APHO II 2001 Theoretical Question 3 2013/09/28 00:19 A9/P9 p.

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[Solution] Theoretical Question 3

Thermal Vibration of Surface Atoms
(1) (a) The wavelength of the incident electron is
h h
λ= =
p 2meV
6.63 ×10 −34
=
2 ×9.11 ×10 −31 ×1.60 ×10 −19 ×64.0

=1.53 ×10 −10 m =1.53 A
(b) Consider the interference between the atomic rows on the surface as shown in
Fig. 3c.
 
e- n e- n 1
2

φ

φ
φ φ
b [011]

Fig.3c
The path difference between electron beam 1 and 2 is

∆ = b(sin φ − sin φ ) = nλ

a 3.92 
Given φ =15.0  , λ= 1.53 A

and b = = = 2.77 A , two solutions
2 2
are possible.

(i) When n = 0, φ =φ o = 15.0  (Answer 1)

(ii) When n =1
∆ = 2.77(sin φ −sin 15  ) =1 ×1.53

1.53 + 0.72
sin φ = = 0.812
2.77

[Solution] (continued) Theoretical Question 3

Vibration of Surface Atoms

φ =54.3  (Answer 2)

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For n = 2, no solution exists as ∆ = 2.77(sin φ −sin 15 ) = 2 ×1.53 and sin φ > 1.
 
(2) I = I 0 exp 〈−( u ⋅ ∆K ) 2 〉


K′

Fig. 3d ∆K

K θ

surface
For the specularly reflected beam, we have from Fig. 3d
  
∆K = K ′ − K = 2K cosθ x̂
where x̂ is the unit vector in the direction of the surface normal. Take the x-

component of u , we then obtain
2
− < u x2 ( t )⋅ 4 K 2 cos 2 θ > − 4 K 2 cos 2 θ < ux ( t )>
I = I 0e = I 0e (2)

The vibration in the direction of the surface normal of the surface atoms is
simple harmonic, take
u x (t ) = A cos ω t
τ τ
1 1 A2 τ A2
∫ u dt = ∫ A cos ω t dt =
2
 〈u x ( t )〉 =
τ
2
τ
2 2
⋅ =
τ 2 2
0 0

∴ A2 = 2〈u x 2 (t )〉
The total energy E is thus given by

1 1
m′ ω 2 < u x (t ) >
2 2
E = CA2 = C ⋅ 2 < u x (t ) > = C < u x (t ) >
2
=
2 2

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[Solution] (continued) Theoretical Question 3

Vibration of Surface Atoms
Therefore, one obtains
2
< u x (t ) > = E / ( m ′ω 2 )

2
E = m' ω 2 < u x > = k B T

where m' is the mass of the atom. From either of the above two equations,
one then has the following equality
2 k BT k BT
< u x >= = (3)
m′ω 2
m′4π 2 f 2

From eq. (3) and eq. (2), one obtains

kB T
− 4 K 2 cos 2 θ
m′ 4π 2 f 2
I = I 0e
2π p 2π
where K = = . Accordingly,
h λ
4 k B cos 2 θ
− T
m ' f 2 λ2 (4)
I = I 0e = I 0 e −M ′T

and

I
n = −M ′T
I0
I
From the plot of n versus T，one obtains the slope
I0
4k B cos 2 θ
M′= (5)
m′f 2 λ2
The slope of the curve can be estimated from Fig. 3b and leads to the result

M ′ = 2.3 ×10 −3 .

Using the following data in Eq.(5),

k B = 1.38 ×10 −23 J / K
λ = 1.53 ×10 −10 m

m ′ = 195.1 ×10 −3 /(6.02 ×10 23 ) = 3.24 ×10 −25 kg/atom

[Solution] (continued) Theoretical Question 3

Vibration of Surface Atoms
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one finds
4 ×1.38 ×10 −23 ⋅ cos 2 15 
2.3 ×10 −3 =
195.1 ×10 −3
23
× f 2 × ( 1.53 ×10 −10 ) 2
6.02 ×10
The solution for frequency is then

f 2
= 3.0 ×10 24 (new) ⇒ f = 1.7 ×1012 Hz Answer (a)

2 k BT
From < u x > = ， T = 300 K , one finally obtains
m' 4π 2 f 2

2 1.38 ×10 −23 ⋅ 300

< u x >= = 1.1 × 10 −22 m 2
195.1 ×10 −3
(new)
× 4π 2 × 3.0 ×10 24
6.02 × 10 23

and

2 − 11
< u x > = 1.0 × 10 m = 0.10 A (new)
Ans