The Fundamental Technical Knowledge

of Passive Components
for Windows version

http://www.ty-top.com
 - Chapter 1-

Capacitor
Impedance Characteristics of Capacitor

Impedance equivalent circuit with capacitor is the same as the RLC series model.

Elements in Capacitor Changes in Frequency Changes in Element

Impedance

Impedance
ESR: Increase
ESR
Frequency
Frequency
ESR is constant

Impedance

Impedance
ESL
ESL: Decrease
Frequency
Frequency
ESL increases
Impedance

Impedance
Capacitance Cap. : Increase
Frequency
Capacitance decreases Frequency

What happens to the impedance level when connected in series?

Impedance Characteristics of Capacitor

Impedance for series connection Impedance with different elements

100 100

Impedance depends Impedance

on capacitance depends on ESL
10 10
インピーダンス　[Ω]

インピーダンス　[Ω]
1 1 Cap. : Increase

Impedance
Impedance

0.1 0.1
ESL:
0.01
Resonance Impedance Decrease
depends on 0.01 Resonance Point
Point ESR ESR:
→Cap. : Increase,
ESL: Increase Decrease
0.001 0.001
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Frequency
周波数　[MHz] Frequency
周波数　[MHz]

• At resonance point, no impedance

for Capacitor & ESL Impedance characteristics vary
(Impedance for ESR only)
• The frequency at resonance point depends
depended on each element.
on Capacitor & ESL
Impedance Characteristics of Capacitor

ESR varies depended Frequency characteristics for

on frequency different type of capacitors
Impedance,ESR Freq.-Temperature Characteristic
100
1000 Ta　47μF　ESR
Ta　47μF　Z
NEO 47μF　ESR
R NEO 47μF　Z
100 10 SPCAP 47μF ESR
Z
SPCAP 47μF Z
JM432BJ476MM　ESR
MLCC47μF　ESR
JM432BJ476MM　Z
MLCC47μF　Z

インピーダンス・ESR　[Ω]
10 SDK47μF　ESR
Impedance,ESR[Ω]

1 SDK47μF　Z

Impedance
1

0.1
0.1

0.01
0.01

0.001
0.001
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency[KHz] Frequency
周波数　[kHz]

RLC Series Model→ ESR independent RLC varies depended on capacitor’s

from frequency material, structure and case size

Frequency characteristic varies depended

ESR actually varies. on the type of capacitor,
especially on ESR.
 Reliabilities of Multi-Layered Ceramic Capacitor
1. Operational condition comparison chart for Circuit 《Leaded》 Al Capacitor
What’s Electrolytic Capacitor?
Ripple CU. Heat Solvent Loading
Polarity De-rating Limitation Resistance Resistance Test
Al
foil
Al foil
Electrolytic paper
Al
Al foil
foil

MLCC No ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ Electrolytic paper

Dielectric
<Surface mounted>
（Al2O3 ) Electrolysis solution
Da Dk
Vertical style

Ta Cap.
La Lx

Yes
Ca Ck
× △ × △ ×
Ra Rk

Ca, Ck: positive/negative pole cap.

Horizontal style

Al Cap.
Da,Dk: rectification from negative

Yes × × △ × △ pole’s oxidization coating

La,Lk: Inductance for +,- leads
R: resistance of electrolsis solution
∗Al capacitor: and paper
∗Operational ∗Have margin ∗Limitation
∗Layout
limitation for rated capacity for for reflow
∗Liquid solution
flooding except
decreasing in
capacitance from 《Leaded》 Ta Capacitor Ra,Rk: Inside resistance of forward
direction from +,-poles’ oxidization
voltage ripple current molding and coating
Application ∗Polarity exam
When mounting (70～50%level)
degrading
block structure
MLCC
electrolysis loss <Surface mounted>
advancement ∗Ta capacitor:
Problems ∗Reverse voltage
∗Less reliable
associated from
diffusion of Ag,
short circuit from
Consideration self heating degrading of
insulating layer
Dielectric
（Ta2O５） MnO2
Graphite

Ceramic Capacitor Tantal Argentum paste

Solder Da
La Lx
Ca

Dielectric：
Barium Titanate
Ra

Breakdown Voltage (V) Breakdown voltage level comparison: rated voltage 10V
500
MLCC
400

300

200

100 Ta Capacitor

0
Forward Backward
direction direction 212F475 316Ｆ１０６ 212ＢＪ１０５ 316ＢＪ２２５
Electrode: Ni １０uF 4.7uF １０uF １uF 2.2uF
Characteristics Comparison for the Different Type of Capacitors

Frequency Characteristics

100
Ta　47μF　ESR
Ta　47μF　Z
NEO 47μF　ESR ESR varies greatly depended
NEO 47μF　Z
10 SPCAP 47μF ESR
SPCAP 47μF Z
on each type of capacitors.
JM432BJ476MM　ESR
MLCC47μF　ESR
JM432BJ476MM　Z
MLCC47μF　Z
インピーダンス・ESR　[Ω]

SDK47μF　ESR
1 SDK47μF　Z
Al>Ta>Functional Ta>Functional Al>ML
Impedance

0.1

The lower ESR becomes, the lower

0.01
the impedance for high frequency gets.

