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Teaching the Relationships Between

Harmonics and Symmetrical Components

Article in International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education · April 2004

DOI: 10.7227/IJEEE.41.2.1

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 Teaching the Relationships between Harmonics and
Symmetrical Components
Gary Atkinson -Hope
Department of Electrical Engineering
Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Cape Town, South Africa
[email protected]

ABSTRACT The harmonics are defined in terms of positive, negative

and zero sequences [1], [2], [3].
The manner in which harmonic voltages and current
flows and their resolution to symmetrical components is Sequences of Harmonics in a Balanced
described in literature is inadequate for comparing Three-Phase System
harmonic injections to flows in different parts of a Positive Negative Zero
network when balanced and unbalanced harmonic 1 2 3
sources and loads exist. The known class descriptors, 4 5 6
“symmetrical set” and asymmetrical set” need to be 7 8 9
cognately divided into sub-classes to improve the 10 11 12
situation and there is a need for a “harmonic 13 14 15
penetration analytical chart” to do comparisons. The 16 17 18
word “set” is one of three descriptors used to develop etc
these sub-classes. Case studies are conducted and the
important role of the sub-classes of a “symmetrical set” Table 1: Sequences of harmonics
(e.g., symmetrical unbalanced set) for modeling
injections and the sub-classes of “asymmetrical sets” In a sinusoidal system (e.g., 50Hz), the zero sequence
(e.g., asymmetrical balanced set) and their relevance to symmetrical component is resolved only from an
the number of “symmetrical component sets” (one, two “asymmetrical set” existing in an unbalanced system. In
or three) is analyzed in a “chart”, giving an improved a balanced system, when harmonics are present (Table
method for teaching harmonic penetration. 1), it is deduced (not made clear in literature) that the
zero sequence component is resolved from a
1. INTRODUCTION “symmetrical set” and not from an “asymmetrical set”
as is commonly understood.
Three-phase harmonic current injections and voltage
and/or current flows (called harmonic penetration) in The following didactic questions arose:
different parts of a system and their resolution to
symmetrical components depends upon the magnitudes a. Do zero sequence symmetrical components
and phase sequences of the harmonic injections from a apply in balanced as well as unbalanced non-
harmonic source, on the networks sequence sinusoidal systems contrary to sinusoidal
impedances, on 3 and 4 wire connections and on systems?
whether or not an end-users linear load is balanced or b. What do the descriptors, symmetrical set,
unbalanced. asymmetrical set, balanced, unbalanced and
symmetrical components mean?
Three-phase harmonic penetration requires a clear c. How should harmonics and their resolution to
understanding of the relationship between symmetrical symmetrical components be described in
component injections from a harmonic source (e.g. balanced and unbalanced systems?
adjustable speed drive-ASD) and their relationship to
harmonic voltage and/or current flows (symmetrical Literature does not provide an analytical tool nor
components) arising from the application of a harmonic answer these questions unambiguously. There is thus a
source to a linear system [1]. need to introduce classification and use sub-classes of
three-phase descriptors that are cognately derived to
The relationship between harmonics and symmetrical clearly describe the relationship so that an analytical
components has been defined for balanced three-phase tool can be developed that makes the comparison
systems [2]. between injections (currents) and harmonic flows
(voltages and currents) meaningful and educationally
understandable.
