Gpat: Local anaesthesia:-

Classification:-

(A)Injactable:-

1.low potency,short duration

(a)Procaine

(b)Chloroprcaine

2.-Intermediate potency and duration

(a)Lignocaine

(b)Prilocaine

3.-High potency long duration

(a)Tetracaine (amethocaine)

(b)Bupivacaine

(c)Ropivacaine

(d)Dibucaine (cinchocaine)

(B)Surface anaesthesia

1.soluble

(a)Cocaine

(b)Lignocaine

(c)Tetracaine

(d)Benoxinate

2.-Insoluble

(a)Benzocaine

(b)Butylaminobenzoate(Batamben)

(c)Oxathazaine

List of Vitamins & their deficiency diseases

1. Vitamin A--------- Night blindness

2. Vitamin B1---------Beriberi
3. Vitamin B2-------- Ariboflavinosis

4. Vitamin B3 --------Pellagra

5. Vitamin B5 --------Paresthesia

6. Vitamin B6 --------Anemia

7. Vitamin B7 ------ Dermatitis

8. Vitamin B9 & Vitamin B12 ----- Megaloblastic anemia

9. Vitamin C ------ Scurvy

10. Vitamin D ------ Rickets & Osteomalacia

11. Vitamin E ------ Less Fertility

12. Vitamin K ------ Non-Clotting of Blood

List of Drugs and their Antidotes :

Acetaminophen : N-acetylcysteine

Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics) : Physostigmine

Arsenic and Mercury : Dimercaprol, D-penicillamine

Benzodiazepines : Flumazenil

β-Blockers : Glucagon

Botulism : Botulinum antitoxin

Calcium Channel Blockers : Calcium, Glucagon

Cyanide : Amylnitrite, Thiosulfate

Digitalis Glycosides : Digoxin-specific FAB

Ethylene Glycol : Ethanol, Fomepizole, Pyridoxine

Heparin : Protamine

Iron : Deferoxamine

Lead : Succimer , EDTA, Dimercaprol

Methanol : Ethanol, Fomepizole,

Methotrexate : Folate, Leucovorin

Opiates : Naloxone, Naltrexone, Nalmefene

Carbamates and Organophosphates : Atropine, Pralidoxime

Serotonin Syndrome : Cyproheptadine

Tricyclic Antidepressants : Sodium Bicarbonate

Warfarin Anticoagulants : Vitamin K

FACTS ABOUT Immunoglobulins:

• Smallest Ig IgG

• Largest Ig IgM

• Heat Labile Ig IgE

• Reagenic Antibody IgE

• Earliest Antibody to be Synthesised IgM

• Ig that crosses Placenta IgG

• Ig with Minimum Life IgE

• Ig that protects Surfaces IgA

• Mainly Intravascular Ig IgM

• Warm Antibodies IgG

• Cold Antbodies IgM

• Ig Present in Milk IgA

DRUG with SYNONYMS

• • Cinchona---------Panama bark

• • Lanolin----------Wool fat

• • Crowfig seeds----------Nuxvomica

• • Deadly night shade--------------Atropa beladona

• • Digitalis purpuria---------Foxglove

• • American podophyllum---------May apple

• • Indian tragacanth------------Gum karaya

• • Devil's dung---------Asafoetida

• • Indian squill---------Urgenia

• • Indian tobacco----------Lobelia

• • Flax seeds----------Linseed

• • Periwinkle-----------Vinca visea

• • Ashwagandha------------Withania somnifera

• • Alexendrian senna---------Cassia acutifolia

• • Tinevally senna-----------Cassia angustifolia

• • Dog senna----------Cassia obovata

• • Pathe senna----------Cassia auriculata

• • Acasia-----------Gum arabica

• • Sterculia-------------Karaya

• • Agar----------Japnese is linglass

• • Plantago-------------Psyllium

• • Starch----------Amylum

• • Rhubarb---------Rheam.emodi.(IND.Rhubarb)

