/

"

• JAPANESE ARMY A'R FORCE

~..,. CAMOUFl:AGE ANn MARK'NGS Sa
~WORl[) WAR" ~
f,y no'"ard W T"orpe
Y
 Kawasaki Ki.102 H. Fighter /-
~~~.::::;::::--~~::.....
/-f{.";
(fl;.
Sally 1

Ki.100-lb

Ann

Dinah 1
HAYATE and SALLY over New Guinea; a staff-officer of the 29th Fighter SENTAI escorts a SALLY from Head·
quarters Flight, 8th Air-Division. Painting by Jack Leynnwood.
NATEs of the 84th Independent Chutai, called the "NAGANO-GROUP", 3rd Flight, in French Indo China, 1941.
This was one of the early "esprit de corps" units, and carried the red fuselage striping, as well as the eagle wings
on the wheel spats. Each Flight was identified by an oblique stripe, colored white for the 1st flight, red for the
2nd, yellow for the 3rd, and blue for the 4th. Also, the entire rear face of the propeller was painted red. This unit
was formed from the 3rd Chutai of the 64th Sentai, and although it is not readily discernible in the photo, all air-
craft traditionally carried the hawk symbol of Col. Kato, who had commanded the 64th. (Witold Liss)
JAPAN~5~ ARMYA'R FORC~
CAMOUFlAG~ AND
MARK'NGS
WORLD WAR "
by
Donald W. Thorpe
WITH TRANSLATIONS BY

Yasuo Oishi

COVER PAl NTI NG BY

Jack Leynnwood

COLOR AND OTHER DRAWINGS

BY THE AUTHOR

BASED UPON
SIDE VIEW DRAWINGS BY
Lloyd S. Jones

Aero putAjherj, !J.nc.

FALLBROOK, CALIFORNIA
 WASHI NO TSUBASA
(THE WINGS OF THE EAGLE)

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 68-54880

COPYRIGHT@ 1968 AERO PUBLISHERS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
 FOREWORD
(Translated from the Japanese)
During the war years, as an ordinary pilot, I had little thoughts or
knowledge of the painting of military aircraft. As I remember now, all
of the Army aircraft that I piloted were painted light grey, with the
brilliant red Hinomaru (National Insignia) on the wings, and one white
stripe on the rear fuselage to identify Allied (Japanese) aircraft.
I still remember the bright yellow-orange color of the main wings
and the contrasting black-painted motor-cowls of the KI-17 (Type 95
Model 3 Primary Trainer) of my first flying experiences.
As a boy, prior to my flying career, there were vivid impressions of
the "smartness" of the KAMIKAZE (civil version of BABS) painted
with its two-tone silver and blue finish, and the bright red wings of the
KOKENKI (an Aviation Research Aircraft, built by the Tokyo Gas and
Electric Company, and designed by the Imperial University at Tokyo,
in 1937).
During the war, Japanese Army aircraft flew to distant shores ...
from the Southern Seas to the foggy northern regions, sometimes
based in French Indo-China, attacking the British F.ar Eastern Fleet.
Many fine young pilots died high in the air over RABA UL, and
MANILA BAY. Many High Performance Aircraft were secretly made,
tested, and vanished with the end of the war, living today only in the
historical journals.
After the war, we Japanese lost our wings. This may have been for-
tunate, or unfortunate. During my career of twenty years of flying, I
experienced so many sorrows and joys, privileged to pilots only.
Human dreams will be realized ... traveling to the moon, and more
speedy aircraft will be designed and flown; these are the products of
civilization, the crystalization of the knowledge of scientists and tech-
nicians, and environment.
But on the other hand, historical research is very important. I
appreciate your efforts to publish such valuable literature, and I
think that your book will be very popular among many peoples.
2nd Lt Masuo Suwa, (Ret)
Japanese In:perialArmy Air Forces.

ABOUT MR. SUWA

MASUO SUWA entered military service as a Cadet Pilot with the
J.A.A.F. in April, 1939 and after a year's training took part in military
operations in northwestern Manchuria during 1940.
On December 4th, 1941, he joined the 60th Sentai, followed by serv-
ice in the 12th and 14th Sentais for the remainder of the war years.
During his flying career, he flew such operational aircraft as KI-30
ANN, and KI-21 SALLY, models 1 and 2, and KI-17, KI-9, and KI-55
Trainers.
The principle enemy aircraft which he encountered during his
career were HURRICANES, BUFFALOES, LIGHTNINGS, MUS-
TANGS, and AIRACOBRAS.
Mr. SUWA now resides in OSAKA, JAPAN, where he is in the metal
products business.
The Author
DEDICATIONS, BOTH PERSONAL, AND PUBLIC

PUBLIC
To the memory of those "Raging Eagles",
who like their counterparts in other places,
lived and died with their heads and hearts
in the clouds.

PERSONAL

For Ev, long suffering and patient,

For Karl, who led the way,
And for Lloyd, who hadfaith.

The "Raging Eag~es". (J. Wood)

 IN APPRECIATION
We would like to express our extreme appreciation to those
listed below, and indeed many who, because of space, are not, for their
kind and generous contributions to this volume. If, throughout the
years to come, there is an upsurge of interest in the recording of the
history of flight, it should be noted that only through the efforts of
those such as are listed here could this have been possible.
Donald W. Thorpe/Yasuo Oishi
RICHARD BUESCHELL -Japanese aviation historian.
ROBERT MIKESH, Major, USAF, Japanese aviation historian.
C. V. GLINES, Col., USAF, Chief, Magazine and Book Branch, Direc-
torate for Information Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary of
Defense.
C. W. BURTYK, Lt.Col., USA, Deputy Chief, Magazine and Book Branch
Directorate for Information Services, Office of the Assistant Secre-
tary of Defense.
MAY E. FAWCETT, Chief, Audio-Visual, National Archives.
NATIONAL AIR MUSEUM, Smithsonian Institution.
AERONAUTICAL CHART AND INFORMATION CENTER, USAF
E. KENT LOOMIS, Captain, USN (Ret), Assistant Director of Naval
History, Department of the Navy, Officer of the Chief of Naval Oper-
ations..
D. G. DERRYBERRY, Lt. Col., USMC, Chief, Media Branch, Division
ofInformation, HQ, USMC.
ROYAL D. FREY, Chief, Research Section, The Air Force Museum
The AMERICAN AVIATION HISTORICAL SOCIETY
The INTERNATIONAL PLASTIC MODELER'S SOCIETY
The IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM, Great Britain
The AUSTRALIAN WAR MEMORIAL, Australia
RAF BIGGEN HILL, Great Britain
RAF COS FORD, Great Britain
EAGLE AVIATION ENTERPRISES
JOHN CALER, AERONAUTICA
AUTHEN:TICALS, INC.
Special thanks to the publications Aireview,. and Koku-Fan, whose
pages have been an invaluable aid, and without whose assistance
much would never have been uncovered.

AND TO THE FOLLOWING INDIVIDUALS:

C. E. DARBY, New Zealand
WITOLD LISS, Poland
A. L. CRAWFORD, RCAF
HIDEYA ANDA, Japan
IAN SIBBALD, RCAF
CHARLES GRAHAM, USA
B. CALVIN JONES, USA
ALBERTO ANIDO, The Philippines
CADET B. MORTON, USAF Academy
LLOYD JONES, Revell, Inc
TOM KNOTT, USA
MIKE DARIO, USA
JIM WOOD, USA
JACK PERELLA, USA
DON GARRETT, USA
CALGEN PRESCOTT, USA
TADEO SHIBUSAWA, Japan
 A. L. SCHMIDT, USA
R. HARRISON, USA
MIKE O'LEARY, USA
KENN C. RUST, USA
JERRY CRANDALL, USA
And many others, whose names are legion.

REFERENCE SOURCES

KOKU-FAN magazine, Japan

AIREIVIEW magazine, Japan
FLYING REVIEW INTERNATIONAL magazine, Great Britain
AIR PROGRESS magazine, USA
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF JAPANESE AIRCRAFT, Shorzoe Abe
FAMOUS FIGHTERS series, Richard Green
PROFILE publications, Great Britain
THE AAHS JOURNAL, The American Aviation Historical Society
THE IPMS JOURNAL, The International Plastic Modeler's Society
THE JAPANESE MANUSCRIPTS Department of Defense
TAlC publications, 1942-1946
JOINT ARMY-NAVY RECOGNITION JOURNALS, Department of
Defense

The authors apologize for any omissions to the foregoing list. Like
an iceberg, the small amount of rec;ognition given here is similar
to what shows above the water, while the vast bulk of what goes before
lies hidden from all but a knowing few.
Donald W. Thorpe

NATEs of the 59th Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai, Manchuria, 1939. The rear faces of the propeller blades were paint-
ed in the Chutai color, as was the fuselage flash; red, green, and black, for the 1st 2nd, and 3rd. Aircraft were
light grey green overall, none had fuselage Hinomarus. (R. Bueschel)
 JAPAN~S~ ARMY A'R FORC~
CAMOUFlAG~ ANn MARK'NGS
WORln WAR"

CONTENTS
FORWARD
GENERAL INFORMATION
Introduction 11
J.A.A.F. Unit Structure 13
System of Nomenclature within the J.A.A.F 15
KANA Symbols 19
SECTION ONE, GENERAL CAMOUFLAGE AND FINISHES 21
Evolution of Camouflage 22
Camouflage Key (full color) 28
Five Basic Camouflage Schemes 32
. Exterior Color Application 45
Training Aircraft; Experimental Aircraft 50
Surrender Aircraft 52
Interior Color Applications 57
SECTION TWO, GENERAL MARKINGS 59
Key to J.A.A.F. Aircraft Markings 61
Application of the Hinomaru, or National Insignia 63
Home Defense Markings 64
Anti-Glare Paneling 67
Operational Markings '.' 73
Individual, Formation, and Position Markings 77
Spinners and Propellers 79
Command Stripes and Panels ' 83
Information Markings 85
Victory or Kill Markings 89
Personal Marks and Symbols 93
Use of Numerals within the J.A.A.F 97
SECTION THREE, UNIT MARKINGS 101
Sentai Identification Practices 102
Unit Markings ' 107
SECTION FOUR, AIRCRAFT IN PROFILE 121
Aircraft in Profile 122
Aircraft Profile Color Section 123
Profiles 139
SECTION FIVE, AIRCRAFT OF THE J.A.A.F. 155
SECTION SIX, APPENDICES 177
Aircraft, by Camouflage Schemes 179
Camouflage Schemes, by Aircraft Types 181
Principal Aircraft of the J.A.A.F. and Units in which
they served : 181
Principal Units of the J.A.A.F 182
Principal Independent Chutais 184
 .'

In a typically "Airman's" pose, these two young pilots reflect the enthusiasm of the Japanese Army pilot for his
station in life. (J. Wood)

10
 INTRODUCTION
Until quite recently, as far as the average person with an interest in
aviation history was concerned, the only aircraft of any significance
developed and used by the Japanese during World War Two was the
ZERO, a term which was mistakenly applied to anything which sported
the red "meatball" of the Japanese Air Armies.
This popular misconception remained for many years until the re-
cent advent of several excellent books dealing with aviation in Japan,
which have since acquainted the reader with such exotic names as
PERIGRINE FALCON, or perhaps VIOLET LIGHTNING, or some of
the more homespun names applied by the Allies, as ZEKE, OSCAR,
or LILY.
But still, when one queried the "experts" as to the usual or unusual
markings of these aircraft, more often than not only vague descrip-
tions were readily available, and these were often erroneous in their
application.
This, then, is the purpose of this book - to present to the interested
reader a complete as possible compilation of HOW, WHY, WHEN, and
WHERE of the camouflage and markings of the Japanese Military
Air Forces.
What we have gathered here can only be a minute portion of the total
picture, just a fraction of the vast amount of un-recorded data which
lies a-moldering in some veteran's foot locker along with other memen-
toes of the Great War. If our efforts within these pages serve as a
stimulus that will prompt the recovery for posterity of but a fraction
of that stored material, then we have indeed succeeded in advancing
.- the goal of all true aviation historians, the recording of the COM-
PLETE history of flight.
The Authors

HELEN, unit unknown. Here is a classic example of a standard factory blotch finish as applied to heavy aircraft.
(R. Bueschel)

II
 \. .\
" I

Koku-Gun
I AIR FORCE I
,~ HikoShidan I HikoShidan ....
AIR DIVISION AIR DIVISION
HikoShidan
AIR DIVISION

I
~
, Hiko Dan HikoDan Hiko Dan ...
WING WING WING

I
I I I

· . .VI ~
rr Ind. Sentai
INDEPENDANT Gp.
- Sen.tai
GROUP
r--- Sentai
GROUP
..---- Sentai
GROUP

.- ~ e-.J

~ r.L ...-'" Sh0 t als

., f- I-
P""'l

u
:::)
..c
•
Z
~
Z
UJ
Q..
Shotais
FLIGHTS
1 VARIEs
f--

.
a
.c ~
>-
:::) Z
-
V)
1
Shotai'sf-
1
..,
13
FLIGHTS
,
,
'-
• !:"

:I
I >-
~
a..:
1
1
12
13
FLIGHTS
..
...-'" r - -1 1Shotai'sf--
a ~ 12 fliGHTS
~ Z
.c ~
13
I-

\J UJ
U 02
~ ~ u ~

--
C Cl
Z f--
~
U
-
f-
I---
02
U f-
- ~ -
I.
02
U -
-
I.
I 0 I I 0 I
t')
3 3 3
- f- f--
- - I-
e-
f-

I I l
1 I

J.A.A.F. UNIT STRUCTURE

 J.A.A.F. UNIT STRUCTURE
In general, the unit structure within the J.A.A.F. closely followed the patterns of
most air forces, the main exception being the Independent Units, or DIRECT-COM-
MAND Units, whichever one cares to call them, and which are discussed later in
this book.
As both the English and the Japanese terms are used interchangeably in various
parts of this book, the following definitions are given, beginning with the smallest
unIt, to the largest.
SHOTAI: Flight or Section (ususally three aircraft).
CHUTAI: Squadron or Company (three or four SHOTAIS).
SENTAI: Group or Regiment (three or four CHUTAIS and a HQ CHUTAI).
HIKODAN: Wing or Brigade (three to five SENTAIS).
HIKOSHIDAN: Division (two to four HIKODAN, plus other miscellaneous units,
such as training SENTAIS or DIRECT-COMMAND UNITS).
KOKUGUN: Air Force (ususally two or three HOKOSHIDAN).
DOKORITSU HIKOTAI: Independent Flying Groups (sometimes referred to as
DIRECT-COMMAND UNITS) or Units.
DIRECT-COMMAND UNITS were designed as a quickly mobile force, operating
independently of the regular J.A.A.F. Units, or normal chain of command, with the
ability
ability to quickly relocate and support other units as needed. These units were
usually attached directly to a Division or Air Force, and rarely came under the com-
mand of a smaller unit, except for a specific temporary need.
The majority of the J.A.A.F. Special Attack Units, which were formed during the
latter days of the war, were structured along these lines. Two common forms of the
Independent Units were most often encountered: the DOKORITSU HIKOTAI (or
Independent Battalion Group, or Regiment) which was roughly structured as the
regular SENTAI; and the smallest self-contained unit encountered, the DOKORITSU
CHUTAI, (Independent Flying Company or Squadron) which was commanded and
employed much in the same manner as the larger DOKORITSU HIKOTAL. However,
unit composition changed very rapidly, as missions dictated.
TRAINING DIVISIONS were structured with several training CHUTAI, plus at
least one Cadre, or Instructor SENTAI, whose secondary mission, other than train-
ing fledgling pilots, was that of Area' or Home Defense. Most of these Cadre Units
flew TOJOs, or OSCARs, and occasionally TONYs.

MARYs of the 6th Sentai, Manchuria, 1939. Note the use of combat stripe with the "e" type scheme. (J. Wood)

13
YOKOr.l, 8J~~F !. 't:'RARY
~
r~
1'-'u:"1 I~! ..,.;,.
J~ .. ~~ . ,
.
LILYs, 16th Sentai, 1st Chutai, China, 1945. This unit was equipped with FRANKs and NICKs in addition to
LILYs. The markings on this aircraft have been re-painted since its blotch finish. (A. Anido)

IDA, unit unknown painted in a locally applied segment type camouflage scheme, which merely consisted of a
dark green irregularly applied over the originalfinish. (1939) (The Author)

14
 SYSTEM OF AIRCRAFT NOMENCLATURE
WITHIN THE J.A.A.F.
The majority of the belligerents during World War Two utilized a system of type
identification based on a coded version of the manufacturer's name and a number or
group of numbers, showing its location within the evolution of the type, such as Dorn-
ier DO-17, DO for Dornier, "17" for the 17th within its type, or the 17th model pro-
duced by the manufacturer.
Some nations also used a nickname system, although this was usually for quick
type identification, and not official in its usage. An example of the unoffical usage
would be the "Gustav" of the Germans for the Bj-109 G series; and the official usage
is well known by the Mustang, or Spitfire, for the U.S. or G.B.
Although the Japanese utilized all or several of these schemes during various
stages of the war, rarely was the manufacturer identified in official mention of the
aircraft type. And although the majority of the aircraft used carried a nickname sim-
ilar to the western practice, these generally were for publicity purposes, and did not
become a usual practice until late 1942 and on.
After 1926 J.A.A.F. aircraft were numbered with reference to the Japanese calen-
dar year, which differs from the western calendar. for instance, 1926 A.D. is the J apa-
nese calendar year 2586.
Army aircraft were assigned a type number which was based upon the year in
which the development was authorized, followed by the mission, or purpose, for
which the aircraft was designed. An example is Type 95 primary trainer. The mission
designation was important, especially in the earlier years, as there could be several
different types authorized for development during a specific year. Unless the mis-
sion was identified it was impossible on paper to differentiate between them.
The "TYPE NUMBER" was taken from the last two or three digits (and in later
years from the last digit) of the particular calendar year in which the aircraft was
authorized for development.
For example:
TYPE 87 HEAVY BOMBER: "87" from the last two digits of the calendar year
2587, or 1927 A.D.
TYPE 100 HQ RECON: "100" from the last three digits of the calendar year
2600, or 1930 A.D.
TYPE 4 :fIGHTER: "4" from the last digit of the calendar year 2604,
or 1934 A.D. In reality" the "4" was a shortened ver-
sion of "104," or the last three digits of the calendar
year 2604.

"KI" ( ~ ) AND "HA" ( 1\ )

Beginning with TYPE 93, HEAVY BOMBER, Army aircraft were assigned a "KI"
( ~ ) number, "KI" being the initialized form of the Japanese "KITAI," or air-
craft. In KANA, this becomes (~91').
This change in the method of nomenclature was necessitated by the increasing
amount of varied design requirements being authorized, and it eliminated the
chance of two different aircraft of the same type number being confused with each
other. Each individual design type was given an individual "KI" number, in the
order in which it was authorized, without any mention of the mission for which it
was authorized.
"KI" numbers began with the TYPE 93 H~AVY BOMBER as KI-1, and ended with
KI-130. (There were a few KI-160 series and KI-170 series designs designated, and
some of the experimental jet and rocket designs were given KI-200 series numbers;
however, operational aircraft ended with the KI-130 series.)

15
DESIGN MODIFICATIONS
To further distinguish an aircraft that had undergone design changes, additional
KANA or KANJI characters were added after the "KI" number of the aircraft. These
were as follows: .
KAI (2! 'X.)
Drastic aircraft structural changes
KO (<f? )Engine change or mission change
OTSU ( ;Z ) Engine change, mission change, or armament changes
HEI (~ ) Armament changes
"HA" or HATSUDOKI (/l'jt~'7I)
"HA" ( 1\ ) was a shortened version of the Japanese HATSUDOKI, or engine,
and was usually employed with all powerplant nomenclatures, such as HA-112-1I,
etc.
Knowing the meaning of some of these Japanese KANA symbols, it is then possible
for the historian to readily identify from Japanese text various meanings, especially
when used in captions of photos, and where the exact model type is not readily dis-
cernable from the photo
Using the foregoing information then, here are some examples of symbol usages
and their meanings:
KI-109 ( ~ - 109) with HA 112-11 (/l - 112-11) aircraft with engine.
KI-109-KAI ( ~ 109-r~) aircraft with span and fuselage enlarged.
Or, as in the case of two fighter types:

'*
KI-43-1 ( ~ 43-1) first model.

KI-61-1 ( ~ 61-1) first mo'del.

KI-61-I-KO ( ~ 61-1- '* )
)
KI-43-I-KO ( ~ 43-1- ~ ) armament change.
KI-43-I-HEI ( .-. 43-1- further armament changes.

armament changes.
KI-61-I-KAI-HEI (~ 61-1- ~~ +)
further armament and fuselage changes

KI·51, unit unknown, probably a training unit, sporting a fresh factory finish. (Oishi)

16
 - ...
o____ "'.#1t '-~-

I
I
'I
-) SALLY, 60th Bomber Sentai, Manchuria, 1941, (USAF Photo)

--\
I

SALLYs of the HAMAMATSU Bomber School on operational training. (USAF)

17
....
!Xl

DINAH, unit unknown, Clark Field, 1945. Notice that the white surround to the Hinomaru has been overpainted
rather crudely with red. (National Archives/E. Kent Loomis)

il
 'KANA' ILLUSTRATED
The Two KANA AI pha bets ... (a & b)
a b

A
~~
j;) -., KA
..£~
1i fJ GA
..9--~
D" tj' SA
a
-1 71
b

ZA
a b
f f' ITA ft '7
...£. JL
DA 'Ji'7"
~~I 1)/ J: t' 'Y" CHI,? 4- j: -t7' 4"

U 77 KU <7 GU (" 7" su 1A zu of:z" TS ,?)y zu 7'7"

E 3tI KE \t7' GEI-t7" SE~1Z ZE~-e' TE~::r DE -t''-''

o ~./t KO:'.J BO:::r so 'f y zo 't' Y" TO 'l:" DO it'''

NI v.... - HI O't:. BI 11 ~ PI V~ MI "t. ~ I RI ~) \)

I II
PU \3'"'7C)' MU .J.. /.
..... ~\ . RU YO d: =:I
...
NE 1?;l HE A /\ BE A/\' PE"":
.~ ME ~ )(
I RE Jtt \., WA Jb '9
NO <;> / I HO 11.71\ 80 It. 7Ii:' PO 'i7f,tIMo tEl Ro·3 0 N L;/

Some Commonly Encountered KANA Characters

Red J/j\ Green
*i< Light ~ 1
- 6
-'-
-1\ 100 B
White B Brown 3* Dark
808 2 -:;. 7 t 1000 T
Yellow jt Grey ~ Upper J: 3
-- 8
7\ Fuselage ~~1t
Blue
..::I::.
t=I Color £g Lower T 4 rm 9 1L Wing ~
Black ~
", ... Silver ~R Overall :t-iii 5 n 10
+ Tail ~gB

19
Another view of the aircraft described below. Philippines, 1944. (USAF)

The unusual application of the blotch scheme is worthy of note here. Unit unknown. (USAF)

..,
;

20
 1
GENERAL CAMOUFLAGE AND FINISHES

Evolution of Camouflage - Chronological Evolution of Camouflage

- Camouflage Key showing Principle Camouflage Finishes - Camou-
flage Patterns and Using Units - Camouflage Patterns and Using Air-
craft - Camouflage Patterns by Aircraft Type - Five Basic Camou-
flage Schemes - Exterior Color Application - Interior Color Appli-
cation -

21
 EVOLUTION OF CAMOUFLAGE
Throughout the history of camouflage and markings of military aircraft, there
is one factor which has been common to all Air Forces. While all governments have
exacting requirements for the finishes of their aircraft, the departure from these
regulations is more often the rule than the exception. These exceptions commonly
are the result of either individual fancy or the tactical situation on a local level.
Probably the most graphic examples of these departures from the norm were the
myriad finishes employed by the Luftwaffe during WWII. These have recently re-
ceived excellent coverage by such able historians as Karl Ries, Jr. and Heinz Nowar-
ra, and by such significant organizations as the International Plastic Modeller's
Society, the American Aviation Historical Society, and their counterparts through-
out the world.
The Japanese Air Forces were of course no exception to the foregoing, although
perhaps individual variations were not as common as in other Air Forces. Although
there were more than forty widely used schemes of camouflage employed by the
J.A.A.F. during WW II, no more than a dozen of these were authorized at high levels.
The balance came into use as a result offield expediency.
These locally applied schemes were usually the result of a particular tactical ,r
situation, and not meant to be a permanent finish. However, these "temporary" fin-
ishes, onces applied, were often carried over into other situations where their ap-
pearance was totally incongr·uous with the local situation that existed, sometimes
resulting in more attention being drawn to the aircraft than was desired, somewhat
in the manner of an elephant in pink tights at a gathering of field mice. A prime
example of this sort of problem occurred during the Sino-Japanese conflict. During
this period Japanese aircraft of both services sported the light grey, light grey-
green, silver, or pale blue overall finishes, which were factory standard at that time.
Along with this scheme, many aircraft wore bright red fuselage and fin flashes, not
only as a symbol of esprit-de-corps, but as an aid to rescue operations in the event of a
crash landing.
Until the advent of more formidable opponents, such as the P-40's of the AVG or
Flying Tigers of General Chennault, the J.A.A.F. with its many fighters and bombers
roamed the skies over China and Manchuria with little thought to concealment. Also,
the chance of an enemy attack on the home bases was remote indeed.
As the Japanese began to suffer losses through interception, and as their fields
began to receive attacks, it became apparent to the local commanders that a cam-
ouflage scheme was necessary which would afford concealment. Two types of fin-
ishes were needed, the first to afford air-to-air concealment, particularly in the
case of support aircraft, and the second an air-to-ground camouflage to protect the
aircraft at their bases.
From this start evolved five basic types of camouflage: TYPE 0, which was a sin-
gle solid color over all surfaces of the aircraft; TYPE B, which was a blotch or simi-
lar type of irregularly applied dark colors, usually over a standard factory finish;
TYPE N, natural metal overall, or in the case of a fabric covered aircraft, a silver
painted finish; TYPE S, a two color finish, usually a solid dark colored upper and
light colored lower surfaces; TYPE C, the fifth and last, which was a segment type
scheme, much in the manner of the British camouflages.
During 1939 support aircraft started to sport new finishes, usually TYPE C seg-
ment schemes, composed of variations of green and brown, with grey-green overall
lower surfaces. Occasionally the segments were separated by irregular strips of
cobalt or medium blue, about 1 to 3 inches wide, to simulate the canals and rivers of
the Manchurian countryside. Sometimes these strips did not follow the segment
separating edges, but were applied at random.
When the OSCAR made its debut over China in 1942, the fighter scheme had
cha.ng~d to standard dark green upper and a light grey lower, with field applied
vanatIOns of dark grey and eventually blotch patterns. The blotch or mottled pat-
terns pose a very severe problem for the historian, however, as one must take care
not to confuse the weathering of an overall finish with that of an actually applied
22
 blotch finish. Also, one could occasionally find an aircraft that appeared to be a
combination of blotch and overall, but this was usually due to lack of proper field
maintenance. In the process of replacement and repair, crews did not have the time
or inclination to refinish an aircraft as they should.
With the deployment of jungle-based aircraft, another type of finish came into
use. This was the palm leaf or wave mirror types of patterns. LILY's based on New
Britain were good examples of this type of foliage simulation. Over the natural met-
al or light painted surfaces, irregularly-placed stripings were applied to simulate
the foliage patterns of the surrounding jungle.
Towards the close of WW II, aircraft in all of the many finishes were seen, rang-
ing from the sometimes quite gaudy schemes of the Air-Dominating or Special At-
tack groups to the simple natural metal finishes of hastily issued aircraft, which
had somehow managed to survive the terrible fire bombings that were almost con-
stant over Japan in 1945.
Night operating aircraft, such as some FRANK,TOJO, and DINAH equipped units,
used an all black "S" type finish. However many other schemes, ranging from nat-
ural metal to all white, were also used for this purpose.
Training aircraft, particularly those engaged in primary training were painted
overall yellow-orange. But in 1943 the order was given to paint all training aircraft
within any combat area in the local finish over all upper surfaces, leaving the
warning yellow on all lower surfaces. Finally, towards the end of 1944, when there
was no area that was free from attack by the Allies, all trainer aircraft were finished
the same as tactical aircraft.
During 1945 Japan became a vast stockpile of aircraft of all types for Kamikaze
use as a last ditch defense, if and when needed. Every type, both obsolete and cur-
'rent, were on hand with their finishes ranging from prewar, to what was to become
the final symbol ofthe end of Japan's war effort, the all white finish with green cross-
es of surrendered aircraft.

SALLYs, 60th Bomber Sentai, Manchuria, 1939, (J, Wood)

23
 .

~
~
~
....

A LILY in a locally applied finish. Note how the dark green has been sprayed around all previous markings,
while the newly applied unidentified insignia has been carefully applied over the camouflage coat.
(US Navy/National Archives)

-. ~-- ...:.-:-
FRANK, 2nd Chutai, 73rd Fighter Sentai, Philippines, 1944. The individual aircraft number is painted on the
lower portion of the rudder, the background of which was usually in the Chutai color. This Sentai marking
could easily be confused with some of the earlier individual or Chutai markings, especially those of the stripe
variety. (HideyaAnda)

Three separate versions of a type "B" finish may be seen here. The two LILYs are wearing typical blotch fin-
ishes, while TOPSY sports a wave-mirror pattern. (USAFlNationalArchives)

25
~
0\

The veining so peculiar to NICK is very apparent here. Clark Field, 1944. (USAFjE. Kent Loomis)

,;
NICK, under inspection at war's' end. Shown are two different camouflage schemes common with KI·45s; A8
blue grey overall, and B1 dark green mottle over light grey green. (Imperial War Museum)

NICK, 27th Fighter Sentai, Philippines, 1944. (R. Bueschel)

27
 Al

D A9 D As

TYPE "C" SCHEMES

(J.U. S£GMENT-TYP£ CAMOUFLA.GE)
A9

AIO

B-9

EJ D O "
4s

co~.="
N
~
L:J
~BD 00 N

."
."
___
.h;" A16-17 A3

~U~N.!..;IT!.......:MA~~R~KQI~N~Q~SL.fC:QOL!!::O!:!.~~S~ ~_
A2l
HINOM.e.RU
FRESH
•
l19

A20
HINOMAQU
WEATHI:I2EO
•
INTERIOR
AlB
PRIMERS

28
 ANTI- GLARE' PANEL

TYPE ~N-
DD
Nat Metal

SCHEMES
(NATURAL ....ETAL OR. SILVE~
Silver Al
•• A22 A24
(SEMI-GLOSS OR M4TTE)

.'

~3 ~~

DDL].
0-' 0-2 0-.5'\

DODD
0-6

A9 AS As Al A6 white A7 AI9 A16

5-1 SHA S-2 S-2.A

w·S-3
(TWO
TYPE-S" SCHEMES
SOLID COLORS OVERALL.)
S-4 s-s 9-6

~A'
N
D As A19

9-7 S-S S-9 S-IO 9-12- S-13 S-14 S-IS

29
The veining so common and peculiar to NICKs is very evident here. The veining was carried around the leading
edges of the wings. Brown primed, white tipped propellers. . (Oishi)

A group of zebra-striped HELENs, a variation of the wave-mirror schemes. The application here would seem to
have been with more of an eye to aesthetic appeal than to practicality. Note that the upper wing Hinomarus are
without the white surround. (HideyaAnda)

30
HELEN in unusual battle' dress. The segment type camouflage schemes were not frequently encountered on
heavy bomber aircraft during the later years of the war, 1943 onwards. (Hideya Anda)

KI-49 HELEN after a low level strafing run. This is a good example of an intricately applied wave-mirror, or
ribbon pattern, applied much in the same manner as with Luftwaffe Junkers Ju-88s. (USAF photo)

31
 THE FIVE BASIC SCHEMES

. . . Overall Single
Solid Color

Type' 0'

One Color Upper,

One Color Lower
Type'S'

... Blotch, Mottle, or

Reticulated

Type'B'

Segmented or ...
Barred Colors
Type'C'

... Natural Metal or

Silver if Fabnc

Type' N'

32
-,,

IISCHEME 110 11

.-
'" SINGLE SOLID COLOR OVERALL
TIME SCHEME NO. DESCRIPTION
1938-1945 01 Light grey (A9) overall
02 Light grey green (A5) overall
1942-1945 03 Blue grey (A8) overall
05 Dark green (A 1) overall
05a Olive green (A2) overall
1943-1945 07 Medium grey (A7) overall
04 White overall
06 Dark grey (A6) overall
1940-1944 08 Red orange (A 19) overall
09 Yellow (A16) overall

SALLY, unit unknown, Manchuria, 1938. (J. Wood)

33
 SALLYs over Manchuria, 1939. Probably aircraft of the 60th Bomber Sentai.
(J. Wood)

DINAH III, wearing a typical type "0" camouflage scheme, which was prevalent among recon and courier air-
craft during the last days of the war. China. (Oishi)

34
-.'

SCHEME /15/1

TWO SOLID COLORS, UPPER AND LOWER

TIME SCHEME NO. DESCRIPTION
1938-1945 52 Dark green (A 1) upper, light grey (A9) lower
52a Olive green (A2) upper, light grey (A9) lower
53 Dark green (A 1) upper, natural metal lower
1941-1945 51 Dark green (A 1) upper light grey green (A5) lower
51a Olive green (A2) upper, natural metal lower
512 Medium brown (A 12) upper, and light grey (A9) lower
1942-1945 55 Black (A24) upper, natural metal lower
1943-1945 58 Medium grey (A7) upper, natural metal lower
514 Dark blue (A22) upper, natural metal lower
1944-1945 515 Dark green (A 1) upper, light blue grey (A 10) lower
56 Dark blue (A22) upper, light grey green (A5) lower
57 Medium grey (A7) upper, light grey (A9) lower
59 Dark green (A 1) upper, light green (A4) lower
1945-
war's end 510 Maroon (A 11) upper, I)atural metal lower
513 Dark grey (A6) upper, light grey (A9) lower
54 Dark green (A 1) upper, red orange (A 19) lower

35
BABS, unit unknown, China, 1939-40. Note the two different schemes, showing the applications for this aircraft
type during that time period. (J. Wood)

.....
-
KI-44 TOJO, 85th Sentai, 2nd Chutai, as indicated by the red Sentai marking. Also, this is a Chutai leader's air-