0.001
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Al>Ta>Functional Ta>Functional Al>ML
Frequency
周波数　[kHz]

MLCC has superior frequency characteristics.

The most competitive merit

Characteristics Comparison for the Different Type of Capacitors

Ripple current characteristics

Ripple Current Characteristics for the different type of capacitors
リップル電流対部品温度上昇の比較
Temperature rise characteristic due to ripple current
Heat 100
M LCC47uF
積層コン４７μF
Tant.Cap47uF
タンタル４７μF

Temperature rise (degree)

POSCAP100uF
POSCAP１００μF

10
Electrical energy is converted to heat
when current goes through resistance.
1

Capacitor
Ripple
current Heat 0.1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Ripple current(Arms)
リップル電流（Aｒｍｓ）

Given the same amount of calorific power,

ESR ESL Capacitor ripple current goes through MLCC
the most because of its low ESR.
Electrical energy is converted
to heat when ripple current Operational recommendation of heat release
value for MLCC is within 10℃.
(AC) goes through capacitor.
There is no limitation of allowed ripple current for MLCC.
(DC does not go through it)
Heat shortens capacitor’s Operational recommendation of heat release
value for electrolytic capacitor is within 5℃.
durability. Allowed ripple current is regulated by makers.
The Basic Knowledge of
Circuits
 The Functions of Bypass (decoupling) Capacitor

The Role of Bypass Capacitor Necessary Characteristics for Bypass Capacitor

Load It has low impedance.
Noise + Load current
Current
(low prevention of an electric current)

Power supply line Noise

Current IC It electrifies an electric current well.
To connect
the noise
current to It efficiently grounds the noise current.
the earth
(grounding)
It effectively decreases the noise current.
The principle of operation for Bypass Capacitor

DC does not go through the capacitor Noise: more Noise: less

(Impedance:∞)
DC is supplied directly to IC Low Impedance High Impedance
AC (noise) does go through the capacitor

AC (noise) is grounded
Impedance Low High
Noise effect of More Less
decreasing effective effective
Noise Suppression → Stabilize IC operation
The Functions of Bypass (decoupling) Capacitor

Replacement of Ta capacitor
Selection Criteria for Capacitor by Bypass Capacitor
Change
Impedance,ESR Freq.-Temperature Characteristic product name Impedance Comparison
インピーダンスの比較
1000 100
to MLCC + Ta10uF
タンタル１０μF

Increasing in noise capacitance

10
Ta47uF
タンタル４７μF
LMK212F475ZG
R LMK316F106ZL
100 suppression effectiveness Z LMK212BJ225KG

Impedance(Ω）
EMK325BJ106KN
1

10
Impedance,ESR[Ω]

0.1
Decreasing in noise
suppression effectiveness 0.01
1

0.001
0.1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency(kHz

When the frequency is over 10kHz,

0.01
the impedance of MLCC is lower than
Maximum level for noise that of Ta capacitor.
0.001 suppression effectiveness
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency[KHz]
Effectiveness of reduction in high
Several kinds of Noise Frequencies frequency noise for MLCC is more
superior than that of Ta capacitor.

Select a Capacitor based on noise It enables to replace Ta capacitor

frequency needs to be eliminated with a smaller value of MLCC.
 The Functions of Backup Capacitor

Load current to IC Power line for high-speed load changing

Large load current is The current can’t flow
Load current doesn’t stay constant. quickly needed. to IC quickly enough.

Load current: IC Load current: IC Line IC Line IC

small large voltage voltage

Operating Operating
at low-speed at high-speed
Line voltage can’t be
Low-speed High-speed
maintained, therefore operation operation
High-speed load change voltage is dropped.

Circuit voltage,
Load current
When IC’s operational speed changes rapidly,
large load current is quickly needed. Voltage Minimum
Low-speed High-speed dropped IC required
operational
operation operation voltage
Load current

Line for IC
voltage
Time
Line voltage decreases below the required
operational voltage for IC.

The IC stops its operation.

Time
The Functions of Backup Capacitor

Capacitor’s actual
The Role of Backup Capacitor (considering equivalent circuit)
Making up for electric ∗This is a simplified version, so disregard ESL
Electric current delays current shortage

Voltage dropped
Voltage ESR by electric current Line voltage
dropped IC Maintaining IC dropped
Voltage dropped
Line
Line Capacitor by discharge
voltage current
voltage

Low-speed High-speed Voltage fluctuation occurs

operation when capacitor charging
Discharge current from

operation
needed load current,
Line voltage,

Capacitor

Voltage dropped
by ESR Voltage risen by
Minimum required

Line voltage
Voltage dropped capacitor charging
operational voltage
by electric
for IC discharge Voltage risen by ESR

Time

Keeping the minimum required Maintaining Capacitor and ESR decide the amount
operational voltage for IC stable operation of voltage dropped
 The Functions of Backup Capacitor

