CAMBRIDGE CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH GATE AT NERS Lead DVANCED CERTIFICATE IN ADVANCED ENGLISH WITH ANSWERS PU ile CU Ue Est FROM CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT eee CRP toLyCambridge University Press www.cambridge.org/elt Cambridge English Language Assessment www.cambridgeenglish.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107653511 ‘© Cambridge University Press and UCLES 2014 It is normally necessary for written permission for copying to be obtained in advance from a publisher. The sample answer sheets at the back of this book ate designed to be copied and distributed in class, ‘The normal requirements are waived here and it is not necessary to write to Cambridge University Press for permission for an individual teacher to make copies for use within his or her own classroom. Only those pages that carry the wording *© UCLES 2014 Photocopiable’ may be copied. Printed in the United Kingdom by Latimer Trend A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-107-65351-1 Student's Book with answers ISBN 978-1-107-68958-9 Student’s Book without answers ISBN 978-1-107-66804-1 Audio CDs (2) ISBN 978-1-107-65496-9 Student’s Book Pack (Student's Book with answers and Audio CDs (2)) ‘The publishers have no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and do not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but the publishers do not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Contents Introduction 4 Reading and Use of English Writing 22 Listening 24 Speaking 29 Reading and Use of English Writing 44 Listening 46 Speaking 51 Reading and Use of English Writing 66 Listening 68 Speaking 73 Reading and Use of English Writing 88 Listening 90 Speaking 95 Frames for the Speaking test Frames for the Speaking test Frames for the Speaking test Frames for the Speaking test Marks and results 108 Key and transcript 120 Key and transcript 129 Key and transcript 138 Key and transcript 147 30 52 74 96 99 102 105 Sample answer sheets 156 Thanks and acknowledgements 167 Visual materials for the Speaking test colour sectionIntroduction This collection of four complete practice tests comprises papers from the Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE), examination; students can practise these tests on their own or with the help of a teacher. ‘The Cambridge English: Advanced examination is part of a suite of general English examinations produced by Cambridge English Language Assessment. This suite consists of five examinations that have similar characteristics but are designed for different levels of English language ability. Within the five levels, Cambridge English: Advanced is at Level C1 in the Council of Europe’s Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. It has been accredited by Ofqual, the statutory regulatory authority in England, at Level 2 in the National Qualifications Framework. The Cambridge English: Advanced examination is recognised by educational institutions, governmental departments and employers around the world as proof of the ability to follow an academic course of study in English at university level and communicate effectively at a managerial and professional level. Ra 5 Council of Europe | UK National Qualifications Framework Level Framework Level Cambridge English: Proficiency Certificate of Proficiency in c2 3 English (CPE) Cambridge English: Advanced Certificate in Advanced English cI 2 (CAE) Cambridge English: First » 1 First Certificate in English (FCE) Cambridge English: Preliminary Preliminary English ‘Test (PET) BL Entry Cambridge English: Key Key English Test (KET) ae Entry 2Introduction Further information The information contained in this practice book is designed to be an overview of the exam. For a full description of all of the above exams, including information about task types, testing focus and preparation, please see the relevant handbooks which can be obtained fom Cambridge English Language Assessment at the address below or from the website at: www.cambridgeenglish.org Cambridge English Language Assessment Telephone: +44 1223 553997 1 Hills Road Fax: +44 1223 553621 Cambridge CB1 2EU email: [email protected] United Kingdom The structure of Cambridge English: Advanced - an overview The Cambridge English: Advanced examination consists of four papers. Reading and Use of English 1 hour 30 minutes This paper consists of eight parts, with 56 questions. For Parts 1 to 4, the test contains texts with accompanying grammar and vocabulary tasks, and separate items with a grammar and vocabulary focus. For Parts 5 to 8, the test contains a range of texts and accompanying reading comprehension tasks. Writing 1 hour 30 minutes This paper consists of two parts which carry equal marks. In Part 1, which is compulsory, candidates must write an essay with a discursive focus of between 220 and 260 words. The task requires candidates to write an essay based on two points given in the input text. They need to explain which of the two points is more important and give reasons for their choice. In Part 2, there are three tasks from which candidates choose one to write about. The tasks include a letter, a proposal, a report and a review. Candidates write between 220 and 260 words in this part Listening 40 minutes (approximately) This paper consists of four parts with 30 questions. Each part contains a recorded text or texts and corresponding comprehension tasks. Each part is heard twice. Speaking 15 minutes The Speaking test consists of four parts. The standard test format is two candidates and two examiners. One examiner acts as both interlocutor and assessor and manages the interaction either by asking questions or providing cues for the