The purpose of this paper is to develop a novel method A TPS that does not have the equal magnitude for its
for teaching the flow of power system harmonics in phasors and/or the 120° phase displacement
balanced and unbalanced systems. A tool called a characteristics of a SS is an AS (ASabc or ASacb).
“harmonic penetration analytical chart” is developed, Likewise, a TPS that does not have the equal magnitude
based on the sub-classification of three-phase sets, to characteristic for its phasors like a SS, but has an in-
show how the method of symmetrical components can phase order (phase displacement of 0°), is an AS (ASin-
be extended to a system’s response to harmonic flows. phase). Thus there are three possible classes of AS’s,
The advantage of the chart is that it shows that what is namely: SSabc → ASabc, SSacb → ASacb and SSin-phase →
injected in terms of symmetrical component sets by a ASin-phase.
harmonic source is not necessarily received by the
system, i.e., the harmonic flows may resolve to one, two The important role that these classes play at the
or three symmetrical component sets and this depends different harmonic frequencies as part of a harmonic
upon the type of three-phase set found at a given penetration study [SS’s (injections and flows/responses)
point/node in a system. in balanced systems and SS’s (injections) and AS’s
(flows/responses) in unbalanced load systems] will be
It is important to use case studies as part of one’s demonstrated later. As certain harmonic
teaching as they link learning to concepts and improve flows/responses have a positive sequence abc (e.g, 7th)
understanding. Software based case studies are and others have a negative sequence acb (e.g, 5th) there
conducted. When taught as a group, the case studies is justification for having separate ASabc → AS+ and
improve cognitive skills by showing that the ASacb → AS- classes besides an ASin-phase class. The
symmetrical component responses under an unbalanced purpose of this work is to demonstrate and explain the
situation are different to the balanced state [1]. response of a power system to harmonic source
injections of different sequences.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF THREE-PHASE SETS
For teaching harmonic penetration six classes of TPS’s
A three-phase set (TPS) is defined as “a group of three are required, namely [1]:
interrelated currents (or voltages) that have the same
period” [1], [3]. At a point/node within a sinusoidal TPS
system at steady-state, a TPS is found, for example:
SSabc
SSacb
ia = 2 I A cos(ωt + β a1 ) (1)
SSin-phase
ib = 2 I B cos(ωt + β b1 ) (2) ASabc
ic = 2 I C cos(ωt + β c1 ) (3) ASacb
ASin-phase
A system is therefore comprised of a number of TPS’s
and are either described as a “symmetrical set (SS)” or Figure 1: Classes of three-phase sets
as an “asymmetrical set (AS)”. What then is their
meaning and/or the difference between these two sets? 2.2 MEANING OF THE TERMS BALANCED AND
UNBALANCED
2.1 SYMMETRICAL SET AND ASYMMETRICAL SET
A TPS is said to be balanced if the three phasors (IA, IB
The TPS equations (1) to (3) can be represented by and IC) at a given point in a system have the same
phasors having magnitudes (IA, IB, IC) and phase magnitude and are displaced from each other by 120°.
displacements (βa1, βb1, βc1), respectively and they are These phasors form an equilateral triangle and their sum
variables. is zero. The term “balanced” means the phasors of a
TPS sum to zero (IA + IB + IC = 0). “Unbalanced” thus
If each phasor of a TPS is equal in magnitude and has means, the three phasors of a TPS do not sum to zero
120° phase displacement, the set is a SS. However, (IA + IB + IC ≠ 0) [1], [4]. These term descriptors also
what is not made clear in literature is that if the phasors apply to impedances. If impedances are equal in
of a TPS are equal in magnitude but have a phase magnitude and angle they are “balanced”, if not, they
displacement of 0°, it is also a SS [3]. are “unbalanced”.