Experimental To oscilloscope
circuit Experimental result for Capacitance and ESR
Load
resistance
R = 1Ω R=5Ω LMK432BJ226MMのリップル電圧
Ripple Voltage of LMK432BJ226MM タンタル１００μFのリップル電圧
Ripple Voltage of 100uF Ta Cap
Power ESR による電圧変動
Voltage fluctuation by ESR
Supply
Voltage= Current 2SK2684
5V probe
Rating

２０ｍV／Div
２０ｍV／Div
Capacitor
Pulse generator
1945 (NF)

MLCC Voltage fluctuation

容量による電圧変動
Switching frequency = by capacitance
47µF∗7 1000KHz

１μS／Div １μS／Div
ESR comparison
ＥＳＲの比較
10

MLCC 22uF
High Value The fluctuation band of
積層コン２２μＦ
1 Ta Cap 100uF
タンタル１００μＦ Low ESR line becomes narrower.
ＥＳＲ（Ω）

0.1

Merits of MLCC
0.01
It enables to replace Ta capacitor with a
0.001 smaller value of MLCC.
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
周波数（ＫＨｚ）
Frequency (KHz)
The effectiveness of MLCC’s voltage fluctuation
depressing effect is greater than that of Ta capacitor.
Application Examples for Backup Capacitor

10uF 22uF 47uF 100uF

MLCC
LMK325BJ106MN（積層コン デン サ１０μF） LMK432BJ226MM(積層コン デン サ２２μF） JMK432BJ476MM（積層コン デン サ４７μF） JMK550BJ107MM（積層コン デン サ１００μF）
JMK316BJ106ML(10uF) JMK325BJ226MM(22uF) JMK432BJ476MM(47uF) JMK550BJ107MM(100uF)

５０ｍV／Div
5０ｍV／Div

５０ｍV／Div
5０ｍV／Div
２．５μS／Div ２．５μS／Div ２．５μS／Div ２．５μS／Div

Ta Cap タン Ta
タルコン デン
Cap サ１０μF
10uF タン タルコン デン サ２２μF タン タルコン デン サ４７μF
Ta Cap 47uF
タン タルコン デン サ１００μF
Ta Cap 100uF
Ta Cap 22uF

５０ｍV／Div

５０ｍV／Div
5０ｍV／Div

５０ｍV／Div

２．５μS／Div ２．５μS／Div ２．５μS／Div ２．５μS／Div

OS-
OS-CON OSコン １０μF
OS-CON 10uF
OSコン２２μF
OS-CON 22uF
OSコン ４７μF
OS-CON 47uF
OSコン １００μF
OS-CON 100uF
５０ｍV／Div

５０ｍV／Div

５０ｍV／Div

５０ｍV／Div
２．５μS／Div ２．５μS／Div ２．５μS／Div ２．５μS／Div
The Basic Knowledge of Power
Supply Circuit
Series Regulator (3 Terminal Regulator)

Circuit operation (water gate model) Load current fluctuation

Controlling element
Controlling element
(transistor)
(transistor)
voltage
Input

voltage
Input
voltage
Output
Load

voltage
Load

Output
current current

Producing output voltage by Controlling water gate to keep

lowering certain amount of input the water level constant
voltage

Controlling load current with transistor

Step-down power supply
Output voltage stays constant.
Series Regulator (3 Terminal Regulator)

Circuit structure Effects of input capacitor

Input voltage > Output voltage Add alternate current to input voltage
purposely to measure input current
Regulator amount with or without input capacitor
IC

Input Capacitor Output Capacitor IC IC

Consisting of IC, input and output capacitors.

Function of input capacitor

Load
Noise + Load current current Without capacitors With capacitors (MLCC)
2000 2000

Input Voltage　Vin
1000 1000
Noise current
IC 0 0
-1000 -1000
Connecting the line
-2000 -2000
noise to the ground. -1 0 1 -1 0 1

Vertical: mV Horizontal: u sec

Same as the function of Input voltage is stabilized as

Bypass Capacitor input capacitor is connected.
Series Regulator (3 Terminal Regulator)

Function of output capacitor Effects of output capacitor

Measuring the voltage fluctuation when load change
Unable to supply Cover the current is occurred with/without output capacitor.
current immediately shortage

Load Current Iout

200

150

100

Voltage 50

IC dropped IC Keeping line 0

voltage -10 -5 0 5 10
Line
voltage

IC IC

Supply current to control voltage Without capacitors With capacitors (MLCC)

fluctuation for rapid load change

Output fluctuation
1000 1000

0 0

-1000 -1000

ΔVout
-2000 -2000
Same as the function of -2 -1 0 1 2 -10 -5 0 5 10

Backup Capacitor Output voltage is stabilized as output

capacitor is connected.
Step-Down Converter

Transistor for switching power supply

Circuit operation (water gate model) has only ON or OFF signal.

Producing output voltage by lowering Switching operation

input voltage with transistor
Controlling output voltage
by switching
Controlling element
(transistor) Turn-on cycle 　Constant PWM
voltage

method
Input

Time to be ON Changes
voltage
Output

Load current Turn-on cycle 　Constant PFM

Time to be ON Constant method

Controlling element
Turn-on cycle of the switch Switching frequency
(transistor)
voltage

Control Control
Input

voltage
Output

Load current ON ON ON ON ON ON

Time Time
PWM PFM
Step-Down Converter

Operation of input capacitor

Circuit structure
Ripple current Ripple current flows
Choke coil into input capacitor.