candidates. The other acts as assessor and does not join in the conversation. The test consists of short exchanges with the interlocutor and with the other candidate, an individual long turn, a collaborative task involving both candidates, and a discussion.Introduction Grading The overall Cambridge English: Advanced grade is based on the total score gained in all four papers. All candidates receive a Statement of Results which includes a graphical profile of their performance in each of the four skills and Use of English. Certificates are given to candidates who pass the examination with grade A, B or C. Candidates who achieve grade A will receive the Cambridge English: Advanced certificate stating they have demonstrated ability at C2 level. Candidates whose performance is below C1 level, but falls within Level B2, receive a Cambridge English certificate stating they have demonstrated ability at B2 level. Candidates whose performance falls below Level B2 do not receive a certificate. For further information on grading and results, go to the website (see page S).Test 1 READING AND USE OF ENGLISH (1 hour 30 minutes) Part 1 For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Example: 0 Aesteemed B viewed C regarded —_D believed c oo The camera never lies Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of the Sherlock Holmes stories, (0) ........ himself to be a rational man, a scientist even. But in 1920, when he saw photographs of fairies taken in a garden (1) ......., he thought he was seeing scientific proof that these tiny creatures really existed. He published the photographs alongside an article he wrote, (2) ....... fairies as supernatural wonders. It was not until 1939 that the two ladies who took the photos admitted these were (8) ......... They simply cut out pictures of fairies from a book and (4) ....... them among flowers. The results are (5) ........ beautiful. But the simplicity of the trick (6) ........ a basic principle of photography, that the camera cannot lie. But it can, and always could. Today, we are used to computer software (7) ........ US to rework our digital images and it is a (8) ........ that photography ever had a true age of innocence. From the moment cameras began capturing reality, that reality was being altered.venue calling false arranged categorically weakens letting fantasy setting naming faulty spaced unavoidably undermines supporting legend background attributing fake settled ‘substantially demolishes enabling dream Reading and Use of English D surrounding D acknowledging D fictional D distributed D_ undeniably D_ dismantles D empowering D mythTest 1 Part 2 For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only ‘one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. Example: oll T ] I Online passwords - what everyone should know When (0) ........ comes to online security, we all know what we ought to do: choose a different, random set of letters and numbers for every email account, shopping site or bank account. But hardly (9) ........ does this, because memorising them all is impossible. So we use the same familiar words for every site, (10) ........ a pet’s name or, even worse, the word ‘password’, occasionally remembering to replace the letter O with a zero, or choosing to (11) ........ use of a capital letter. Even if we opt (12) ........a random group of letters such as ‘fpazy’, there is now software available which can make a thousand guesses per second, enabling a hacker to get to your password in Just under four hours. Interestingly, (13) ........ increasing your password to twenty random letters, you increase @ hacker's guessing time to 6.5 thousand trillion centuries. The problem is that you would (14) ........ no chance of ever remembering those 20 letters. The solution, apparently, is to come (18) .. with three or four short, unrelated words and work (16) ........ a way to remember them. Easy! 10Reading and Use of English Part 3 For questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. Example: [o][1[N[c[rle[als|i[nlo Too many climbers on Mount Everest Mount Everest in Nepal is becoming (0) ........ popular as a destination for adventure tourism. During the month of May, (17) ........ weather presents a number of safe opportunities to make the climb. As a result, the sheer number of climbers has brought an (18) problem, potentially even more dangerous than low temperatures and changeable weather - overcrowded conditions. The fact that there are so many climbers, many of them complete (19) ........ , means that at times people are queuing for hours to reach the summit. This hazard has led to calls for stricter assessments of new learner climbers, as in their (20) ........ to reach the mountain's summit such inexperienced climbers are sometimes ignoring the advice of their Nepalese guides, which may (21) ........ everyone's lives. Perhaps one (22) . the mountain so high that only a few people could afford the climb. Or (23) .. leaving Everest to the very best (24) ... . would be to make the charges for climbing , one could ban the use of artificial oxygen and local guides, .. Extreme, maybe, but it may just prove necessary. INCREASE FAVOUR EXPECT BEGIN DESPERATE DANGER SOLVE ALTERNATE MOUNTAIN WTest 1 Part 4 For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. Here is an example (0). Example: 0 James would only speak to the head of department alone. ON JAMES voeceesesseeeessesersessssesseesssss tO the head of department alone. The gap can be filled with the words ‘insisted on speaking’, so you write: Example: | 0 | | INSISTED ON SPEAKING Write only the missing words IN GAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. 