craft. Each Chutai leader's fuselage stripe was painted in the Chutai ID color, white with red outline for the 1st
Chutai, red the second, and yellow with red outline for the third. Also rare is the use of un-outlined Hinomarus.
The rudder is finished in light grey green rather than the silver dope frequently used overfabric on natural metal
aircraft. (R. Bueschel)

36
 SCH EME IIB II

~.
BLOTCH OR RETICULATED FINISHES
TIME SCHEME NO. DESCRIPTION
1938-1945 B1 Dark green (A 1) mottle over light grey (A9) ground and under-
surfaces
B 1a Olive green (A2) mottle over light grey (A9) ground and under-
surfaces
B4 Dark green (A 1) mottle over light grey-green (A5) ground and
undersurfaces
1940-1945 B3 Dark green (A 1) mottle over natural metal
B3a Olive green (A2) mottle over natural metal
1941-1945 B9 Dark green (A1) wave-mirror or palm leaf over light grey green
(A5) ground and undersurfaces
B9a Olive green (A2) wave mirror or palm leaf over light grey
green (A5) ground and undersurfaces
1942-1945 B2 Dark green (A 1) mottle over light blue-grey (A 10) ground and
undersurfaces
1943-1945 B5 Dark green (A 1) mottle over medium-blue grey (A8) ground,
with light-blue grey (A 10) undersurfaces
B6 Medium green (A3) blotches over light-grey green (A5) ground
and undersurfaces
1944-1945 B7 Dark green (A 1), Light green (A4), and white blotches over
light grey (A9) - ground and undersurfaces
B8 Dark green (A 1) mottle over medium green ground with natural
metal undersurfaces

B 10 Dark grey (A6) mottle over natural metal all surfaces

B 11 Various mottles of varied colors over the entire aircraft surface,
including undersurfaces
"

37
THALIA, during the earLy days of the Burma campaign. Note the very rare adaptation of a type "e" or segment
finish, in this case dark green very Large bLotches over medium brown, outlined in cobalt bLue. This is a fine ex-
ampLe of a LocaLLy applied finish. (Ian SibbaLd)

SALLY III about to receive a shock. 14th Bomber Sentai, 1944. (USAF Photo)

38
 SCHEME lIe ll

SEGMENT OR 'BARRED' SCHEMES

TIME SCHEME NO. DESCRIPTION
1938- C1 Alternate segments; greyish-ivory (A 15), Maroon (All), and light
brown (A 14) uppers with light blue grey (A 10) lower surfaces
C2 Alternate segments; medium brown (A 12), medium green (A3),
upper surfaces, with light grey (A9) lower
1938-1940 C4 Alternate segments; dark green (A 1) and brown (A 12) uppers
with light grey (A9) lowers
1938-1941 C5 Alternate segments; greens (A 1 or A3) and browns (Allor
A 12) with separating strips of medium blue (A23) of from 1" to
3" width, over light grey green (A5) surfaces

1938-1945 C3 Alternate segments; dark green (Al), green (A3) and brown
(A 12) upper surfaces with light grey green (A5) lower surfaces

KI-45 NICK, unit unknown. Note that the entire ti.p of the propeller blades are painted yellow, rather than the 1"
approximate line which was normally used. (R. Bueschel)

39
Typical field revetment of Army aircraft. Note the Home Defense bandages barely noticeable on the wings.
(HideyaAnda)

TONY, KI-61-11, 244th Sentai, HQ Chutai, Chofu, Japan, 1945. The starburst surround to the gun ports are
worthy of note, also the soft sprayed blotch finish, which was not usually encountered during the last days of
the war. (The personal aircraft of Maj. T. Kobayashi, Sentai Cmdr.) (Larry Crawford)

40
 Metal clad aircraft: entirely unpainted, except for markings etc. Fabric covered
aircraft: entire aircraft painted with silver dope. Note: Occasionally control surfaces
were painted in light grey green (A5) .

KI-30 ANNs of the 31st Sentai the 1st Chutai, China, 1942. This is a Chutai leader's aircraft. This unit was even-
tually re-equipped with OSCARs and was reassigned to fighter duty, retaining the same tail marking.
(USAF Photo)
41
SALLYs of the 60th Bomber Sentai, Manchuria, 1939 ... Note the application of the segmented type camouflage.
(J. Wood)

r::;;-:--....._~~f
.
:t-~

A fine example of a Type "N" finish. Note the application of the wing ID yellow markings to the landing gear
cover. (Oishi)
42
OSCAR of the AKE]yO Flying School, 1942-1943. These are instructor aircraft, as indicated by the normal oper-
ational camouflage carried. Occasionally, training aircraft on operational training assignments would also
be marked in this manner.. (R. Bueschel)

.
-

NATEs, training. Note the Chutai leader's aircraft has identifying white rudder. (R. Bueschel)

43
SALLYs of the 60th Bomber Sentai, Manchuria, 1939. (J. Wood)

Aircraft of the AKENO Flying School. The two OSCAR ['s are unusual as the foreground aircraft does not carry
an anti-glare panel, while the background aircraft carries the two stripes of a Chutai leader, in this case white
denoting the 1st Chutai. (R. Bueschel)

44
 EXTERIOR COLOR APPLICATION
During early 1938 the majority of operational Army aircraft wore the standard
factory finish, that is either 01 or 02. During this time period there was little need for
any type of concealment, and the necessity of protective finishes had not yet present-
ed itself.
Many NATEs and PERRYs at this time sported bright red fuselage and tail flashes,
both as an esprit de corps symbol and as an aid in emergency rescue operations. These
early finishes were invariably meticulously applied, resulting in veritable master-
pieces of painting schemes.
However, when enemy penetration became a real problem rather than the conjec-
ture it had been, the need for greater concealment became quite evident, and al-
though the High Command at home refused to recognize this need, the field com-
manders began applying locally "expedient" camouflage. These first locally applied
schemes were for two purposes: the first being concealment for the aircraft when in
flight; the second for concealment on the ground.
The field applied Scheme "C", or segment type of camouflage, was designed bas-
ically for aerial concealment,and was usually encountered in one of five basic
styles. The most common of these were C3, C4, and C5. C4 and C3 differed only in the
amount of colors used, C3 being a combination of green and brown, while C4 used
two shades of green with one shade of brown. C5 differed from the two foregoing in
that the various segments were usually separated by I" to 3" irregularly applied
strips of medium blue, although some aircraft were observed with the stripes ap-
plied at random without apparent regard for the direction or pattern of the seg-
ments. These strips were to represent the appearance of the many rivers and canals
of the Manchurian countryside as observed from high in the air. These segment
schemes were applied mainly to such aircraft as SALLY, BR20, BABS, and MARY,
usually only support aircraft.
Camouflage schemes designed for ground concealment were usually solid colors,
or "B" (blotch) type schemes, applied over the original factory applied colors.
Schemes S2 and S3 were common examples of the two color system, with a dark
green paint being applied to all surfaces observable from the air, and the under-
surfaces being left in the original type "0" finish.
The "s" type schemes were quite satisfactory in most cases, but where adequate
covered areas were not readily available, such as those areas with sparse vegetation,
the blotch PCltterns became necessary. B1 and B4 were most usual, being applied in
dark green over the basic scheme. These blotch patterns were usually sprayed on
whenever possible, but when spray equipment was not at hand, it was applied with
rag,brush,orsponge.
1940
/ Some SALLYs and SONIAs during 1940 were seen in Scheme B3, which was dark
green blotch over natural metal. Also some of the first OSCARs encountered had
this locally applied scheme, although the majority of the initial supply of OSCARs
wore an S2 type finish. Other aircraft, which appeared to be in a blotch finish at this
time, usually carried the remnants of a solid color, which due to operational wear
and tear had lost a lot of paint, giving them a deceptive appearance.
1941
1941 saw the advent of four previously unencountered schemes: Sl, S12, S15, and
B9. Dark green uppers and natural metal lower surfaces were, at this time period,
a factory applied finish, particularly for OSCAR, NICK, and STELLA. Later on, al-
most all types could be found in this scheme, which was the most commonly en-
countered scheme for the remainder of the war years.
S12 was a specialized finish found almost exclusively on recon type aircraft, us-
ually DINAHs, and was a local finish for the China-Burma area. S15 was a variation
of Sl, with the undersurfaces in light blue-grey instead of natural metal. MARYs,
DINAHs. and LILYs were found in the China-Burma skies in this scheme.
B9 was perhaps the first use of the palm leaf or wave-mirror pattern, with an al-
most infinite variety of schemes appearing during the coming years. This was of
45
course another fine example of the locally applied schemes, and was almost ex-
clusive to jungle-based aircraft. Although there were many individual examples of
the use of palm leaf camouflage, group usage was mainly confined to TONY, SALLY,
or LILY. B9 was applied over many different ground colors. TONY was usually
natural metal ground, while SALLYs and LILYs were usually light grey or light
grey green.
1942
In 1942 N, 03, 05, and S5 were encountered. N was simply natural metal overall
surfaces, or silver overall in the case of fabric surfaced aircraft. This finish was
more prevalent with fighter aircraft of this period than with support aircraft. TONYs,
TOJOs, and some OSCARs were found in this scheme, usually with blue-black anti-
glare cowl panels. TONYs and TOJOs occasionally had light grey green control sur-
faces with this finish.
03 was an overall blue-grey scheme and was peculiar to NICKs, DINAHs, and
TONYs as a delivered finish, particularly in a Home Defense role.
05 was another special finish, used for night operational aircraft, and was not
restricted to any particular type. B2 was a dark green mottle applied over 03 blue
grey. This was usually a local application, with the exception of NICKs, which were
an unusual variation, very symmetrical in appearance, hand-painted rather than
sprayed, which gave the impression of veining rather than a blotch finish. This was
a most pleasing scheme, probably one of the more colorful used during the war.
NICKs of the 4th and 6th Direct Command units on Home Defense were a prime ex-
ample of this effect, as were those ofthe 53rd Fighter Interceptor Sentai.
S5 was another night finish, matte black. upper surfaces with the natural metal
lower surfaces, found mostly on NICKs, OSCARs, and TOJOs.

Typi~al of the e,sprit-de- corps minded Japanese was the "Honor" send-off of the earlier sorties over Man-
chuna. Note the "Fight with Honor" flag." (J. Wood)

46
 1943
1943 saw the advent of 07, B5, B6, S8, and S14. 07 was a medium grey overall finish,
and was widespread among support aircraft, particularly recon and heavy bomber
Sentais.
B5 was a variation on the blotch theme, and probably resulted from a very heavily
oxidized ground finish.
B6 was popular with SALLYs and was found more often where aircraft were
,":: based among dense foliage, the medium green blotches blending well.
S8 was medium grey uppers with natural metal lowers, found mainly on trans-
port and courier aircraft such as TOPSY.
S14 was a short-lived two color system, perhaps the most garish solid color appli-
cation within the history ofthe J.A.A.F., solid blue upper surfaces with natural metal
undersurfaces. It was found among OSCAR, TONY, DINAH, and KI-I00 equipped
units, particularly those engaged in Home Defense. Its primary purpose is unknown,
although the possibility of its being intended as a night intercept scheme does pre-
sent itself.
1944-1945
The greatest inception of varied finishes occurred during these years. The most
striking of these were 04 and B7, although no less than 8 distinct finishes came into
use during this period.
04 was white overall, used by at least one Sentai of DINAHs, and was a grim por-
tent of the finish specified by the Allies for surrender aircraft at the end of the war.
B7 was a variation on the blotch scheme found on close support aircraft such as
SONIA, and consisted of as many as four different colors applied as blotches over
all upper surfaces.
From the middle of 1944 through 1945, as the situation rapidly deteriorated for the
J.A.A.F. the niceties of regulations began to be less and less observed. This was due
mainly to the lack of material, although much of this was caused by the lack of proper
repair facilities, or for that matter, the lack of aircraft to repair.
During 1945 the last really notable schemes came into effect, S10 and S13. SlO was
a wine-colored upper surface scheme, mostly found on FRANKs and TOJOs. Many
times this consisted of merely priming the exterior.
S13 was a support aircraft scheme, .usually among PEGGYs, with a few HELEN-
equipped units being painted thus.

Unit unknown, 1945. This is a rare example of the practice of marking numerals on the aircraft fuselage.
(R. Bueschel)

47
A bombardiers-eye view of a SALLY pilot, 60th Sentai, Manchuria, 1939. (J. Wood)

FRANK, 1st Sentai, Philippines, 1945. (USAF Photo)

48
OSCAR II, KUMAGAYA Flying School, the Instructor's Sentai, 1943. This aircraft's markings are unusual in
that YELLOW is' substituted for WHITE in the Home Defense bandages around the fuselage, while the white is
retained on the wings. This use of yellow was to denote the dual purpose of this aircraft, both operational and
training. The aircraft in the foreground is a leader's aircraft, as indicated by the yellow and red stripe forward of
the fuselage Home Defense band. Also note the 2nd flight ID stripe in red on the vertical stabilizer. The school
insignia is black. (Oishi)

All that is left ofa once proud bird - a NICK as it reposes today in the jungles of New Guinea. (B. Darby)

49
 TRAINING AIRCRAFT; EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT
Experimental aircraft, mainly the first prototype, were painted red orange overall,
while further models, especially those on operational test, were finished in the
standard factory schemes for that period.
Until late 1944 and early 1945 all training aircraft assigned to regular training
units were finished in yellow or orange overall. Sometimes radial engined aircraft
had matte black prime on cowls and wheel covers. Cadre aircraft and other opera-
tional training aircraft were finished in normal operational scheme.
From late 1944 on, trainers were first finished in standard camouflage scheme for
the type on all upper surfaces, retaining the yellow undersurfaces. But during early
1945 trainers were painted overall in the same manner as any operational aircraft.

SALLY I, HAMAMATSU Flying School, 1943. The wing ID panels extend to the wing lights, or approximately
one-third of the outboard span. The inboard span also was marked. (Hideya Anda)

50
OSCAR I of the AKENO Flying School in a rarely seen natural metal finish. Note the absence offuselage Hino-
marus, and wing ID panels, which would seem to indicate an aircraft prior to delivery. However, there are KANA
symbols on the rudder above the school insignia, denoting the assignment of this aircraft. (R. Bueschel)

OSCAR II of the AKENO Flying School, 1943. Dark green, very softly mottled over natural metal. The yellow of
the ID panelling is clearly defined on the landing gear covers. (Witold Liss)

51
 SURRENDER AIRCRAFT
At the close of hostilities the Allies specified that all aircraft being surrender-
flown were to be painted overall white, or to have all national markings obliterated
by overpainting those areas with white, either squares or circles. These were sur-
mounted by green crosses, signifying their acceptance of the terms of surrender.
This particularly applied to aircraft which were to carry surrender delegations, to
ensure their safety in the air.
In a sense, then, the J.A.A.F. finished out the war with its aircraft sporting as
garish a finish as had appeared during the span of seven years covered in this book.

52
 --------",~ -------~- ~- J t· ',.

'"
~

-
.&.t_
KI-54, Labuan, August, 1945, This aircraft carried the Japanese surrender delegation. In this variation on the
specified surrender markings for operated aircraft, white crosses are used. Note that while the white cross is
painted over the fuselage Hinomaru, they are not on the wing undersides, Unit Unknown. (B. Darby)
 CJl
~

KI-46 IV DINAH under operational testing with the 1st Chutai, 90th Sentai, 1944. (Imperial War Museum)

-==~--- '-f --, ..---- - .... ':' - ..

-~ ~_- --------~.;.-.~ .;--=::::;,.-.... ,... <{-"P'''~''f~----------''' - -- ---:-\.~.- ,~"'~_._T""~ .,---.",...,--
 J
I'
1'1
'I
'I
I'
I
[
~,
'\

I
\

NATE, 59th Fighter Sentai, Manchuria, 1939. (J. Wood)

I11
)

;1

I
{
NICK, 53rd Sentai, Home Defense, Fussa, Japan, 1945. (Oishi)
I
,~

[ 55
Ii
i
 COCKPIT INTERIOR COLORS

(.
\

Dull Red,
Flat Black or
Brown Prime

Fabrics in Khackis
or 01 ive Greens

Various Brightly
Pa inted Knobs

White or Yellow
Inscript Ions

Red
or
Yellow 56
 INTERIOR COLOR APPLICATIONS
Usually J.A.A.F. aircraft were finished on all interior surfaces with a clear prime
lacquer, giving the metal a rather unpainted look. However some aircraft were
primed with the translucent blue or green lacquers which were more prevalent
with J.N.A.F. aircraft.
When used, this prime coat was usually applied before assembly of the aircraft
began, sometimes giving quite a patchy look to the interior areas. It might be inter-
esting to note at this time that, although this prime coat is referred to as a "metallic"
finish, actually it was nothing more than a transparent paint, merely tinting the
surface in the base color and allowing the metal to shine through, thus giving it the
misleading metallic sheen.
The area immediately in front of the instrument paneling and also that behind the
pilot seat, but still under the canopy framing, was usually painted in either flat
blue-black, dark brown, or with a red-brown, which was encountered quite often on
the shelving immediately behind the pilot.
The interior surfaces of movable control surfaces, such as flaps, wheel covers,
etc., were usually clear primed, with the exception of KI-84's, which were usually
primed in the translucent blue throughout, or painted in the exterior base color.
Instrument paneling was usually painted flat black, or dark brown prime, with
most instruments having matte black faces; exceptions were the artificial horizon
indicators, which were almost always faced in light blue. The seat was either dark
grey or brown prime, rarely unpainted.
Control knobs, levers, and switches were normally marked in the factory according
to a J.A.A.F. wide standardization. However, the system was often ignored in the
field upon repair or replacement.
Some of the more common codings were:
LANDING GEAR LEVER: red
THROTTLE: red
RADIATOR: light blue·
FLAPS: dark grey or unpainted
FUEL TANK SWITCH LEVER: dark brown
GUN SELECTOR: yellow
PROP PITCH: yellow
FUEL PUMP HANDLE: dark brown
FIRING LEVER OR BUTTON: red
Most interior inscriptions were white or, in the case·ofwarnings, yellow.

Here is MARY, wearing a softly sprayed segment type camouflage scheme. This specific instance is unusual in
that the vast majority of segment type schemes had a definite hard separation line between colors. (USAF Photo)

57
The somewhat dilapidated remains of a KAMIKAZE version of PEGGY, was to have been fitted with an impact
fuse in the nose. These are believed to have been attached to the 7th Sentai on a "temporary" basis. (The Author)

.,
58
 2
GENERAL MARKINGS
Illustrated Key to Markings - National Markings - Anti Glare Panels
- Spinners and Propellers - Wing ID Panels - Command Stripes and
Panels - Operational Markings - Information Markings - Applica-
tion of the Hinomaru - Home Defense Markings - Victory or Kill
Marks - Application of Numerals - Personal Marks and Symbols

59
KEY TO AIRCRAFT MARKINGS
JAPANESE ARMY AIR FORCES

'1 ~~
/\
JL
t
5b

tD
trestle h~ S
"J
t?
I\,
3a

5c

J
J
trestle here 7
17
/\.

don'! push r 2 -*"

60
 KEY TO J.A.A.F. AIRCRAFT MARKINGS
L Anti-glare paneling: see page 67
2. Spinners and Propellers: page 78
3. Use of numerals: page 97
3a. Use of numerals: page 97
4. Identification paneling: page 74
5a. Command stripes and panels - pages 76-82
'y"
5b. Command stripes and panels - pages 76-82
5c. Command stripes and panels - pages 76-82
5. Unit identification symbols: section 3
7. Operational identification striping: page 73
8. Information Markings: page 85
9, Use of the Hinomaru: page 62
10, Home defense markings: page 62
11. Overall finishes: section 1
12. Information markings: page 85
13. Victory, mission markings: page 88
14. Camouflage finishes: section 1
14a, Special tail colors: section 3

TOJOs of the 47th Fighter Sentai, on Home Defense duties near Tokyo, 1944. Note the unusual application of
anti,glare panelling, which was peculiar to this particular aircraft type. (Hideya Anda)

61
THE ~HINOMARU' AS APPLIED

Light

Finished Aircraft

Red ---t-'::

Area or"Home" Defense Markings

White

A Variation, More Common With Civil

62
 APPLICATION OF THE HINOMARU,
OR NATIONAL INSIGNIA
The Hinomaru, which translates as "The Sun's Red Disc," has a
deep-seated significance to the Japanese, being of divine origin and
implications. It replaced the star of the J.A.A.F. in the thirties, when
the need for a unified symbol became evident. The disc was usually
carried in all six positions, on the wings near the tips, both over-
lapping the control surfaces and not overlapping, with the usual prac-
tice being the latter. Hinomarus normally were not carried on fuse-
lage sides during the early days of the war, particularly during the
Sino-Japanese conflict. However after 1942 it was fairly standard to
apply the Hinomaru to fuselage sides as well as the wings.
Aircraft with dark finishes usually carried a white surround on
the upper wing and fuselage Hinomarus, of a uniform 100mm width.
This width was supposedly maintained throughout both air arms, and
did not vary in width with the diameter of the different sized Hino-
marus applied. This constance of width gave some aircraft such as
SALLY or HELEN the appearance of having a much thinner sur-
round than perhaps that carried on a DINAH.
There has been much conjecture concerning the color red which was
used for the Hinomaru, some sources stating it was a deep rust-red,
others a dark blood-red, and still others bright red. We have found,
after considerable research and examination of samples, that in a
sense all of these conjectures are correct, as the paint had a strange
characteristic in that after much weathering, it would appear to have
a rust color when, as factory-applied, it was indeed bright red.
Also, one must remember that the basis for the most commonly
(although erroneously) recognized Hinomaru color today is chips
taken from aircraft painted over twenty years ago.
Additionally, the mixing formula which was specified then is exact-
ly the same as that used today.
To further support this, allied fighter pilots of that period were
instructed to be especially watchful for aircraft with bright appear-
ing Hinomarus, this denoting either a new replacement aircraft, or
"green". pilot.

NICK, 45th Sentai, 1st Chutai, Philippines, 1944. (R. Bueschel)

63
 HOME DEFENSE MARKINGS
As a quick identification feature, most aircraft assigned to Home or
Area Defense duties carried white bands, or bandages, upon the fuse-
lage, or around the wings, surmounted by the Hinomaru. Although
these bands were usually white, occasionally yellow was used, par-
ticularly by cadre aircraft or instructor Chutais, denoting their pri-
mary duties as training aircraft.
Normally the Home Defense band was only carried by fighter or in-
terceptor aircraft, with the main exception being special attack or
"Kamikaze" aircraft which sometimes carried Home Defense mark-
ings.

KI-27 NATE of the 3rd Chutai, 246th Fighter Sentai, 1943, Japan. The two fuselage stripes denote the 3rd Chutai
(the 1st Chutai had no stripes, the 2nd one, the 3rd two) rather than the color system which was popular at that
time. Note also that the propeller also was painted RED. The red "esprit de corps" fuselage stripes were not com-
monly observed after December 1941. (R. Bueschel)

64
FRANK, 47th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai, Home Defense, 1945. Worthy of mention is the unusual application of
warning stripes on the propeller blades. This Sentai was also one of the rare units to use the color blue as a Chu-
tai ID color for other than the HQ Chutai. (R. Bueschel)

TOJO of the Instructor's Sentai, AKENO Flying School, 1945. On this one aircraft can be seen most of the "usual"
practices of markings within the J.A.A.F. - the use of numerals, the Home Defense markings, and the use of the
anti-glare panel. TOJOs, however, were unusual in that the anti-glare panelling was carried aft to a point where
the rear of the canopy would extend in an opened position. (Witold Liss)

65
ANTI-GLARE PANELS IN THE J.A.A.F.

~ ..

BLACK, DARK BLUE, OR DARK GREEN

66
J-
ANTI-GLARE PANELING
Most aircraft manufacturers painted on anti-glare panels at the factory. In the case
of TONY and TOJO it was more the rule than the exception. Most fighter aircraft had
anti-glare paneling in the usual forward areas except TOJO, which carried the panel
completely through the area which would be covered by the movable part of the
canopy when it was in a fully extended position. This also included that portion of
.
" the aircraft which was normally under the rear portion of the canopy when it was
in a closed position.
During 1938-1942 dark blue was used for this purpose at the factory, but this was
exchanged for matte blue-black, which differed from the dead black matte finish
used by the J.N.A.F. Because of this bluish content these often took on a purplish
cast after severe oxidation.
This paneling was also used by multi-engined aircraft, but in the same manner
as with single-engined aircraft. There were exceptions, one of which is illustrated
in this section.
Anti-glare paneling was often used in conjunction with dark finishes, particularly
with fighter aircraft.
Some support aircraft painted the entire motor cowling (radial engined) with the
anti-glare coloring, much in the manner of the usual J.N.A.F. practice, especially
training units, along with their yellow-orange overall finishes. Sometimes this anti-
glare painted area was done in glossy enamels, which quite defeated the original
purposes.

Line up of OS CARs, probably training unit; note fresh appearance of the aircraft, denoting newness to service.
(Witold Liss)

67
HELEN, 62nd Bomber Sentai, 3rd Chutai, 1944. (Oishi)

OSCAR, probabLy AKENO FLying SchooL, 1943. (Oishi)

68
j

WAs of the UTSUNOMIA F~ying Schoo~, 2nd F~ight, 194145. Overa~~ co~or was orange with b~ack semi-g~oss
cow~s and ~anding gear ~egs. The two white fuse~age stripes indicate the FHght, whi~e the diagona~ tai~ stripe, in
the F~ight co~or, indicates the F~ight Leader's aircraft. The schoo~ insignia was often painted in b~ack as well as
red, often with a white background, as shown here. Also notice the individua~ KANA symbo~ on the cow~ing,
a not too unusua~ ID practice. (Hideya Anda)

69
HELEN, 59th Bomb Sentai, 2nd Chutai, Formosa, 1944. Natural metal, no fuselage Hinomarus, three red stripes
on the vertical stabilizer. Notice the unpainted propeller blades, unusual for the time period. (Witold Liss)
I...
11
I~
,I
.'

;1
~~,.
I,
)1
,

11

TOJO, with freshly applied wing panels, which are seen to overlap the landing gear covers to a considerable
degree. (HideyaAnda) I
70

I
~! I

,j
1

,
J
"
,

OSCAR II. Natural metal, with a very uncommon anti-

glare application, the same as TOJO. Unit unknown.
(R. Bueschell)

Although not usual practice, some multi-engined aircraft had the anti-glare panelling painted on the INBOARD
side of the engine nacelles, especially unpainted aircraft. (Oishi)

-;,
1 71
.i
I
THE FUSELAGE ~MISSION' STRIPE

OPERATIONAL
White

TRAINING

TEST OR EXPERIMENTAL
~-White

NON COMBATANT OR CIVIL

72
 OPERATIONAL MARKINGS
COMBAT STRIPES
Common practice throughout the war years among J.A.A.F. aircraft and units was
the use of the so-called "Combat Stripe" to identify friendly aircraft or assignment/
operational status, although all aircraft did not follow this practice.
The Combat Stripe, when used, was usually located just forward of the vertical
tailplane, completely encircling the fuselage. White was the normal color, although
red or yellow, or combinations of two or more colors, were also used on occasion.
Combinations were usually reserved for secondary-missioned aircraft, or for aircraft
with special assignments.
White-red-white was reserved for experimental or test aircraft, red-white-red for
civil aircraft, and yellow for training aircraft.
A notable exception to the above was the 50th Fighter Sentai which was based in
China and used combinations of yellow-red-yellow and red-yellow-red in conjunc-
tion with their fuselage lightning flashes.

WING IDENTIFICATION PANELS

From late 1941 throughout all the war years almost all J.A.A.F. aircraft used the
identification yellow panels on the leading edges of the wings. Although these were
usually painted yellow-orange (A ), they sometimes were painted on in A yellow.
Often, due to weathering, these panels took on a very pale yellow appearance, seem-
ing almost cream colored at times. And at the other extreme, instances have been
observed where the yellow had darkened due to age, and seemed to be almost
medium ochre in color.
When used, these wing panels were rarely narrower than 6", and in the case of
single-engined aircraft were usually painted over a portion of the landing gear
cover.
The official requirements for these panels were that they were to be painted along
the leading edges of the main wings, not to exceed 2/3 of the span of either wing, and
less than 1/3 of either span. This was measured from the outboard side of engine
nacelles in the case ofmulti-engined aircraft.
In the case of biplanes the ID panels. were painted on both wings, with the panel-
ling extending unbroken along the top wing surface.
There were rare cases recorded where these recognition panels were carried on
all leading edges, tailplanes as well as main wings. ~ prime example of this was a
KI-46 Dinah found and photographed at New Guinea in 1964. This aircraft is a subject
)
of profile #98, section 4.

73
 LEADING-EDGE I. D. MARKINGS

WIDER ON BOTTOM

SI NGLE ENGINE YELLOW USUALLY OVERLAPPED WHEEL COVERS

MULTI ENGINE MEASURED FROM (NGINE NACELLE

6"min.

74
 .
..4. ~~~"~i_

oJ>'
•£< :

.- ..."'- - ;.- ~
J -.
_..... -
-\ ..
' . ...
To add to the general markings confusion, here is a KI-102 RANDY of the 3rd Operational Testing Unit, Fussa,
1945, wearing three stripes, white-red-white, which, although the colors of civil aircraft, and used in the manner
of command stripes, are only to indicate a special purpose aircraft. Sometimes second line aircraft which were
assigned to line units were marked in this manner. The un-outlined upper-wing Hinomarus are worth mention.
(R. Bueschel)

75
FORMATION AND POSITION MARKINGS

FUSELAGE STRIPING - More common with Tactical Aircraft

Prevalent during Earlier Years

_ Jst
=::. 2 nd
.=; 3 rd
em 4 th

KANJI NUMERALS-Trainers
A 5 th
ECT

76
 INDIVIDUAL, FORMATION, AND
POSITION MARKINGS
Although there were several commonly encountered methods of
indicating position within a formation, striping of one sort or another
was the most usually observed.
Of these, there were two main categories; fuselage striping, and tail
striping. Fuselage stripes were more common with tactical aircraft,
especially the fighter. Tail stripes were usually the badge of either the
tactical support aircraft, or the trainer. Aircraft within the SHOTAI
were usually identified by the number of stripes used, such as one
stripe, 1st aircraft, two stripes, 2nd aircraft, etc. These stripes were
usually in the CHUTAI color. When upon rare occasions a 4th air-
craft was used within the SHOTAI, usually it was left unmarked.
Sometimes KANA symbols were used to denote formation position.
These usually were carried on the aircraft vertical stabilizer, and
were common during the period 1938 through 1942, especially in the
China theater. There was no set sequence of usage; rather the pat-
tern varied with each individual SENTAI.

The one rigid rule was that arabic numerals were never used to
indicate position; however, during the early days of the war, and
occasionally in training units, the KANJI numerals were used in this
manner.

?-~\
~~~-----<-