FET1
heat heat
FET Heat generated by ESR
Control IC (2)
FET2
Necessary characteristics of input capacitor
High tolerance for ripple current
Input Output
capacitor capacitor Example: Permissible ripple current of a capacitor is 1A.
Input side current
Ripple current: 6A
6
current
Input

capacitors
1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A
FET1 FET1 FET1
Reduced
ON ON ON Example: Permissible ripple current of a
capacitor is 2A.
Time Ripple current: 6A

Large amount of alternating current

3
capacitors
(ripple current) flows. 2A 2A 2A
Step-Down Converter

Output side operation Points of output voltage to remember

Choke coil
Keeping higher voltage than the lowest operating
voltage of load IC.

Ripple voltage

Output Rated output voltage

capacitor
Keep the band of
Voltage
Voltage

Input voltage
The lowest ripple voltage within
operating voltage
Output the rated value.
voltage
ON ON ON
Rapid load voltage fluctuation
Time Time
Rated output voltage
It is smoothed with a
Input voltage is controlled
choke coil and an output
by an on-off switching. Control voltage drop by
capacitor.
The lowest rapid load voltage
operating voltage fluctuation
Ripple voltage is included.
Step-Down Converter

Factor for determining voltage drop by Factor for determining ripple voltage
rapid load voltage fluctuation
Repeating an on-off switching signal
Operation at rapid load change Charge and discharge are repeated with
output capacitor.

Voltage is fluctuated by current flowing in

Same as Backup Capacitor and out.

Ripple voltage
Necessary characteristics for capacitor
when rapid load fluctuation occurred When charging When discharging

High capacitance Charging

Current
Discharging
current
Supply capacitor of high electronic charge
ESR ESR
Voltage rise
Repeat Voltage drop

Low ESR Charging

Discharging
Reducing voltage drop when supplying Capacity Capacity
electronic charge Voltage rise
Voltage drop

High Value MLCC

High capacitance and low ESR

Suitable reduce ripple voltage.
Charge Pump (Boost)

Operation of charge pump (image) Circuitry of charge pump

(example: double boost)
Charging 2 capacitors separately
In Out
Charging Charging
Input Output
capacitor IC capacitor
V C1 V V C2 V

Capacitors for charging

Output capacitor
(smoothing capacitor)

Required characteristics of capacitor

C1 V
Load
Connect 2V Charging capacitor and output capacitor
C2 V Lowering voltage fluctuation
occurred by charging/discharging

Connecting charged capacitors Backup Capacitor

Same as step-down output capacitor
Output double amount of voltage than input

Smoothing with output capacitor (Switching)

High capacitance and low ESR
are required.
Output voltage is determined by the number of
capacitors connected. (integral multiple)
Summary Comparison of Various Input Capacitors
Vertical mV, Horizontal µsec
Without Capacitor
コンデンサ未挿入
Measuring the noise absorption and the output voltage 入力変動　ΔVin
Input fluctuation 出力変動　ΔVout
Output fluctuation
fluctuation by adding sine wave on input line 2000 100

1000 50

0 0
Z1 -1000 -50
Vs:1Vrms Regulator -2000 -100
Vs Z2 ΔVin IC ΔVout -1 0 1 -1 0 1
7.5V Input fluctuation of 1Vrms Output fluctuation of 35Vrms

IC used:NJM78L05(JRC)
Input capacitor inserted
Vertical mV, Horizontal µsec
Capacitor used:LMK212BJ105KG, Ta1uF, A11uF With Capacitor
入力コンデンサ挿入時の入力変動　ΔVin
500
Al Cap
Al電解1μＦ 500
Ta Cap
Ｔａ電解1μＦ MLCC
積層1μＦ
500
Z2
ΔVin = Vs (Z1:Line impedance) 250 250 250
Z1 + Z 2 0 0 0

-250 -250 -250

Capacitor (Z2) has low impedance. -500 -500 -500

-1 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1
Effect of noise suppression: large

Constant IC input voltage MLCC is excellent in noise suppression (low impedance).

Vertical mV, Horizontal µsec
Frequency Characteristics
各種コンデンサ周波数特性（1μF)
10000 With Capacitor
入力コンデンサ挿入時の出力変動　ΔVout
1000 AlAl電解1μＦ
Cap Ta Cap
Ｔａ電解1μＦ MLCC
積層1μＦ
20 20 20
100 10 10
10
Z・ESR　[Ω]

10 0 0 0
ML　R -10 -10
1 -10
ML　Z
Ta　R -20 -20 -20
0.1
Ta　Z -1 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1
0.01 Al　R
Al　Z Output fluctuation becomes smaller as IC input voltage stays constant.
0.001
1 10 100 1000
Freq.　[kHz]
10000 100000 MLCC has lower impedance than that of Ta for a wide range of frequency.
MLCC is suitable for input capacitor.
Summary Operation Analysis of Output Capacitor