• • Cascara---------Purshiana,sacred barc

• • Discoria----------Wild Yam

• • Glycerrhiza---------------Liquarice

• • Quillalia-------------Panama bark

• • Quassia---------Bitter wool

• • Pale calicher----------Gambier catechu

• • Blach caticher----------Cutch

• • Castor oil----------Ricinus oil

• • Arachis oil----------Reauut oil

• • Linseed iol-------------Flax seed oil

• • Olive oil----------Saled oil

• • Hydro carpno oil----------Chanlmogra oil

• • Theobrona oil--------Coca butter

• • Cinnamon---------Chinese cassia

• • Saffron----------Crocus

• • Clove----------Caryo phylum

• • Nutmeg----------Mygistica

• • Chenopodium----------American wore

Mechanism of Action
1-DNA Dependent RNA Polymerase– Rifampcin

2- RNA Dependent DNA Polymerase– Zidovudine

3-Proetin Synthesis Blocker– Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol & Tetracycline

4-ACE Inhibitor– Captopril

5-Ca Channel Blocker– Nifedipine, Diltiazem

6-COX Inhibitor– Asprin

7-GABA Facilitator– Benzodiazepines

8-Antimetabolites– Methotrexate

9-Loop Diuretics– Frusemide

10-High Ceiling Diuretics– Spironolactone

11-Alteration of bacterial DNA– Choloroquine

12-Inhibition of Viral replication– Amantidine, Acyclovir

13-H1 blocking agent– Mepyramine, Loratadine

14-H2 Blocking agent– Rantidine, Cimetidine, Famotidine, Cyprohaptidine

15-Proton Pump inhibitor– Omeprazole

16-DNA Metabolism Inhibitors– Quinacrine (Mepacrine)

17-Spindle Poison– Vinca, Griesofulvin

18-Folic acid synthesis inhibitor– DDS

19-GABA Inhibitor– Sodium Valproate

20-DNA Synthesis Prevention – Nalidixic Acid

21-Prostaglandin Synthesis Inhibition– Oxyphenbutazone, Ibuprofen

22-Mycolic acid synthesis inhibition– INH

23-Folic acid antagonist- MTX, PAS, DDS & Primethamine

24-Desruption of DNA structure– MNZ

25-Inhibition of cell wall synthesis– Beta lactam antibiotics (penicillin)

26-Release of nor epinephrine– Ephedrine

27-Ergosterol Biosnythesis Inhibitors– Clotrimazole, Miconalzole, Ketoconazole

28-Ach esterase inhibitors– Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Edrophonium, Metrifonate

29-Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors– Stavudine, zidovudine

30-Inhibition of HIV Protease– Amepranavir

31-DNA Gyrase Inhibitor– Cinoxacin

32-Inhibition of DNA Polymerase-Gossypol

33-NMDA Receptor Antagonist– Amantadine, Ketamine, Dextromethorphan, Memantine & Nitrous

Oxide

34-DNA intercalating agent– Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Ellipticin & Ethidium Bromide

35-Antim mitotic agent– Amphethenile

36-Alkylating agent- Thiotepa

37-Alpha receptor antagonist- Phentolamine

38-Beta receptor antagonist- Propanolol, Aplrenolol

39-Alpha receptor agonist- Norepinehrine

40- Beta receptor agonist- Isoproterenol & Salbutamol

41-DNA Adduct Formation– Procarbazine

42-Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor- Acetazolamide

43-Phosphodiestrase Inhibitor- Theophylline

44-Thrombin action prevention- Heparin

45-Xanthine oxidase inhibitor- Allopurinol

46-Cholinergic Blockade- Ipratropium

47-Adenosine Deaminase inhibitor- Crisnatapase

48-Immunomodulation– Imiquimod

49-Amino acid transfer interference– Econazole

50-Mast Cell Stabilization– Ketosifen

PICKING AND STICKING

This is when the coating removes a piece of the tablet from the core. Over wetting or examples
or excessive film tackiness causes tablets to stick to each other or to the coating pan. On drying, at
the point of contact, a piece of the film may remain adhered to the pan or to another tablet, giving
a “picked” appearance to the tablet surface and resulting in a small exposed area of the core. It is
caused by over-wetting the tablets, by under-drying, or by poor tablet quality

REMEDY: A reduction in the liquid application rate or increase in the drying air temperature and air
volume usually solves this problem. Excessive tackiness may be an indication of a poor formulation.

TWINNING

This is the term for two tablets that stick together, and it’s a common problem with capsule shaped
tablets.

REMEDY – Assuming you don’t wish to change the tablet shape, you can solve this problem by
balancing the pan speed and spray rate. Try reducing the spray rate or increasing the pan speed. In
some cases, it is necessary to modify the design of the tooling by very slightly changing the radius.
The change is almost impossible to see, but it prevents the twinning problem.