An important characteristic of a TPS is that it has a

phase sequence and can have either an abc, acb or an in-
phase order of rotation for its phasors. There are thus
three classes of SS’s, namely: SSabc, SSacb and a
SSin-phase.
2.3 SUB-CLASSES OF SYMMETRICAL SETS AND TPS
ASYMMETRICAL SETS SSabc/acb
SBS
From the above it is clear that there is an association
between SS’s and AS’s and the terms “balanced” and/or SSin-phase
“unbalanced”. It is therefore possible to cognately SUS
derive sub-classes for the six classes of TPS’s. The ASabc/acb
developed sub-classes should thus make use of some of ABS AUS
the descriptors so far defined, namely: symmetrical,
ASin-phase
asymmetrical, balanced, unbalanced including the word
“set”. AUS
Figure 2: Sub-classes of three-phase sets
2.3.1 SYMMETRICAL BALANCED SET (SBS)

If the TPS is a SS with a 120° phase displacement, the 3. SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT SETS
phasors sum to zero, therefore a sub-class for a SS can RESOLVED FROM SYMMETRICAL AND
be developed and is described as a “Symmetrical ASYMMETRICAL SETS
Balanced Set” (SBS) [4]. There are thus two types of
SBS’s, one with an abc order (SBSabc → SBS+) and one It is deduced that the symmetrical component method
with an acb order (SBSacb → SBS-). provides that any of the six classes of TPS’s (IA + IB +
IC), provided that they are sinusoidal, and this includes
In literature, symmetrical and balanced are often used to harmonics, may be resolved into symmetrical
mean the same thing. This may be true for sinusoidal component sets (SCS) by applying Fortescue’s
systems, but when harmonics are present it is important transformation (T).
to understand their differences. Symmetrical means a
SS whereas balanced means the phasors sum to zero. Thus SS’s and AS’s can be resolved to SCS’s by
Thus, because of this difference it is acceptable to use applying the transformation (T), namely [3]:
both descriptors to develop the sub-class SBS for
teaching the relationship between harmonics and I a0 1 1 1 IA
1 2
symmetrical components. The applications will be I a1 = 1 α α ⋅ IB (4)
shown below. 3
I a2 1 α2 α IC

2.3.2 SYMMETRICAL UNBALANCED SET (SUS) Three SCS’s are expected, a positive sequence SCS+, a
negative sequence SCS- as well as the zero sequence
When a TPS is a SS with a 0° phase displacement, the
SCSZ.
phasors do not sum to zero, thus another sub-class for a
SS can be developed and is called a “Symmetrical
As harmonics are sinusoidal quantities, the method can
Unbalanced Set” (SUS) [4].
be extended to the sub-classes of TPS’s at harmonic
frequencies. [3], [5], [6].
2.3.3 ASYMMETRICAL BALANCED SET (ABS)
Thus, if the sub-class of the TPS in equation (4) is a:
It is possible for the phasors of an AS to sum to zero.
This is a characteristic that is often overlooked in (i) SBS or SUS
steady-state investigations. Thus a sub-class can be
developed for an AS and is described as an The SBS or SUS will resolve to only one SCS after
“Asymmetrical Balanced Set” (ABS) [4]. Thus there are applying Fortescue’s mathematical transformation (T).
also two types of ABS’s, one with an abc order (ABSabc The other two traditional SCS’s are absent.
→ ABS+) and one with an acb order (ABSacb → ABS-).
If the SBS is abc, it resolves to a SCS+, whereas if it is
2.3.4 ASYMMETRICAL UNBALANCED SET (AUS) acb it resolves to a SCS-. If the set is SUS, it resolves
only to a zero sequence SCSZ.
If the phasor sum of an AS is not zero, another sub-class
can be developed and is called an “Asymmetrical Thus a SS resolves only to one SCS [1].
Unbalanced Set (AUS) [4].

2.3.5 DIAGRAM OF SUB-CLASSES

Figure 2 shows the sub-classes of three-phase sets:

(ii) ABS or AUS characteristic harmonic components (hch = 6k±1 k=1,
2, 3...n) and the magnitude of each harmonic component
If the set is ABSabc (e.g, 7th harmonic) or ABSacb (e.g, is inversely proportional to (Ih = I1/h), where (h) is the
5th harmonic) and the transformation (T) is applied, they harmonic number, namely [10]:
each resolve to two SCS’s, one SCS+ and one SCS-.
However, the two SCS’s of the ABSabc has a different iA = I1mcos(ωt) - I5mcos(5ωt) + I7mcos(7ωt) –
harmonic frequency to the two SCS’s of the ABSacb. If I11mcos(11ωt) + I13mcos(13ωt) - I17mcos(17ωt) +
the set is AUS, it resolves to three SCS’s, a SCS+, SCS- I19mcos(19ωt)... (5)
and a SCSZ.
iB = I1mcos(ωt -120°) - I5mcos(5ωt - 240°) +
Figure 3 shows a developed “Block Diagram” of the I7mcos(7ωt - 120°) - I11mcos(11ωt - 240°) +
relationship between sub-classes of TPS and SCS’s: I13mcos(13ωt - 120°) - I17mcos(17ωt - 240°)+
I19mcos(19ωt - 120°)... (6)
SUB-CLASSES OF TPS
iC = I1mcos(ωt +120°) - I5mcos(5ωt + 240°) +
I7mcos(7ωt + 120°) - I11mcos(11ωt + 240°) +
SBSabc T SCS+ I13mcos(13ωt + 120°) - I17m cos17ωt + 240°+
I19mcos(19ωt + 120°)… (7)
SBSacb SCS- At each frequency in the series a TPS is found and
T
within each set the magnitudes are equal. These TPS’s
are SS’s. The 1st, 7th, 13th and 19th harmonics are
SUSin-phase T SCSZ SBSabc’s that resolve to SCS+, respectively.