Load負荷電流波形
Current Waveform Vout Fluctuation
出力電圧変動
Observation of output voltage fluctuation

出力電圧変動　ΔV　mV
200 2000 Without
未挿入 Capacitor
Ta 4.7uF

負荷電流　Iout　mA
Ta　4.7μF
150 JMK212B475KG
JMK212B475KG
0
Iout

Fluctuation
100

Current
-2000
50
Regulator
IC Vout 0 -4000

Load

Vout
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
時間　μsec
Time 時間　μsec
Time

Waveform observation: Iout, Vout 出力電圧変動　Δ

Vout Fluctuation V
(Observing by the type of output capacitors) Ta　4.7μF JMK212BJ475KG
50 50
IC used: R1112N331B (Ricoh)
0 0
Input Cap: LMK212BJ225KG
-50 -50
Input V: 5V
Switching frequency: 100Hz -100 -100

Load current: 150mA -150 -150

-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
Frequency Characteristics Comparison
Taコンと積層コンのESR-周波数特性比較 Variable ESR: Small
1000 ESRの変動分：大
Variable ESR: Large ESRの変動分：小
JMK212BJ475KG
100 Ta4.7μF ESR：Large ESR：Small Vertical mV, Horizontal µsec
10
ESR　[Ω]

1 Using output capacitor with low ESR

0.1 reduces the output voltage drop
0.01
when load fluctuation occurred.
0.001
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Freq.　[kHz] MLCC with low ESR is well-suitable for output capacitor.
Development Method Direction for ML Lineups and Proposals

Market demand
Circuit segment Capacitor application segment Required performance

Focusing on impedance and It is for circuit noise suppression and often used
Digital circuit ESR characteristics in digital circuits.
Low Impedance, Low ESR
MLCC with Y5V characteristic and 0.1-10uF is best
Decoupling suited
Analog circuit
It may also be used for a circuit with large load
Backup change (CPU), stability of power line and
protection of IC.
Low ESR, Low ESL, Low Impedance
Smoothing MLCC with characteristics of Y5V,X5R,X7R
Amplifier and 0.1-10uF is best suited.
Arithmetic
Oscillation It is for in/output of power supply circuit and more
High pressure used as the miniaturization of equipment.
Modem Logic Real capacitance, Low ESR, Low ESL, Low Impedance
Digital High frequency Rated Voltage and Reliability
Filter MLCC with characteristics of X5R, X7R
Power supply Power supply and 1- tens of uF is best suited.
Coupling
Audio
Time constant, It is for amplifier, arithmetic, modem and
Others
filter circuits.
Resonance Stability of capacitance temperature and bias
is important.
Temperature compensating dielectric type
Focusing on the stability of real MLCC is best suited.
capacitance, temperature and bias (CFCAP, TC type multilayer)
Proposal for Bypass Capacitor

Replacement proposal for high capacitance Ta Impedance Characteristics

電解コン22μF＋積層0.1μFのインピーダンス特性
or Al electrolysis with ML 0.1uF 10000
電解コン22μＦ＋積層0.1μＦ
Electrolytic cap 22uF + MLCC 0.1uF
1000 電解コン22μＦ

インピーダンス　[Ω]
Electrolytic cap 22uF
Common Case Example 100
積層0.1μＦ
MLCC 0.1uF

10

Impedance
Ta or 1
Electrolysis Multilayer 0.1
0.1uF
0.01
0.001
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
周波数　[ＫＨｚ]
Frequency
Impedance for high frequency decreases.
High frequency characteristic is advanced.
大容量積層コンデンサのインピーダンス特性
Impedance Characteristics
10000
Replaced only by a single High 電解コン２２μＦ＋
Electrolytic 積層０．１μＦ
cap 22uF + MLCC 0.1uF

インピーダンス　[Ω]
1000 積層コンＦ特４．７μＦ
MLCC 4.7uF
Value MLCC 100
積層コンF 特１０μF
MLCC 10uF

10

Impedance
High Value 1
MLCC
0.1
0.01
0.001
Replaced only by a single MLCC 1 10 100
Frequency
周波数　[ＫＨｚ]
1000 10000 100000

Wider low impedance range compared with parallel use.

- Chapter 2-

Inductor
Impedance of Inductor and Capacitor “Inductive Reactance & Capacitive Reactance”

Ohm’s law：　（Alternate voltage）＝（Impedance）×（Alternate current）

Impedance of pure inductor: inductive reactance: it increases as frequency increases.
Inductance： L Inductance:
According to the Ohm’s law, the
High
Alternate
impedance of pure inductor is
Inductance:
proportional to frequency and

インピーダンス
power supply Medium

Impedance
inductance.
Inductance:
Low
Frequency : ｆ V=L・di/dt
Voltage magnitude : VO Solving for V: V0=j2πf・L
V=V0・exp(jωｔ) Frequency
周波数
Impedance is equal to:Z=XL=2πf・L

Impedance of pure capacitor: capacitive reactance: it decreases as frequency decreases.