COLOR VARIATION

This problem can be caused by processing conditions or the formulation. Improper mixing, uneven
spray pattern and insufficient coating may result in color variation. The migration of soluble dyes,
plasticizers and other additives during drying may give the coating a mottled or spotted appearance.

REMEDY:The use of lake dyes eliminates dye migration.

A reformulation with different plasticizers and additives is the best way to solve film instabilities
caused by the ingredients.

ORANGE PEEL EFFECT

This refers to a coating texture that resembles the surface of an orange. Inadequate spreading of the
coating solution before drying causes a bumpy or “orange-peel” effect on the coating.

It is usually the result of high atomization pressure in combination with spray rates that are too high.
This also indicates that spreading is impeded by too rapid drying or by high solution viscosity.
REMEDY: Thinning the solution with additional solvent may correct this problem.

MOTTLED COLOR

This can happen when the coating solution is improperly prepared, the actual spray rate differs from
the target rate, the tablet cores are cold, or the drying rate is out of specification.

CAPPING AND LAMINATION

This is when the tablet separates in laminar fashion. Capping is partial or complete separation of top
or bottom crowns of tablet main body. Lamination is separation of a tablet into two or more distinct
layers. Friability test can be used to reveal these problems

The problem stems from improper tablet compression, but it may not reveal itself until you start
coating. How you operate the coating system, however, can exacerbate the problem.

REMEDY: Be careful not to over-dry the tablets in the preheating stage. That can make the tablets
brittle and promote capping.

ROUGHNESS

A rough or gritty surface is a defect often observed when coating is applied by a spray. Some of the
droplets may dry too rapidly before reaching the tablet bed, resulting in the deposits on the tablet
surface of “spray dried” particles instead of finely divided droplets of coating solution. Surface
roughness also increases with pigment concentration and polymer concentration in the coating
solution.

REMEDY: Moving the nozzle closer to the tablet bed and reducing the degree of atomization
can decrease the roughness due to “spray drying”.

HAZING / DULL FILM

This is sometimes called Bloom. It can occur when too high a processing temperature is used for a
particular formulation. Dulling is particularly evident when cellulosic polymers are applied out of
aqueous media at high processing temperatures. It can also occur if the coated tablets are exposed
to high humidity conditions and partial salvation of film results.

BRIDGING

This occurs when the coating fills in the lettering or logo on the tablet and is typically caused by
improper application of the solution, poor design of the tablet embossing, high coating viscosity, high
percentage of solids in the solution, or improper atomization pressure. During drying, the film may
shrink and pull away from the sharp corners of an intagliation or bisect, resulting in a “bridging” of
the surface. This defect can be so severe that the monogram or bisect is completely obscured.

REMEDY: Increasing the plasticizer content or changing the plasticizer can decrease the incidence of
bridging.
FILLING

Filling is caused by applying too much solution, resulting in a thick film that fills and narrows the
monogram or bisect. In addition, if the solution is applied too fast, Overwetting may cause the liquid
to quickly fill and be retained in the monogram.

REMEDY: Judicious monitoring of the fluid application rate and thorough mixing of the tablets in the
pan can prevent filling.

EROSION

This can be the result of soft or friable tablets (and the pan turning too fast), an over-wetted tablet
surface, inadequate drying, or lack of tablet surface strength.

PEELING AND FROSTING

This is a defect where the coating peels away from the tablet surface in a sheet. Peeling indicates
that the coating solution did not lock into the tablet surface. This could be due to a defect in the
coating solution, over-wetting, or high moisture content in the tablet core which prevented the
coating to adhering.

CHIPPING

This is the result of high pan speed, a friable tablet core, or a coating solution that lacks a good
plasticizer

BLISTERING

When coated tablets require further drying in ovens, too rapid evaporation of the solvent from the
core and the effect of high temperature on the strength, elasticity and adhesion of the film may
result in blistering.

REMEDY: Milder drying conditions are warranted in this case.

CRACKING

It occurs if internal stresses in the film exceed the tensile strength of the film.

REMEDY: tensile strength of the film can be increased by Using higher molecular weight polymers or
polymer blends.

TABLET AND CAPSULE MACHINES

Rotosort- for filled/unfilled capsule sorting machine and for de-dusting.