25 ‘You should stop your children watching so much television,’ Mary's sister told her. LET Mary's sister advised her ... so much television. 26 The local council wants to impose a ban on driving at more than 30 kilometres per hour anywhere in this area. ILLEGAL ‘The local council wants to ... anywhere in this area. .. at more than 30 kilometres per hour 27 Tommissed his plane because he was late leaving for the airport. TIME Hfonly «2... for the airport, he wouldn't have missed his plane. 12Reading and Use of English 28 The guidelines for the appointment of new staff need to be thoroughly revised. THOROUGH ‘There needs . the guidelines for the appointment of new staff. 29 The employment rate rose gradually as the economy began to recover. GRADUAL There... the employment rate as the economy began to recover. 30 The change in the company’s logo didn't make any difference to the majority of its customers. CONSEQUENCE The change in the company's logo ..... customers. . to the majority of its 13Test 1 Part 5 You are going to read an article about a famous psychologist. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Jean Piaget Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, became famous for his theories ‘on child development. A child prodigy, he became interested in the scientific study of nature at fan early age. He developed a special fascination for biology, having some of his work published before graduating from high school. When, aged 10, his observations led to questions that could be answered only by access to the university library, Piaget wrote and published some notes on the sighting of an albino sparrow in the hope that this would persuade the librarian to stop treating him like a child. It worked. Piaget was launched on a path that led to his doctorate in zoology and a lifelong conviction that the way to understand anything is to know how it evolves. Piaget went on to spend much of his professional lfe listening to and watching children, and poring over reports of researchers who were doing the same. He found, to put it succinctly, that children don't think like adults. After thousands of interactions with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and their own special logic. Albert Einstein, the renowned physicist, deemed this a discovery ‘so simple that only a genius could have thought of it’. Piaget's insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. Several new fields of science, among them developmental psychology and cognitive theory, came into being as a result of his research. Although not an educational reformer, he championed a way of thinking about children that provided the foundation for today’s education reform movernents. One might say that Piaget was the first to take children’s thinking seriously. Others who shared this respect for children may have fought harder for immediate change in schools, but Piaget's influence on education remains deeper and more pervasive. Piaget has been revered by generations of teachers inspired by the belief that children are not empty vessels to be filled with knowledge, as traditional academic thinking had it, but active builders of knowledge —lttie scientists who are constantly creating and testing their own theories of the world. ‘And vihile he may not be as famous as Sigmund Freud, Piaget's contribution to psychology may be Tonger lasting. As computers and the Internet give children greater autonomy to explore ever larger digital worlds, the ideas he pioneered become ever more relevant. In the 1940s, working in Alfred Binet’s child-psychology lab in Paris, Piaget noticed that children of the same age, regardless of their background or gender, made comparable errors on true-false inteligence tests. Back in Switzerland, the young scientist began watching children play, scrupulously recording their words and actions as their minds raced to find reasons for why things are the way they are. Piaget recognised that a five-year-old's beliefs, while not correct by any adult criterion, are not ‘incorrect’ either. They are entirely sensible and coherent within the framework of the child's ‘way of knowing’. In Piaget's view, classifying them as ‘true’ or ‘false’ misses the point and shows a lack of respect for the child. What Piaget was after was a theory that could find coherence and ingenuit in the child’s justification, and evidence of a kind of explanatory principle that stands young children in very good stead when they don’t know enough or don’t have enough skill to handle the kind of explanation that grown-ups prefer. The core of Piaget's work is his belief that looking carefully at how children acquire knowledge sheds light on how adults think and understand the world. Whether this has, in fact, led to deeper Understanding remains, like everything about Piaget, contentious. In recent years, Piaget has been vigorously challenged by the current emphasis on viewing knowledge as an intrinsic property of the brain. Ingenious experiments have demonstrated that newborn infants already have some of the knowledge that Piaget believed children constructed. But for those of us who stil see Piaget as the giant in the field of cognitive theory, the disparity between what the baby brings and what the adult has fB so immense that the new discoveries do not significantly reduce the gap, only increase the mystery. 