Frequency : ｆ Capacitance:
Voltage magnitude : VO
According to the Ohm’s law, the Low
Capacitance:
Ｖ=V0・exp(jωｔ) impedance of pure capacitor is

インピーダンス
Medium

Impedance
inversely proportional to
frequency and capacitance.
Alternate Capacitance:
High
power supply V=1/C・∫idt
Solving for V: V0 = 1/(ｊ2πf・C)
Capacitance :C Impedance is equal to: Z = Xc = 1/(2πf・C) Frequency
周波数
Usage of Inductor and Capacitor: “Low-pass Filter and High-pass Filter”

Impedance of inductor: It increases as frequency increases.

Impedance of capacitor: It decreases as frequency increases.

Typical characteristic of Typical characteristic of

low-pass filter high-pass filter

IN OUT
IN OUT

GND In case of low frequency,

inductor’s low Z: GND
dropping to the ground
In case of high frequency, capacitor’s high Z:
inductor’s high Z: blocked
blocked
capacitor’s low Z:
dropping to the ground In case of high frequency,

Ｇａｉｎ
Gain
inductor’s high Z:
Gain
Gain

In case of low frequency, passing-through instead of

inductor’s low Z: dropping to the ground
passing-through capacitor’s low Z:
capacitor’s high Z: passing-through
passing-through instead
of dropping to the ground

Frequency Frequency
周波数
周波数
Series Circuit・Series Resonance and Parallel Circuit・Parallel Resonance of Inductor and Capacitor

Impedance of inductor: It increases as frequency increases.

Impedance of capacitor: It decreases as frequency increases.

Series circuit of pure Parallel circuit of pure

inductor and capacitor: Inductor and capacitor:
Series resonance Parallel resonance

Parallel circuit:
Series circuit: Basically an electric
Basically addition current flows in
lower impedance.

Capacitor’ At resonant Impedance of

Capacitor’s
impedance frequency: parallel circuit
impedance
zero
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Impedance

Impedance
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At resonant
frequency:
Impedance of
Inductor’s series circuit Inductor’s ∞
impedance impedance
Frequency
周波数
Frequency
周波数
Application of Inductor and Capacitor “Band-pass Filter and Trap Filter”

Impedance of series circuit: Lowest at frequency resonance point

Impedance of parallel circuit: Highest at frequency resonance point
Typical characteristic of Typical characteristic of
trap filter band-pass filter

IN OUT OUT
IN
Series circuit: Parallel circuit:
low Z at resonant high Z at resonant
frequency: frequency:
GND dropping to the passing-through
ground GND
instead of dropping to
the ground

Gain
Gain

Frequency
周波数 周波数
Frequency
Real Characteristics of Inductor “Self-Resonance Point Characteristic”

Typical impedance characteristic

of existing inductor
Multilayer inductor ~similar to the typical impedance characteristic
of LCR parallel circuit~

Ex) Stray capacitance

existed between internal
and external electrode

Wound chip inductor

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Impedance
周波数
Frequency

Ex) Stray capacitance

existed between winding Inductor for the low frequency side,
wires
capacitor for the high frequency side and
at resonance point, impedance is limited.
Application Ex. using Self-Resonance Characteristic of Inductor “Trapping Formulation by Low-pass Filter”

Inductor A: impedance characteristic Inductor B: impedance characteristic

Example of Low-pass filter

Impedance
Impedance
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IN OUT

It has a sharp peak point at Same inductance as inductor A,

GND but its impedance is lower than
a resonance frequency.
that of A’s.
Frequency
周波数 Frequency
周波数

Filter characteristic of
pure inductor Inductor A in use Inductor B in use

Trap-less

Ｇａｉｎ
Gain
Gain

Trapping
Transmitting
resulted from
characteristic
the sharp peak
deformed
point

Frequency
周波数 Frequency
周波数 Frequency
周波数

This self-resonance characteristic is proactively implemented for a filter circuit application,

and therefore this unique characteristic needs to be considered
for both replacement and downsizing applications.
Real Characteristics of Inductor “Lost Elements and Q Characteristic”

Inductor’s Q factor
ML inductor Wound chip inductor
Impedance of pure inductor:
Inductive reactance

Resistance
elements
(Summation of loss)

R XL

Print internal electrode Inductive reactance

Wind up wire
Q＝
on sheet made of core
material around core
Resistance elements

Core materials:
Hysterisis loss, Eddy current loss, dielectric material loss Q factor is an approximation value which
and more … expresses how close an inductor is to be
Internal electrode: a pure inductor.
DCR, resistance loss in high frequency zone originated from The larger the Q factor an inductor has,
skin effect and more… the purer the inductor becomes on circuit.
Pure inductor has no loss at all.
Q Factor and Filter Characteristics of Inductor “Example of How the Difference in Q Factor Influences Trap-
Trap-Filter Characteristic”
Characteristic”

Example of trap filter

Series resonance of inductor and capacitor
Inductor A: Q factor characteristic Inductor B: Q factor characteristic

IN OUT

Q
Q
Low Q factor
GND

Frequency
周波数 Frequency
周波数
Filter characteristic example
of pure inductor Inductor A in use Inductor B in use