The 5th, 11th and 17th are SSacb’s and resolve to SCS-..
ABSabs/acb SCS+ The convertor will have the following spectrum, namely
T
[1]:
SCS-

AUSacb/acb T SCS+ SPECTRUM

TPS( ωt ) - SSabc - SBS+ - SCS+
SCS- TPS( 5ωt ) - SSacb - SBS- - SCS-
AUSin-phase T
SCSZ TPS( 7ωt ) - SSabc - SBS+- SCS+
etc
SCS+ SCS- SCSZ
Figure 4: Ideal convertor spectrum

Figure 3: Block diagram of symmetrical component

sets resolved from sub-classes of three-phase sets After changing the “-“ polarities to “+” in the Fourier
series (5), (6) and (7), and using rms values for the
Symmetrical Component Sets Resolved from Three-Phase Sets magnitudes, each injection can thus be modeled by only
TPS SCS’s
one SCS. Each SCS injection has however a different
Type Order Positive Negative Zero
SBS+ abc SCS+ absent absent frequency. This is contrary to sinusoidal systems where
SBS- acb absent SCS- absent all the SCS’s have the same frequency. As the model
SUS in-phase absent absent SCSZ makes use of SBS’s for its injections the ideal convertor
ABS+/- abc/acb SCS+ SCS- absent can be called a “Balanced Harmonic Source” [8]. For
AUS abc/acb SCS+ SCS- SCSZ example, for the 1st, 5th and 7th frequencies, the
in-phase SCS+ SCS- SCSZ
simulation model will be:
Table 2: Symmetrical component sets
Model

4. MODELLING A HARMONIC CURRENT

SOURCE USING THE SUB-CLASSES OF
THREE-PHASE SETS RESOLVED TO SCS + (ωt ) SCS − (5ωt ) SCS + (7ωt )
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT SETS Ia1∠0° Ia5∠+180° Ia7∠0°
Ib1∠-120° Ib5∠-60° Ib7∠-120°
4.1 BALANCED HARMONIC SOURCE Ic1∠+120° Ic5∠+60° Ic7∠+120°
Under ideal conditions a three-phase 6-pulse convertor Figure 5: Balanced harmonic source model
has a periodic waveform in each phase. The Fourier
series is comprised of a fundamental component and
4.2 UNBALANCED HARMONIC SOURCE As the source partly injects SUS’s it can be called an
“Unbalanced Harmonic Source” [8]. For example, for
If a convertor is not fired symmetrically it injects 3rd, the 1st, 3rd and 5th frequencies the model for simulation
9th, etc (triplen harmonics) besides hch’s [6]. The studies could be:
magnitudes of the TPS’s are based on measurements or
published data, therefore [5]: Model

I1
Ih ≠ (8)
h
Injection TPS’s at triplen harmonic frequencies have an SCS + (ωt ) SCS Z (3ωt ) SCS − (5ωt )
in-phase order of rotation and each are a SUS and thus a Ia1∠0° Ia3∠0° Ia5∠+180°
SCSZ . Thus, when a convertor injects triplen and hch’s
Ib1∠-120° Ib3∠0° Ib5∠-60°
it has the following spectrum [1]:
Ic1∠+120° Ic3∠0° Ic5∠+60°
SPECTRUM Figure 7: Unbalanced Harmonic Source Model
TPS( ωt ) - SSabc - SBS+ - SCS+
TPS( 3ωt ) - SSin-phase - SUS - SCSZ
TPS( 5ωt ) - SSacb - SBS- - SCS−
etc

Figure 6: Non-ideal convertor spectrum

5. ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES USING A HARMONIC PENETRATION CHART

Figure 8: Three-line harmonic penetration diagram of the system investigated.