Rotofill- to fill pellets in hard gelatin capsule

Rotoweigh- A high speed capsule weighing machine.

Accogel- filling of dry powder in soft gelatin capsule.

Accofill- fill exact powder dose in hard gelatin capsule

Wurster- for coating.

Osaka- capsule filling machine (powder, granules)

Zanasi- capsule filling (powder, pellets, tablets)

Lily/parke-davis: capsule filling (powder) Farmatic, holfiger & kary-liquid filling in HGC.

Erweka- De-dusting and polishing capsule machine.

Seidender- Uses a Belt for visual inspection.

Vericap 1200- capsule weighing machine

Number of bones - 206

Number of muscles - 639

Number of kidneys - 2

Number of milk teeth - 20

Number of ribs - 24 (12 pairs)

Number of chambers in the heart - 4

Largest artery - Aorta

Normal Blood pressure - 120 - 80

Ph of blood - 7.4

Number of vertebrae in the spine - 33

Number of vertebrae in the Neck - 7

No of bones in middle Ear - 6

Number of bones in Face - 14

Number of bones in Skull - 22

Number of bones in Chest - 25

Number of bones in Arms - 6

Number of bones in each human ear - 3

Number of muscles in the human arm - 72

Number of pumps in heart - 2

Largest organ - Skin

Largest gland - Liver

Smallest cell - Blood cell

Biggest cell - Egg cell (ovum)

Smallest bone - Stapes

First transplanted organ - Heart

Average length of small intestine - 7 m

Average length of large intestine - 1.5 m

Average weight of new born baby - 2.6 kg.

Pulse rate in one minute - 72 times

Body Temperature - 36.9o C (98.4o F)

Average blood volume - 4 - 5 liters

Average life of RBC - 120 days

Pregnancy period - 280 days

Number of bones in human foot - 33

Number of bones in each wrist - 8

Number of bones in hand - 27

Largest endocrine gland - Thyroid

Largest lymphatic organ - Spleen

Largest cell - Nerve cell

Largest part of brain - Cerebrum

Largest & strongest bone - Femur

Smallest muscle - Stapedius (Middle ear )

Number of chromosomes in human cell - 46 (23 pairs)

Number of bones in New born body - 300

Largest muscle - Buttock (Gluteus Maximus)

Safest Drugs for use in Pregnancy
Hypertension : a-methyl dopa

Hyperthyrodisim : Proprylthyouracil

Hyperacidity : Magaldrate / or AL - Mg hydroxides

DM : Intermediate acting Insulin / Metformin / Glyburide

Thrombosis : Heparin or Low Mol. wt. Heparin

Fever : Paracetamol

Diarrhea : Loperamaide

Constipation : Na Picosulfate

Vomiting : Miclizine ans vit B6

GERD : Rantidine or Cimitidine

Cough : Mix of natural plant extract "Broncho" / or Dextromethrophan

Gas: Simethicone

Bladder Infections : Nitrofurantoin

Asthma : Budesonide Inhaled or Nasal Spray / Terbutaline

Intestinal Spasm : Drotaverine

Hay fever , Sneezy runny nose , Itchy , Watery eye :

Diphenhydramine/Chlorphineramine.

Some Important points about " Antihypertensive Drugs "

👉1st line antihypertensive drug - ACE Inhibitors

👉All ACE inhibitors are prodrug except Captopril, Lisinopril

👉ACE inhibitors are contraindicated during pregnancy

👉 ACE Inhibitors are contraindicated with potassium sparing diuretics.

👉Renin inhibitors - Aliskerin

👉Nifedipine- Decrease insulin release

👉Preffered antihypertensive diuretics- Thiazide, Hydrochlorthiazide

👉Drug of choice in pregnancy- Methyldopa

👉Drug of choice for hypertensive crisis- Sodium Nitropruside

👉Minoxidil, Diazoxide - Pottasium channel opener used in treatment of hypertension.

REMEMBER POINT:

Penicillin G and penicillin V: which is oral and which is parenteral?

The letters in penicillin G and penicillin V can be used to remember how these agents are usually
administered. Although not actually true, pretend that the “G” in penicillin G means that this drug is
destroyed in the stomach (“gastric”) and that the “V” in penicillin V means that this drug is destroyed
in “veins.” Therefore, penicillin G is given intravenously and penicillin V is given orally.