1431 35 Reading and Use of English In the first paragraph, the writer suggests that as a child Piaget was particularly eager to teach others about animals. was confident his research would help other children. was already certain about the career he would follow. was determined that nothing should hold back his progress. com> In quoting Einstein, the writer is questioning the simplicity of Piaget’s ideas, supporting the conclusion that Piaget reached. suggesting that Piaget's research methods were unprecedented. recommending a less complicated approach than Piaget's. vom> In the third paragraph, the writer puts forward the view that Piaget’s work with children was difficult to put to a practical use, Piaget’s theories about children were less revolutionary than he thought. Piaget laid the basis for our current understanding of how children’s minds work. Piaget was actually committed to radical change in the education system. com> The phrase ‘empty vessels’ (paragraph 4) refers to why children should be encouraged to study more independently. what traditional academic theory said about children and learning. how teachers can increase children’s motivation to learn. the kind of knowledge that children need to acquire. vomD> The writer says Piaget was unwilling to categorise children’s ideas as true or false because A he realised that the reasoning behind a child’s statement was more important. B he knew that this could have long-term effects on a child. he felt that this did not reflect what happens in real life. D__ he felt that children are easily influenced by what adults have told them. What does the writer conclude about newer theories that have appeared? A. They completely undermine Piaget's ideas. B_ They put greater emphasis on scientific evidence. © They are an interesting addition to the body of knowledge. D_ They are based on flawed research. 15Test 1 Part 6 You are going to read four contributions to an online debate about advertising. For questions 37-40, choose from the contributions A-D. The contributions may be chosen more than once, Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. 16 The role of advertising in society today Aimost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all forms of media, from newspapers to the cinema to the Internet, are filed with adverts. This all-pervasive presence reflects tho value of advertising to us. Without it, businesses of all types and sizes would struggle to inform potential customers about the products or services they provide, and consumers would be unable { make informed assessments when looking for products to buy and services to use. Without advertising, the promotion of products and practices that contribute to our physical and psychological wellbeing - medicines to treat minor ailments, insurance schemes to protect us. clothes and Sosmatice to make us look and feel better — would be infinitely more problematic than it is. And Sthout advertisements and the aspirations represented in them, the world would be a far duller place. Advertising is everywhere, and it’s often so subtle that we don't realise i's there at some level of our Gonsciousness. The ultimate aim, of course, is to get us to buy things, regardless of whether it makes Sense for us to do so. In fact, adverts mostly impair rational decision-making. A recent study in the Ux found that 90% of customers failed to understand the truth about what was on offer in adverts for broadband internet services. This irrational dimension is evident in the success advertisers enjoy not only in getting us to buy products that, directly or indirectly, cause physical damage to us, but also in raising our expectations about what our lives should be like ~ expectations that inevitably imoly something is wrong with us if we don’t meet them. Having said this, advertising is fundamental to the workings of modern economies, so the chances are that it wll only continue to grow in significance. ‘There is a tendency to underestimate people's intelligence and to invest advertising with powers it doesn’t have. Certain dubious techniques have been banned - like the use of subliminal images Shown so quickly that viewers don’t consciously realise they've seen them ~ but other forms of advertising are simply manifestations of creativity. Audiences understand this and are able to enjoy adverts without falling prey to some complex deception. They know that an advert tells them a product exists and suggests they might benefit from having it. They don't expect it to provide objective details, Confirming why they should or should not go ahead with a purchase. They are also smart enough to know that what they see in advertisements is fiction and, therefore, not something they should feel bad about if they don’t have it. The bottom line, however, is that advertising helps the wheels of the economy to turn, a crucial role which societies are likely to depend on for the foreseeable future. ‘Advertising is a worldwide, multi-billion dollar industry and inevitably tends to favour large businesses, ‘which can afford advertising costs, rather than smalier companies, which can't. In that way, it makes iit aver more difficult for that sector of the economy ~ small and medium-sized businesses ~ which is the key to a nation’s prosperity. Advertising also encourages certain patterns of consumption = fast food, cars, labour-saving devices and so on - which characterise a sedentary lifestyle and undermine physical well-being, while also generating a sense of inadequacy and unhappiness among people Olt feel inferior if they don’t possess a product or conform to certain ideas of what is ‘beautiful Sr scoo'', And far from providing consumers with clear, reliable information enabling them to make Sensible decisions about what to spend their money on, advertisers use underhand methods to confuse and manipulate feelings and thoughts.Reading and Use of English Which contributor expresses a different view from the others about the impact that advertising 37 has on a country’s economy? has a different opinion from the others on the extent to which advertising helps people to make choices? takes a similar view to contributor D about the influence advertising can have on people's self-esteem? expresses a different opinion from contributor B regarding public awareness of how advertising works? 