HARMONIC PENETRATION ANALYTICAL CHART

INJECTIONS FROM HARMONIC SOURCE COMPARED TO HARMONIC FLOWS
CASE 1- UNBALANCED HARMONIC SOURCE SUPPLYING A BALANCED CUSTOMER LOAD
harmonic customer (end-user) transformer
source injections induction motor balanced load low voltage bus low voltage bus high voltage bus
(amps) 3-wire (amps) 4-wire (amps) (amps) (L-L volts) (amps)
spectrum SS scs SS scs SS scs SS scs SS scs SS scs
3rd sus scsZ none none sus scsZ sus scsZ none none sus scsZ
5th sbs- scs- sbs- scs- sbs- scs- sbs- scs- sbs- scs- sbs- scs-
7th sbs+ scs+ sbs+ scs+ sbs+ scs+ sbs+ scs+ sbs+ scs+ sbs+ scs+
9th sus scsZ none none sus scsZ sus scsZ none none sus scsZ
11th sbs- scs - sbs- scs - sbs- scs- sbs- scs- sbs- scs- sbs- scs-
13th sbs+ scs + sbs+ scs+ sbs+ scs+ sbs+ scs+ sbs+ scs+ sbs+ scs+

Chart 1: Case 1
 HARMONIC PENETRATION ANALYTICAL CHART
INJECTIONS FROM HARMONIC SOURCE COMPARED TO HARMONIC FLOWS
CASE 2- UNBALANCED HARMONIC SOURCE SUPPLYING AN UNBALANCED CUSTOMER LOAD
harmonic customer (end-user) transformer
source injections induction motor balanced load low voltage bus low voltage bus high voltage bus
(amps) 3-wire (amps) 4-wire (amps) (amps) (L-L volts) (amps)
spectrum SS scs AS scs’s AS scs’s AS scs’s AS scs’s AS scs’s
3rd sus scsZ abs scs+ scs- aus scs+scs- aus scs+scs- abs scs+ scs- aus scs+scs-
scsZ scsZ scsZ
5th sbs- scs- abs- scs+ scs- aus scs+scs- aus scs+scs- abs- scs+ scs- aus scs+scs-
scsZ scsZ scsZ
7th sbs +
scs +
abs + +
scs scs -
aus +
scs scs -
aus +
scs scs -
abs + +
scs scs -
aus scs+scs-
scsZ scsZ scsZ
9th sus scs Z
abs +
scs scs -
aus +
scs scs -
aus +
scs scs -
abs +
scs scs -
aus scs+scs-
scsZ scsZ scsZ
11th sbs- scs- abs- scs+ scs- aus scs+scs- aus scs+scs- abs- scs+ scs- aus scs+scs-
scsZ scsZ scsZ
13th sbs+ scs+ abs+ scs+ scs- aus scs+scs- aus scs+scs- abs+ scs+ scs- aus scs+scs-
scsZ scsZ scsZ

Chart 2: Case 2

Figure 8 shows the harmonic penetration diagram of the I a0 1 1 1 0.054∠79.4°

three-phase distribution system used for the two case I a1 = 1 α α 2 ⋅ 0.027∠ − 101.27°
studies reported. The customer (end-user) in the system I a2 1 α2 α 0.027∠ − 100.27°
is comprised of a harmonic source (6-pulse convertor),
I a0 0.0
induction motor load (3-wire) and a 4-wire linear load.
The customer is supplied by a star/star transformer via a I a1 = 0.027∠79.5° A
distribution network fed from a three-phase sinusoidal I a2 0.027∠79.5°
voltage source (short-circuited during penetration
studies). therefore: Ib0 = 0.0 A and Ic0 = 0.0A
therefore: Ib1 = 0.027∠319.5° A and Ic1 = 0.027∠199.5°A
The SUPERHARM software package is used because therefore: Ib2 = 0.027∠199.5° A and Ic2 = 0.027∠319.5°A
both balanced and unbalanced non-sinusoidal systems
can be modeled and analyzed in the three-phase domain The TPS thus resolves to two SCS’s, a SCS+ and a
by means of SS’s and AS’s, enabling injections to be SCS- and this demonstrates that the TPS is an ABS.
compared to corresponding harmonic flows in terms of
SCS’s [9]. For case 1 (chart 1), the injections and corresponding
harmonic flows are single SCS’s. Thus, the SCS+ and
For Cases 1 and 2, the harmonic source is modeled as SCS- that are injected penetrate through the 3 and 4-
an unbalanced harmonic source comprising 6k±1, k = 1 wire parts of the system, this is expected as load is
and 2 only plus triplens (3rd and 9th). The customer’s 4- balanced. The triplens injected and the flows are SUS’s
wire load is balanced for Case 1 and unbalanced for and are SCSZ’s. No SCSZ appear in the L-L voltages nor
Case 2. in the 3-wire motor part of system.