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
• Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms, which selectively suppress the growth
of or kill other microorganisms at very low concentrations

• Ehrlich's coined the term 'Chemotherapy'.

Classification:
A. Chemical structure

1. Sulfonamides and related drugs: Sulfadiazine and others,

Sulfones-Dapsone (DDS), Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS).

2. Diaminopyrimdmes: Trimethoprim, pyrimethamine.

3. Quinolones: Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, etc.

4. β-Lactam antibiotics: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Monobactams, Carbapenems.

5. Tetracyclines: Oxytetracycline, Doxyocycline etc.

6. Nirtrobenezne derivative: Chloramphenicol

7. Amino gIycosides: Streptomycin, Gentamcin, Amikacin, Neomycin, etc.

8. MacroIide antibiotics: Erythromvcin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, etc.

9. Lincosamide antibiotics: Lincomvcin, Clindamycin

10. Glycopeptide antibiotics: Vancomycin, Teicoplanin.

11. Oxazolidinone: Linezolid

12. PoIypeptide antibiotics: Polymyxin-B, Colistin, Bacitracin, Tyrothricin

13. Nitrofuran derivatives: Nitrofurantoin, Furazolidone

14. Nitroimidazoles: Metronidazole, Tinidazole etc.

15. Nicotinic acid derivatiyes: Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethionamide.

16. Polyene antibiotics: Nystatin, Amphotericin-B, Hamycin.

17. Azole derivatives: Miconazole, Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, Fluconazole.

18. Others: Rifampin, Spectinomycin, Sod. Fusidate, Cycloserine, Vancomycin, Ethambutol,

Thiacetazone, Clofazimine. Griseofulvin

Important Food-Drug Interactions

Drugs - Food - Food-Drug Interactions

1. WARFARIN - High-protein diet -Raises serum albumin levels, decreases in international normalized
ratio (INR)

2. MONOAMINE OXIDASES - Tyramine-containing food - Hypertensive crisis

3. PROPRANOLOL - Protein-rich food - Serum level may increase

4. ACE INHIBITORS - Empty stomach - Absorption is increased

5. CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS - Grapefruit juice - Increases bioavailability

6. ANTIBIOTICS - Dairy products - Calcium complexes with some antibiotics and prevents their
absorption - reduced bioavailability

7. ACETAMINOPHEN - Pectin - Delays both absorption and onset

8. NSAIDS - Alcohol - Increases risk of liver damage or stomach bleeding

9. THEOPHYLLINE - High-fat meal and grapefruit juice - Increases bioavailability & with Caffeine -
Increases risk of drug toxicity

10. ESOMEPRAZOLE - High-fat meal - Bioavailability was reduced

11. CIMETIDINE - with food(any type) - Increases bioavailability

12. ISONIAZID - Plants, medicinal herbs, leanolic acid - Exerts synergistic effect

13. CYCLOSERINE - High fat meals - Decreases serum concentration

14. ATORVASTATIN - Grapefruit juice - Increases toxicity - rhabdomyolysis risk

15. GLIMEPIRIDE - With breakfast - Absolute bioavailability

16. ACARBOSE - At start of each meal - Maximum effectiveness

17. MERCAPTOPURINE - Cow's milk - Reduces bioavailability

18. TAMOXIFEN - Sesame seeds - Inducing regression of established mcf-7 tumor size but beneficially
interacts with tamoxifen on bone in ovariectomized athymic mice

19. LEVOTHYROXINE - Grapefruit juice - Delays absorption

Testing of Proteins:
XANTHOPROTEIC TEST- protein + conc HNO3= yellow

BIURET TEST- alkaline soln of protein+ CuSO4- Blue

NINHYDRIN TEST- Pyridine soln of protein + ninhydrin (+stannous chloride)- Violet pink color

MILLON'S TEST- Protein( containing phenolic -OH group)+ mercury soln in Nitric acid - Red color

HOPKIN'S COLE TEST- Protein( having tryptophan)+ H2SO4+ little glyoxalic acid- blue violet color.

 Jurisprudence
✍👉The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 is an Act of the Parliament of India which contains
provisions for classification of drugs under given schedules and there are guidelines for the storage,
sale, display and prescription of each schedule 👉👉👉

👉The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 contains👉👉👉Schedule X: All the regulations of Schedule H
apply.