NATES of the Akeno Flying School, light grey green finish. Here can be seen very clearly the use of color and
striping to identify individual aircraft, and Chutais, or flights. The Chutai color is carried on both the fuselage
and the motor cowling, while the number of stripes signified the position of the aircraft within the flight. The
KANA symbols on the vertical stabilizers are the initials of the pilots. (R. Bueschel)

77
 SPINNERS AND PROPELLERS

FLAT 6ROWN
BROWN OR BLACK

REAR
FACE

1936 -1942 1942-1944

BLACK,
BROWN
OR
GREEN

1944-1945

t
VARIOUS
COLORS

78
 SPINNERS AND PROPELLERS
SPINNERS
Most spinners were painted dull reddish brown (A13) or flat black at the factory,
but several Sentais repainted them in more vivid colors when the aircraft were
delivered and became operational.
Some Sentais painted the spinners in the particular Chutai color to which they
were assigned. These were usually white for the 1st, red for the 2nd, and yellow for
the 3rd, with HQ Chutai using blue. Sentais which did not follow this procedure
usuaily painted their spinners in bright red, however white and yellow were
also used.
Most spinners were painted a single solid color, with an occasional Sentai or
Chutai marking themselves much in the manner of the German Luftwaffe with sev-
eral rings of contrasting color. A fine example of this practice was the NICKs of
the 53rd Heavy Fighter Sentai when on Home Defense service in late 1944.
Rarely were spinners left in natural metal. When this occurred it was usually in
a test or training unit.

PROPELLERS
During the early days of aviation in Japan, propellers were left in natural metal,
buffed to a high degree of luster, to retard corrosion. The rear faces of the propeller
blades were painted in dark brown prime. In addition a matching brown line was
painted on the front of the blade near the tip.
In February 1942 the usual practice was to paint the propeller over both front and
back with the dark brown prime, with yellow warning lines on the prop tips. Ad-
ditionally, some aircraft were issued with the same general color arrangements,
except that matte black was substituted for the early dark prime coat. During the
final days of the war some manufacturers issued aircraft with the propellers fin-
ished in a yellow-green anti-corrosion paint similar to the zinc chromate interior
paint used by the Allies, or the anti-glare green paint used by the USAF.
Propeller tips at this time were painted in yellow or yellow-orange both front and
back. As the end of the war drew near, attention to the niceties of painting were
often ignored in the severity of the. situation. It was just as commonplace to see
propellers which were finely polished natural metal as those which were totally
painted in black or brown.
There were rare occurrences of the entire propellers being painted in bright
colors, one of which was the KI-84's of the 104th Fighter Sentai in Manchuria, 1945.
These aircraft had the entire spinner,forward propeller face, and tips in the Chutai
color. Earlier the fighters involved in the Nomanhon, or Sino-Japanese wars, had the
rear faces painted in red in some instances.

79
KI-44 TOJO in operational test markings, as signified by the three red fuselage stripes. Note the absence of the
yellow wing ID panels. (Witold Liss)

80
BABS, 10th Support Sentai, China, 1939. Note the camouflage pattern on the wing in the foreground. (J. Wood)

ANN, 90th Attack Sentai, Manchuria, 1938-39. (J. Wood)

81
 COMMAND MARKINGS

Usually SENTAI

Chutai color

_._ color
=t==~~. \ ':
Usually with number L_3_5)

.,.-color

More prevalent with AIR-DOMINATING Groups

~
--~"'"

Usually CHUTAI Leader's

82
 COMMAND STRIPES AND PANELS
There were no set patterns within the J.A.A.F. for indicating command or the posi-
tion of the aircraft within the unit. Many variations existed, and sometimes two or
three different methods would be found within one Sentai, each Chutai using its
own system of identification.
The one basic rule that seemed to be fairly universal was that command and
-\
position stripes and panels, or other types of markings, were usually in the Chutai
color.
Numerals were NEVER used in this manner.
The most commonly encountered method of denoting command was the color flash
at the vertical tail fin. This was usually in the Chutai color, or in the case of a Sentai
Leader, the HQ Chutai color, if one was employed. Some Sentai Leaders utilized an
elaborate tail marking which generally was an embellishment of the Sentai theme.
A good example of this were the Sentai Leader's aircraft, 11th Fighter Sentai (see
section IV).
Some Sentais used the background area behind the individual aircraft number
on the lower portion of the rudder as Chutai identification, painting this area in
the Chutai color.
Fuselage stripes were occasionally used to denote leadership. Usually they were
reserved for Chutai identification or positioning of the aircraft wIthin the Chutai,
one, two, or three stripes for the particular Hotai (Flight), and all stripes in the
proper Chutai color. Occasionally these stripes were carried on the wings of the air-
craft, but this' was not a common practice.
Rarely did Hotai, or flight, leaders use special recognition markings. Mostly their
aircraft were marked as per usual Chutai practice.