17Test 1 Part7 You are going to read a magazine article about whale sharks. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (41-46). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Secrets of the deep Until recently, little was known about the movements of the whale shark. But a pioneering project is shedding new light on this ocean giant. Project scientist Jonathan Green reports. ‘When an animal the size of a very large double- decker bus - the largest fish in the ocean — makes ‘a sudden 90° turn, it has to be for a good reason. ‘As the satellite tracks started to come in from whale sharks which we had tagged off the Galapagos ‘Islands, they clearly showed that as the sharks were swimming away from the islands, they were all reaching a certain point and then making a very abrupt change in direction. at eee aes ‘That, among other things, was what The Galapagos Whale Shark Project was attempting to find out. Established to study the population of sharks that visits the islands each year, the primary aim of the research was to find out more about whale shark movements on a local scale. 42 ‘This involved two main processes. To begin with, we had to be able to identify individual sharks. We used a modified version of photo software initially developed for the mapping of stars and deep-space objects. This worked because the characteristic white spots of the whale shark resemble the human fingerprint in that each pattern is individually unique. By running photographs of the sharks’ sides through the software, we could characterise the patterns of spots, and figure out which shark was which a __ We also attached tags to the sharks to track their movements. This was done by inserting a small dart through the thick skin into a fatty layer beneath using a pneumatic spear gun and then tethering the 18 tags with a piece of steel cable. They were intended to be towed alongside or above the dorsal fin in ‘order to break the surface and transmit data by satellite. But getting the tags to stay on was easier said than done, For reasons unknown, some came off in less than 24 hours, 44 ‘The sharks used common departure routes soon after we had tagged them. They headed due north, following a series of sea fissures until they reached the Galapagos Rift Valley system. This zone is where the divergence of two oceanic plates has created a rift system similar to that which runs through eastern Africa. Many reached the margin between the two plates and most then turned west, 45 Conversely, one juvenile female's track was astounding, overlaying almost perfectly the rift system as it runs west, It’s clear that she and the other whale sharks are using geological features as route indicators, just as motorists use, say, familiar buildings. But how the sharks perceive such features thousands of meters below on the ocean floor is as yet unresolved. [*! 7 ‘The theory we are working on is that the Earth's magnetic field reverses its polarity intermittently over the course of time, thus supplying a source of directional information. Fault systems, rift valleys, ocean trenches and plate margins all emit a distinct magnetic signature that can be used by whale sharks and other species as a virtual map.A. There may be a number of explanations: the sharks might have rubbed up against rocks, or the tags may have been ripped off by associated species, such as silky sharks, that mistook them for prey. Having begun with a 1.8.metre tether, we shortened this to 1.3 metres, which seemed to be more effective B Afier three months, all the sharks that had retained their tags proceeded to head south. ‘They converged on three mountain chains that run westwards from the edge of Peru's continental shelf. There, one by one, they shed their tags and continued on to destinations unknown, C However, it wasn’t until we overlaid them onto map of the sea floor that we saw that these movements were apparently in response to geological features deep in the ocean that the sharks couldn't possibly see. It became clear that they must somehow be using faults, fissures and plate boundaries. But how? Reading and Use of English Afier all, the marine environment, in comparison to that on land, has few apparent points of reference. The waters are often murky and the maximum penetration of light only extends into the upper levels. So how do marine creatures navigate over long distances? We undertook onc of the most ambitious whale shark programmes to date. The fieldwork was carried out in three 15-day sorties ‘The frequency of transmissions from the tags depended on the behaviour of the individual sharks. Some spent a lot of time on or near the surface, and their tags reported on a regular basis. Others, such as the single male we tagged, spent a great deal of the time diving ~ for six ‘weeks we didn’t receive a single transmission, If spotted at the same location at a later date, or a different location, the shark was ‘recaptured? ‘on a database, which stores photos of whale sharks from around the globe, thus providing details of their movements geographically and over time. 19Test 1 Part 8 You are going to read an article about employees who do some or all of their work from home. For questions 47-56, choose from the sections (A-D). The sections may be chosen more than once. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. In which section are the following mentioned? the mistaken view that physical proximity at work automatically ensures 47 good supervision the fact that the proportion of home workers in the labour force has 48 not matched expectations the risk of an employer making unreasonable demands on a home worker 49 the fact that staff retention increases in firms that encourage home working 50 the duty of firms not to dismiss requests to work at home out of hand 51 ‘one of the main obstacles to home working in employers’ minds being the 52 fear of loss of direct control personal circumstances increasing the likelihood of an individual being allowed | 53 to work at home the wider benefits that home working brings to the community 54 the advisability of ensuring that home workers are not putting in 55 excessive hours a reduction in expenditure on premises as a result of home working 86 20Reading and Use of English The Rise of Home Working ‘A Whether you call it working from home, telecommuting or home-working, it's a growing market. Banks, call centres, councils, software ‘companies, law firms, PR agencies: all are increasingly allowing their staff to do it at least part-time. British Telecom, the pioneer of home working in Britain, now has 65,000 flexible workers, of whom 10,000 do not come into the office at all. However, we're still a long way from the dreams of 25 years ago, which imagined offices emptying of everyone who didn't operate a machine or wield a mop, So how do you get on the home-working bandwagon? In some ‘countries, if you have a child under 16, or 18 if they are disabled, in a sense you have a head start. Employers in Britain are legally obliged at least to consider your case if you ask to work flexibly, and that could include working at home for at least part of the week. They must also consider an application if you are caring for a friend or a family member. But even if none of those apply, you are still likely to have a strong case ~ if you can persuade your company to listen. B Not only do home workers cut down on the need for large offices, they are often vastly more productive. American studies show a 30-40% increase. Noel Hodson, a key proponent of home working, suggests that this is at least partly down to the removal of the daily commute: “What we found was that most of the time saved went back into work. These workers valued their new lifestyle and to protect it they did more work.' Companies that offer flexible working also find it easier to attract staff, and to hang on to them. At British Telecom, at least 97% of women who take maternity leave come back to work afterwards, against a national average of about half that. The downtime, the recruitment, the instruction of each person at a very moderate estimate would be around £10,000. So, not only are they creating a more socially integrated ‘company in line with government guidelines, they're saving £5m-£6m on skill losses. © And there are bonuses for society too. Home working encourages a more diverse labour force, introducing to the world of work, sometimes for the first time, not just carers but disabled people or those who live in remote locations. Then there's the reduction in pollution and greenhouse: gases. So if home working is so great, why aren't we all doing it? ‘The issues are human, ot technological,’ says Peter Thomson of the Telework Association. ‘For the past 200 years we have been in an environment where people get together in the same place to work and a manager stands there and watches what they do.’ So the last barriers are attitudinal, but it’s a myth that someone is in total charge of what People do just because they are all working in the same location. Most managers who are worried about this kind of thing are actually holed up in their offices and rarely interact with their people. Merely turning up is a really poor performance indicator. D Mark Thomas runs a PR consultancy whose employees work at home. ‘We've come up with measures of performance that are more to do with what they produce than with desk time. This is the way forward,” he says. Some managers are concemed that their home workers might go shopping during the ‘working day’. This goes against the idea of flexible working since hours shouldn't matter so long as the required productivity is there, The concern still remains whether some employees will abuse this, but the same technology that makes it possible to escape the office makes it harder to get away from your boss, which is surely true even if you work in an office. It’s well known that some managers insist on interrupting their undertings’ evenings and weekends with ‘urgent’ enquiries that could easily wait. So, many of us are already on call 24/7. However, the great thing about technology is that it has an ‘off button’. The best employers will not just expect you to use it, but worry if you don’t, 21Test 1 WRITING (1 hour 30 minutes) Part 1 You must answer this question. Write your answer in 220-260 words in an appropriate style. + Your class has listened to a radio discussion on how more young people can be encouraged to study science. You have made the notes below: Ways of encouraging young people to study science: + advertising + school programmes Some opinions expressed in the * government grants discussion: “You never see positive images of young scientists on TV, just pop stars or actors.” “Science lessons should be more practical and fun.” “If young people see science as a career, they'll want to study it.” Write an essay discussing two of the points in your notes. You should explain which way would be more effective in encouraging young people to study science, providing reasons to support your opinion. You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed in the discussion, but you should use your own words as far as possible. 22