Pest Control Procedures Manual

Ticks - Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus

April 2016
 Foreward
The National Pest Advisory Panel (NPAP) was established in 2001 to provide a UK
strategic focus on pest management and provide objective specialist advice and guidance
on the subject The Panel is UK wide with an international reach and brings together
National agencies, local authorities and industry experts from the Chartered Institute of
Environmental Health (CIEH), National Pest Technicians Association (NPTA), British Pest
Control Association (BPCA), Natural England, APHA (Animal & Plant Health Agency), MPH
(Manchester Port Health), Public Health England, Local Authorities, Pest Control Servicing
Companies, Killgerm Group, University of Surrey and 6 leading industry consultants including
representation from the Campaign for Responsible Rodenticide Use (CRRU).

The role of NPAP is; to identify strategic and operational, national, regional and local issues
effecting the efficient and effective operation of pest management; to provide guidance and
raise awareness about the continuing importance of pest control in the maintenance and
protection of public health and; to bring these issues to the attention of Government and
other bodies and thereby provide the pest management community with a national voice.

NPAP has undertaken and produced a significant array of projects and publications on pest
management since it was established. This document is one of the many that can be found
on www.urbanpestbooks.com website.

Introduction
Ticks are important to human and animal health because of the role they play in the
transmission of diseases. Knowledge of their biology, ecology and the pathogens they
transmit is essential for developing appropriate strategies that can help to reduce exposure
to ticks and protect against tick-borne diseases. This document aims to provide information
for pest control technicians, environmental health practitioners and others who are required
to respond to queries regarding ticks and tick-borne diseases or those responsible for
managing areas where ticks may be present. Information on two tick species of public and
veterinary health importance is included in this document.

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Deer/sheep tick-(Ixodes ricinus) Background to ticks - what are they and where they can be
The most common tick species in the United Kingdom (UK) is found
Ixodes ricinus (deer or sheep tick) (Figure 1). This species is the Ticks are small blood-feeding ectoparasites that are members
principal vector of Lyme borreliosis, also known as Lyme disease. of the arachnid family. The UK is home to over 20 tick species
Because of the importance of this tick in the UK, the following and although the majority are associated with specific wildlife
information focuses primarily on this species. hosts, some are less specialist parasites and will feed on a wide
variety of mammals, birds and reptiles (Table 1). Ixodes ricinus
feed on a range of animal hosts and also bite humans. As a result,
this species can carry various pathogens which are picked up
whilst feeding on wildlife hosts, and on some occasions, can be
transmitted to humans through a tick bite.

Figure 1: showing larva, nymph, male and female Ixodes ricinus size

2 mm

Table 1.Tick species recorded in the UK and their common and specialist animal hosts

Tick Species Common Host Species in Britain

Ixodes arboricola (Tree-hole tick) Favours tree-hole nesting birds like Great Tit Parus major and Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus
Ixodes caledonicus (Northern bird tick) Birds nesting on cliffs and buildings, like pigeons and corvids
Ixodes frontalis (Passerine tick) Passerine birds which pick up the ticks during ground feeding under roosts. Also responsible for avian
tick-related haemorrhagic syndrome
Ixodes lividus (Sand martin tick) Occurs solely on Sand Martin Riparia Riparia, remaining in their colonies over winter
Ixodes rothschildi (Puffin tick) Infests burrow-nesting coastal birds such as Puffin Fratercula arctica
Ixodes unicavatus (Cormorant tick) Only been recorded from Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo and Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis
Ixodes uriae (Seabird tick) Parasitize sea-birds and is ubiquitous from Shetland to Cornwall
Ixodes acuminatus (Southern rodent tick) Inhabits the burrows of small rodents, with records only from the Scillies, coastal Cornwall/Devon
Ixodes apronophorus (Marsh tick) Prefers wetland habitats where it parasitizes Water Vole Arvicola terrestris, and historically, Coypu
Myocastor coypus; with records centred on the Norfolk Broads and Wicken Fen
Ixodes canisuga (Fox tick) Widely distributed on Badger Meles meles, Fox Vulpes vulpes and domestic dog
Ixodes ventalloi (Rabbit tick) Infest Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus and several of its predators, with records only from the Scillies and
Lundy
Ixodes trianguliceps (Shrew tick) Nidiculous: infests the nests of burrowing small mammals
Ixodes vespertilionis (Long-legged bat tick) Has particularly long legs and appears to favour horseshoe bats
Ixodes hexagonus (Hedgehog tick) Ubiquitous tick of Hedgehog Erinaceous europaeus. Can be a significant parasite of humans and
companion animals, and is increasingly being reported in gardens
Ixodes ricinus (Deer/Sheep tick) Ubiquitous distribution and diverse range of hosts including many wild and domestic animals, birds
Dermacentor reticulatus (Ornate cow tick) Dogs, cattle, sheep, horses, mostly in Wales and Devon
Haemaphysalis punctata (Coastal red tick) Passerine birds, sheep, cattle. Mostly from the south-east, also Wales
Argas reflexus (Pigeon tick) Associated with long-standing populations of Pigeon Columba livia domestica, with records almost
exclusively from Canterbury Cathedral, Rochester Castle and King’s College, Cambridge
Argas vespertilionis (Blyborough tick) Hemi-spherical in shape and widely distributed on vespertilionid bats, with most records from
pipistrelles
Ornithodoros maritimus (Marine argasid) Parasitize sea-birds; ostensibly a tropical species and has only been recorded from off-shore islands of
west Wales
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown dog tick) Increasingly imported on travelling and imported dogs, currently only reported indoors. Recently
associated with house infestations
Hyalomma marginatum (Two-host tick) Occasionally imported on migratory birds