OSCAR III, 48th Sentai, 1st Chutai, China, 1945. The Sentai symbol is a stylized "48." Note the white spinner
on the leader's aircraft in the foreground. The aircraft number was often painted in the Chutai color.
(R. Bueschel)

83
 INFORMATION MARKINGS

"

t 1\ I'vT

~Jl"'t
NO TOUCH

6106 ' "~

6106
) /1-1" OR7A.-t
NO STEP

~~~I/\'~
.1.--"
7/8 . , .. , . '

~ ~~
//~t

TYPICAL STENCil STYLE & SIZE

TYPiCAL CENTERLlNE-
MARK
6106 ARMY SECRET

CENTERLINE
MARK (RED)
, NO <j
~TOUCH J\
,."
t
6106

]
J
"7
,
t!
....

_n_o_s_te--,--p I/~t or 7A.r J

]
LIFT HERE "7
7't>;
no touch "t / \ I), T Iitt here
-~-----
J ] "7 T' t.i' /'v ;;
/~

don't push trestle here J ] 7 tz II,..

_da_n-"'-ge_r y 7 ~ emergency hatch I:. ';7"3 '777-

84
 INFORMATION MARKINGS
CHEAT AND TRIM LINES
Trim tabs, aileron horns and balancers, and flap lines were usually
identified with red, as shown in plate J, upon release from the factory.
These marks and lines were generally accompanied by various in-
scriptions in Kana or Kanji characters, which translated into the usual
phrases, such as: "no step," "caution," "no lift," etc. Center of gravity
marks, access panels, filler caps were also rendered in this manner.
Particularly sensitive areas were outlined in red or yellow (rare).
TRESTLE LINE
This was generally indicated by a vertical red stripe, with the Kana
characters for "Trestle Here" written vertically in red or black be-
side the line, or in white surmounting the line. Exceptions to this rule
were NICKs, which usually carried the line in white with the Kana
symbols in red surmounted.
GUN PORTS
These were generally not marked as such; however the KI-61 was a
notable exception to the rule, some TONYs using a bright yellow or
reddish "star" or "burst" around the gun opening.
I.D. PLATES
Generally these were stenciled on in white or yellow on dark fin-
ished aircraft, or in black on natural metal. The practice of stenciled
ID plates was not nearly as prevalent within the J.A.A.F. as in the J.N.
A.F. (However see "Application and Usages of Numerals," page 97.)
,
'.,

KI-48 LILY. Propeller warning line and red "Danger" marking. The three KANA characters, meaning "Danger,"
were vertically written on either side. When these characters were written horizontally, the order was often re-
versed. (Oishi)

85
00
0\

PERRY, showing the early manner of stencilling serial numbers of aircraft. The background color was yellow,
black lettering. (J. Wood)

. " ._'~ .. ~ --_._"""'= ~~

l~
;:!

r
:1
'1
1,1

"",
'-

2
'f

,I
,,
\0

I
I
I
I~
r.
I:J
t,l
"
r
!l
.i:

>.l
I'
i
I
i
I
I,
t,

This colorful NATE of the 246th Fighter Sentai sports both yellow wing ID panels and yellow KANAsfor no step
on the landing gear covers. (R. Bueschel)

87
 VICTORY MARKINGS

1938-1940
Birds
1942 -1945

PROBABLE OR
* 1938-1942
SHARED KILL
Stars

Cherry NO VEINING
FOR SHARED
Blossoms OR PROBABLE
COt'-JFIRMED KILL.--."

o
1938-1945
1942-1945
Daisies or Mums
88
 VICTORY OR KILL MARKINGS
The use of "kill" marks, or victory symbols such as mission tallies,
was not limited to aircraft of the western powers. In fact the practice
was rather widespread throughout both the J.A.A.F. AND the J.N.A.F.,
with one major exception. It was rather misleading to try to judge the
score of an individual pilot from the amount of tallies appearing on
the side of the aircraft that he was flying at a given moment, because,
unlike the usual western practice of assigning an aircraft to an indi-
vidual pilot, the J.A.A.F. rarely did this, resulting in the pilot's flying
operationally whatever aircraft was most readily available at a given
moment. The exceptions to this were those pilots who were unit lead-
ers or of high enough rank to merit a single aircraft.
The result of the foregoing was that the aircraft was credited with a
kill, rather than the pilot who was flying when the kill was made. This
practice resulted in some very impressive scores appearing on the
sides of various aircraft during the war.
There were several methods of representing kills, of which six were
most commonly used. These six were: a star, a cherry blossom, a
daisy or chrysanthemum, a stylized bird's wing, a stylized plan view
of an aircraft, or the actual outline of the type shot down.
The STAR, which originated during the Nomanhan incident, was
usually painted red on light grey or light grey-green finish of J.A.A.F.
fighters of the period, such as NATE or PERRY. With the advent ofthe
darker camouflages they were painted in white or yellow, as were all
types of kill marks.
The CHERRY BLOSSOM had two main variations: either as a sten-
ciled outline, or as a solid color with black detailing. In the latter, the
interior veining of the design was often omitted in the case of either a
"shared" kill or a probable. These cherry blossoms were usually out-
lined in yellow or pink.
Some units used the stenciled plan view of an aircraft accurately
depicting the type destroyed. A vflriation of this was the use of arrows
behind the aircraft outline, crossed much in the manner of "cross-
bones," two arrows for a confirmed kill, one arrow for either a proba-
ble or "sha'red" kill. Sometimes these "crossbones" took the form of
simple rectangular bars instead of arrows.
Occasionally several different types of markings would appear on
the same aircraft, denoting the different pilots who had made the
kills.
As with the J.N.A,F" the usual practice was to present the kill marks
on the port (left) side of the aircraft, under the cockpit, although some
two-place aircraft kept them near the rear position.
Sometimes the Kanji, or symbol of a particular pilot, would appear
alongside the kills he had earned.

89
The personal insignia and kill marks of the great KATO.
The aircraft is a PERRY. (J. Wood)

90
The personal KI-61 TONY of Major Tembico Kobayashi, commander of the 244th Shinten Sentoki, Chofu, 1945.
The aircraft carries the HQ Chutai markings. Compare this aircraft with that in plate 40, noting the small dif-
ferences in the same unit's aircraft. Here the fuselage stripes are in the HQ blue, as are the bands around the
wings. The victory markings take the form of silhouettes of the actual aircraft shot down. (Larry Crawford)

91
PERSONAL BADGES AND MARKS

PERSONAL INSIGNIA,
SINO-JAPANESE WAR

PERSONAL AIRCRAFT,
-::.~~ COMPOSITE INSIGNIA
(Three Chutai Colors)

th
(Unit Cmdr, 11 Sentai)

_ - PILOT'S 'INITIALS

(KA-RO, 3 rd Chutai, 85 th Sentai)

PERSONAL MARK, LATER

ADOPTED AS UNIT BADGE
COMMANDER'S
INSIGNIA (KATO, 64 th Sentai, 84 th D.C.)
(21 st Wing. 1944)
92
 PERSONAL MARKS AND SYMBOLS
During the period 1941 through the last days of the war J.A.A.F.
pilots were not normally assigned a personal aircraft within the Sen-
tai, and because of this it was not a general practice to adorn an indi-
vidual aircraft with a personal symbol. There were exceptions, howev-
er. Occasionally a pilot, through either attainment of "greatness"
status, or as a result of high rank or position ofleadership, did manage
to obtain his own personal aircraft. These were the usually encount-
ered aircraft with personal symbols, which often took the form of a
stylized group of Kanji characters, placed usually near the cockpit,
in the case of fighter aircraft, and on the engine cowlings with multi-
engined aircraft.
Units operating during the Sino-Japanese war period and immedi-
ately before the opening days of the U. S. involvement did follow the
single assignment practice, usually identifying their aircraft by the
use of a Kana character on the vertical stabilizer of their aircraft. This
generally represented the first sylable, or sound, of their name, such
as "KA" (1j ) for Kanamoto, or "SHI" ( ''I) for Shibusawa. This
system had its drawbacks, one of which was the circumstance of two
pilots with the same last name. This was generally solved by placing
an inverted chevron above the name-symbol of the higher ranking
pilot, one chevron for warrant grade, two for a commissioned officer,
or if both pilots were of enlisted rank, a single chevron for the pilot
with the greater seniority. Occasionally the entire name was spelled
out with Kana symbols, eliminating the chevrons.

TONY, AKENO Flying School 1943. Note the personal symbols above the school insignia, which are actually
the initials of the pilot. (Hideya Anda)

93
A rare example of personal adornment on J.A.A.F. aircraft. This "pussycat" was carried by aBABS of the 10th
Sentai in China, 1938. (J. Wood)

Another, closer view of the BABS shown above. (J. Wood)

94
OSCAR 1, unit unknown, probably AKENO Flying School. A meticulously applied local blotch type finish, dose
examination shows that great care was taken in avoiding such areas as the school insignia or Hinomaru.
(R. Bueschel)

1
-

Kl-54 in civil markings, with the red and white and red stripe of the non-combatant, plus the international "J"
for Japan, besides the individual code. Light grey overall. (HideyaAnda)

95
 THE USE OF NUMERALS, J.A.A.F.

~.~.
..

THE MOST PREVALENT PRACTICE OF NUMERAL DISPLAY WAS AS SHOWN THIS PAGE

NUMERAL APPLICATION TO THE FUSELAGE

NUMERALS STYLE YARIED-

CRUDE TO SKILLFULLY DONE

96
 USE OF NUMERALS WITHIN THE JAA.F.
As with almost all Air Forces, along with special identifying marks
for each unit, aircraft within the unit were sometimes marked with
individual numbers signifying their position within that unit. These
numbers were usually found in one of four common areas, depending
upon Sentai procedure at that time period. These were: the vertical
stabilizer, or rudder, the fuselage sides, the landing gear covers, and
with radial engined aircraft, the cowling sides.
When numbers were used on the fuselage sides, these were general-
ly painted on in front of the Hinomaru, if one was used, at a given in-
stance. The numbers painted on the landing gear covers were general-
ly a repeat of numbers shown elsewhere on the aircraft, or the repeat
of a portion of that number. Exceptions to this were some training air-
craft, such as the TOJOs of the Akeno Flying School in late 1944; the
instructor's Sentai carried the formation number only on the LG cover
and was unusual because of the red color in which it was painted.
By far the most common usage was painting the numbers of either
the vertical stabilizer or rudder, or both together, as with the NATEs
of the Nagano Group (84th DC) during late 1941·42, which painted the
aircraft number in bright red across the whole tail surface.
Sometimes the usage of numerals on tail surfaces could be very
nlisleading. For example, some units used number combinations as
Sentai markings, incorporating the aircraft number into the Sentai
mark, such as the 5th Sentai (KUOO), PEGGYs of the 98th Sentai,
NATEs of the 10th DC, and FRANKs of the 72nd Sentai.
At the factory a simple block type letter was usually used, and this
was almost always stenciled. In the field the exact opposite applied.
The styles ran the gamut from very crude and hastily applied forma-
tion markings, to very professionally applied "works of art," depend-
ing upon the quality of the available artists and, of course, time.
Unlike the U.S. practice of assigning a specific number within the
unit to an aircraft, this number being transferred to each succeeding
aircraft within that position, tlie J.A.A.F. never assigned the same
number twice within one unit, numbers of wrecked aircraft not being
used a second time around. This in itself could be very misleading,
giving a completely erroneous picture of a 'unit's strength to the
enemy.
In training units numbers were occasionally applied to the bottom
surfaces of the wings as well as the fuselage sides, especially in the
primary units. This was eliminated after the order to camouflage all
aircraft was given. These numbers were usually in conjunction with
Kana characters.
During the early days ofth" war, Kana characters were used in some
units in the place of numbers, each character being assigned a place
within the Sentai. The 12th Sentai, flying BR-20's was a prime ex-
ample of this practice.

97
~
0=

KI-45 NICK III, 53rd Sentai, 2nd Chutai, Home Defense, 1945. The numeral "65" on the rudder is about as hur-
riedly painted as one would find during the period. (Oishi)

,)
Unit Unknown, 1945. (R. Bueschel)

TONY, 59th Fighter Sentai, 1945. (R. Bueschel)

99
TONYr"J-7th FighterSe'PJ;Qi, Ja~an, 1945. CR, BueschelJ

OSCAR, 25th Sentai, 2nd Chutai, showing extreme weathering. (R. Bueschel)

100
 UNIT MARKINGS
Application and Practices of Unit Markings - Regular Units -
Independent Units - High Echelon Units - Training and Miscel-
laneous Units - Special Attack Units

101
 SENTAIIDENTIFICATION PRACTICES
As was discussed earlier, with few exceptions all J.A.A.F. aircraft
carried distinctive markings which identified both the Sentai, or unit,
to which it belonged, and in most cases even the Chutai, or sub-unit.
The vast majority of these markings were carried on the vertical tail
surfaces. Some Sentais however carried their ID markipgs on the
fuselage. This was mainly found during the early days of the war, and
usually took the form of longitudinal striping on the aircraft.
Most Sentai markings were an extremely stylized rendition of either
the particular number of the Sentai, or a Kanji character which rep-
resented some facet of the traditions of the unit. A fine example ofthe
former was the "V" of the 5th Sentai late in the war, and the latter,
the tiger of the 82nd Sentai, and also the 18th Independent Chutai
"
which used the same symbol. The basis of this was the ancient fable ,
about the tiger which can run 1000 miles, fight a battle, and run 1000
miles home, still untired.
Within the Sentai each Chutai was usually identified with a color,
with either the Sentai marking in that color, or with some uniform
portion of the aircraft painted in that manner. Although over twenty
varied color assignments have been recorded, by far the most common-
ly encountered system was: HQ Chutai, Blue; 1st Chutai, White'; 2nd
Chutai, Red; 3rd Chutai, Yellow; and when a 4th Chutai was employed,
Green. This particular system was us~d by over sixty Sentais during
the war with consistency.
A few Sentais used a stripe-system rather than color, which was
the 1, 2, and 3 stripe system for the 3 Chutais, usually in the Chutai
color, or all the same color.
Another fairly common stripe system was the use of vertical, hori-
zontal, and diagonal striping for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Chutais.
The 3rd most common type of Sentai identification system was the
use of numbers, such as some bomber Sentais, which used a "100-200-
300" series to identify their Chutais. A variation of this was the use of
random blocks of numbers, such as: 1 through 90, 1st Chutai; 100
through 600, 2nd Chutai; etc.
The most common area to be color coded, especially on fighter air-
craft, was the spinner, although some Sentais utilized the whole ver-
tical tail surfaces in the Chutai color.
The historian must exercise extreme caution in determining the
meanings or purposes of markings found on Japanese aircraft of the
period, because, as one can see from the foregoing, all systems were
very loosely organized, if at all, with some Sentais having widely
varied markings for each Chutai. This was particularly true in the
Sentais where several different types of aircraft were being used by
the same unit.

102
- -
---

103
 ~ ~.'~'
l-{
I
ce.
.I

104
105
106
 UNI T MAR KI NGS
1. 10th Recon Sentai, Philippines, 1943. (DINAH)
All Chutais were marked in the same manner. The tail symbol is that
of the River Fuji, and the unit was first organized in 1938, at Nongko
Manchuria.
.,' 2. 16th Direct Command Chutai, Japan, 1944-war's end.-{DINAH)
This so-called "Chrysanthemum and River" marking was perhaps
the most honored of all the J.A.A.F. tail markings, as the complete
"Mum" was the sumbol of royalty. To be permitted the use of a half-
round denoted extreme honor, and loyalty to the Emperor. It was also
used by 22nd Sentai, 15th Direct Command Wing, and 18th Wing
HQs Recon Sentai.

3. 17th Direct Command Chutai, Japan, 1944-1945. (DINAH)

The design "17," of this unit was often confused with that of the
14th Bomber Sentai, which was quite similar in design.

4. 55th Direct Command Chutai, Manchuria, 1942-1944. (DINAH)

The 55th was formed from the 3rd Chutai of the 15th Sentai; hence
the similar marking.

5. 2nd Reeon Sentai, Manchuria, 1943-1944. (DINAH)

The stylized swallow on the tail marking symbolized the ability to
fly far and fast and return, and the two red stripes were to denote the
2nd Sentai. There were no separate Chutai markings.

6. 77th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai, Burma, 1940-41. (NATE)

Chutai colors were: HQs, blue horizontal stripes; 1st, white; 2nd,
red; and 3rd, yellow. This same Sentai marking also underwent several
design changes during its career, but always maintained the seagull
theme.

7. 204th Fighter Sentai, Burma, 1944-1945. (NATE)

Chutai colors were: 1st, white arrow; 2nd, red arrow; and 3rd, yellow
arrow. This is the 3rd Chutai leader's aircraft. .

8. 24th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai, Dutch East Indies, 1940. (NATE)
Chutai colors were: 1st, white stripes; 2nd, red; and 3rd, yellow.
The design is that of the numeral 24 (2 and 4).

9. 61 st Sentai, Formosa, 1945. (PEGGY)

All Chutais used the same marking. This is a classic example of the
use of numerals as formation identification.

10. 74th Bomber Sentai, 1st Chutai, Japan, 1945. (PEGGY)

Here numerals were used to denote Chutais. 100 series were 1st
Chutai, 200 series the 2nd, and 300 series the 3rd Chutai.
11. 31 st Attack Sentai, 2nd Chutai, Burma, 1940-1942. (ANN, OSCAR)
Chutais were noted by the number of horizontal white stripes
behind the Sentai flash. At a later period the Sentai became a fighter
Sentai, and upon being equipped with OSCARS, it retained the same
insignia.

107
 "( .
FRANK, 73rd Sentai, 2nd Chutai, 1944, China. The majority of 73rd Sentai FRANKs were finished dark green
upper surfaces, and usually with the individual aircraft number on a white field rather than the yellow shown
here. (R. Bueschel)

!
• ..,. .

NICK, 45th Sentai, Philippines, 1945. (R. Bueschel)

108
12. 32nd Sentai, 2nd Chutai, Manchuria, 1939-1942. (ANN)
Chutais were noted by the color of the chevron, white, red, or yellow,
for the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd Chutais.

13. 90th Attack Sentai, 1st Chutai, 1938-1940, French Indo-China. (ANN)
Chutais were identified by the color of the rudder; 1st, red; 2nd,
yellow; and 3rd, -plain. White or yellow horizontal stripes denoted
leadership.

14. 28th Fighter Sentai, Homeland, 1944-1945. (RANDY)

15. 14th Bomber Sentai, Japan, 1944-1945. (PEGGY)

Chutai colors were; 1st, white; 2nd, red; and 3rd, yellow. The design
denoted the numeral 14.

16. 9th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai, China, 1938-1945. (NATE, OSCAR, TOJO)
The battleaxe of the 9th was carried in four Chutai colors; HQs,
blue; 1st, white; 2nd, red; and 3rd, yellow. Also, the fuselage stripe
was in the Chutai color.

17. 246th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai, Japan, 1945. (TOJO)

Here, Chutais were identified by the striping on the rudder; the 1st,
white striping; 2nd, no striping; and the 3rd, yellow.

18. 13th Fighter Sentai, Japan, 1938. (PERRY)

The KANA symbol on the vertical stabilizer is the formation nu-
meral ofthe aircraft.

19. 95th Bomber Sentai, 3rd Chutai, Manchuria, 1944. (HELEN)

Chutais were noted by the color of the diagonal wound ribbon.
1st, white; 2nd, red; and 3rd, yellow. This Sentai was known as the
Rising Dragon Sentai.

20. 74th Sentai, 2nd Chutai, Japan, 1 ~44-1945. (HELEN)

Chutai colors were: white, red, and yellow, for the 1st, 2nd, and
3rd. The design was an involvement of four numeral sevens, or "74."

21. 34th Bomber Sentai, 2nd Chutai, Indo-China, Burma, New Guinea, 1942-
1944. (LILY)
Chutai colors were: 1st, white; 2nd, yellow; and 3rd, red. The design
is from the KANA for "34," (3 til ).

22. 90th Light Bomber Sentai, 2nd Chutai, China, Malay, Sumatra, 1941 ~ 1945.
(LILY)
Three horizontal white stripes are individual aircraft formation
markings, in this case, the 3rd aircraft of the 1st Shotai of the 2nd
Chutai. Chutai colors were: 1st, white; 2nd, red; 3rd, yellow. Sentai
insignia is an abstraction ofthe arabic numerals 90.

23. 75th Medium Bomber Sentai, 2nd Chutai, Malay, through Japan, 1942-1945.
(LILY)
Chutai colors were unusual in that blue was used for other than a
HQs color. Colors were: 1st, red; 2nd, blue; 3rd, yellow. Sentai design
was an abstraction of the numeral 75.
24. 8th Bomber Sentai, 2nd Chutai, Burma, 1943. (LILY, DINAH)
Known as the "OCTOPUS EIGHT" to its members, the 8th was one
of a few Sentais which carried a mixed complement of aircraft by de-
109
DINAH I, 82nd Sentai, 1944. There were no individual Chutai colors or markings in this Sentai. The use of the
Tiger symbol stems from ancient Japanese folklore. (Oishi)

This often published photo of a group of AVG pilots examining the rudder of a fallen NATE of the 2nd Chutai,
77th Fighter Sentai is well worth reprint, if only to demonstrate the typical J.A.A.F. practice of hand-painting
the Sentai insignias as opposed to spraying them on. (R. Bueschel)

no
 sign rather than attrition. DINAH was used for the 1st Chutai, LILY
for the 2nd and 3rd. Chutais were identified by the number of white
horizontal stripes on the vertical stabilizer, one for the 1st Chutai,
two for the 2nd, and three for the 3rd Chutai.

25. 17th Fighter Sentai, Formosa, Okinawa, Feb. 1944-Aug. 1945. (TONY,
Ki.100)
The 17th had no separate Chutai ID scheme. From Feb. 1944 to June
1945 TONYs were used, after that, Ki.l00's.

26. 68th Fighter Sentai, HQs Chutai, New Guinea, 1943-44. (TONY)
Chutai colors were: HQs, blue; 1st, white; 2nd, red; 3rd, yellow.
Design was an abstration ofthe numeral 68.

27. 19th Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai, Philippines, 1944. (TONY)

Chutai colors were: 1st, white; 2nd, red; 3rd, yellow. Chutais were
identified by the fuselage stripe forward of the combat stripe, in the
Chutai color. The red color of the Sentai mark remained the same for
all Chutais. Design is an abstract 19.
28. 59th Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai, Japan, 1945. (TOJO, Ki.1 00)
The traditional fuselage lightning stripe was replaced late in 1944
by the marking shown here. Chutai colors were: 1st, blue; 2nd, red;
3rd, yellow; aU white outlined, or red outlined in case of the lighter
colors.

29. 7th Bomber Sentai (7th Special Attack Chutai) Indo-China, Malay, Dutch
East Indies, New Guinea, Homeland. 1944-1945. (SALLY-PEGGY)
Chutai colors were; 1st, white; 2nd, red; 3rd, yellow. This unit was
called the Fuji Group; the Sentai insignia represents the mountain
and river Fuji, the heart of the homeland. Towards the end of the war
special groups of Ki.67s were organized as special attack groups under
this unit insignia.

30. 58th Bomber Sentai, 3rd Chutai, Manchuria-Formosa, 1942-1945. (SALLY)

Chutai colors .were: 1st, white; 2nd, red with white outline; 3rd,
yellow with white outline.
v 31. 12th Bomber Sentai, 1st Chutai, China, 1940-1942. (SALLY)
Chutai colors were: 1st, blue stripes; 2nd, red; 3rd, yellow. Sentai
insignia was the KANA for the numerals "I" and "2" or "12" (- =).
v'
32. 60th Bomber Sentai, 2nd Chutai, China, 1938-1941. (SALLY)
Chutais were identified by: 1st, no special markings; 2nd, two
oblique red stripes on the fuselage, with a surmounted red or yellow
star of various shapes; 3rd, yellow band in the same position as the
usual combat stripe.