Ｇａｉｎ
Gain
Gain

Not
enough
trap

Frequency
周波数 Frequency
周波数 Frequency
周波数

In case of resonance circuit with capacitors, generally inductor’s Q factor characteristic

has huge influence on the circuit.
Q-Value and Matching Characteristics “Example of How the Difference in Q-value Influences Matching Characteristic”

Example of matching circuit

Matching for amplifier and antenna Inductor A: Q factor characteristic Inductor A: Q factor characteristic

Low Q factor

Ｑ
Ｑ
Frequency
周波数 Frequency
周波数

Example of matching design

with pure inductor Inductor A in use Inductor B in use

With the inductor, Shifted off the

impedance is matched at center of the
Fit the design
the center of the chart. chart

Amplifier’s
characteristic:
starting point

In case of matching circuit, generally inductor’s Q factor characteristic

has huge influence on the circuit.
Coffee Break “Q Factor of Inductor and Tan δof Capacitor”

Q factor of inductor Tan δof capacitor

inductor’s loss elements
capacitor’s loss elements

Impedance of pure inductor: Impedance of pure capacitor:

inductive reactance Capacitance reactance

Resistance Resistance
elements elements
(summation of loss) (summation of loss)

R XL R Xc

Inductive reactance Resistance elements

Q＝ Resistance elements
Tan δ ＝ Capacitance reactance

Q factor is an approximation value which expresses Tan δ is a value which explains how far
how close an inductor is to be a pure inductor. a capacitor is from being a pure capacitor.
The larger the Q factor an inductor has, The smaller the tan δ a capacitor has,
the purer the inductor becomes on circuit. the purer the capacitor becomes on circuit.
Real Characteristics of Inductor “Example of DC Bias Characteristic”

Example of inductor’s Example of impedance characteristic

DC bias characteristic

Impedance gets
In case of magnetic-material core which has lowered as inductance

Impedance
the magnetic saturation characteristic, is dropped by magnetic

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inductance is lowered by increasing in saturation.
DC bias current.
An inductor which has
a strong characteristic
against DC bias
Example of an inductor can maintain high
which has a strong impedance level
characteristic Frequency
周波数

against DC bias
(vice versa).
Impedance
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Generally, an inductor
Example of an inductor is selected based
Impedance
which has a weak on a margin level for
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characteristic
both required
against DC bias
inductance and
DC Bias Current impedance under
バイアス電流
operational
circumstances.

Frequency
周波数
 Example of the Influence on Inductor’s DC Bias Characteristic in use of Power Supply Choke

Example of power supply choke circuit

Inductor A: Impedance characteristic Inductor B: Impedance characteristic
Impedance
Capacitor: Bypass to increased by A strong A weak characteristic
the ground high characteristic against DC bias and
frequency
against DC bias unable to keep high
ON/OFF　　 Load and maintain high impedance

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　noise

Impedance

Impedance
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fluctuation
impedance
Inductor:
Blocked by
IC impedance
Bypass
improved

Frequency
周波数 Frequency
周波数
Bypass characteristic
of capacitor only Inductor A in use Inductor B in use
Improved bypass
characteristic at high
Inferior bypass
frequency range
characteristic

In case of power supply choke application, it should take full advantage of impedance characteristic
in terms of designing of bypass circuit. Since impedance characteristic is degraded by DC bias,
it should be paid attention to see if the required value left under operational circumstances
comparing with self-resonance characteristic.
Example of the Influence on Inductor’s DC Bias Characteristic of Power Supply Switching Circuit Application

Example of step-up power supply circuit

General relationship between
Inductance: L
DC bias characteristic and Is
DC Input DC Output

Impedance
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Vin Vout As DC bias current
Vs Is increases, the
inductance starts
While Vs turned on, Is flows to IC and then voltage decreasing.
is raised by inductor. When Vs being off, it is added
onto the input DC and then Output DC is up-converted. DC Bias current DC bias current
バイアス電流
passes at some

(Is) flows into IC

When Vs is being on, Vin = L・dIs/dt, solving for this→ point, inductance
Is = Vin / L・t Switching IC drops suddenly.
broken down

ＩＣを流れる電流：Ｉｓ
Is gradually increases as Vs turned on,
When DC bias
it increases rapidly with small inductance . current passes
It is important to know of the tolerance current the tolerance current,
when selecting an inductor for the power supply circuit. (for the worst case

Current
scenario) the switching
Vs：ON OFF ON OFF ON IC is broken down.
and Vs

時間
Ｉs 及び

Time
Is
Switching interval is shortened by high frequency
power supply IC, and therefore large inductance is
no longer needed for IC.
Addition to this, flat DC bias characteristic isn’t ideal for
all kinds of circuit. It would be better to match a specific
Is increases as times goes on. DC bias characteristic with IC and power supply demand.
Is increases even faster with 時間Time
small inductance.
 Coffee Break “The Charging and Discharging Mechanisms of Capacitor”

Charging mechanism

Electric
Increasing
+Q current
electric charge Apply voltage to a capacitor, electronic charge is built up in
Voltage raised
the inside of capacitor. On the other hand, when both sides of
-Q external electrodes are short-circuited, the capacitor discharges
Capacitor Battery
the built-up electronic charge.