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 Throughout its life cycle, Ixodes ricinus only
spends a small amount of time attached to an
animal host upon which it feeds. The remainder of
its life is spent mostly resting in vegetation at
ground level, except for periods when they are
searching (referred to as ‘questing’) for a host,
digesting a blood meal, moulting or producing
eggs . During the period of time off the host, ticks
are exposed to environmental conditions where
temperature and humidity can have a direct
impact on their survival and determine their
seasonal activity.

The optimum conditions for ticks are often

provided in the vegetation layer that covers the
ground, in areas that also support appropriate
hosts for ticks to obtain a blood meal. Ixodes
ricinus is therefore present in habitats such as
woodland, woodland edge, rough grassland and
meadows, heathland, urban green spaces and
gardens. Within these habitats, ticks are often
highly abundant in ecotonal habitats i.e. transition
zones between different habitat types that are
often used by wildlife.

The Tick Surveillance Scheme, operated by Public

Health England, has reported an increase in tick
distribution in the UK. The main drivers for this
spread are thought to be linked to climate and
habitat factors, but also increasing numbers and
spread of deer (principally roe and red deer). In
addition to increases in tick abundance in rural
areas, the development of wildlife corridors and
green space within towns and cities have allowed
for the movement of wildlife and ticks into urban
areas. Local authorities may need to develop plans
to mitigate tick issues through environmental
magement and tick awareness strategies.

Possible impact of climate change on tick

activity in the UK
The life cycle of Ixodes ricinus is complex and
seasonal variation in host infestation by ticks
varies between animals and geographical location.
In addition, the variability of microclimate in the
microhabitats in which ticks spend much of their
lifecycle can impact upon tick activity and
abundance. In England, nymphal activity
increases during spring, peaking during April to
June, with reduced activity during the hot summer
months, and continued activity in early autumn.
Adults can be active at all times of year, but are
more active in summer. Although peaks in tick
activity can vary, ticks can be found questing in
some areas all year round.

Changes in weather, particularly extreme weather,

can also affect tick activity and abundance.
Ixodes ricinus is acutely responsive to changes in
humidity and temperature. Hot, dry summers can
make some habitats unsuitable for this tick
species but mild, wet winters might prolong winter
tick activity, and warmer springs may lengthen
the period of tick activity and increase tick
densities. This makes the impact of climate
change on the distribution and abundance of
Ixodes ricinus in the UK hard to quantify.

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Life cycle of Ixodes ricinus
The tick life cycle usually takes 2-3 years to complete and consists of three active stages (Figure 2). Generally, each stage feeds only
once and over one continuous period of several days. All stages quest for a suitable host by climbing to the tips of vegetation and
extending their legs in response to cues from animal hosts including vibrations, movement and carbon dioxide. They will then crawl
onto a passing host, take a single blood-meal and after a period of time (several days to 1 week) drop off into the vegetation and
moult to the next stage or in the case of fertilised females, lay a batch of eggs at ground level. If they are unable to attach to a
passing host, they will return to the vegetation to rehydrate before questing again.