33. 65th Light Attack Bomber Sentai, Manchuria, 1941-1942. (MARY)

The insignia shown is the second design change for the 65th, who
began with a Mt. Fuji insignia similar to that of the 7th Bomber Sentai
(#29). Chutai colors were: 1st, white; 2nd, red; 3rd, yellow.

v 34. 75th Light Bomber Sentai, 2nd Chutai, China, 1938-1941. (MARY)
Chutais were indicated by the amount of horizontal white stripes
at the top of the rudder; 1, 2, and 3, for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. This
unit underwent a design change in 1942 (#23) upon being re-equipped
with LILY.
111
KI-43-II OSCAR, 25th Sentai, 2nd Chutai, Chutai leader's aircraft. It was not a normal practice to paint the in-
dividual aircraft number in such a large size. Note the effects of weathering around the cowling edge, also the
prop spinner. (Oishi)

KI-45 NICK, 27th Fighter Sentai, late 1944, Philippines. Although the fuselage Hinomarus have the usual white
surround, this has been overpainted on the upper wings. (R. Bueschel/USAF)

112
 35. 45th Attack Sentai, 3rd Chutai, China, 1938-1939. (MARY)
This Sentai used different insignias to identify Chutais; the 1st
Chutai used a "Mum" or royal flower insignia, the 2nd Chutai had no
markings, and the 3rd had an eagle as shown.

\/ 36. 6th Light Bomber Sentai, Manchuria, Korea, 1941-1944. (MARY, SONIA)
Although the Sentai insignia had been in use for two years, official
approval had not been given until December 1943. There were no
special Chutai colors.

v 37. 65th Light Attack Bomber Sentai, 1938-1941, Manchuria. (MARY)

Here is shown the early Sentai design as mentioned in #33.

38. 15th Direct Operation Sentai, China-Burma, 1940-1942. (BABS)

Chutai colors were: 1st, white rays with red outline; 2nd, red rays
with white outline; 3rd, yellow rays with red outline. In July 1941 the
15th Sentai was re-organized into three separate Independent com-
panies (Chutais); the Chutais became: 1st, 50th DC; the 2nd Chutai,
51st DC; and the 3rd Chutai, 55th DC, retaining the same Chutai In-
signia.

39. 47th Direct Command Chutai, Formosa, 1944-1945. (SONIA)

This unit was at one time a fighter Sentai, and underwent several
acute design changes during its career.

40. 52nd Direct Command Chutai, Philippines, 1943-1945. (SONIA)

41. 45th Direct Command Chutai, Philippines, 1944-1945. (SONIA)

Chutai insignia signifies its Manchurian ancestry.

42. 49th Direct Command Chutai, Formosa, 1944-1945. (SONIA)

A rare usage of the cobalt blue overall aircraft color was a last
minute color change of the 49th.

43. 89th Direct Command Chutai, Burma, 1941-1944. (SONIA)

44.91 st Direct Command Chutai, Java, 1941-1944. (SQNIA)

45. KUMAGAYA Flying School, Japan, 1925-1945. (SPRUCE)

46. ARMY AIR ACADEMY, Manchuria, 1940-1945. (SONIA)

Pilot's name on the rudder.

47. HOKOTA Flying School, Japan, 1940-1945. (LILY)

48. 48th Direct Command Chutai, Formosa, Kyusu, 1944-1945. (SONIA)

49. 7th Ground Support Detachment, Homeland, 1941-1944. (IDA)

50. 66th Direct Command Chutai, China, 1941-1942. (IDA)

51. HAMAMATSU Flying School, Japan, Manchuria, 1941-1 944. (SALLY)

School insignias were also encountered in yellow, and red.

52. TAICHIARI Flying School, Japan, 1940-1945. (SPRUCE)

This is a section leader's aircraft as signified by the striping.

113
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PEGGY, 98th Sentai, 3rd Chutai, Okinawa, 1944, The 98th followed more or less the J.N.A.F. practice of using
numerals as unit identification symbols. The Chutais were further divided into Shotais, which were also identi·
fied by a given number, For example, the 100·to·300 series of numerals, such as "1·23, 2·34, or perhaps 3-72"
signified the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Shotai of the 1st Chutai, the 2nd Chutai used the series 400·to·600, while aircraft
of the 3rd Chutai used 700·to·900. Therefore, using this system, the aircraft shown here would identify as Air·
craft #77, 1st Shotai, 3rd Chutai, 98th Sentai, (US Navy/National Archives)

I~ ,- \ ,~
 53. ARMY AIR ACADEMY, 1940-1944 Japan, Manchuria; (NATE)
Pilot's initials on the rudder.

54. KUMAGAYA Flying School, Instructor's Chutai, Japan, 1942-1945. (NATE)

55. UTSUNOMIA Flying School, Japan, 1940-1945. (IDA)

56. ARMY AIR COMMUNICATIONS School, Japan, 1940, 1945. (HICKORY)

The symbol immediately over the school insignia is the individual
aircraft numeral/KANA.
57. AKENO Flying School, Instructor's Chutai, Japan, 1944-1945. (TONY)
Pilot's initials are above the school insignia.
58. 85th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai, China, Korea, 1944-45. (FRANK)
Chutai colors: 1st, white; 2nd, red; 3rd, yellow. KANA symbols are
the initials of the pilot.

59. 52nd Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai, Japan, Philippines, 1944-45. (FRANK)
Chutai colors; 1st, white; 2nd, red; 3rd, yellow.

60. 22nd Fighter Sentai, Japan, China, Philippines, Korea, 1944-end. (FRANK)
Chutai colors: HQs, red; 1st, white; 2nd, blue; 3rd, yellow. The Sen-
tai insignia never changed in the Chutai, the Chutai was identified
by the color of the prop spinner. The half-Mum symbol was a great
badge of honor, because being allowed to wear a royal symbol meant
that one had greatly distinguished oneself in combat. The 22nd was
such an organization, one offour in the J.A.A.F.

61. 71 st Fighter Sentai, Japan, Philippines, 1944·end. (FRANK)

All Chutais were marked in the same manner; each individual air-
craft carried the last three digits of the serial number as shown.
The design is an abstract ofthe KANJI for 71.

62. 50th Fighter Sentai, 1st Chuiai, Burma, Thailand, French Indo China,
Formosa, and the Homeland, 1941-end. (OSCAR, FRANK)
The Chutai colors were: 1st, red; 2nd, yellow,; 3rd, white.

v 63. 12th Bomber Sentai, 1st Chutai, China, 1938-1939. (BR 20)
Chutais were identified by the use of KANA symbols, with each
Chutai being assigned 10 KANA symbols for use. This was not a prac-
tice later in the war.

64. 4th Heavy Fighter/Attack Sentai, 3rd Chutai, Kozuki, Japan, 1945. (NICK)
This marking originated at Tachi-Arai Air Base, in Kyusu, Japan.
Tachi-Arai means "Sword-Washing," and the central figure of the
insignia is that of the traditional wrist guard of the sword. The curved
lines represent the river where the battle-crazed warriors washed
away the blood of the enemy, (From a fable). This same symbolism
was also used by 4th D.C., and the 6th D.C. Chutai colors were: 1st,
white; 2nd, red; and 3rd, yellow.

65. 5th Heavy Fighter Sentai, Gifu, Japan, 1944-1945. (NICK)

Upon transfer to Komaki Air Base, Gifu Prefecture, the 5th again
underwent a unit insignia change. The tail mark adopted is an ab-
straction of the KANA character for the numeral "5," (:n:: ).
All
Chutais carried the same insignia, there were no Chutai colors.

1I5
PERRYs, 1st Fighter Sentai, Nomonhan 1938. (J. Wood)

Another view of #7-77. Refer to page 114. (US Navy/National Archives)

116
5th Heavy Fighter Sentai, New Guinea, 1943-1944. (NICK)
The situation in the Pacific was deteriorating rapidly, and many
moves from lost base to lost base resulted in a great loss of morale
among the 5th's pilots. In a move to restore some of the lost esprit-de-
corps, the Sentai Commander invited designs for a new unit insignia
and the resulting winner is shown. The design is an abstract of the
arabic numeral "5." Additionally, to further remind the pilots that
"our strength is that of the mighty mountains," each aircraft was
named after a famous mountain, from all over the Japanese territories.
Illustrated is the NICK; "HAKUTO," or "White-Head," for a great
mountain in Korea.

67. 5th Heavy Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai, Kashiwa, Japan, 1942-1943. (NICK)
Prior to the design change described above, while on Home De-
fense in Japan, the 5th used the separate Chutai colors of: 1st, yellow;
2nd, white; and 3rd, red (shown). At this time all Hinomarus were
carried within white Home Defense bandages.

68. 20th Fighter Sentai, Formosa, Japan, 1943-1945. (OSCAR)

The 20th used Chutai color coding, but only the spinner was painted
in the Chutai color, with the same Sentai insignia for all aircraft. The
design is an abstract "20." Chutai colors: 1st, white; 2nd, red; and
3rd, yellow.

69. 59th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai, Manchuria, 1943. (OSCAR)

Chutai colors were, 1st, white; 2nd, red; and 3rd, yellow. At an
earlier period NATEs of this unit carried the lightning flash along
the entire fuselage (see profiles) and the Chutai colors were: HQs,
green; 1st, red; 2nd, black; and 3rd, yellow. KANA characters at
top are pilot's initials.

70. 64th Fighter Sentai, HQs Chutai, Homeland, China, French Indo-China,
Thailand, Malay, Sumatra, Java, and Burma. (OSCAR)
Chutai colors were: HQs, .blue; 1st, white; 2nd, red; 3rd, yellow.

71. :48th .Fighter Sentai, China, 1945. (OSCAR)

There were no special Chutai markings fot: the 48th Sentai.

72. 25th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai, China, 1943-1945. (OSCAR)

Chutai colors were: HQs, blue; 1st, white; 2nd, red; and 3rd, yellow.
The 25th was one of a few who used a combat stripe of other than the
normal white, it being in the Chutai color.

73. 11 th Fighter Sentai, Sentai Commander's Aircraft, Dutch East Indies.

1942. (OSCAR)
Although one-of-a-kind, the leader's insignia is included here be-
cause of the many times that it has been erroneously displayed in
various publications. Of course, the usual Sentai insignia was a single
lightning flash, in the Chutai color, which was 1st, white; 2nd, red;
and 3rd, yellow.

74. 13th Fighter-Attack Sentai, New Guinea, 1943, 1944. (OSCAR)

All Chutais carried the same insignia.

117
 -.

"

ll8
KI-IOO, 3rd Operational Test Unit, at war's end. The Hinomaru is only on the starboard side, indicating the un-
finished status of this aircraft. (Oishi)

119
 .-.
KI-61-II TONY, 19th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai, late 1944. Note the overpainted 53rd Figltter S.entai marking
behind the 19th insignia. The varicolored tape was applied by the intelligence evaluation teams for photo meas-
urement purposes, each serration measuring one inch. (R. Bueschel)

A rather war-weary TONY of the 19th Fighter Sentai. Note the use of yellow wing markings, and also that the
upper surfaces blotch pattern has been carried around and under the leading edge of the wing. (R. Bueschel)
120
 ~....
<:(

4
AIRCRAFT IN PROFILE

121
 I
J
AIRCRAFT IN PROFILE
The following 16 pages of color drawings are designed to acquaint i
the reader with just a few of the wide range of camouflage schemes I
which were observed during the period 1938 through 1945.
It will be further noted that not all of the schemes shown were to be I
II
considered as "normal" schemes, but were rather unusual instances, h
and are included because oftheir differences from the norm. "

I
I
The hundred-odd profiles displayed here lend themselves well in
illustration of the Japanese love of color in the military, stemming
from their Samurai days, resulting in a sometimes garish, sometimes
ultra conservative finish, but all with a grim beauty of their own.
It is the hope of the author that the color pages here, coupled with
the surrounding pages of data and drawings will enable each enthusi-
ast to become his own expert on the subject.

OSCAR, 50th Fighter Sentai, Burma, 1943. (The Author)

122
 I
~,

,
.I ~.
NATE
p

1. NATE, 246th Fighter Sentai,

CD 2nd Chutai
Osaka, Japan, 1942
-~ f.

f·

2. NATE, 85th Fighter Sentai,

3rd Chutai
Manchuria, 1941-1942

3. NATE, 84th Independent Chutai,

2nd Flight
o China, 1939

II
,
'.,

4. NATE, 11th Fighter Sentai,

4th Chutai
Manchuria, 1938-1939

5. NATE, 59th Fighter Sentai,

2nd Chutai
Manchuria, 1939

J,
I,
I
l
6. NATE, 9th Fighter Sentai,
HQChutai
Manchuria, 1939-1941
.~

- 7. NATE, 68th Fighter Sentai,

ln~ii~s=~~E~~~~~~6
I

-.,'" 3rd Chutai 1942

Manchuria,

123
 STELLA - PERRY - IDA
8.
STELLA, unit unknown
® Philippines, 1945

9. STELLA, unit unknown

Japan, 1944

10. PERRY, 2nd Pursuit Sentai,

1st Chutai
Manchuria, 1938-1939

11. PERRY, 77th Fighter Sentai,

2nd Chutai
China, 1938-1939

12. PERRY, Sentai unknown,

probably 2nd Chutai
@ Manchuria, 1939

13. IDA, 28th Support Sentai,

3rd Chutai
Manchuria, 1939 @
14. IDA, 8th Ground Support-
Detachment
China, 1942-1943

124
 Ki.l00 - Ki.115
16.
KI-l00, 59th Fighter Sentai,
1st Chutai
Japan, 1945

17.
KI-l00, 3rd Operational
Training Chutai
Japan, 1945

18.
KI-l00, 5th Fighter Sentai
Japan, 1945

19.
KI-100, lllth Fighter Sentai,
2nd Chutai
Japan, 1945 ®
20.
KI-100, 17th Fighter Sentai
Japan, 1945
@

2l.
KI-100, 244th Fighter Sentai,
1st Chutai
Chofu, Japan, 1945

22.
KI-1l5, unit unknown
Japan, 1945

23.
KI-1l5, unit unknown
Japan, 1945

125
 PEGGY - MARY l<i.l09

24. PEGGY, 61st Bomber Sentai

Formosa, 1945
-I.·I
25.
PEGGY, 62nd Bomber Sentai,
3rd Chutai, Japan, 1945 ~e;t~4~ij~ii~=~~~--'----~~· ~=~~

26. PEGGY,
98th Bomber Sentai,
3rd Chutai
Okinawa, 1945

27. PEGGY, 7th Bomber Sentai,

Special Attack Chutai
Japan, Okinawa,~1~94;5;.;~~~~r;=i:iiii!fiIIJI:~_"'"

28. KI-109, 107th Bomber Sentai,

3rd Chutai, Japan, 1945

29. MARY, 75th Attack Sentai,

2nd Chutai, China, 1939

30. MARY, 45th Attack Sentai,

1st Chutai, China, 1939

®
31. MARY, 6th Attack Sentai
Manchuria, 1941

126
 rOJO
32. TOJO,
1st Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai
China, 1943

33. TOJO,
47th Special Attack Chutai
Narimasu, Japan, 1944

34. TOJO,
87th Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai
Sumatra, 1943

35. TOJO,
9th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai
Manchuria, 1942

36. TOJO,
85th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai
Tachikawa, Japan, 1945

37. TOJO,
23rd Fighter Sentai
Japan, 1944

38. TOJO,
70th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai
Japan, 1944

39. TOJO,
85th Fighter Sentai,
2nd Chutai
Nanking, China, 1942

40. TOJO,
29th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai
Formosa, 1944

127
 ANN - SONIA - BABS
4l.
ANN, 31st Light Bomber Sentai,
3rd Chutai, Thailand, 1941

42. ~
ANN, 90th Light Bomber Sentai, ~ (!-B5~~~~~~=:::::::C:::::::::::==s==
1st Chutai, French Indochina, 1940 ~~~rg~t~~~~~~~3!~~

43.
ANN, 87th Light Bomber Sentai
Korea 1942

45.
SONIA, 44th Recon Sentai
1st Chutai, China, 1942

46.
BABS, 10th Recon Sentai
Nongko, Manchuria, 1938

47.
o
BABS, 16th Independent Chutai
China, 1939

48.
BABS, 18th HQ Recon Wing
Japan, 1943

128
 LILY - RANDY

49.
LILY, Unit Unknown
New Guinea, 1944

50. @ ~::::;~~IiiiiiIi~
LILY, 3rd Attack Sentai
Philippin~s, 1944

5l.L1LY,
8th Light Bomber Sentai,
2nd Chutai Burma, 1943

52. LILY, ®
208th Light Bomber-
Sentai, 3rd Chutai (J:J=:I:CD
Manchuria, 1943

53.
RANDY, 3rd Operational-
Test/training Chutai
Fussa, Japan, 1945

54.
RANDY, 28th Fighter - ~~• .'.
Sentai, 2nd Chutai ~~~~~~~::t!!!!!!!~~~~=-.::z-.=---
Chiba, Japan, 1945
55.
RANDY, 45th Fighter-
Sentai, 1st Chutai
Japan, 1945

129
 SALLY
56.
SALLY, 14th Bomber-
Sentai, 3rd Chutai
Philippines, 1944

57. r;r
SALLY, 60th Bomber - \::!!)
Sentai, 2nd Chutai
China, 1940

58. ~
SALLY, .
3rd'lndependent Chutai
Okinawa, 1945

59. ~
SALLY, 8th Air Division,@
HQ Chutai
Formosa, 1944

60.
SALLY,
98th Bomber Sentai,
3rd Chutai
Sumatra, 1945

61.
SALLY,
7th Bomber Sentai, 61
®
3rd Chutai
French Indo China, 1944

62.
SALLY,
12th Bomber Sentai,
1st Chutai,
China, 1943

130
 TONY
63.
TONY, 244th Fighter AD Sentai,
HQ Chutai Chofu, Japan, 1945

64.
TONY, 55th Fighter Sentai
Gifu, Japan, 1944

65.
TONY, 18th Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai
Chiba, Japan, 1945

@
66.
TONY, 37th Fighter Sentai
Taipei, Formosa, 1945

67.
TONY, 68th Fighter Sentai, HQ Chutai
New Guinea, 1945

68.
TONY, 56th· Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai
Osaka, Japan, 1945

69.
TONY, Unit Unknown,
previously 53rd Fighter Sentai,1945

70.
TONY, 244th Fighter Sentai
Japan, 1944

®
7l.
TONY, 59th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai
Japan, 1945

131
 SCHOOL COLORS
72. PEGGY, Hamamatsu Army Flying School
1944

73.
DINAH,
Shimoshizu Army Flying School
1943

75.
NATE, Akeno Army Flying School ® 74.
1942
OSCAR,
@ Kumagaya Army Flying School
1942-1944

76.
OSCAR,
Kumagaya Army Flying School ®
1944 77.
SALLY, Army Aviation
Communications School
1942

78.
TOJO, Hitachi Army Flying School
1944-1945 @
79.

132
 FRANK
80.

@~.
~_._--. '1~1
FRANK, 73rd Fighter Sentai,
-_._... -
J .. _-
2nd Chutai, Philippines, 1944
. . .

81.
FRANK, 11th Fighter Sentai,
2nd Chutai, Philippines, 1944

82.
FRANK, 24th Independent Chutai
Sumatra, 1945

83.
FRANK, 1st Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai
Philippines, 1944 @
84.
FRANK, 29th Fighter Sentai,
HQ Chutai, Formosa, 1945

85.
FRANK, 52nd Fighter Sentai,
3rd Chutai
Philippines, 1944

86.
FRANK, 71st Fighter Sentai
Japan, 1945

87.
FRANK, 72nd Fighter Sentai,
3rd Chutai, Japan, 1945

88.
FRANK, 57th Special Attack Sentai
Japan, 1945

89. @
FRANK, 85th Fighter Sentai,
HQ Chutai, Korea, 1945
133
 NICK

90.
NICK, 4th Fighter Sentai,
2nd Chutai
Kozuki, Japan, 1945

91.
NICK, 5th Fighter Sentai,
1stChutai ®
Kashiwa, Japan,
1943

92.
NICK, 5th Fighter Sentai
Kimoki & Kiyosu,
Japan, 1944-1945

93.
NICK, 27th Fighter Sentai
Philippines, 1944

94.
NICK, 53rd Fighter Sentai,
3rd Chutai
Matsudo, Japan, 1945

95.
NICK, 13th Fighter Sentai,
2nd Chutai Rabaul, 1943

134
 DINAH - TOPSY
96.
DINAH, 82nd HQs Recon Sentai
Manchuria, 1944

97.
DINAH,19thlndependentChutai
Japan, 1944
~~
~
. I
_
~
0

c ~~
~ ~
-

98.
DINAH, Unit Unknown
New Guinea, 1944-1945

99.· 8
DINAH, 81st HQs Recon Sentai,
3rd Chutai . Java, 1943-1944

100.
DINAH, 2nd Recon Sentai
Philippines, 1944

10l.
DINAH, 10th HQs Recon Sentai
New Guinea, 1944

102.
TOPSY, ex-civil transport-
in military service
Okinawa, 1945

103.

Command,
TOPSY, 51stHQ
Japan, 1943
Train~in~9~.~~~~~b~~~~~~~~ri~~a~~
Air Chutai

135
 HELEN - THALIA
104.
HELEN, 95th Bomber Sentl...a:i,~3~rd~C:h~u:t:a~i _-------~
Manchuria, 1944-1945 ~

.
~

105.
HELEN, 62nd Bomber Sentai, 1st Chut·~ai~_--.:.----------~
Japan, 1945

106.
HELEN, Hamamatsu A__r~m~Y_F~IY in=g~S~c~h-=-oo~I_------/~
1944 _

107.
HELEN, 74th Bomber Sentai, 2nd Chh~ut~a~i_----------~~~
Formosa, 1944 ~

108.
HELEN, Unit unknown
New Guinea, 1943

109.
THALIA, Unit unknown
Burma, 1942

136
 OSCAR
110.
OSCAR, 50th Fighter Sentai,
2nd Chutai Burma, 1942

11l.
OSCAR, 77th Fig hter Sentai
New Guinea, 1944

112.
OSCAR, 31st Fighter Sentai,
3rd Chutai
China-Burma, 1944

113. "
OSCAR, 59th F;ghle, SonIa;,
HQ Chutai Malaya, 1941 Q
~
--= . . " .. .""

114.
OSCAR, 20th Fighter Sentai,
3rd Chutai
Formosa, 1944-1945

115. @
OSCAR, 204th Fighter Sentai
Burma, 1945

116.
OSCAR, 25th Fighter Sentai,
HQ Chutai China, 1943-1945

117.
OSCAR, 11th Fighter Sentai
Dutch East Indies, 1942 Q
®
118.
OSCAR, 1st Fighter Sentai,
1st Chutai
Shimodate, Japan, 1943
 FOUR ACES

119. OSCAR, 64th Fighter Sentai

Rangoon, 1942

120. NATE, 11th Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai

Harbin, Manchuria, 1939

121. TONY, 244th Fighter Sentai

Chofu, Japan, 1945

122. FRANK, 104th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai

Anzan, Manchuria, 1945

0'

138

J
I J
1
J
Ii
j
~.' PROFILES
1. 246th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai. The NATE shown is a fine example
ofthe use of 0 bsolete types within the modern Sentai.
The NATE during this time period was used as an advanced trainer,
or as a Sentai secondary aircraft, serving as Base-Defense, or as a
Special Attack aircraft. This aircraft's Home-Defense role is indicated
by the white fuselage and wing bandages, while the two red fuselage
stripes show the special usage of the aircraft within an operational
unit. Scheme 02.
2. 85th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai. The aircraft illustrated would be the
third aircraft within the second Shotai of the third Chutai. It was a
characteristic of this Sentai, at this period in history, that each Shotai
was identified by the diagonal colored stripes on the fuselage, white
for the first, red for the second, and yellow for the third. The first
aircraft within the Shotai would carry one stripe, the second two,
etc., all in the Shotai color. The chutai was indicated by the color of
the Sentai insignia on the tail, the colors in the same order as for the
Shotai, as given above.
The foregoing marking system was not a usual practice within the
J.A.A.F. Scheme 02.
3. 84th Independent Chutai, 2nd Flight. Called the "NAGANO BUTAI,"
this unit was formed from the 3rd Chutai of the 64th Sentai, hence the
display of the red hawk on the fuselage. These were painted on both
sides, nose forward. The hawk, of course, was a symbol of the unit's
beginnings under the great ace Kato. The Chutai colors for the 84th
were white, red, yellow, and cobalt, or blue, for the first, second, third,
or fourth. These were indicated on the diagonal fuselage stripe, and
•
f the individual aircraft number on the tail. Scheme 02 .
4. 11th Fighter Sentai, 4th Chutai. The 11th, at this time, had adopted
the trademark of the red undercarriage, and during the days of the
Nomonhan incident, were referred to as the "Red-Legged-Hawks.
The Chutai colors were white, red, yellow, and green, for the first,
second, third, and fourth, and were displayed on the fuselage band
and the Sentai insignia. Scheme 0"1.
5. 59th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai. The lightning flash of the 59th was
carried on' a variety of aircraft during the war, and did not change
its basic design or format of display until the very last days of the war.
,l (See profile #113, and #71)
~I The aircraft shown carries one of the rare uses of the color black as
J a Chutai color code. The Kana symbol ( 1 ) "NA" is the initial sym-
'I bol ofthe assigned pilot, or ranking assigned pilot. Scheme 02.
Ii 6. 9th Fighter Sentai, Headquarters Chutai. One of the "old ones," the
I 9th had a long tradition behind it, being formed from the 3rd Air Regi-
ment in 1935. The 9th was committed in the Nomonhan incident on
1 July 1938, and remained in Manchuria for the first years of the war.
Both NATE and PERRY used the basic scheme and markings system
shown, from Sept. 1939 on. Prior to this all Sentai aircraft were un-
marked. Chutai colors were blue, white, red, and yellow, for HQ,
1st, 2nd, and 3rd, and were painted on in two positions shown. Fuse-
lage Hinomarus were not carried prior to 1939. Scheme 01.
7. 68th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai. The 68th used NATEs until March
1943, when it was re-equipped with the TONY. See profile #67. Except
for its later period. the 68th saw almost exclusive service in the Man-
churian theater, from its inception at Harbin in 1941. Chutai colors
were same as for Profile #6 Scheme 02.

139..
 8. STELLA, Unit Unknown. Little is known of the operational history
of the STELLA. The aircraft indicated here was used operationally,
probably in either a HQs Recon detachment or within a HQs flight
attached to a HQs Air Division, based upon the fuselage Hinomaru
and the horizontal fin stripe. The aircraft was finished in semi-gloss
paint, black and light grey green.
9. STELLA, unit unknown. The aircraft shown either was a prototype
or in a training status, as indicated by the orange finish, and the non-
combatant fuselage striping. It is the author's opinion that the air-
craft was encountered during its principle flight evaluation tests,
hence the visual aid painting.
r
10. 2nd Pursuit Sentai, 1st Chutai. Shown is the personal aircraft of
Takeo Kato, one of the greatest of the J. A. A. F. aces, during his early
