CH2407 Process Equipment Design II

www.msubbu.in

Heat Exchanger
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Design
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Dr. M. Subramanian

Associate Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering
Kalavakkam – 603 110, Kanchipuram (Dist)
Tamil Nadu, India
msubbu.in[AT]gmail.com
14-July-2011
 Contents

• Single pass and multi-pass exchangers

• Heat transfer rate

• Temperature difference between two streams

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• Heat transfer coefficient estimations
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• Allocation of fluid in shell and tubebu
.in exchangers
• Baffle spacing

• Pressure drop calculation

• Design codes

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 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

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 Pass Arrangements

1,1 – co-current flow

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1,2 shell and tube exchanger

2,2 shell and tube exchanger

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 Heat Transfer Rate

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From first law of thermodynamics,

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 Temperature profile

Counter-current flow

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Co-current flow

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 Co-current and counter-current flows

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 One fluid at constant temperature

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 Temperature profile of condenser with
de-superheating

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 Temperature Difference

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TEMA
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 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

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Coulson &
Richardson Vol.6
ed.4

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Coulson & Richardson Vol.6 ed.4

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 Tube dimensions

• Length (ft): 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24

• The optimum tube length to shell diameter: 5 to 10

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Coulson & Richardson Vol.6 ed.4

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 Tube Patterns

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 Tube side passes

• Practical construction limits the number of tube-side passes

to 8—10, although a larger number of passes may be used
on special designs

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• Even number of passes arew.mpreferred
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• The higher the number of passes, the more expensive the
unit

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 Tube Side
Passes

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 Shell Diameter

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 Baffles

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 Baffles

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Vertical cut segmental baffles

Disc and doughnut baffles

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 Fluid Allocation
• Corrosion: Fewer costly alloy components are needed if
the corrosive fluid is inside the tubes. Corrosive fluid cannot
be sent in the shell side, since the shell side fluid will affect
both shell and tubes.

• Fouling: Placing the fouling fluid inside the tubes allow

better velocity control; increased
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fouling. Straight tubes allow .m mechanical cleaning without
removing the tube bundle. sub
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• Temperature & Pressure: For high temperature /
pressure services requiring special or expensive alloy
materials, fewer alloy components are needed when hot
fluid is placed within the tubes

• Flow rate: Placing the fluid with the lower flow rate on the
shell side usually results in a more economical design.
Turbulence exists on the shell side at much lower velocities
than within the tubes.

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 Fluid Velocities

• Liquids:
– Tube side: 1 – 2 m/s; maximum 4 m/s if required to
reduce fouling
– Shell side: 0.3 – 1 m/s
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• Gases: bu
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– Atmospheric pressure: 10 – 30 m/s

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 Tube side heat transfer coefficient
(turbulent flow)

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 Tube side heat transfer coefficient
(laminar flow)

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 Shell side

• Cross flow area (As)

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• Shell side mass velocity and linear velocity

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 Shell side equivalent diameter

• Square pitch

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• Triangular pitch

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 Shell side heat transfer coefficient

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Coulson & Richardon Vol.6 ed.4

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 Pressure drop calculations

• Tube side:

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• Shell side:

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 Allowable Pressure Drop

• Liquids: 35 – 70 kN/m2

• Gases and vapors:

– High vacuum: 0.4 – 0.8 2
ww kN/m
– Medium vacuum: 0.1 xw.absolute
ms pressure
ub
– 1 to 2 bar: 0.5 x system gaugebu
.in pressure

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 Design Codes
• Standards developed by Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers
Association, USA (TEMA) are universally used for design of
shell and tube heat exchangers.

• Equivalent Indian code is IS: 4503

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• These codes specify the standard bu sizes of shell, tubes, etc.,
and also maximum allowable baffle .in spacing, minimum tube
sheet thickness, baffle thickness, number of tie-rods
required, etc.

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 Design Procedure

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Nomenclature for
Heat Exchanger
Components

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TEMA

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 Typical Parts of a Heat Exchanger

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