Figure 2– Lifecycle of Ixodes ricinus - 1: a gravid female lays approximately 2000 eggs in the vegetation. 2. Larvae hatch within 6 weeks and quest for a suitable host, usually
small mammals and birds and then moult into a nymph. 3. Nymphs then quest for a larger host and then moult into either an adult male or female. 4. Females and males
will quest for a host; females do this to acquire a blood meal which increases her body weight by 100x her unfed weight, males do this to locate a female to mate with. Once
mated and fully fed, the female then drops off into the vegetation to lay her eggs. Once she has laid her eggs, the female dies.

Ixodes ricinus
life cycle
4 4 2

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 Human disease risks posed by ticks Ecology of Lyme borreliosis in the UK –
The ability of Ixodes ricinus to feed on a wide genospecies and host relationships
range of hosts makes them efficient disease Bacteria that cause Lyme borreliosis belong to
vectors. The most important tick-borne pathogen the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, and
in the UK is Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, which there are many different pathogenic species
causes Lyme disease in humans. present worldwide. Important species in the
UK include Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii.
Following an initial infection, which is localised to
Both species are maintained in the UK in natural
the site of the tick bite and commonly
cycles involving ticks, mainly Ixodes ricinus, and
characterised by an expanding red rash (erythema
wildlife hosts they feed on; known as reservoirs of
migrans) (Figure 3), the bacteria may spread to
infection.
other sites in the body. In the UK, the commonest
secondary sites of infection with Lyme borreliosis Borrelia garinii exists within bird-tick cycles, with
are associated with the nervous system high infection rates in pheasant and ground-
(neuroborreliosis). feeding passerines, such as blackbird and robin.
Clinical presentations include facial palsy, Borrelia afzelii occurs within small-mammal-tick
meningitis and radiculopathy (spinal nerve root cycles, with high infection rates in wood mice, bank
inflammation) occurring within weeks or months voles and yellow-necked mice. Larger hosts such as
of infection. Up to a third of cases in the UK may deer are not thought to be able to act as reservoir
present with localised or general symptoms hosts, meaning ticks feeding on them may not
without evidence of a rash. Lyme arthritis is a rare acquire any bacteria. However, larger wildlife hosts
complication of infections acquired in the UK, but such as deer are often needed to sustain high tick
is more common in patients who have been abundance.
infected in North America or central Europe.
The potential impact of climate change on Lyme
Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA), a skin
disease transmission in the UK is hard to quantify.
condition caused by long-standing infection, which
Changes in climate can affect tick host activity,
occurs in Scandinavia and central Europe, is seen
distribution and abundance which in turn can
occasionally in the UK.
affect pathogen prevalence rates within ticks.
Overview of Lyme borreliosis
Lyme borreliosis, also known as Lyme disease, is Within host competition between different strains
the most significant tick-borne infection in Europe. of Borrelia further complicates this. Nevertheless,
In England and Wales, approximately 1000 a more favourable climate that increases tick
laboratory-confirmed cases of Lyme disease are densities could increase the exposure of people
reported every year, with an additional 2000 cases to infected ticks. Human behaviour also changes
thought to receive treatment from a GP based as a result of a warmer climate; as people spend
on clinical diagnosis (the latter are not formally more time outdoors, wearing fewer clothes, with
reported). Since 2001, laboratory-confirmed case consequent exposure to ticks and Lyme disease
numbers have increased in England and Wales potentially increasing.
(Table 2). This is likely due to increased awareness
and improved testing and reporting, increased
participation in outdoor leisure activities, but also
increased abundance and distribution of ticks.

Table 2 – Diagnosed cases of Lyme disease in

England and Wales 1997-2014

Years Total reports received

1997 to 2000 803
2001 268
2002 340
2003 292
2004 500
2005 595
2006 768
2007 797
2008 813
2009 863
2010 905
2011 959
2012 1040
2013 878
2014 730* Figure 3: images of a typical erythema migrans rash, showing
a ‘bull’s eye’ appearance