👉The retailer must keep a copy of the prescription for two years. The drugs must be kept under lock
and key. Examples:Secobarbital, Glutethimide etc

👉Schedule J: Contains a list of various diseases and conditions that cannot be treated under any drug
currently in market. No drug may legally claim to treat these diseases.

👉Other Schedules and their summary:

👉👉Schedule A: Contains various forms and formats of letters for applications of licensing etc.

👉Schedule B: Contains fees structure for government-run labs.

👉Schedule C: Contains various biological products and their regulation.

Examples:Serums, Adrenaline etc.

👉Schedule E: Contains various poisons and their regulation. Examples: Sarpa Visha(Snake
venom), Parada (Mercury) etc

👉Schedule F: This contains regulations and standards for running a blood bank

👉Schedule F-I: This contains regulations and standards for vaccines.

👉Schedule F-II: This contains regulations and standards for surgical dressing.

👉Schedule F-III: This contains regulations and standards for umbilical tapes.

👉Schedule F-F: This contains regulations and standards for ophthalmic ointments and solutions.

👉Schedule K: Contains various substances and drugs and their corresponding regulation.

👉Schedule M: Contains various regulations for manufacturing, premises, waste disposal and
equipment.

👉Schedule N: Contains various regulations and requirements for a pharmacy.

👉Schedule ⭕: Contains various regulations and requirements for disinfectant fluids.

👉Schedule P: Contains regulations regarding life period and storage of various drugs.

👉Schedule P-I: Contains regulations regarding retail package size of various drugs.

👉Schedule Q: Contains a list of permitted dyes and pigments in soap and cosmetics.

👉Schedule R: Contains various regulations and requirements for condoms and other mechanical
contraceptives.

👉Schedule S: Lists various cosmetics andtoiletries, and directs the manufacturers of cosmetics to
conform to the latest Bureau of Indian Standards requirements.

👉Schedule T: Contains various regulations and requirements for manufacture

ofAyurvedic, Siddha and Unani products.

👉Schedule U: Contains various regulations and requirements for record keeping.

👉Schedule V: Contains standards for drug patents.

👉Schedule Y: Contains requirement and guidelines for clinical trial

 Receptors
Acetylcholine is released from a presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft. After release it-

- Bind to presynaptic receptors

- Be degradated by acetylcholinesterase

- Bind to postsynaptic receptors

👉Classification of acetylcholine receptors

👉 Two main families of acetylcholine receptors: muscarinic and nicotinic. Muscarinic receptors are G-
coupled protein receptors, while nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels.

👉 Location and Types of Acetylcholine receptors

👉 Muscarinic receptors bind both acetylcholine and muscarine, an alkaloid present in certain
poisonous mushrooms (it was first isolated in Amanita muscaria).

👉 All muscarinic receptors are G-protein coupled receptors. Binding studies have identified five
subclasses of muscarinic receptors: M1,M2, M3, M4, and M5. The image below shows their
locations:

👉 M1, M4 and M5 receptors: CNS. These receptors are involved in complex CNS responses such as
memory, arousal, attention and analgesia. M1 receptors are also found at gastric parietal cells and
autonomic ganglia.

👉 M2 receptors: heart. Activation of M2 receptors lowers conduction velocity at sinoatrial and

atrioventricular nodes, thus lowering heart rate.

👉 M3 receptors: smooth muscle.Activation of M3 receptors at the smooth muscle level produces

responses on a variety of organs that include: bronchial tissue, bladder, exocrine glands, among
others.

👉 Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels. When bound to acetylcholine , these
receptors undergo a conformational change that allows the entry of sodium ions, resulting in the
depolarization of the effector cell.

👉 Nicotinic receptors can be divided as Nn and Nm receptors.

👉 Nm receptors are located at the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine receptors of the Nm

subtype are the only acetylcholine receptors that can be found at the neuromuscular junction.

👉 Nn receptor can be found both at cholinergic and adrenergic ganglia, but not at the target tissues
(e.g, heart, bladder, etc). These receptors are also present in the CNS and adrenal medulla.