days in the Nomonhan campaign. Note the red hawk, referred to in
profile #3, and the very rare application of kill markings. The Kana
symbol ( .,,) on the tail stands for "KA," or the first syllable ofKato.
Kill marks were on the port side only, and were white and red. On his
earlier PERRY, all kill marks were white outlined in red. Scheme 02.
11. 77th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai. The seagulls of the 77th were well-
known during the early days of the war in China, as displayed on
PERRY, and later agai.nst the pilots of the AVG, painted on the rud-
ders of NATE, and the first OSCARs. Except for special adaptions
of the marking, it remained basically unchanged during the course
of the war. (See profile #111) Chutai colors were: 1st, blue on white
band; 2nd, white on red band; and 3rd; blue on yellow band. Scheme 02.
12. Sentai Unknown, 2nd Chutai. Here is one of the first uses of colored
spinners as identification in conjunction with fuselage coding. Al-
though the Sentai is unidentified, one can make a probable identifi-
cation as to the Chutai, by the color of the Chutai bands, based upon
the standard coloring practices at that time period. Again, the Kana
( 1\ ) for "HA" on the tail is the initial of the assigned pilot.
Scheme 02.

TONY, in the early blue-grey finish. The yellow wing ID panels can easily be seen. Also, note the manufacturer's
plate near the propeller hub. (R. Bueschel)

140
 13. 28th Support Sentai, 3rd Chutai. This unit used three different air-
craft types at the same time, but keeping each type in a separate Chu-
tai. The 1st Chutai used BABS, the 2nd used SONIA, while the 3rd
used IDA. The Sentai insignia was coded white, red, or blue, for the
1st, 2nd, or 3rd.
In 1941, a portion of this unit was re-organized into the 28th Inde-
pendent Chutai, which became the 28th Fighter Sentai in 1944 (see
Profile #54). Scheme 02.
14. 8th Ground Support Detachment. On this aircraft can be seen a
remnant of the earlier "Esprit-De-Corps" markings, the flashes on the
wheel covers. The blotch pattern is a locally applied scheme, but
applied where good facilities were available, as witnessed by the
finely applied individual aircraft markings. This is the third aircraft
of a four aircraft detachment, the others marked with one stripe, two
stripes, three stripes, and the fourth aircraft unmarked. Scheme B4.
15. 7th Ground Support Detachment. Wearing a locally applied version
of segment camouflage, the IDA is dressed in what was considered the
epitome of concealment during the period 1940-1942 in China. The
6th. 7th. and 8th Ground Support Detachments were organized in 1941,
and were deactivated in October 1944 due to decimation and change of
combat requirements. Scheme C3.
16. 59th Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai. This is one of the rare examples of
the individual aircraft number being painted on the side of an opera-
tional aircraft, a practice which was almost non-existent within fight-
er and attack units. It is interesting to note that no two aircraft had
their numbers painted on exactly alike, due, it is supposed, to the
various degrees of skill of the artists who painted them. Although this
was a Home Defense unit, by late 1945 the use of the white bandage
had been dropped in favor of more complete camouflage.
Schemes Sl, S2, S12.
17. 3rd Operational Training Chutai. The KI-100 shown here carries the
dark grey paint which was usually found on support aircraft, again
indicating the shortage of paint in late 1945. Also, the Hinomaru was
not outlined, contrary to usual pFactices. This is the 2nd variation of
the tail marking of this unit, shown in another profile. Natural metal
underswjaces.
18. 5th Fighter Sentai, Kiyosu Japan, 1945. Here is one of the more rarely
finished aircraft encountered in numbers during the war. The dark
blue has weathered to a chalky blue appearance quite lighter than in
its original application. Other aircraft of this same Home Defense
unit wore the more frequently encountered finishes, such as S1,
rather than the S14 scheme shown. The "V" insignia on the tail was the
final evolution of the markings of the 5th Sentai. The individual air-
craft number was incorporated into the design.
19. ll1th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai. This aircraft is marked in what is
perhaps the simplest form of unit identification encountered during
the entire war, that of a simple colored fin flash or panel, in this case
red for the 2nd Chutai, white for the first. This Sentai was rather loose-
ly formed into Air Battalions, although for clarity we have referred to
them as Chutais here. Two only were formed, each being about one-
half larger than a single, normally structured Chutai. Scheme Sl.
S2,S12
20. 17th Fighter Sentai. For more practical reasons, the white band-
ages of Home Defense were dropped in favor of greater longevity.
The 17th saw much combat, the majority while equipped with KI-
61s. There were no individual Chutai identifications within the 17th.
This aircraft is painted in a standard factory scheme, S1, dark green
over natural metal.
141
 21. 244th Interceptor Sentai, 1st Chutai. During the last days of the war,
after being supplemented with KI-I00s, the gaudy schemes of the
earlier KI-61s were a thing of the past. Instead of the solid colored
tails which were used previously as Chutai identification, the unit
reverted to the usual practice of painting the Sentai insignia in dif-
ferent colors for each Chutai; white, red, and yellow, for the 1st, 2nd,
and 3rd Scheme Sl, S2.
22. and 23. The KI-115 TSURIGI (Sword). Never really had an opera-
tional chance ... the war ended before production and training had
reached the required level. However, many of these were construct-
ed, and encountered after the cessation of hostilities, so because of
the uniqueness of purpose, it is included here. There were three
usually encountered schemes for the KI-115; the first as in Profile
#22, the second similar to #22, but with black anti-glare panelling,
and the third as in Profile #23, natural metal with anti-glare panelling
as shown. It is interesting to note the green surround to the Hinomaru,
which was merely a painted area upon which the Hinomaru was to be
masked and applied. Some historical sources have assumed that this
area was painted in the same shade of red as the Hinomaru, making
a sort of cockade effect, but this was not so. However, some of these
aircraft could possible have had the brown primer coat first applied
instead of the exterior green shown here. .
24. 61 st Bomber Sentai. The mid-fuselage color separation line was a
trade mark of PEGGY, and a great many of the PEGGY-equipped units
used the scheme shown here. There were no identifying marks for
Chutais here, all aircraft carried the same red insignia, which was a
stylized "61". Rarely did the PEGGYs carry a white surround to the
Hinomarus. Scheme S13.
25. 62nd Bomber Sentai, 3rd Chutai. The 62nd used one of the rare de-
partures in Chutai colors; maroon (or brown), blue, and yellow for the
first, second, or third Chutais. Again, note the "hard" separation line
between the top and bottom colors. This Sentai used both Schemes
S3 and S7
26. 98th Bomber Sentai, 3rd Chutai. On rare occasions, Sentais used
numbers as identification, and the 98th was one of these. All aircraft
carried the prefix "7", with the last numbers signifying Chutai and
individual aircraft. Thus, 7-100 (100-300 series) would be first Chutai,
7-400 (400-600 series) would be second Chutai, and 7-700 (700-900
series) the third Chutai. Scheme S7.
27. 7th Bomber Sentai, Special Attack Chutai. The KI-67 KAI was
equipped with an impact fuse in the nose, and was a specific modifi-
cation of the standard PEGGY for strictly suicidal purposes. One
Chutai of volunteers was organized to perform these duties and
designated a Special Attack Unit, with accompanying honors. The Sen-
tai insignia is Mt. Fuji, with the river Fuji flowing below, one of the
proudest symbols of the old guard Air Force. This aircraft still carries
a 1st Chutai identification number, 1-281. Scheme S2.
28. 107th Bomber Sentai, 3rd Chutai. Although originally classified as a
bomber unit, the 107th when equipped with the KI-I09 modification ,.
of PEGGY actually was a high-altitude area defense interceptor unit,
specifically designed to intercept and destroy B-29s. There were two
frequently encountered schemes, the one shown here, with the light
grey green blotches applied over a dark green color, and the other,
not shown, of dark green blotches applied over a light grey green
base color. Oddly enough, the standard PEGGY was also used in that
role. The Chutai colors were white, red, and yellow, for the 1st, 2nd,
and 3rd.

142
 29. 75th Attack Sentai, 2nd Chutai. Here MARY is shown as she ap-
peared over China during the early days of the AVG. The need for
greater concealment had not arisen at this time, as witnessed by the
overall light grey green and the vivid tail markings. Chutais were
identified by the horizontal stripes on the tail, in white, but not to be
confused with colored horizontal stripes which were a mark of com-
mand. Scheme 02.
30. 45th Attack Sentai, 1st Chutai. This Sentai is rather unique in that
each Chutai utilized an entirely different insignia from the others,
the 1st used a stylized Mum, the 2nd none, and the 3rd a eagle-like
bird in gold. This unit was later equipped with NICKs. Shown in the
locally applied air-to-ground cover, this unit has already begun to
feel the effects of a growing opposition from the enemy, hence the
additional defensive camouflage measures. Scheme C5.
31. 6th Attack Sentai. The 5th used three different schemes in con-
junction with one another, S3, (shown), B4, and 01, with the solid dark
green (S3) running a close first over grey overall (01). Here is one of
the first instances of a combat stripe on MARY.
32. 1st Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai. TOJO is shown here in its early in-
ception into operational use, in the early days of the China/US con-
frontations. Note the absence of the fuselage Hinomaru, which was
not usual with the KI-44. Chutais were identified by the color of the
tail stripes, red, white, or yellow, for the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd. The stripes
of the 1st Chutai were outlined in white or yellow, just the reverse of
the scheme shown here for the 3rd. Scheme S2.
33. 47th Special Attack Chutai. Volunteers from the 47th Fighter
Sentai were reformed as the 47th Shinten Seikutai, or Air Dominat-
ing Unit, with the initial purpose of air-to-air Kamikaze, by official
sanction. Based at Narimasu, Japan, this unit was solely missioned to
collide with and bring down B-29s. This particular unit adopted one
of the most garish schemes found during the war, and further utilized
the "sky-shadow" symbol of guardianship over Japan. Scheme N.
34. 87th Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai. Shown here is the original appli-
cation of the "Divine Wind" theme, the tail marking symbolizing the
blowing of the divine wind across the seas in protection of the home-
land. Some aircraft of this unit were painted in gloss or matte black,
some were in the standard S2 finish, while others were, as shown here,
dark brown overall. Not all aircraft used the white bands of Home
Defense. This also was one of the few recorded cases of blue being
used to identify other than a HQ unit; blue, red, and yellow, for 1st,
2nd, and 3rd Chutais.
35. 9th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai. One of the older Sentais, having
served from the days of the Nomonhan Incident, the 9th saw much
service. No individual Chutai colors or marks were used. Most air-
craft wore a blotch finish as shown. Scheme B2.
36. 85th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai. TOJO at the war's end ... rare in-
deed is the use of Roman numerals within the J .A.A.F. This aircraft
was the lead aircraft of the third Chutai, a very war-weary TOJO.
Note the greatly weathered condition of the S2 scheme, giving almost
an open blotch appearance.
37. 23rd Fighter Sentai. This Sentai used no distinctive Chutai mark-
ings. Note the anti-glare panelling. The blotch finish on this aircraft
was hand applied. and ranged from heavy to light in application. The
Sentai symbol is an abstraction on the numeral 23, and is white out-
lined on dark painted aircraft. Home Defense role is again indicated
by the white bandages. Scheme B3.

143
 38. 70th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai. All Chutais used the same general
camouflage scheme, while the tail marking was in the individual col-
ors, white, red, or yellow for the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd. Note that all fabric
flying surfaces were painted in light grey green or silver. Scheme N.
39. 85th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai. Shown is a Chutai leader's air-
craft, as indicated by the white-red-white fuselage marking, which
was quite prevalent in the China theater. Also note the absence of
the white surround to the Hinomaru. Of special note is the use of
dark grey as a blotch over light grey green, quite rare on this type.
The absence of wing identification panels is also worthy of note.
40. 29th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai. Although the 29th Fighter Sentai
was more widely associated with the KI-84 FRANK, the KI-44 TOJO
did also serve well. The Sentai marking represents the power of the
raging seas, with blue, white, red, and yellow being used for the HQ,
1st, 2nd, and 3rd respectively. Again note the lack of wing ID panels.
Scheme Sl.
41. 31 st Light Bomber Sentai, 3rd Chutai. The 31st Light Bomber Sentai
was transferred to a fighter Sentai in February 1944, and re-equipped
with OSCARs. The new unit kept the old Sentai markings. Chutais
were identified by the number of horizontal stripes which ran behind
the lightning flash. ANN enjoyed a wide variety of finishes during
the war, possibly the most common being that shown here, Scheme B4,
while others were encountered in a segment type scheme, or overall
light grey green.
42. 90th Light Bomber Sentai, 1st Chutai. The 90th used a tail
marking in the old school manner, bright red, and never worried
whether detection by the enemy was expected or not. The 1st Chutai
used a bright red rudder, the 2nd used a bright yellow rudder, and
the 3rd was unmarked. The horizontal stripes in the Chutai color
signify the position of the aircraft in the Shotai, or flight. Scheme 02.
43. 87th Light Bomber Sentai. Formerly the 87th Independent Chutai.
Here is another variation on the blotch patterns, a "tiger" striping
application of dark green over light grey. All Chutais were in the
same markings. Scheme B9 with light grey.
44. 49th Independent CHUlA!) Here is the dark blue finish, overpainted
on light grey green, which was the original finish of the aircraft. Note
the use of numerals on the tail. In this case, rather than to just indicate
the numeral "I", "01" has been used instead, to maintain the two-
number increment. SONIA was a close cooperation aircraft, and was
actually used in more operational roles than any other light air-
craft during the later war period. Scheme S6.
45. 44th Reconnaissance Sentai, 1st Chutai. Here is a very rare use of
the Hinomaru as a unit marking. This insignia style was also worn on
BABS and IDA at various times. The amount of stripes on the tail
denoted the Chutai. The red on the motor cowling was a personal
adornment, and not a Chutai marking. Scheme 02.
46. 10th Reconnaissance Sentai. Completely unmarked, except for the
wing Hinomarus, the recon aircraft of the Sino/Japanese period
were more interested in evading the enemy than antagonizing him,
especially after the advent of the AVG and the P-40. Classic in appli-
cation is the segment camouflage, with the ribbons of blue, simulating
the many rivers and canals of the Manchurian countryside. Scheme C5.
47. 16th Independent Chutai. Esprit-De-Corps is strongly evident in
the garish fuselage color flashes and the propeller backs. In the
beginning of the China period, the BABS was used in a ground attack
role, and, as with all operational units, unit morale ran high, as did
the markings of the aircraft. Scheme 02.

144
 48. 18th HQ Reconnaissance Wing. Wearing the symbols of the Im-
perial guard, the 18th Wing was responsible for Home Defense ac-
tivities in central Japan, and this command aircraft was so marked.
Rarely were Home Defense bandages found on secondary aircraft
as shown here. Dark green and black cowls were a trademark of
BABs throughout its career, Scheme 02.
49. Unit Unknown. The aircraft of this unit utilized a "tiger" striping
type of camouflage, which again, is a locally applied defensive finish.
It is interesting to note, however, that the national insignia and'''com-
bat" stripe has been carefully applied over the tiger striping, some-
what defeating its purpose.
50. 3rd Attack Sentai. Except when used in a training capacity, LILY
rarely used the overall light finishes, one of which is shown here.
The light finished aircraft were too easily spotted when operating
over jungle, being better suited for China/Burma operations. The
3rd, however, originated in the China area, dating back to the Nomon-
han incident. Scheme 01.
51. 8th Light Bomber Sentai, 2nd Chutai. This Sentai was one of those
using more than one type of aircraft simultaneously, DINAHs were
used by the 1st Chutai, which carried one white stripe above the Sen-
tai Insignia, and LILYs were used by the 2nd and 3rd Chutais. Shown
is a standard factory finish for the period, Scheme S2 or S15.
52. 208th Light Bomber Sentai, 3rd Chutai. The LILYs of the 208th used
a partial color change on the Sentai insignia to denote the various
Chutais, the horizontal stripe behind the "8" on the vertical stabilizer
was painted in the Chutai color, white, red and yellow, for 1st, 2nd,
and 3rd. Scheme B2.
53. 3rd Operational Test/Training Chutai. The 3rd was a loosely formed
unit composed of pilots drawn from all throughout the J.A.A.F. with
the mission of combat test and evaluation of new aircraft. The unit
insignia took several forms, one of which is shown here. Note the
"special purpose" stripes on the rear fuselage. This is a standard
factory finish, fresh offthe line. Scheme Sl.
54. 28th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai. RANDY was assigned to this unit,
which had its origin in China in 1938 as a light attack Sentai, and which
was incorporated with the remnants of the 28th Independent Fighter
Chutai in mid 1944. The Chutai colors were white, red, and blue, for
the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, used in the Sentai insignia. Scheme S3
55. 45th Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai. RANDY was used in conjunction
with NICK during the last days of the war. Again, the Chutais were
identified by the color of the Sentai marking, white, red, and yellow,
for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. The Sentai insignia was a stylized number "45."
Scheme S3
56. 14th Bomber Sentai, 3rd Chutai. Here is another version of the palm
leaf pattern described earlier. It is perhaps worth noting that even
though great pains were taken to make the aircraft hard to detect,
the crews insisted on retaining the bright yellow tail marking, thus in
a sense defeating the primary purpose of the camouflage pattern
applied. Scheme B9, B9a.
57. 60th Bomber Sentai, 2nd Chutai. Here we have a fine example of an
early segment camouflage system, which was so common over the
China countryside. The 60th used a rather complicated identification
system for its Chutais; no markings for the 1st; as shown for the sec-
ond, two oblique red stripes with a superimposed star of various
colors; and the 3rd, with a bright yellow horizontal band on the rudder.
The white stripes identify aircraft position within the Chutai.
SchemeC5.

145
KI-45 Kai NICK of the 53rd Sentai, on Home Defense duties ~ate 1944-ear~y 1945. A~though much pub~icized,
there are many usua~ aspects to this aircraft in re~ation to. its markings, such as the unusua~ spinners, which are
painted simi~ar to the Luftwaffe, with a~ternating bands of red and white, the Sentai Leader's com1ltand stripe,
painted diagonally across the fuse~age in red and-white, and the very carefully sprayed b~otch pattern, all touched
off by the Home Defense bands. (Oishi/Bueschel/Anda)

146
 58. 3rd Independent Chutai. The highly modified SALLY shown here
was one of several which attempted a suicide attack on an Allied
field in Okinawa in 1945. The three red stripes were the Chutai iden-
tification, while the three-digit number was the individual aircraft
identification number. Note that the cowling of the port engine was
"borrowed" from another solidly painted aircraft Scheme B9.
59. 8th Air Division, HQ Chutai. This form of tail marking was typical
of most of the Air Division HQ units, this one being a form of the
Roman numeral VIII, on its side. The "open" blotch pattern was
typical of hand applied patterns over SALLYs. Scheme Bi.
SO. 98th Bomber Sentai. 3rd Chutai. Here is a fine example of in-the-
field overpainting. Most SALLYs belonging to this unit were original-
ly supplied in light grey green, and were either blotched over or
overpainted in a solid upper color as shown. The Chutai colors, paint-
ed on the Sentai insignia, were white, red, and yellow, for the 1st,
2nd, and 3rd. Scheme S3
61. 7th Bomber Sentai, 3rd Chutai. SALLY probably wore more varied
camouflage schemes during its operational career than any other
multi-engined aircraft. This particular unit was re-equipped with
KI-109s during the last days of the war, and served as a special at-
tack Unit. The Mt. Fuji insignia was finished in either white, red, or
yellow, for the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd Chutai. Scheme B2.
62. 12th Bomber Sentai, 1st Chutai. Very few SALLYs were used op-
erationally in the light grey green finish shown here. Usually, though,
in a training configuration the solid light color was common. The
12th used blue, red, and yellow for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Chutai colors.
Scheme 02.
63. 244th Air-Dominating Sentai, HQ Chutai. The "Shinten Air-Dominat-
ing" groups were designed as air-to-air Kamikazes, and this unit,
the 244th, served almost from inception as a special attack Sentai,
both with KI-61s and with KI-lOOs. The 244th probably enjoyed a
greater variety of garish finishes during its career, due to its being
greatly exploited by the Japanese press during the defense of Japan.
A staff aircraft is shown here, as indicated by the solid blue tail,
fuselage and spinner. The yellow lightning flash is a personal adorn-
ment. The other Chutais were colored white, red, and yellow, for the
1st, 2nd, and 3rd. Scheme B3, B3a, or variations· of these.
64. 55th Fighter Sentai. The most notable thing one can say about the
55th Sentai is that it is one of the most singularly unmarked units
in the J.A.A.F. With the exception of the red spinner, there is nothing
to identify the unit. The medium blue grey scheme shown was an early
factory finish for TONY, which was soon dropped for the natural metal
or blotch patterns. Scheme S8.
65. 18th Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai. This was a Home Defense unit.
Chutais were indicated by the color of the insignia and the combat
stripe: white, with red outline for the 1st, red with white outline for
the 2nd, and when used, yellow with red outline for the 3rd. Although
most aircraft within this Sentai were finished in natural metal, some