Discharging mechanism The quantity of electronic charge is proportional to voltage.

(In case with inductor, an electronic current creates magnetic
Decreasing
flux. The quantity of magnetic flux is proportional to
+Q
electric charge Electric electronic current.)
current
Voltage dropped -Q
Capacitor Capacitor’s capacitance is the constant of proportion between the
quantity of electronic charge and voltage. (In case with
inductor, inductance is the constant of proportion from
magnetic flux and electronic current.
A time-varying electric charge induces electric current.
-I = dQ/dt
Capacitance is the constant of proportion derived from A time-varying electric charge or discharge induces electric current.
the relationship between the quantity of electric In case with inductor, a time-varying magnetic flux induces
charge and voltage.
Q = C・V
electric voltage.
The relationship among voltage, electric current
and capacitance
-V = 1/c・∫idt or –I = C・dV/dt
The equivalent relationship for inductor
-V = L・di/dt
 - Chapter 3 -

Electro-Magnetic Compatibility
(EMC)
The Different Types of Noise

Contents Countermeasure components

Radiation noise It leaks out as an electromagnetic wave. The Mainly ML Ferrite Chip Beads BK
sources are signal line and power line. There are series, Rectangular Ferrite Chip
restrictions in countries. (VCCI, FCC, CISPR, EN, Beads (High Current) FB series M
etc.) type. Resistors and capacitors may
also be used.
Conduction It runs through DC power line, i.e. switching noise, Mainly Surface Mount High Current
etc. The sources are DC-DC power supply Inductors NP series, Wound Chip
noise (noise converter, etc. Inductors LB series and such ferrite
terminal voltage)
components and capacitors for DC-
DC, etc.
Ripple voltage A fluctuation by voltage drop occurred when IC Mainly capacitors
operates. It becomes a problem at power line with
(current) high power consumption for CPU, etc.

Electrostatic A discharge phenomenon, which is caused by Mainly Chip Varistors and Diodes.
friction charge. It causes element destruction and Capacitors and Beads may also be
malfunctions. used.
Surge noise Instantaneous high voltage and current. It is Spark Gaps and Varistors.
occurred by natural phenomenon (eg. Beads and Resistors for low voltage.
thunderstorm), inserting and removing a cable, etc.
Standards of Radiation Electric Field

Global Standard: CISPR

Japan: VCC class2

(Consumer Equipment)

U.S.A.: FCC part15

Europe: EN55022

Other countries: Setting regulation based on CISPR

Regulation of the frequency band is between 30MHz to 1000MHz for VCCI.

Others are referred on the next page.
EMI Regulation Example for High Frequency Band (Tightening Regulation for GHz band noise)

1. CISPR 11 Group 2 Class B (1999 industry, chemistry, medical)

For equipment with embedded frequency of 400MHz and above
Regulated frequency: 1-2.4GHz band
Standard: 70dBuV/m and below (3m electric field intensity)

2. CISPR 22 CIS/G/210/CD (2001 IT equipment)

For equipment with embedded frequency of 200MHz and above
Regulated frequency: 1-2.7GHz band
Standard: Average of 50dBuV/m and below,
Max 70dBuV/m and below (3m electric field intensity)

3. FCC Part 15 (IT equipment)　　

Measurement up to 2GHz is required for an operation
between 108 to 500MHz band.
Measurement up to 5GHz is required for an operation
between 500 to 1000MHz band.　
 Mechanism of Radiation Noise 1

Digital waveform Spectrum

Measurement system: Oscilloscope Measurement system: Spectrum Analyzer

Noise standard restricts
the noise received with

(voltage, current)
Noise
Fourier transform an antenna.
(current)
Voltage

Time axis is transformed to frequency.

Time Frequency

Digital wave is formed by various frequencies.

(current)
Voltage
Spectrum Analyzer

e Frequency
c op
s
illo
sc Time
O
Mechanism of Radiation Noise 2

Electric
field
Magnetic
Flux occurs only with direct current. Electric and magnetic fields field
Electric
occur with alternate current. field
Current Flux Current Magnetic
field

Voltage Current
voltage current
0V 0A
0V 0A

Radiated from digital wave

Clock Noise
Noise
Digital signal
Vcc
Vcc

Leakage of IC ・ IC
・
high frequency ・
 Mechanism of Radiation Noise 3

Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic

field field field field Antenna
Electric Electric Electric Electric
field field field field

RF signal source

Spectrum
Analyzer

Radiation electromagnetic field measurement

Antenna
(open site, anechoic chamber)
Direct wave

EUT Noise standard restricts

the received noise value.
Reflected
wave Spectrum
Analyzer
Mechanism of Radiation Noise 4

Ringing occurring

Voltage
Voltage

Spectrum changes
with waveform
Time distortion. Time

Level changes

Noise
Noise

Frequency Frequency
Cause: mismatching of transmission line

Standing wave
=traveling wave+reflected wave Because harmonics of a digital signal
make a standing wave, the emission
Reflected wave
of the signal increases as noise.
Traveling wave

Transmission line pattern Mismatching of impedance

 Fin.

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