*provisional data
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How the public may come into contact with
ticks and how tick bites can be avoided
Ticks are widely distributed and abundant in many
areas across the UK, including some urban parks
and gardens in some parts of the country. Habitats
that are suitable for ticks and their hosts that are
used for recreational purposes may present a risk
to members of the public (Figure 4). The following
guidance can be used to reduce the chance of
being bitten:
• Walk on clearly defined paths to avoid
brushing against vegetation. Ticks
seek hosts by climbing onto the tips of
vegetation (Figure 5) and attaching to a
host as it brushes past. They do not jump.
Ticks use sensory organs located on their
legs to detect carbon dioxide, vibrations,
heat and changes in light, to detect a
passing host. When the host brushes
against the vegetation, the ticks climb on
and walk over the host to find a suitable Figure 4: typical tick habitat showing transition zones either side
of the paths. Walking on clearly defined paths and avoiding
location at which to begin feeding.
brushing against vegetation will help avoid questing ticks
• Wear light coloured clothing. This will help
to detect ticks that attach to clothing,
making it easier to brush them off before
they attach to feed.
• Use an insect repellent. Various products
are available that repel ticks and prevent
them from attaching to either clothing or
skin - always follow the manufacturer’s
guidance.
• Wear long trousers and long sleeved tops.
This will reduce the direct exposure of
skin to ticks and make it more difficult for
them to attach. However, ticks can remain
undetected in clothing and be transported, Figure 5: Ixodes ricinus female on a blade of grass
allowing them to attach later in the day/at
home.

Performing a tick check

In addition to carrying out the prevention
measures outlined above, it is important to carry
out a regular tick check after participating in
outdoor activities (walking, running, gardening,
camping, working, picnicking etc.). A tick check is
carried out by looking and feeling for ticks that
may have attached to the skin. By performing a
tick check, the chance of infection is reduced by
spotting and removing ticks promptly.

It may be helpful to make a tick check part of a

daily routine, carefully examining all over the head
and body. Although ticks can attach to any part
of the body, they prefer warm moist areas such
as behind the knees, along the waistline and the
groin area. Children are more commonly bitten on
the head, so need to be carefully checked on and
behind the ears, along the hairline and around
the neck (Figure 6). Pay particular attention to
any skin creases. Ticks are very small and may be
mistaken for a speck of dirt, a freckle or a small
scab. The larvae are particularly hard to see.
Figure 6: Ixodes ricinus nymphs attached during feeding

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 How to successfully remove attached ticks
Any ticks found should be removed as soon as
possible after being detected. This can reduce
the chance of an infection being passed on from
the tick. The safest way to remove a tick is to use
a pair of fine-tipped tweezers (or a tick removal
tool), grasping the tick mouthparts as close to the
skin as possible and pulling firmly upwards. Ticks
insert a barbed feeding tube into the skin and
produce a cement-like substance to anchor it into
place (Figure 7). This can cause resistance during
tick removal. If possible, by pressing down on the
Image credit to U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
skin surrounding the tick’s attachment site, the
skin can be held in place whilst pulling the tick out
to provide a greater force with which to remove it.

Ticks are difficult to squash or kill, especially

if unfed, and are capable of surviving even a
seemingly rough removal process. Once the tick
has been removed, place it in a securely fastened
container or dispose of it in a safe place from
where it cannot escape (e.g. flushing down the
toilet) and risk reattaching to humans or pets.
Wash the bite site with soap and water or clean
it with an antiseptic wipe to minimise the chance
of a localised infection (which can sometimes
develop due to the break in the skin caused by the
tick bite).

In addition to a localised infection, a rash may

develop where the tick has bitten the skin so it
is important to monitor this area. This may be a
symptom of Lyme disease, but because a rash can
be faint or not appear at all, it is important to also
watch out of other signs of infection.

These can include flu-like symptoms or feeling

unwell following a tick bite. In such cases, advice
should be sought from a GP who should be
informed of any recent tick bites or outdoor
activity. Many people who develop Lyme disease
do not recall a tick bite and symptoms may take
several weeks to develop.

Figure 7: tick removal using tweezers (above) barbed feeding

tube (hypostome) used to anchor feeding ticks into the skin.

