/ISSC 201
Digital Operations and Computations
Winter 2011

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Minterm Expansions Minterm Expansions

• A minterm of n variables is the product of n • Each minterm will be equal to 1 for one
literals in which each variable appears once in combination of the variables (in this case, A,B,C)
either a complemented or uncomplemented form • Consider:
A B C
• F = A’BC + AB’C’ + AB’C +ABC has four
0 0 0
minterms
0 0 1
• F = AC is not a minterm because B is not
0 1 0
present; we can write this expression as
0 1 1
 F = AC(B’+B) = ACB’ + ACB; ACB’ and ACB are 1 0 0
minterms
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1

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Minterm Expansions Minterm Expansions

• The minterms and associated A,B,C • For our example:

combinations: F = A’BC + AB’C’ + AB’C +ABC

A B C minterms A B C F minterms
0 0 0 A’B’C’ 0 0 0 0 A’B’C’
0 0 1 A’B’C Four minterms, 0 0 1 0 A’B’C
0 1 0 A’BC’ four 1s 0 1 0 0 A’BC’
0 1 1 A’BC 0 1 1 1 A’BC
1 0 0 AB’C’ 1 0 0 1 AB’C’
1 0 1 AB’C 1 0 1 1 AB’C
1 1 0 ABC’ 1 1 0 0 ABC’
1 1 1 ABC 1 1 1 1 ABC

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Minterm Notation Minterm Notation

• There is shorthand for writing expressions that • If we order the truth table consistently such that
have been expanded in minterms the first row is always A=0, B=0, C=0, the
• Note that each row in truth table corresponds to second row is always A = 0, B =0, C =1… and the
one minterm (which may or may not be present eight row is A=1, B=1, C=1 then we can
in an expansion of F) correlate minterm with row number
• Example: row 4=> A=1, B =0, C=0 =>AB’C’

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Minterm Notation Minterm Notation

• F = A’BC + AB’C’ + AB’C +ABC • F = m3 + m4 + m5 + m7

• Also written as: F = m3 + m4 + m5 + m7 • In more simplified form: F A, B, C m(3, 4, 5, 7)

Row A B C F minterms Row A B C F minterms

0 0 0 0 0 A’B’C’ 0 0 0 0 0 A’B’C’
1 0 0 1 0 A’B’C 1 0 0 1 0 A’B’C
2 0 1 0 0 A’BC’ 2 0 1 0 0 A’BC’
3 0 1 1 1 A’BC 3 0 1 1 1 A’BC
4 1 0 0 1 AB’C’ 4 1 0 0 1 AB’C’
5 1 0 1 1 AB’C 5 1 0 1 1 AB’C
6 1 1 0 0 ABC’ 6 1 1 0 0 ABC’
7 1 1 1 1 ABC 7 1 1 1 1 ABC

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Example Example

• Write the minterms of the truth table • Write the minterms of the truth table
F = A’B’C’ + AB’C’ + ABC F ( A, B, C ) m(0, 4, 7)
A B C F
Row A B C F minterms
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 A’B’C’
0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 A’B’C
0 1 0 0
2 0 1 0 0 A’BC’
0 1 1 0
3 0 1 1 0 A’BC
1 0 0 1
4 1 0 0 1 AB’C’
1 0 1 0
5 1 0 1 0 AB’C
1 1 0 0
6 1 1 0 0 ABC’
1 1 1 1
7 1 1 1 1 ABC

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Maxterm Expansions Maxterm Expansions

• Minterms correspond to a sum of products • F = (A+B+C)(A’+B’+C) has two maxterms

expression • F = (A+C)(A’ + B’ + C) is not in maxterm form
• Maxterms correspond to a product of sums • F = (AB+C)(A’+B’+C) is not in maxterm form
• A maxterm of n variables is a sum of n literals in
which each literal appears exactly once in true or
complemented form, but not both

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Max Expansions Maxterm Expansions

• Each maxterm will be equal to 0 for one • F =(A+B+C)(A+B+C’)(A+B’+C)(A’+B’+C)

combination of the variables
• From our example:
A B C F maxterms
F =(A+B+C)(A+B+C’)(A+B’+C)(A’+B’+C)
0 0 0 0 A+B+C
Four maxterms, 0 0 1 0 A+B+C’
four 0s 0 1 0 0 A+B’+C
0 1 1 1 A+B’+C’
1 0 0 1 A’+B+C
1 0 1 1 A’+B+C’
1 1 0 0 A’+B’+C
1 1 1 1 A’+B’+C’

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Minterms and Maxterms

Maxterm Notation
from Switching Expressions
• F(A,B,C) = M0M1M2M6 • Can easily find minterm or maxterm from a truth
• Also written as: F A, B, C M(0, 1, 2, 6) table
• Truth tables can be cumbersome to create if the
Row A B C F maxterms
number of variables is large
0 0 0 0 0 A+B+C
• Algebraic way:
1 0 0 1 0 A+B+C’
 Write the expression as a sum of products and
2 0 1 0 0 A+B’+C
introduce missing variables using (X + X’) =1 (for
3 0 1 1 1 A+B’+C’
minterm) or XX’ (for maxterm)
4 1 0 0 1 A’+B+C
5 1 0 1 1 A’+B+C’
6 1 1 0 0 A’+B’+C
7 1 1 1 1 A’+B’+C’