Drugs and Their Side Effects

1. ACE Inhibitors- Dry Cough

2. Amphotericin.B- Nephrotoxicity

3. Ampicillin- Hypersensitivity

4. Androgen- Virilization

5. Antipsychotics- Sedation, Orthostatic hypotension, Tardive dyskinesia

6. Anti- TB- Hepatotoxicity

7. Aspirin (cox-I Inhibitors)- Hepatotoxicity

8. Atropine - Dryness of mouth, Blurred vision, Constipation

9. Celecoxib,Valdecoxib (cox-II Inhibitors)- Hepatotoxicity

10. Chlorambucil- Alopecia

11. Chloramphenicol- Grey baby syndrome, Bone marrow depression

12. Chloroquine - Phototoxicity

13. Ciprofloxacin - Phototoxicity

14. Clofazimine- Pigmentation of skin, Discoloration of Urine

15. Clozapine - Agranulocytosis

16. Erythromyicin- Cholestatic Juandice

17. Ethambutol - Optic Neuritis, Retrobulbular Neuritis

18. Hydrochlorthiazide- Hypokalamia

19. Isoniazid - Peripheral Neurtis

20. Metronidazole- Disulfiram like reaction

21. Minoxidil- Hirsutism

22. Morphine- Constipation

23. Nimesulide - Hepatotoxicity

24. Nitrogen Mustard- Bone marrow depression

25. Nitroglycerin- Palpitation

26. Penicillin. G- Jarisch Heximer Reaction

27. Phenformin- Lactic acidosis, GI disturbance, Metalic taste

28. Phenytoin- Hirsutism

29. Quinidine- Cinchonism

30. Quinine Sulphate- Black Water Fever

31. Repaglinide- Althralgia

32. Rosaglitazone- Anemia,Weight gain

33. Sitagliptin- Coldness

34. Spironolactone- Hyperkalamia

35. Cimetidine- Gynacomastia

37. Sulfonyl Ureas derivatives- Bone marrow depression

38. Terfenadine- Type-I arrhythmia

39. Tetracyclines- Discoloration of teeth

40. Thalidomide- Phocomelia

2. Grades of powder by Sieving

Gradepwdrs sieve no

Coarse powder 10/44

Moderatly coarse powder 22/66

Moderatly fine powder 44/85

Fine powder 85

Very fine powder 120

👉Pour (or Bulk) density = mass / untapped volume

👉Tapped density = mass / tapped volume

👉Hausner ratio = tapped density / pour density

👉Carr’s Index = (tapped density – bulk density) x 100 / tapped density

2. Flow Properties & Angle of Repose

Flow Property Angle of Repose

Excellent. 25 - 30

Good. 31 - 35

Fair - aid not needed 36 - 40

Passable - may hang up. 41 - 45

Poor - must agitate, vibrate 56 - 55

Very poor. > 66

Vitamin their common name and Sources

Vitamin A (Retinol) Cod liver oil

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Rice bran

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Citrus, most fresh foods

Vitamin D (Calciferol) Cod liver oil

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Meat, eggs

Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Wheat germ oil, unrefined vegetable oils

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamins) liver, eggs, animal products

Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone) Leafy green vegetables

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) Meat, whole grains,

Vitamin B7 (Biotin) Meat, dairy products, eggs

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Meat, dairy products

Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Meat, eggs, grains

Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) Leafy green vegetables

Important Information
> The largest organ of the body......................Skin

> The total number of bones in an adult...........206

> The largest gland of the body........................Liver

> The longest bone of the body........................Femur

> The smallest bone of the body......................Stapes

> Total number of muscles in the body................600

> The filter of the body........................................Kidney

> The pump of the body.......................................Heart

> The normal body temperature...........................37C (98.4F)

> The normal respiratory rate n an adult..................16-18 per mint

AADA: Abbreviated antibiotic drug application

ADE: Adverse drug event

ADME: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

AHU: Air Handling Unit

ANDA: Abbreviated new drug application

ANVISA: Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (National Health Surveillance Agency Brazil)

AP: Applicants Part (of EDMF)

API: Active pharmaceutical ingredient

APR: Annual product review (APQR – Annual product quality

review)

AQL: Acceptable quality level

AR: Analytical Reagent

ASHRAE: American Society of heating, Refrgeration and

Air Conditioning Engineers

ASM: Active Substance Manufacturer

ASMF: Active Substance Master File

AST: Accelerated stability testing

ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials

BA/BE: Bioavailability/bioequivalence

BCS: Biopharmaceutical classification system

BET: Bacterial Endotoxin Test

BFS: Blow Fill Seal

BI: Biological Indicator

BMR: Batch Manufacturing/Processing Record

BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand

BOM: Bill of Materials

BOPP: Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene

BP: British Pharmacopoeia

BPR: Batch Packaging Record

BRMS: Biologics Regulatory Management System

BSE: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)