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Image credit to Rodney Calvert, Natural England

Can we manage vegetation to reduce tick • Mat or mulch management should be

exposure? encouraged, not only as a biodiversity
Vegetation management in woodland rides objective, but also in areas of high tick
or urban parks can be used as a strategy for abundance to limit tick survival and
reducing public exposure to Ixodes ricinus ticks activity. Raking and stacking leaf
by reducing human exposure to questing nymph litter should be used to negate these
activity particularly during spring, or by reducing sites and the possible use of herbicide
the chances for ticks to survive in the environment. in rides for bracken management could
The following guidance can be used to help be explored, if deemed acceptable and
manage exposure to ticks in highly accessed areas necessary. Raking leaf litter in garden beds
of woodland and parks e.g. paths, picnic areas, or can also minimise tick survival.
even in gardens. • Reducing ride-side stands of bramble is less
favourable for biodiversity as it provides
• Regular mowing and raking of lawns a nectar resource. However, an adjacent
and providing a 1m path-side strip along mown strip next to the path should reduce
woodland footpaths in spring should be tick exposure. Ideally, these woodland
promoted to reduce exposure to questing rides and path edges could be managed
ticks in these areas, and to reduce their as scalloped rides to widen the interface
chances of survival in the environment. between bramble and paths.
Lower swards of vegetation limit • In the case of gardens, ensuring that deer
opportunities for questing ticks to find a are excluded (e.g. using fencing) will reduce
human host; it also increases the exposure the chances of ticks dropping off a deer
of quiescent ticks in the litter to desiccation and into a garden area, thereby reducing
from the sun. The management of the likelihood of questing ticks appearing.
woodland rides that favour increased direct
sunlight may promote nymph activity, at
least in spring, and therefore, additional
ride vegetation management might be
required to overcome this effect. Sward
height, vegetation type (bracken and
bramble), and ride size are also important
factors.

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 Figure 8 – PHE
information poster
on imported ticks on
recently travelled/
imported pets.

Brown Dog Tick - (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) Control of ticks in the home should be undertaken by a
Recently in the UK, there have been increasing professional pest control operator (PCO). Treatment by
reports of non-native ticks imported on dogs and a PCO would mainly involve the application of residual
the subsequent infestation of owner’s houses. The insecticides (acaricides) approved for tick control both
tick species associated with these infestations is the indoors and around buildings. Such products can be
brown dog tick. Unlike ticks commonly found in the sprayed directly on to ticks or to surfaces. Certain
UK, this species can survive indoors, which can lead to desiccant powders and UltraLow Volume (ULV) cold
infestations if left untreated. Infestations also present fog products / techniques are also approved for tick
a potential health risk to animals and humans, due to control.
the ability of this tick species to transmit diseases.
PCOs are trained to use these products and they
Pet owners should be vigilant and inspect their would likely treat wall-floor-junctions, cracks & crevices
animal(s) for tick activity, particularly dogs that have where ticks may be harbouring and also apply the
recently travelled abroad or been imported appropriate product as a perimeter treatment around
(Figure 8); areas of the animal prone to tick bites are the outside of the house if justified.
- the ears, where the hind leg meets the body and the Furniture and soft furnishings may also need to be
paws. However, a thorough check of the whole dog is treated. The brown dog tick can be difficult to control
required to ensure that all feeding ticks are found and when active in great numbers. The female is capable
removed with a tick remover tool/tweezers as soon as of laying up to 4,000 eggs and can survive for up to
possible. 18 months without a blood meal. Therefore, repeated
treatments are recommended and often needed. This
The host animal should be treated with an appropriate tick species may be able to live on the walls outside
approved control product if ticks are present; pet the affected house and also out buildings (especially if
owners should discuss treatment options with their dogs spend time in such buildings) so these areas may
veterinarian. The owner of the animal or a veterinary also require treatment.
surgeon should carry out this treatment.
Amateur use products from supermarkets and DIY
Sometimes UK tick species can be found in dog stores etc. are unlikely to be the best route so a
bedding. However ticks found in furniture, on curtains, professional should always be consulted in cases of
or climbing walls are likely to be the non-native species brown dog tick activity in domestic properties.
and require further investigation and control. Should
tick infestation in a dwelling be suspected, pet owners Pest control measures should not be applied in
should seek out expert identification via Public Health isolation. The dogs within the property must also be
England, so it is clear which species of tick is being treated with appropriate tick treatments and daily
dealt with. This accurate identification is important tick checking/removal carried out, to ensure that fully
to determine what course of action may be needed fed females cannot lay eggs in the property and start
regarding control. the infestation process again. Interruption of the life
cycle using this multi-pronged approach will give the
greatest chance of success in terms of controlling
brown dog ticks in dwellings.