were marked as shown here while in Japan on home defense. When
the unit served in the Philippines, all aircraft were in a blotch pat-
tern without the white bandages, and with un-outlined Hinomarus,
with some of the aircraft done in a black blotch. Scheme B3, B3a. or
variations of these.
66. 37th Fighter Sentai. There were no special Chutai markings used.
Note the yellow combat stripe, denoting the primary purpose of the
Sentai, that of operational training. Individual aircraft numbers were
carried on the landing gear covers. Scheme N.

147
 67. 68th Fighter Sentai, HQ Chutai. Note the unusual positioning of the
command stripe, in the Chutai color. In this color, the stripe would
indicate the Sentai leader's aircraft. Blue, white, red, and yellow
were the colors of the HQ, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Chutais. The "ribbon" or
"wave mirror" pattern on the aircraft is also worthy of note.
Scheme B9.
68. 56th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai. Activated as a Home Defense unit,
the 56th saw service in Japan through all of the final days of the war,
its aircraft finally ending up on the burial piles at Tachikawa at the
war's end. This unit used no Chutai markings. Aircraft which were
unpainted carried the insignia in red. Individual aircraft numbers
were carried on the rudder immediately behind the insignia.
Scheme S8.
69. Unit unknown. This aircraft was previously attached to the 53rd
heavy fighter Sentai, as can be seen by the overpainted insignia on
the tail. The rare use of numerals on the fuselage is worthy of note, as
is the painted-over combat stripe and the blotched out tail numbers.
SchemeN.
70. 244th Fighter Sentai. Before the heyday of garish schemes, the
244th wore only the Kanji symbols shown here, but still continued in
a special attack role. Sch'eme N.
71. 59th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai. During the closing days of the'war
the early lightning bolt so famous to the 59th was dropped in favor of
a simple stripe, as shown. Blue with -white outline, red with white
outline, and yellow with red outline were used for the three Chutais.
Shown is an extremely weathered blotch finish. Scheme B9.
72. HAMAMATSU Army Flying School. Every Major bomber type at one
time or another was assigned to training duties with training units,
and PEGGY was no exception. The two usually-encountered schemes
for this aircraft were as shown and in natural metal. The school in-
signia was painted in both yellow and white on dark finished aircraft
and in black on natural metal. Scheme S2.
73. SHIMOSHIZU Army Flying School. The Kana symbol for "NA" on the
rudder is indication of the assigned pilot. Natural metal scheme, with
the light grey green fabric flying surfaces which are not readily
discernable on other finishes. Scheme N.
74. KUMAGAYA Flying School. Instructors within training divisions
were also required to perform yeoman duties as area defense, as in-
dicated by the Home Defense bandages. The Kana symbol for "RA"
is the initial of the assigned pilot. See also profile #76. Scheme Sl.
75. AKENO Flying School. A "showcase" finished NATE, this aircraft
reflects the immaculate finishes of the early days of the war, and be-
fore, the fine attention to detail and aesthetic appeal to the eyes.
This aircraft would be a section leader, as indicated by the yellow
fin flash, and also the third aircraft of the "white" Chutai, as shown
by the white painted areas, and the three white stripes on the fuse-
lage. Scheme 02.
76. KUMAGAYA Flying School, Instructor's Division Here we see the dual
purpose of the aircraft reflected in the yellow Home Defense band-
ages, showing the primary training mission of the aircraft. Also, note
the different color of the school insignia as compared to that in pro-
file #74. Scheme N.
77. Army Aviation Communications School SALLY I in a standard fac-
tory finish, which was not too common in training units. Most bomber
aircraft in training roles were finished in light colors. Scheme S3

148
 78. HITACHI Army Flying School Some of the school instructor squadrons
painted wings surrounding the school insignia, two who followed
this practice were Hitachi, and Akeno. The scheme is standard for
most TOJOs, in school or out. Scheme Bl.
79. HOKODA Army Flying School LILY is shown in the light finished con-
figuration discussed above. Notice the red fuselage stripe, denoting
a special status of this aircraft, assumably for operational training
purposes. Scheme 02.
80. 73rd Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai. Both natural metal and dark green
painted FRANKs were used by the 73rd. Individual aircraft numbers
were displayed as shown. The stripes were painted in the respective
Chutai colors, white, red, and yellow, for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. Anti-
glare panelling here is in olive green. Scheme N.
81. 11th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai. Illustrated is a factory-fresh KI-84
with its dark green upper surfaces and light grey undersurfaces, with
the factory-applied brown primed spinner. Note also the black anti-
glare panel which was often painted out through maintenance. It
was not a common practice within the 11th to paint combat stripes
on the aircraft. Scheme S2, S2a.
82. 24th Independent Chutai. Here is a fine example of the dark brown
upper surface scheme which has been the topic of several contro-
versies, having been described as maroon, or "grape," by some his-
torians. It is believed that this scheme evolved through lack of proper
exterior colors, paint shortages, during the last days of the war, when
many different colors were substituted at the factories. Scheme 12.
83. 1st Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai. The 1st Sentai used a solidly colored
tail surface to distinguish Chutais, red, white, or yellow for the 1st,
2nd, or 3rd Chutai. Frequently the area immediately below the col-
ored area on the rudder was utilized to identify individual aircraft,
various numbers being painted on. Shown is a well-weathered blotch
pattern. Scheme B3, B3a.
84. 29th Fighter Sentai; HQ Chutai. FRANKs served with the 29th Sen-
tai during the period November 1944 through August 1945. Some
aircraft within the Sentai were finished in Scheme Sla as well as the
natural metal finishes so prevalent during the last days of the war.
The design symbolizes the terrific attack powers of the 29th, being a
stylized wave crashing down on their enemies. Other Chutai colors
were: white, red, and yellow, for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. Scheme N.
85. 52nd Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai. FRANK is shown here in one of the
more unusual schemes which appeared at various times during the
war, but not frequently enough to warrant inclusion in the camouflage
section of this book. This aircraft was finished in olive green with
brown blotches over natural metal undersurfaces. There were also
several variations of the Sentai mark, which was painted white, red,
or yellow, for the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd Chutai. This is a fine example of a
locally applied scheme.
86. 71 st Fighter Sentai. With Home Defense responsibilities, the 7lst
used no separate Chutai identification, all aircraft carrying the same
red tail symbol. It is possible that there may have been command in-
dication through the use of colored spinners, but this has not been
confirmed. Scheme Sl, Sla, S2, S2a.
87. 72nd Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai. Chutais were indicated by the color
of the broad band across the tail, which contained the individual air-
craft number, white with black numbers, red with white numbers
and yellow with black numbers, for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Chutais. Not
all aircraft used colored spinners, some being in primer or natural
metal. Aircraft serial numbers were carried in the lower area of the
rudder as shown. Scheme B2.
149
 88. 57th Special Attack Sentai. This was one of few regularly assigned
air-to-air Kamikaze units, with the specific mission of colliding with
B-29s. Although the majority of J.A.A.F. units used an abstract or
stylized version of their designation as a unit symbol, the 57th was
one of the very few who used straight numerical codings as part of the
symbol. There were no definite Chutai marks or symbols or forma-
tions, and the area behind the "57" was often colored in many dif-
ferent shades, and with many variations on the wings. Scheme Sl.
89. 85th Fighter Sentai, HQ Chutai. The Symbol "KU" on the tail is the
initial of the assigned pilot. The Chutai colors are blue, red, white,
and yellow, for the HQ, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Chutais. All pilot initials
were in white, all Sentai insignias were outlined in white with the
exception of the 2nd Chutai, which was outlined in a dark contrast-
ing color, such as red, blue, or black. Of further interest is the un-
outlined Hinomaru. Scheme S2, S2a.
90. 4th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai. The "Veined" camouflage pattern
was almost exclusively the property of NICK. Very seldom would any
other aircraft type be found in this scheme. With almost aesthetic ap-
plication, NICKs were masterpieces of appearance, and this NICK
was no exception. The tail marking is the symbol of the TACHIARAI
air base in Kyushu, and is a graphic representation of the name,
which means "Sword-Washing." This was derived from history when
battle-crazed Samurais washed the blood from their swords in a river
in that area. The central portion ofthe symbol is that of a sword guard,
while the red stream signifies the bloodied river. This same symbol
was used by the 4th Sentai, and also the 6th and 4th Independent
Chutais. Scheme B4.
91. 5th Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai. Chutai colors were carried on both
the fuselage and tail striping, yellow, white, and red for the 1st, 2nd,
and 3rd. Hinomarus were un-outlined as shown, and as a direct con-
trast to the aircraft of the 4th Sentai, the entire aircraft was finished
in Scheme 03.
92. 5th Fighter Sentai. Chutais were not identified at this time, and
Home Defense markings were also avoided. All aircraft were painted
in much the same manner as shown here. Scheme Sl.
93. 27th Fighter Sentai. Again note the veined camouflage so prevalent
with NICK. Originally a light bomber Sentai, the 27th changed to the
fighter role in September 1944. Scheme B2.
94. 53rd Fighter Interceptor Sentai, 3rd Chutai. The 53rd Sentai ranked
along with the 244th Sentai in public acclaim, and the exploitation by
the press is evidenced by the officially sanctioned personal emblems
found on some of their NICKs. Each aircraft of this Sentai seemed to
vie with one another in achieving the ultimate in aesthetic appeal.
This one, based at MATSUDO Air Base in the spring of 1945 sported
a fancy arrow on both sides of the fuselage. Also, note the varicolored
spinner, which was found more on NICK than any other type in the
J.A.A.F. Scheme B1.
95. 13th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai. This Sentai used various types at
the same time, among them NICK, OSCAR, FRANK, NATE and PER-
RY. The Chutai colors here were, white, red, and yellow, for the 1st,
2nd, and 3rd, during the period 1942-1944. The NICK here is just as
received from the factory, finished in light grey green. Scheme 02.
96. 82nd HQ Reconnaissance Sentai. The tiger insignia of DINAH was
also used by the 18th Independent Chutai. The symbol stems from an
old fable concerning the tiger's ability to run 1000 miles, fight a battle,
and return still untired. The segment camouflage is a carryover from
the earlier days in Manchuria. Note that the surround to the Hinomaru
is rather creamish instead of white. Scheme C5.
150
 97. 19th Independent Chutai. Another unusual finish not often encount-
ered was the all white shown here. Most aircraft of the 19th used the
standard dark green/light grey schemes, usually found on DINAHs.
The unit insignia was painted in white on dark finished aircraft.
Scheme 04.
98. Unit Unknown. Encountered in New Guinea, this DINAH is worthy
of note for two reasons, the first of which is the overall dark blue
finish; and second, the yellow identification striping which is carried
on the leading edge of all flying surfaces. Scheme S14.
99. 81 st HQ Reconnaissance Sentai, Jrd Chutai. Medium brown primer
was occasionally used as an exterior finish as shown here, with light
grey undersurfaces. Usually this occurred because of lack of paint
at the operational level, or the pressing need for the aircraft pre-
vented its lay-up for painting. Chutais were identified by the colors
white with red outline, red with white outline, and yellow with red
outline, for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. Scheme 12.
100. 2nd Reconnaissance Sentai. The 2nd used no individual Chutai
markings, all aircraft carried the same standard finish, just as re-
ceived from the factory. Scheme 01.
101. 10th HQ Reconnaissance Sentai. Wearing a protective blue grey
finish for over the water service, this DINAH was a member of
a group of Sentais which originated in the TACHIARAI area, as sig-
nified by the river symbol on the tail. There were no separate Chutai
identification practices in the 10th Sentai. Scheme 03.
102. Unit Unknown. During the closing days of the war, many civil
aircraft were pressed into service as troop transports, and still wear-
ing its civil markings, this TOPSY was a good example. The gloss black
nose was a trademark of the Nippon Airways, and the red outlined
white fuselage stripe was a customary sign of the non-combatant air-
craft. Scheme R1.

TONY, 244th Sentai, HQ Chutai, 1945. The individual numbers carried on the landing gear covers show careful
attention to application. Here the Chutai identification is indicated by the additional fuselage stripe, carried
above the Sentai "esprit-de-corps" stripe, which took many colors, in this case yellow. The Chutai identification
stripe is in blue, as is the entire vertical tail. (Larry Crawford)

151
 103. 51st Air Training Command, HQ Chutai. TOPSY often served in yeo-
man duties with most of the higher echelon units, and here is a good
example. the tail marking as shown has occasionally been mistakenly
applied to fighter aircraft as a Kamikaze symbol. Scheme 01 or02.
104. 95th Bomber Sentai, 3rd Chutai. Here is one of the few examples
of the use of a fuselage symbol on a bomber late in the war. The Chu-
tais were identified by the color of the oblique stripe just aft of the
combat stripe, white, red, and yellow, for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. There
were no tail marks carried. The oblique stripe signified the rising
dragon of Japanese folklore. Scheme B4, S2, or S3.
105. 62nd Bomber Sentai, 1st Chutai. HELENs of the 62nd Sentai were
unique in the choice of Chutai coloring, and one of the few Sentais
using very non-standard coloring. Maroon (brown), blue, and yellow
were used for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Chutais. Although the aircraft
shown here is in a blotch finish, the usual practice was a dark green
and light grey, or light grey overall finish. Scheme S2, S3, B1, B4.
106. HAMAMATSU Army Flying School, Instructor's Sentai. The aircraft
of the section or Chutai leader of the 2nd Chutai. The school insignia
was also found in red and yellow. Note the use of anti-glare panelling.
SchemeN.
107. 74th Bomber Sentai, 2nd Chutai. Here we have the traditional ap-
proach again to Chutai identification; white, red and yellow are the
Chutai colors for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Chutais. The mottle scheme is
not really standard, but rather a type of "tiger" striping, which is found
on many HELENs. Although this aircraft has its blotch over light grey
green, many used light grey and natural metal as a base. Note that the
Hinomaru has been carefully re-painted over the blotch pattern.
Scheme B1, B4, B3.
108. Unit Unknown. Although the unit is unknown, this HELEN de-
serves inclusion here because of the finely executed ribbon camou-
flage system, and the unorthodox combat stripe. Note also that the
green of the ribbon has also been overpainted over the edges of the
Hinomaru. Scheme B2.
109. Unit Unknown. This THALIA sports a very unusual finish which
occasionally cropped up on both Army and Navy aircraft of the peri-
od 1941-1942 in the China/Burma area. As THALIA was used as a
paratroop transport at this time and operated at relatively low alti-
tudes, this scheme was designed to render the aircraft invisible from
above. Scheme modified C5. .'
110. 50th Fighter Sentai, 2nd Chutai. Some aircraft within this Sentai
were reported to have used colors for the lightning flash which were
not related to the Chutai, such as pink, blue, or orange. Although most
pilots carried a Kana or Kanji symbol on the tail, sometimes this Kana
was painted on the cowl or fuselage. Note the un-outlined Hinomaru.
Scheme S2.
111. 77th Fighter Sentai, Sentai Leader's aircraft. During its career, the
77th underwent many insignia changes, but it always kept within the
"seagull" motif. Some aircraft used a bare metal seagull symbol, with
the tail being painted in the overall finish, but the seagulls remain-
ing unpainted. The red cowl and tail denotes command responsibility.
SchemeN.
112. 31 st Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai. This particular Sentai insignia
will also be found on some ANNs, as the unit was converted to a fight-
er role in March 1944, and the Sentai insignia was retained. Chutais
were identified by the number of white horizontal stripes on the tail.
Scheme B3, B3a

152
 113. 59th Fighter Sentai, HQ Chutai. Although the OSCARs of the 59th
have been much illustrated, it is included here because of the radical
usage of green as a Chutai identification color, and especially as a
HQ Chut~i identification color, green, red, and blac, for the HQ, 1st,
and 2nd Chutais. Note unusual use of anti-glare panelling. Scheme N.
114. 20th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai. The use of dark blue as an exterior
color was not very widespread in the JAAF, and was usually only
used by night flying or over-the-water missioned aircraft. The 20th
used colored spinners as the only Chutai identification, white, red
and yellow for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, none for HQ. Scheme S14,
115. 204th Fighter Sentai, Sentai Leader. The tail mark is the Sentai
identification symbol, while the three yellow stripes denote Sentai
command. Chutai leaders aircraft would be identified by two stripes
in the Chutai color ahead of the combat stripe, while the Chutai is
identified by one stripe in the Chutai color, white, red, or yellow,
for the 1st. 2nd, or 3rd. Scheme SI.
116. 25th Fighter Sentai. HQ Chutai. During the last days of the war sever-
,', al Sentais used a similar identification symbol to this one, but the 25th
Sentai used this symbol from its inception in 1942 to the end ofthe war,
all of its service in China. Chutais were identified by the color of the
tail stripe, blue, with white outline, white with red outline, red with
white outline, and yellow with red outline for HQ, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
Chutais. All aircraft were further identified by a number on the tail,
which was painted on as large as was possible. Note the very badly
deteriorated finish on this aircraft, denoting hard service. Scheme B3.
117. 11th Fighter Sentai, Sentai Leader. Usually this Sentai carried a
single lightning flash on the tail in the Chutai color, but the Sentai
:~
leader's theme was a composite of all the Chutais under his command.
The individual aircraft number was usually carried on the lower
portion of the rudder. Scheme B3.
118. 1st Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai. During the last days of the war, the
1st Sentai was pressed into Home Defense duties with FRANKs and
OSCARs serving side by side. The tail marks for each Chutai were the
same as for FRANK, red, white, or yellow, for the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd
Chutai. The horizontal stripes denote the section or Shotai within the
Chutai, in this case the 2nd Shotai. Scheme Bl.
119. 64th Fighter Sentai. This is the personal aircraft of Colonel Takeo
Kato, while serving as Sentai Commander of the 64th Sentai, during
operations in Rangoon, 1942. At a later period, the forward fuselage
stripe was painted in blue with white outline, and the wing arrows
'~
were reversed as shown, Scheme Sl
120. 11th Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai. Personal aircraft of Captain Shi-
mada, Chutai leader of the 1st Chutai, during the Nomonhan Incident.
Known as the "Red-legged-Hawk," Capt. Shimada shot down 8 air-
craft in a single engagement during a dogfight on 27th May 1939 near
Harbin Manchuria. Scheme 01.
121. 244th Fighter Sentai. The much publicized TONY of Major Ko-
bayashi is shown here in an unpublished version, in that the wing
command stripes have never been shown to date. The aircraft is shown
as it was during the 244th's heyday as the darling of the Japanese
public, Scheme B3.
122. 104th Fighter Sentai, 3rd Chutai. Lt. Tomiya, the Chutai leader of
the 3rd Chutai, served with the 104th at Anzan, Manchuria, and was
one of very few pilots who were allowed to place personal kill marks
on his aircraft. These kills were listed on the port side only. The Kanji
symbol is the signature ofthe Lt. Scheme S2a.

153
19th Sentai, 1945. (USAF)

19th Sentai. 1945. (USAF)

154
 5
AIRCRAFT OF THE J.A.A.F.

155
I
 PRINCIPAL AIRCRAFT OF THE J.A.A.F.
Kawasaki Ki.l 0 Fighter (PERRY)
Although PERRY was mainly considered a pre-war aircraft, be-
cause of its overlapping services it is included here. PERRY was quite
active against the Russians during the Nomonhan incidents, and al-
though outclassed by the superior performing I-15's of the Soviets,
the Ki.lO served as an able gun platform for many of the early aces of
the J.A.A.F. As with many other fine types, in time PERRY was rele-
gated to the role of advanced trainer with the fighter schools.

Mitsubishi Ki.15 Command Reconnaissance (BABS)

BABS was one of very few aircraft which could boast multiple serv-
ice usage, being used in the J.N.A.F. as the C5M Land Reconnaissance
aircraft, and also in a civil role. Although chiefly a recon aircraft,
BABS was sometimes used as a close-support aircraft, and lastly, as a
Kamikaze.

Mitsubishi Ki.21 Heavy Bomber (SALLY)

SALLY was the backbone of the J.A.A.F. Bomber forces, and con-
tinued to hold this status in spite of the encroachment of more sophis-
ticated types, until late 1944. SALLY saw service through all of the
early Sino-Japanese hostilities until the bitter end, and was probably
the most well-known aircraft of the bo·mber service.

Nakajima Ki.27 Fighter (NATE)

NATE was the standard J.A.A.F. fighter at the onset ofWW 2, and was r'
in fact already a combat veteran, having participated in much fighting
prior to hostilities between the United States and Japan. NATE was
finally replaced by OSCAR in early 1942, ending up its days as both a
trainer and a Home-Defense aircraft.

Mitsubishi Ki.30 Light Bomber (ANN)

Although ANN was employed extensively in China during the period
1938-1941, she was withdrawn from active service immediately after
December 1941, where her last operation was in the attack on the
Philippines.

Kawasaki Ki.32 Light Bomber (MARY)

MARY had been withdrawn from service before the United States'