CAPA: Corrective and preventive action

CBE: Changes being effected

CBER: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (FDA)

CCIT: Container closure integrity test

CDER: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (FDA)

CDSCO: Central drug standard control organization (India)

CEP: Certification of suitability of European Pharmacopoeia monographs

CFR: Code of Federal Regulations

CFU: Colony Forming Unit

cGMP: Current Good Manufacturing Practices

CIP: Clean in place

CMC: Chemistry, manufacturing and controls

CMS: Continuous monitoring system

COA: Certificate of analysis

COS: Certificate of suitability

COPP: Certificate of Pharmaceutical Products

CPP: Critical Process Parameter

CQA: Critical Quality Attribute

CTD: Common technical document

DMF: Drug master file

DOP: Dioctyl Phthalate

DQ: Design Qualification

EDMF: European drug master file

EDQM: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines

EH&S: Environmental health and safety

EIR: establishment inspection report (FDA)

EMEA: European Medicines Agency (formerly European Medicines Evaluation Agency)

EP: European Pharmacopoeia

EPS: Expanded polystyrene

ETP: Effluent Treatment Plant

EU: Endotoxin unit

EU: European Union

FAT: Factory Acceptance Testing

FBD: Fluid-bed dryer

FDA: Food and Drug Administration, United States

FDC: Fixed Dose Combination

FEFO: First expiry first out

FG: Finished Goods

FIFO: First in first out

FMEA: Failure modes and effect analysis

FOI: Freedom of information

GAMP: Good automated manufacturing practice

GC: Gas Chromatography

GCLP: Good clinical laboratory practice

GCP: Good clinical practice

GDP: Good distribution practice

GEP: Good engineering practice

GGP: good guidance practice

GIT: Gastrointestinal Tract

GLP: Good laboratory practice

GMO: Genetically modified organism

GMP: Good manufacturing practice

GPT: Growth Promotion Test

GRAS/E: Generally recognized as safe and effective

GRP: Good review practice

HACCP: Hazard analysis critical control point

HDPE: High Density Polyethylene

HEPA: High efficiency particulate air (filter)

HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography

HSA: Health Sciences Authority, Singapore

HVAC: Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning

ICAH: International Conference on Harmonisation

IH: In house

IM: Intramuscular

IND: Investigational new drug

INDA: Investigational new drug application

IP: Indian Pharmacopeia

IPA: Isopropyl Alcohol

IPS: In process control

IQ: Installation qualification

IR: Immediate release

ISO: International Organization for Standardization

ISPE: International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering

IV: Intravenous

JP: Japanese Pharmacopoeia

KOS: Knowledge organization system

LAF: Laminar air flow

LAL: Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate

LD: Lethal dose

LD50: Lethal dose where 50% of the animal population die

LDPE: Low Density Polyethylene

LIMS: Laboratory Information Management

Year and acts:-

2005- Product Patent In India

1956- Companies Act

1932-Partnership Act

1993- End of GATT era

1997-National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA)

1994-Dolly sheep – First clone

1950- First Planning Commission

1984-Hatch-Waxman Act

1955- SBI nationalized

2005-IPC constituted

1896- First Olympics

2000 - Human Genome Revealed

1970- Indian Patents Act

1919-Poison Act

1948-Pharmacy Act

1940- Drug and Cosmetic Act

1930- Dangerous Drug Act

1857- Opium Act

1954- Drug and Magic Remedies Act

1971- Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP)

1989- First ICH

Indian pharmacopoeias:
1955- 1st Edition IP

1966- 2nd Edition IP

1985- 3rd Edition IP

1996- 4th Edition IP

2007- 5th Edition IP

2010- 6th Edition IP

2014- 7th Edition IP

G protein type for respective receptors "QISSS and SIQS QIQ"

This gives the G-protein type (Gq, Gi, or Gs) for all the

receptors.

Receptors are in alphabetical order:

alpha1=Q

alpha2=I

beta1=S

beta 2= S

beta3=S

D1=S

D2=I

H1=Q

H2=S

M1=Q

M2=I

M3=Q