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 Brown Dog Tick
(Rhipicephalus sanguineus)
Control and prevention in domestic situations
Recently in the UK, there have been increasing reports of non-native
ticks imported on dogs and the subsequent infestation of owner’s
houses. The tick species associated with these infestations is the brown
dog tick. Unlike ticks commonly found in the UK, this species can survive
indoors, which can lead to infestations if left untreated. Infestations Photo provided by: CDC
also present a potential health risk to animals and humans, due to the
ability of this tick species to transmit diseases.
Pet owners should be vigilant and inspect their animal(s) for tick activity, particularly
dogs that have recently travelled abroad or been imported; areas of the animal prone
to tick bites are - the ears, where the hind leg meets the body and the paws. However,
a thorough check of the whole dog is required to ensure that all feeding ticks are found
and removed with a tick remover tool/tweezers as soon as possible.
The host animal should be treated with an appropriate approved control product if ticks
are present; pet owners should discuss treatment options with their veterinarian. The
owner of the animal or a veterinary surgeon should carry out this treatment.
Sometimes UK tick species can be found in dog bedding. However ticks found in furniture,
on curtains, or climbing walls are likely to be the non-native species and require further
investigation and control. Should tick infestation in a dwelling be suspected, pet owners
should seek out expert identification via Public Health England (see imported tick
information via www.gov.uk/tick-recording-scheme or contact [email protected]), so it
is clear which species of tick is being dealt with. This accurate identification is important
to determine what course of action may be needed regarding control.
Control of ticks in the home should be undertaken by a professional pest control operator
(PCO). Treatment by a PCO would mainly involve the application of residual insecticides
(acaricides) approved for tick control both indoors and around buildings. Such products
can be sprayed directly on to ticks or to surfaces. Certain dessicant powders and Ultra
Low Volume (ULV) cold fog products / techniques are also approved for tick control.
PCOs are trained to use these products and they would likely treat wall-floor-junctions,
cracks & crevices where ticks may be harbouring and also apply the appropriate product
as a perimeter treatment around the outside of the house if justified. Furniture and soft
furnishings may also need to be treated. The brown dog tick can be difficult to control
Photo provided by: CDC / James Gathany; William Nicholson
when active in great numbers. The female is capable of laying up to 4,000 eggs and
can survive for up to 18 months without a blood meal. Therefore, repeated treatments
are recommended and often needed. This tick species may be able to live on the walls
outside the affected house and also outbuildings (especially if dogs spend time in such
buildings) so these areas may also require treatment.

Brown Dog Tick Amateur use products from supermarkets and DIY stores etc. are unlikely to be the best
route so a professional should always be consulted in cases of brown dog tick activity in

Control and prevention domestic properties.

Pest control measures should not be applied in isolation. The dogs within the
in domestic situations property must also be treated with appropriate tick treatments and daily tick
checking/removal carried out, to ensure that fully fed females cannot lay eggs in
the property and start the infestation process again. Interruption of the life cycle
using this multipronged approach will give the greatest chance of success in terms
of controlling brown dog ticks in dwellings.

The National Pest Advisory Panel

Chartered Institute of Environmental Health
Chadwick Court, 15 Hatfields, London SE1 8DJ
Telephone 020 7928 6006 Fax 020 7827 5831
Email [email protected] Web www.cieh.org/policy/npap
CIEH 10822

Sources of further information /advice

PHE fact sheet – ticks and your health: information about tick bite risk and prevention
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/411747/20150305_PHE_factsheet__TICKBITEdocx.pdf
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/lyme-disease-signs-and-symptoms

PHE Tick Surveillance Scheme and tick information

https://www.gov.uk/tick-recording-scheme

PHE Lyme disease guidance, data analysis

https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/lyme-disease-guidance-data-and-analysis

NHS choices – Lyme disease

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Lyme-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx

PHE Public Health matters blog – Tips and tricks to stay safe from ticks
https://publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk/2014/03/24/tips-and-tricks-to-stay-safe-from-ticks/

PHE Public health matter blog – Tick Recording Scheme: being vigilant for new UK species
https://publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk/2015/03/04/tick-recording-scheme-being-vigilant-for-new-uk-species/

Image credit to U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Image credit to Rodney Calvert, Natural England

11
 The National Pest Advisory Panel
Chartered Institute of Environmental Health
Chadwick Court, 15 Hatfields, London SE1 8DJ
Telephone 020 7928 6006 Fax 020 7827 5831
Email [email protected] Web www.cieh.org/policy/npap