involvment in the war, but was very active in China during the early
days of that conflict. A close-cooperation bomber aircraft, during the
early days MARY was the workhorse of the J.A.A.F., and was a com-
mon target of the A.V.G.

Tachikawa Ki.36 Direct Cooperation Aircraft (IDA)

IDA's main role during the China operations was mainly that of a
ground-attack aircraft, but after Pearl Harbor, more IDA's were used
in a trainer or courier role than that originally intended.
Nakajima Ki.43 Fighter (OSCAR)
Named HAYABUSA (Peregrine Falcon), OSCAR was the first mod-
ern fighter of the J.A.A.F., and was the Army's counterpart of the
J.N.A.F. Zero. There were only 40 operational OSCARs at the war's
onset, but the aircraft went on to become the mainstay of the fighter
wings, serving with virtually all the fighter units of the army.
156
Nakajima Ki.44 Fighter/Interceptor (TOJO)
The SHOKI (Demon) was designed basically as a heavy fighter/
interceptor, and was used mostly in a defensive role, especially in the
homeland, and Manchuria. Because of its vicious characteristics in
landing, SHOKI was at first rather unpopular with the pilots, but later
proved to be just the opposite, because of the high speed in intercept
in its final role.

Kawasaki Ki.45 Heavy Fighter (NICK)

Called TORYU (Dragon Killer) by the Army, NICK was originally in-
tended as a long range escort fighter, but was used more exclusively
as a day and night interceptor. NICK also had the dubious distinction
of engaging in the first Kamikaze attack of the war, sinking several
vessels off the coast of New Guinea.

Mitsubishi Ki.46 HQ Reconnaissance (DINAH)

DINAH was used very extensively over the entire war areas, in both
recon and defense fighter roles, and was more than a match for any
Allied aircraft in a speed dash until the very end of the war.

Kawanishi Ki.48 Light Bomber (LILY)

LILY was first used in China in 1940, and served throughout the en-
tire war period. Later versions were modified to carry guided mis-
siles, although surprisingly enough the performance capabilities of
LILY were rather on the negative side. LILY was the first Japanese
bomber to mount a ventral turret, which was a trap-door sort of mount.

Nakajima Ki.49 Heavy Bomber (HELEN)

The DONRYU (Dragon Swallower) was used also as a transport and
anti-submarine aircraft, and towards war's end was the most common-
ly encountered J.A.A.F. bomber aircraft. HELEN began her opera-
tional career with attacks against Australian targets in February 1942,
and ended it with Kamikaze attacks in the Philippines in 1945.
Mitsubishi Ki.51 Attack/Recon (SONIA)
An. exceptionally agile aircraft, SONIA was often capable of evad-
ing enemy fighter attacks, but because of its relatively slow speed was
not immediately suited for the late war period Kamikaze attacks
against Allied ships.
Mitsubishi Ki.57 Transport (TOPSY)
The civil version of TOPSY was known as the MC-20, and was widely
used among the Japanese airlines, with many of these being pressed
into military service, retaining their civil markings along with new
military markings. Besides cargo, TOPSY was a troop carrier, was
used in such airborne operations as the Sumatra campaign.

Kawasaki Ki.61 Fighter (TONY)

HEIN, or Swallow, was the only inline fighter aircraft of the Japan-
ese forces, and was at first thought to be a derivative of the Bf 109.
Making its bebut in 1943, TONY caused much trouble for the Allies at
first, both for its configuration and performance, and, in the hands of
competent pilots, proved to be a formidable weapon indeed.

Mitsubishi Ki.67 Heavy Bomber (PEGGY)

Named HIRYU (Flying Dragon), oddly enough PEGGY's first mission
was that of torpedo bomber alongside the J.N.A.F. in late 1944. PEGGY
was a very capable weapon, and proved a match for any contemporary
157
 Allied craft. A version of this aircraft was used for special attack
(Kamikaze).

Kokusai Ki. 76 Command Liaison (STELLA)

STELLA was the Army's only carrier-based aircraft, operating from
the Army aircraft carrier, 9,997 ton AKITSU-MARU, as an anti-sub-
. marine aircraft. In this version, STELLA carried two depth charges
under the wings.

Nakajima Ki.84 Fighter (FRANK)

The HAYATE (Gale) could out-perform both the Mustang and the
Thunderbolt, but was less maneuverable than the F6F. With its long
range, it was able to fly long distances on escort missions and still
maintain a greater actual combat time than its Allied counterparts.
With the increasing lack of maintenance and parts the numbers of
operational FRANKS became less and less.

Kawasaki Ki.l 00 Fighter

The result of expediency, the Ki.l00 came about purely by the short-
age of inline engines for existing Ki.61 airframes, for which the radial
Ha-112 was substituted. The result was a truly outstanding aircraft
which demonstrated superior performance capabilities during its
short-lived days as a defense force fighter during the final days of the
war.
Kawasaki Ki.l 02 High Altitude Fighter (RANDY)
RANDY was used as an assault fighter during the closing days of the
war, and was in limited use at the war's end. Those who flew RANDY
stated that it was a fine platform and performed quite well in combat.
Kawasaki LO Transport (THELMA), (THALIA)
This was a license-built version of the Lockheed Super Electra, and
was used by the J.A.A.F. as both a cargo and troop transport.

KI-45 NICK, Sentai unknown, the Philippines, 1945. The overall medium blue grey finish was occasionally en-
countered on both NICKs and TONYs. The KI-45 here is typical of the junked aircraft which surrounded air-
fields of any nation, relegated to the role of spare parts supply. (R. Bueschel)

158
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160
 Nakajima Ki.44 'SHOKI'
Type 2 Fighter

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163
 Kawasaki Ki.61 'tHIEN' Fighter

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166
 Mitsubishi Ki. 67-1 ~H IRYU' Type 4 Heavy Bomber

Peggy 1

Ki. 67 ~4 Special Attack

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168
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~
Kawasaki ·Ki. 45 'TORYU'Type 2
$ ~-R. Fighter

Nate

Nakajima Ki.27 Type 97 Fighter

 Ann Mitsubishi Ki 30
Light Bomber

Mitsubishi Ki.51
~ Attack Recon Sonia

~
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:;:)/t:··

MitsubishiKi. 15 Command Recon

I
I

23rd Sentai, New Guinea, 1963. (B. Darby)

(B. Darby)

171
OSCAR, 77th Sentai, New Guinea, 1963. (B. Darby)

TONY, 68th Fighter Sentai, New Guinea, 1963. (B. Darby)

172
 (B. Darby)

DINAH on display today at RAF Riggen Hill, England. (Harrison)

173
DINAH, RAF Biggen Hill, England. (RAF)

174
HELEN, HAMAMATSU Flying School, 1944. Natural metal overall, with yellow school insignia, and stripes,
which signify the 2nd training squadron. (Oishi)

OSCARs oj the 64th Sentai, 1st Chutai, 1942-43. The 64th, popularly called the "KATO"Group, was one oj the
more often observed units, especiallu in the China-Burma area. Here several different applications of camou-
flage are discernible; note the un-out7lned Hinomaru on the upper wing of the foreground machine, and the
yellow ID paneling on the landing gear covers. On the other aircraft note the various effects of weathering, on
both solid and blotch typejinishes. (Oishi)

175
SALLY I, unit unknown. Note the unpainted propeller blades. (R. Bueschel)

SALLY I, Manchuria, probably 60th Bomber Sentai, 1938-39. (J. Wood)

176
 6
APPENDICES
Camouflage Schemes, by Aircraft Type - Aircraft, by Camouflage
Scheme - Principal Aircraft of the J.A.A.F. and Units in Which They
Served - Principle Units of the J.A.A.F. - Photo Addenda

177
 t.

KI-43-II OSCAR, 1st Fighter Sentai, 1st Chutai. This photo demonstrates perfectly the effects of the tropics on
aircraft finishes, which have caused many photos of WW II aircraft to be labeled that of a blotch type camou-
flage scheme, rather than simply that of a very weathered aircraft finish. Note that only the yellow of the ID wing
panels show signs of freshness. (Oishi)

ANNs of the 90th Attack Sentai, Manchuria, 1938-1939. (Oishi/J. Wood)

178
 AIRCRAFT, BY CAMOUFLAGE SCHEMES
SCHEME NO. AIRCRAFT

N DINAH TONY TOJO OSCAR TOPSY NICK FRANK SONIA HELEN

01 TOPSY SONIA HELEN THORA HICKORY DINAH LILY SALLY NATE
TONY IDA BABS ANN PEGGY MARY
02 NATE DINAH PERRY NICK LILY SONIA IDA ANN SALLY
03 NICK DINAH
04 DINAH
05 OSCAR TONY SALLY
05a FRANK TOJO OSCAR TONY
06 PEGGY
07 TOJO
08 IDA SPRUCE
B1 TOPSY SONIA IDA HICKORY THORA ANN NICK LILY OSCAR
TONY HELEN PEGGY
B1a OSCAR TONY TOJO FRANK
B2 NICK SALLY OSCAR
B3 TOPSY TOJO OSCAR TONY SALLY NICK FRANK
B3a TOJO OSCAR NICK FRANK TONY
B4 NICK LILY SALLY PERRY BR-20
B5 OSCAR
B6 SALLY
B7 SONIA
B8 NICK
B9 SALLY LILY TONY OSCAR FRANK
B9a FRANK TONY
B10 TOJO
S 1, Sl a FRANK OSCAR TONY NICK KI-100 LILY DINAH TOJO
S2 THORA DINAH SONIA FRANK PEGGY TONY OSCAR SALLY ANN
LILY HICKORY KI-1 00 TOJO
S3 RANDY IDA LILY PERRY HELEN SALLY
S4 SPRUCE
S5 TOJO NICK OSCAR
S6 SONIA
S7 PEGGY
S8 TOPSY
S9 TONY
S10 FRANK
Sl1 1/2 TOPSY
S12 DINAH
S13 PEGGY
S14 TONY KI- 100 OSCAR DI NAH
S15 MARY DINAH LILY
C1 BR-20
C2 KI-4
C3 ANN MARY DINAH
C4 DINAH MARY HELEN
C5 BR-20 SALLY MARY ANN

179
OSCAR I showing to good advantage the earlier method ofpropeller marking .. .. the natural metal forward sides
of the blades, the dark brown primed rear, and warning stripes near the tips. (It Bueschel)

KI-55 WAs, UTSUNOMlA Flying School, 2nd Flight. Orange overall, with gloss black cowls. Note that the in-
dividual aircraft KANA symbol is carried on the port side ofthe cowling rather than the tail. (Hideya Anda)

180
CAMOUFLAGE SCHEMES, BY AIRCRAFT TYPES
ANN Ol,02,Bl,52,C4,C5
BAB5 01,02, C4
BR-20 B4, Cl, C5
DINAH ; N, 01, 02, 03, 04, 51, 52, 512, 515, C3, C4
FRANK N, B3, 51, 52, 510
HELEN N, 01, Bl, 53, C3
HICKORY Ol,Bl,52
IDA 01,02,08, Bl, B4, 53
KI-4 C2
KI-l 00 51, 52, 514
KI-l 09 B4, 53
KI-115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. N, 51
KI-200 08
liLy 01,02, Bl, B4, B9, 51, 53, 515
MARy 01,515, C3, C4, C5
NATE 01,02
NICK N, 02, 03, B1, B2, B3, B4, B8, 51, C4
05CAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. N, 05, B1, B2, B3, B5, 51,52,514
PEGGy 01,06, Bl, 52, 57, 513
PERRY 02, B4, 53
RANDY. ',' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53, N
5ALLY 01,02,05, B1, B2, B3, B4, B6, B9, 52, 53, 54, C4, C5
SONIA N, 01,02, B1, B3, B7, 52, 56
5PRUCE 08,53,54
STELLA N, 51
THORA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. N, 01, B1, 52
TOJO N, 07, B3, Bl0, Bll, 51, 52, 55
TONy N, 01, 05, Bl, B3, B9, 51, 52, 59
TOP5Y N, 01, B1, B3, 58, 511

PRINCIPAL AIRCRAFT OF THE J.A.A.F.

AND UNITS IN WHICH THEY SERVED
AIRCRAFT UNITS
BR-20 12,98
KI-l0 4,6,9, 13,33,77, (9, 10)
KI-21 5ally 7, 12, 14,58,60,61,62,92,94,98, (3rd Wing) 21
KI-27 Nate 1,4,5,9,11,13,21,24,33,50,59,63,64,68,19,77,85, 87, 204,
246, (9, 10,84)
KI-4 Perry 4, 10, 15, (4, 6)
Hickory
KI-30 Ann 6, 16,31,32,35,90, (82, 87)
KI-36 Ida 8,28,29,(17,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,66,75,76)
KI-32 Mary 3,6,10,35,44,45,65,75
KI-15 Bobs 6,8,10,15,28,29,81,(16,18,50,51,74,76)
KI-43 Oscar 1,11,13,17,18,19,20,21,23,24,25,26,29,30,31,33,48,50,
54,59,63,64,65,71,72,73,77,100,101,102,103,104,112,
203,204,248, (24, 71, 7th flying forces) (47)
KI-44 Tojo 9,22,23,29,47,70,72,85,87,246(47)
KI-45 Nick 4,5, 10, 12, 13, 16,21,27,45,53,65,70, (4, 6, 25)
KI-46 Dinah 2,8,15,28,38,81,82,88,106, (4,16,17,18,19) (50, 51, 55, 70,
74,81,85, 16th wing, 38th wing) (76, 10)
KI-48 Lily 3,8,12,16,27,34,35,45,75,90,208,(82)
KI-49 Helen 58,61,62,74,95,(3)
KI-61 Tony 17, 18, 19, 23, 26, 28, 37, 55, 56, 59, 68, 78, 105, 224, 244, (23)

181
 KI-l00 Tony 5,17,25,59,111,244,(81)
KI-67 Peggy 7,14,16,60,62,74,98,107,110
KI-l09 Peggy 7,107
KI-51 Sonia 107, 27, 28, 32, 39, 44, 65, 66, 67, 83, (1, 41, 45, 47) (48, 49, 52,
53,66,71,73,83,89,90,91)
KI-84 Frank 1,11,13,16,20,21, 22, 2~ 29, 4~ 50, 51, 52,5~64, 71,72,73,
85, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 111, 112, 200,246, 14, (24, 57th
spec. attck)
KI-l02 Randy 3,75,45,81, (27th Combat fly. Tng Unit)
KI-57 Thora 108,109, (20)
KI-54 Topsy 108, 109, (20)
KI-76 Stella (1)
NOTE:
Units shown in Parentheses are Direct Command units, unless otherwise indicated.

PRINCIPAL UNITS OF THE J.A.A.F.

SENTAI MISSION SERVICE AIRCRAFT USED/REMARKS

1st fighter Aug 1938-July 1945 Ki.27, 43, 84

2nd recon. Aug 1938-J uly 1945 Ki.27, 43, 84
3rd attack Aug 1938-? KbA-2, Ki.32
4th fighter Aug 1938- KiA, 10,27,45
5th fighter Aog 1938- Ki.27, 45, 100
6th attack Aug 1938- Ki.l0,30,51
7th bomber Aug 1938- Ki.21,67
8th bomber Aug 1938- Ki.15, 46, 48
9th fighter Aug 1938- Ki.l0, 27, 44
10th recon. Aug 1938- KiA, 15, 32, 46
11 th fighter Aug 1938- Ki.27, 43, 84
12th bomber Aug 1938- Ki.21,48
13th fighter Aug 1938- Ki.27, 43, 45, 84
14th bomber Aug 1938- Ki.21,67
15th recon. Aug 1938- 'KiA,46
16th bomber Aug 1938- Ki.30, 45, 48, 67
17th fighter Feb 1944- Ki.61
18th fighter Feb 1944- Ki.61
19th fighter Feb 1944 Ki.61
20th fighter Feb 1944 Ki.43,84
21 st fighter Oct 1942 Ki.27, 43, 45
22nd fighter Mar 1944- KiA4,84
23rd fighter Apr 1944- Ki.43,61
24th fighter 1938 Ki.27,43
25th fighter 1938 KiA3, 84, 100
26th fighter Ju11941- Ki.43,61
27th bomber Jul 1938-Jul 1945 Ki.51
28th fighter Jul 1938- Ki.61, 46 Kai
29th fighter Ju11941- KiA4
30th fighter Jun 1943-May 1945 KiA3
31 st fighter/bomber Jul 1938 Ki.30,43
32nd attack/bomber 1938- Ki.30,51
33rd fighter Aug 1938-May 1945 Ki.l 0, 27,43
34th bomber Oct 1942- KiA8
35th bomber Oct 1942- Ki.30, 32, 48
36th unknown
37th unknown
38th recon. Apr 1941-Jul 1945 KiA6
39th bomber Apr 1941 Ki.51

182
 40th-43rd unknown
44th recon. Jul1941 Ki.36,51
45th attack Aug 1938- Ki.32, 48, 45, 102
47th fighter May 1942- Ki.44,84
48th fighter Jul 1943 Ki.43
49th unknown
50th fighter Aug 1941 Ki.27, 43, 84
51 st fighter Apr 1944 Ki.84
,_I 52nd fighter Apr 1944 Ki.84
53rd fighter May 1944 Ki.45
54th fighter Dec 1941 Ki.43
55th fighter May 1944 Ki.61
56th fighter May 1944 Ki.61
57th unknown
58th bomber 1938 Ki.21
59th fighter Aug 1938 Ki.27, 43, 61, 100
60th bomber Aug 1938 Ki.21,67
61 st bomber Aug 1938 Ki.21,49
62nd momber Aug 1938 Ki.21, 49, 67
63rd fighter 1942-1945 Ki.27,43
64th fighter 1938 Ki.27, 43, 84
65th attock Jul1941 Ki.51, 45, 43
66th attack 1938 Ki.51
67th attack Apr 1938-May 1945 Ki.51,45
68th fighter Jul 1941-Aug 1944 Ki.61
69th unknown
70th fighter 1938 Ki.44,45
71 st fighter Jun 1944 Ki.43,84
72nd fighter May 1944-May 1945 Ki.43,84
73rd fighter Jun 1944-May 1945 Ki.43,84
. 74th
75th
bomber
attack
Jul1941
1939
Ki.49,67
Ki.32,48, 102
76th unknown
77th fighter Jul 1938-Aug 1944 Ki.l0, 27, 43
78th fighter Ju11938-Aug 1945 Ki.61
79th unknown
80th unknown
81 st recon. Jul1941 Ki.15, 46, 102
82nd recon. Oct 1944 Ki.46
83rd recon. 1938-1945 Ki.51
-t 84th unknown
85th fighter 1938 Ki.44
86th unknown
87th fighter 1938 Ki.27,44
88th recon. 1938 Ki.46
89th unknown
90th bomber Sept 1938 Ki.30,48
91 st unknown
92nd bomber 1938 Ki.21
93rd unknown
94th bomber 1938- Ki.21
95th bomber Dec 1942 Ki.49
96th-97th unknown
98th bomber 1938 Ki.21,67
99th unknown
100th unknown
101 st fighter Nov 1944 Ki.43,84
102nd fighter Nov 1944 Ki.43,84

183
103rd fighter Nov 1944-1945 Ki.43, 84,
104th fighter Nov 1944 Ki.43,84
105th fighter Nov 1944 Ki.61
106th fighter Nov 1944 Ki.46 kai
107th fighter Nov 1944 Ki.67 kai
108th transportation 1944 Ki.54,57
109th transportation 1944 Ki.57
110th bomber Oct 1944 Ki.67
111 th fighter Jul1945 Ki.84,100 ...
I

112th fighter Jul 1945 Ki.43,84

113th- 199th unknown
200th fighter Oct 1944 Ki.85
201st-202nd unknown
203rd fighter Apr 1942 Ki.43
204th fighter Apr 1942 Ki.43
205th-207th unknown
208th bomber Nov 194 l-May 1945 Ki.48
209th-243rd unknown
244th fig liter Nov 1944 Ki.61,100
245th unknown
246th fighter Oct 1942 Ki.27, 44, 84
247th unknown
248th fighter Oct 1942 Ki.43

PRINCIPAL INDEPENDENT CHUTAls

SENTAI MISSION SERVICE AIRCRAFT/REMARKS
1st DC anti-sub Jul 1944 Ki.51,76
3rd DC heavy bomber Jul 1937 reorganized into the 98th Sentai
4th DC recon. Ki.46, became the 25th Sentai
5th-6th DC unknown
7th DC heavy bomber Jul 1937 became the 98th Sentai
8th DC recon.
9th DC fighter Ki.1O,27
10th DC fighter Ki.l0,27
1lth-15th DC unknown
16th DC recon. Jul1944 Ki.46
17th DC recon. Jul 1938 2MR8, Ki.36 ..... became the 44th Sentai
17th DC recon. re-established May 1944 Ki.46
18th DC recon. 1938-0ct 1944 Ki.15,46
19th DC recon. 1944-1945 Ki.46
20th DC transportation Apr 1943
21 st-22'10 DC unknown
23rd DC fighter Jan 1944
24th DC fighter May 1941-0ct 1944
25th DC fighter Aug 1944 Ki.45
26th-30th DC unknown
31 st DC heavy bomber Jun 1944-0ct 1944
32nd-40th DC unknown
41 st DC attack Aug 1944 Ki.51
42nd DC unknown
43rd DC anti-sub Oct 1944 Ki.36
44th DC anti-sub Oct 1944 Ki.36
45th DC anti-sub Oct 1944 Ki.36
46th DC anti-sub Oct 1944 Ki.36
47th DC anti-sub Oct 1944 Ki.36
48th DC anti-sub Oct 1944 Ki.36

184
 49th DC anti-sub Oct 1944 Ki.36
50th DC recon. Oct 1944 Ki.15,46
51st DC recon. Ki.15,46
52nd DC recon. Jul 1941 Ki.51
53rd DC recon. Jul 1941-0ct 44 Ki.51
54th DC transportation Jul1941
55th DC recon. Ki.46
56th-62nd DC unknown
'.1' 63rd DC recon.
64th-65th DC unknown
66th DC recon. Jul1941 Ki.51
67th-70th DC unknown
71st DC fighter Jul1941
72nd DC unknown
73rd DC recon. Ki.51
74th DC recon. Ki.15, 46, 36
75th DC unknown

,, 76th DC
77th-80th DC
recon.
unknown
Ki.15,46

81 st DC recon. 1941-1943 Ki.46

81 st DC (reorg.) fighter 1944
82nd DC light bomber Ki.30,48
82nd DC (reorg.) fighter Feb 1945-Ju11945 Ki.46 kai
83rd DC recon. Aug 1939-1944 Ki.51
83rd DC (reorg.) fighter Feb 1945-Jul 1945 Ki.46 kai
84th DC fighter 1938 Ki.27
85th DC recon. Ki.46
86th-88th DC unknown
89th DC recon. Ju11941-Mar 1944 Ki.46
90th DC recon. -Nov 1943 Ki.51

NATEs, 10th Direct-Command Chutai, Manchuria, 1938. Chutai leader's aircraft is denoted by the black cowling.
(J. Wood)

185
ANNs of the 90th attack Sentai, Manchuria, 1939. (J. Wood)

186
An early example ofcommand indication is shown on the Type 95 bomber of the early Nomonhanperiod.
(J. Wood)

187
KI-89 in USAF markings under test by Allies, 1944. (USAF Photo)

A Hayate (FRANK) Kl-84 of the 11th Sentai, showing signs of extreme weathering. Note thenumerial on the tail.
(USAF Photo)

188
1st flight of rebuilt HAYATE by W. Mahurin, for the Air Museum, Ontario, California. It is of interest to note
that this is the same aircraft which is shown at the bottom of page 188, as it was captured. (Ed Maloney)

NATEs, AKENO Flying School, 1939, the 1st section. Each section was identified by the amount of diagonal
stripes on the fuselage, each set in the Chutai color. The symbol on the rudder is the KANA for various numerals,
or aircraft serial. (Witold Liss)

189
OSCAR, 50th Fighter Sentai, Burma, 1943. (R. Bueschel)

SALLY, 60th Bomber Sentai, 2nd Chutai, Manchuria, 1939. (J. Wood)

190
Two examples of the use of KANA tail symbols, these are the western equivalent of letters. (L to r; KI-51 , KI-46)
(USAF Photo)

KI-21-1 SALLY of the 2nd Chutai, 60th Bomber Sentai, China, 1938-1941. Of interest is the use of tail striping to
denote individual aircraft, in this case aircraft #23, as indicated by the "2" stripes in the vertical stabilizer,
and "3" stripes on the rudder, or "23". Barely visible on the fuselage is the unusual diagonal stripes and star of
the 2nd Chutai of the 60th. (The Author)

191
ANNs of the 90th Attack Sentai, Manchuria, 1939. Other views may be found on page 186. (USAF)

NATE, 11th FighterSentai, Nomonhan, 1938. (J. Wood)

-<

192
59th Fighter Sentai, China, 1939. (J. Wood)

NICK, 53rd Sentai, Home Defense, 1945. (R. Bueschel)

193
 NATE, 10th Direct Command Chutai, 1939.

TOJOS, 47th direct command Chutai,.1943. Here the use ofdiagonal stripes to identify aircraft within the Chutai
is very evident. Note the absence of the Hinomaru on the fuselage, a common practice within the China-based
Sentais during the first years of the war. Here is seen a complete Shotai, with the fourth aircraft unmarked.
(USAF Photo)

194
 The remains after the war. Here at Tachikawa can be seen several types of aircraft showing a random selection
of tail markings. The foremost aircraft, a TOJO, bears the marks of the 85th Sentai, 3rd Chutai, the 1st aircraft,
followed by a TOJO of the 1st Sentai, 1st Chutai. (B. Calvin Jones)

-,

NATE, llthFighter Sentai, Nomonhan, 1938. (J. Wood)

195
TONY, after capture, but in original factory N finish. (USAF)

59th Fighter Sentai, China, 1939. (J. Wood)

196
 ,
'"

IDAs of the Indonesian Air Force at the war's end. (R. Jones)

KI-30 ANNs of the 31st Sentai, 1st Chutai, China, 1942. The aircraft in the foreground is that of the Chutai lead-
er, as signified by the additional red stripe under the horizontal white stripe (Chutai ID). (USAF Photo)

197
Another IDA under Indonesian colors, late 1945. (R. Jones)

/
J~\

PEGGY, enroute to U.S.A., 1945. (USAF Photo)

198
,.

ANN, 90th Sentai, Manchuria, 1939. (J. Wood)

KI-100, RAF, Cosford, England. (Harrison)

199
A rather unusual means of ground locomotion. (See also page 198) (R. Jones)

.-------------
--,.....,...,,.....,...,--_:.....---

K1-100, RAF, Cosford, England. (RAF)

200
"

HAYATE, the Air Museum, Ontario, California. (Ed Maloney)

\.

A Japanese war trophy, liberated at war's end, Tachikawa, 1945. (B. Calvin Jones)

201
KI-43, Alexshafen, New Guinea, 1962. (E. Darby)

KI-74 PATSY experimental bomber at war's end. One can see here a pe1ject example of factory markings of
propellers. Also, the "hard" separation line between the aircraft undersu1jaces, and the upper color, so typical
of most factory paint jobs. (E. Calvin Jones)

202
 OFFICIAL COLOR CHART J.A.A.F.
NUMBER NAME USAGE
A1 dark Green (blackish-green) upper surfaces, sometimes for anti-glare
panelling
A2 olive green (olive drab) upper surfaces
A3 medium green (mint green) upper surfaces
A4 light green upper and lower surfaces
A5 light grey green upper and lower surfaces
A6 dark grey upper surfaces
Al medium grey upper and lower surfaces
A8 medium blue-grey (sea blue) upper and lower surfaces
A9 light grey (whitish grey) upper and lower surfaces and landing gear
assemblies, etc.
A10 light blue grey (sky grey) lower surfaces
All dark brown (grape, maroon) upper surfaces, props, spinners, unit markings
A12 medium brown (coffee brown) upper color, sometimes used as a primer coat,
exterior
A13 red-brown exterior primer coat; all surfac.es
A14 light earth (khaki) upper surfaces, segment (type C)
A15 ivory yellow (khaki) upper surfaces, segment (type C)
A16 yellow training aircraft, unit markings, airframe
stenciling
All deep yellow (yellow-orange) wing ID markings, unit markings
A18 translucent blue interior prime coat
A19 red orange (dark orange) primary training aircraft; experimental air-
craft, occasionally for National Insignia
A20 Hinomaru red (weathered) National Insignia, or sometimes as an interior
A2l Hinomaru red (fresh) special finish, unit markings, airframe stencils,
trim, and warning lines
A22 dark blue (cobalt blue) surface color, upper, early anti-glare panelling
A23 medium blue (cobalt blue) unit markings, spin ners, etc.
A24 blue-black anti glare panelling, overall surfaces for night
aircraft, numerals and stenciling
 CD,LOR CHART
JAPANESE ARMY AIR FORCES

Al A2 A3 A4
\

DARK GREEN OLIVE GREEN MEDIUM GREEN LIGHT GREEN

A5 A6 A7 A8

LIGHT GREY GREEN DARK GREY MEDIUM GREY MEDIUM BLUE GREY

All

LIGHT GREY LIGHT BLUE GREY DARK BROWN MEDIUM BROWN

ii Al3 A14 Al5

RED BROWN LIGHT· EARTH IVORY YELlOW MEDIUM YELLOW

: AI7 AI8 AI9

DEEP YELLOW TRANSLUCENT BLUE RED ORANGE WEATHERED RED

A21 A22 A23 A24

FRESH RED DARK BLUE MEDIUM BLUE BLUE BLACK

:ted by AERO PUBLISHERS, INC.

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: .'