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Minterms and Maxterms Minterms and Maxterms

from Switching Expressions from Switching Expressions
• For example, given: • To write as Maxterm:
 F = A’B’ + AC  F = A’B’ + AC
• Introduce the missing variable in each product • Factor into product of sums (second distributive
using (X + X’) = 1 law)
 F = A’B’(C +C’) + A(B +B’)C  F = (A’B’ + A)(A’B’ + C)
• Expand (with reordering) and find decimal  F = (A + A’)(A+B’)(C+A’)(C+B’)
notation: • Using XX’=0
 F = A’B’C’ + A’B’C + AB’C + ABC  F= (A+B’+CC’)(C+A’ + BB’)(AA’+ C+B’)
(000) (001) (101) (111) • Using (X +Y)(X +Y’) = X
• So F A, B, C m 0, 1, 5, 7  F=(A+B’+C)(A+B’+C’)(A’+C+B)(A’+C+B’)(A+B’+C)
(A’+B’+C)

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Minterms and Maxterms Minterms and Maxterms

from Switching Expressions from Switching Expressions
• Removing redundant terms: • F = A’B’ + AC
• F=(A+B’+C)(A+B’+C’)(A’+B+C)(A’+B’+C)(A+B’+C) • Minterms should match F =1: F A, B, C m 0, 1, 5, 7
(A’+B’+C)
• Reordering Row A B C F minterms maxterms

• F=(A+B’+C)(A+B’+C’)(A’+B+C)(A’+B’+C)
0 0 0 0 1 A’B’C’ A+B+C
• Into decimal notation (complements are 1, 1 0 0 1 1 A’B’C A+B+C’
uncomplemented are 0): 2 0 1 0 0 A’BC’ A+B’+C
 010 011 100 110 3 0 1 1 0 A’BC A+B’+C’
• Gives: F A, B, C M(2, 3, 4, 6) 4 1 0 0 0 AB’C’ A’+B+C
5 1 0 1 1 AB’C A’+B+C’
6 1 1 0 0 ABC’ A’+B’+C
7 1 1 1 1 ABC A’+B’+C’

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Minterms and Maxterms

Example
from Switching Expressions
• F = A’B’ + AC • Find the minterm expansion of
• Maxterms should match F =0: F A, B, C M(2, 3, 4, 6)  F = A’(B’+D)+ACD’
• Basic steps:
Row A B C F minterms maxterms
 Expand into SoP form (if necessary)
0 0 0 0 1 A’B’C’ A+B+C
 Use (X + X’) =1 to add missing variables to each
1 0 0 1 1 A’B’C A+B+C’
product
2 0 1 0 0 A’BC’ A+B’+C
 Multiply out
3 0 1 1 0 A’BC A+B’+C’
4 1 0 0 0 AB’C’ A’+B+C
 Remove redundant terms
5 1 0 1 1 AB’C A’+B+C’  Convert to decimal notation
6 1 1 0 0 ABC’ A’+B’+C
7 1 1 1 1 ABC A’+B’+C’

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Example Example

• F = A’(B’+D)+ACD’ • Remove redundant terms

• First expand into SoP form • F=A’B’C’D’ + A’B’C’D + A’B’CD’ + A’B’CD +
 F=A’B’ + A’D +ACD’ A’B’C’D + A’B’CD + A’BC’D + A’BCD + ABCD’ +
• Use (X + X’) =1 to add missing variables AB’CD’
 F=A’B’(C + C’)(D +D’) + A’D(B+B’)(C+C’) • Place in decimal notation
+A(B+B’)CD’ • F=A’B’C’D’ + A’B’C’D + A’B’CD’ + A’B’CD + A’BC’D
• Multiply out (0000) (0001) (0010) (0011) (0101)
• F=A’B’C’D’ + A’B’C’D + A’B’CD’ + A’B’CD + + A’BCD + ABCD’ + AB’CD’
A’B’C’D + A’B’CD + A’BC’D + A’BCD + ABCD’ + (0111) (1110) (1010)
AB’CD’
F A, B, C , D m 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14

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Example Example

• Check the truth table • Check the truth table

F = A’(B’+D)+ACD’ F = A’(B’+D)+ACD’ F A, B, C , D m 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14

Row A B C D F Row A B C D F Row A B C D F Row A B C D F

0 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 9 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 9 1 0 0 1 0
2 0 0 1 0 10 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 10 1 0 1 0 1
3 0 0 1 1 11 1 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 1 1 11 1 0 1 1 0
4 0 1 0 0 12 1 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 12 1 1 0 0 0
5 0 1 0 1 13 1 1 0 1 5 0 1 0 1 1 13 1 1 0 1 0
6 0 1 1 0 14 1 1 1 0 6 0 1 1 0 0 14 1 1 1 0 1
7 0 1 1 1 15 1 1 1 1 7 0 1 1 1 1 15 1 1 1 1 0

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Minterms and Maxterms Minterms and Maxterms

from Switching Expressions from Switching Expressions
• If given the minterm expansion for F, then the • If given the minterm expansion for F’, then the
maxterms are those numbers not in the minterm minterm expansion of F are those numbers not in
expansion the minterm expansion of F’
• If given the maxterm expansion for F, then the • If given the maxterm expansion for F’, then the
minterms are those numbers not in the maxterm maxterm expansion of F are those numbers not
expansion in the maxterm expansion of F’

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Minterms and Maxterms Minterms and Maxterms

from Switching Expressions from Switching Expressions
• If given the minterm expansion for F, then the • If F A, B, C M(2, 3, 4, 6)
maxterm expansion of F’ are the same numbers Then F A, B, C m 0, 1, 5, 7
as the minterms of F
• If given the maxterm expansion for F, then the • If F A, B m 0
minterm expansion of F’ are the same numbers
as the maxterms of F Then F A, B M(1, 2, 3,)

• If F ' A, B m 0, 3
Then F A, B m 1, 2

• If F A, B, C m 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Then F ' A, B, C M(3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

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