The sub-classes of TPS’s and their corresponding SCS’s For case 2 (chart 2), the source injects a 5th and 11th
for cases 1 and 2 are reported in “Harmonic Penetration harmonic TPS that are sbs- (scs_) and penetrate into the
Analytical Charts”, chart 1 and 2, respectively. For system and give rise to abs- in the 3-wire part and the L-
example, for case 1, the TPS for the 3rd harmonic L voltage part, both resolving to two scs’s, a scs+ and
injection is 4.05∠-101°, 4.05∠-101°, 4.05 ∠-101° and scs- and to AUS’s in the other parts of the system
is therefore a SUS and a SCSZ. For example, for case 2, resolving to three scs’s, respectively. Likewise, the
the TPS for the 3rd harmonic in the induction motor (3- source injects a 7th and 13th harmonic TPS, both sbs+
wire) is 0.054∠79.4°, 0.027∠-100.27°, 0.027∠-100.27° that penetrate giving rise to abs+ in the 3-wire and L-L
= 0. voltage parts, resolving to scs+ and scs- and to AUS’s in
the other parts giving three scs’s, respectively. Unlike
Now applying Transformation (T), namely: for case 1, where triplen harmonic injections and flows
are susZ ‘s, in case 2 the injections remain susZ ‘s, but
their penetrations give rise to ABS’s and AUS’s
resolving to two and three scs’s, respectively.
 When harmonics are present and the harmonic source [3] IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and
and load are unbalanced, triplen penetration is no Electronic Terms, IEEE Standard 100, pp 73,
longer purely zero sequence SS, becoming ABS’s or 74, 681,768, 796, 976,1073, 1215,1996.
AUS’s that can resolve to two or three SCS’s,
respectively and this is different to balanced systems. [4] V. Del Toro, AElectric Power Systems@,
In the harmonic source model the SCS’s have Prentice Hall, New Jersey, pp 372, 1992.
different frequencies.
[5] R.C. Dugan, M.F. McGranaghan & H.W.
Beaty, AElectrical Power Systems Quality@,
6. CONCLUSIONS McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 172 - 174,
1996.
The symmetrical set plays an important role when
modeling harmonic sources. The developed block [6] J Arrillaga, B.C. Smith, N.R. Watson & A.R.
diagram representing the cognately derived sub- Wood, APower System Harmonic Analysis@,
classes of three-phase sets and its application, as well John Wiley & Sons, England, pp 2, 35, 136,
as the development of a “Harmonic Penetration 1997.
Analytical Chart” is found to be a novel method for
teaching the relationship between harmonics and [7] IEEE Recommended Practices and
symmetrical components and for comparing harmonic Requirements for Harmonic Control in
injections to harmonic flows in a power system in a Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Standard
manner to improve cognitive skills. 519, pp 27, 35 1992.
The results from the case studies recorded in the [8] DIgSILENT PowerFactory Software Manual
charts show that what is injected in terms of single Version 11.1, pp 12 - 6, 1999.
symmetrical component sets is not necessarily
received by the system, that is, harmonic flows may [9] Electrotek Concepts, ASuperharm User=s
resolve to one, two or three symmetrical component Guide, Version 4.0, pp 3 - 14, 3 - 16, 3 - 29,
sets and this depends on the three-phase set found at 1999.
a given point/node in a system.

REFERENCES
[1] Atkinson – Hope, G. “Relationship between
Harmonics and Symmetrical Components”,
International Journal of Electrical Engineering
Educators, IJEEE, Vol. 41, No. 2, Apr 2004.

[2] IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric

Power Distribution for Industrial Plants,
IEEE Standard 141, pp 447 - 448, 1993.

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