IoÔlioc 2010

Ask seic Fusik c
PanepisthmiakoÔ epipèdou

PapadhmhtrÐou Ge¸rgioc

Deuterobˆjmia EkpaÐdeush

AntÐrrio AitwloakarnanÐac, 30020

[email protected]

PerÐlhyh

Sunduastikèc ask seic Fusik c epipèdou pr¸twn et¸n Panepisthmiak¸n Sqol¸n,

sta jèmata: Kinhmatik , Nìmoi NeÔtwna, 'Ergo-IsqÔc, Orm -Wjhsh, Statik  kai

Dunamik  StereoÔ S¸matoc.

.
Perieqìmena

1 Ask seic 1

1.1 Mhqanik  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Apant seic 12

2.1 Mhqanik  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

i
.

ii
Kefˆlaio 1
Ask seic

1.1 Ask seic Mhqanik c

1. 'Ena s¸ma kineÐtai ston x ˆxona kai h jèsh tou dÐnetai apì th sunˆrthsh

2
x = 30 + 20t − 15t sto S.I.
.

(aþ) BreÐte ekfrˆseic gia thn taqÔthtˆ tou kai thn epitˆquns  tou

(bþ) Poia h arqik  jèsh kai arqik  taqÔthta tou s¸matoc?

(gþ) Se poiˆ jèsh kai pìte eÐnai h taqÔthta mhdèn?

(dþ) Se poiì qrìno kai se poia jèsh eÐnai h taqÔthta -50 m/s

2. 'Ena s¸ma m = 2Kg x−y

kineÐtai sto epÐpedo kai h jèsh tou dÐnetai apì th

sunˆrthsh ~r = (2t + 4t )x̂ + (10 − 4t2 )ŷ

2
sto S.I. .

(aþ) BreÐte ekfrˆseic gia thn taqÔthtˆ tou kai thn epitˆquns  tou

(bþ) Poia h arqik  taqÔthta tou s¸matoc?

(gþ) Poiì to mètro thc epitˆquns c tou?

(dþ) Poiˆ eÐnai h sunistamènh dÔnamh pou dra sto s¸ma?

3. DeÐxte ìti èna ekkremèc m kouc l pou ektrèpetai

p katˆ gwnÐa f pernˆei apì

th jèsh isorropÐac tou me taqÔthta mètrou u = 2gl(1 − cos φ) . BreÐte thn

dÔnamh pou dèqetai to s¸ma (mˆzac m ) ìtan pernˆei apì thn kat¸terh jèsh.

4. 'Ena s¸ma m = 2Kg kineÐtai sto x−y epÐpedo kai h taqÔthtˆ tou dÐnetai apì

th sunˆrthsh ~u = 5t2 x̂ + 10tŷ sto S.I. .

1
1.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 1. ASKŸHSEIS

Sq ma 1.1: Ekkremèc

(aþ) BreÐte ekfrˆseic gia thn jèsh tou ~x tou kai thn epitˆquns  tou ~a , an h

arqik  tou jèsh eÐnai ~x = 10x̂ + 2ŷ

(bþ) Poiˆ eÐnai h dÔnamh pou dra sto s¸ma?

(gþ) BreÐte to èrgo thc dÔnamh ta pr¸ta 2 sec

5. 'Ena bagonˆki èqei prosarmosmèno èna geranì ston opoÐo eÐnai prosarmosmè-

no èna ekkremmèc mˆzac m kai m kouc d . To bagonˆki kineÐtai me stajer 

taqÔthta u kai kˆpoia stigm  ktupˆei se empìdio kai stamatˆei apìtoma.

(aþ) BreÐte th gwnÐa j me thn opoÐa kˆnei talant¸seic to ekkremmèc.

o
(bþ) An θ = 60 kai d=5m poiˆ h arqik  taqÔthta tou bagonioÔ?

Sq ma 1.2: Bagonˆki me geranì

6. S¸ma bˆrouc w = 4 N kineÐtai se troqiˆ me sq ma tetartokÔklio AB pou

brÐsketai se katakìrufo epÐpedo. To s¸ma kineÐtai apì to shmeÐo A sto

shmeÐo B kai sto shmeÐo A èqei taqÔthta uA = 4 m/s . Sto s¸ma askoÔntai

oi dunˆmeic F~1 F~2 F~3

, , . H dÔnamh F~1 èqei kateÔjunsh pˆnta proc to shmeÐo B

kai mètro 20 N . H dÔnamh F~2 eÐnai suneq¸c orizìntia kai èqei mètro 30 N
en¸ h dÔnamh F~3 eÐnai pˆntote efaptomenik  kai h tim  thc exartˆtai apì to

tìxo s pou èqei dianÔsei to s¸ma apì to shmeÐo A sÔmfwna me thn exÐswsh

F3 = 15 − 10s .

2
1.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 1. ASKŸHSEIS

(aþ) BreÐte to èrgo kˆje dÔnamhc gia thn kÐnhsh tou s¸matoc apì to A sto

B.

(bþ) Poiˆ h taqÔthta tou s¸matoc sth jèsh B?

(gþ) EÐnai dunatì na askoÔntai mìno autèc oi dunˆmeic sto s¸ma? Dikaiolo-

g ste thn apˆnths  sac.

(dþ) Upolog ste ìlec tic dunˆmeic sth jèsh A.

Sq ma 1.3: KÐnhsh se tetartokÔklio

7. MÐa dÔnamh F~ = (3 + 0, 5x)x̂ dra se s¸ma mˆzac m = 2 Kg .

(aþ) BreÐte to èrgo thc dÔnamhc gia thn kÐnhsh tou s¸matoc apì x=0 èwc

x=4 .

(bþ) An ~u(t = 0) = ~0 poiˆ h taqÔthta tou s¸matoc sth jèsh x=4m ?

(gþ) Poiˆ h ¸jhsh thc dÔnamhc sto qronikì autì diˆsthma?

8. Se s¸ma pou kineÐtai sto xy epÐpedo askeÐtai dÔnamh pou h tim  thc exartˆtai

apì th jèsh tou s¸matoc sto epÐpedo sÔmfwna me thn exÐswsh F = xyx̂+xy ŷ
RΓ
sto S.I. BreÐte to èrgo
~
F~ · ds pou parˆgei h dÔnamh ìtan kineÐtai apì to
0
shmeÐo O sto shmeÐo G mèsw twn drìmwn:

(aþ) OAG me O(0, 0), A(1, 0) kai G(1, 1).

(bþ) OBG me B(0, 1).

(gþ) OG.

(dþ) EÐnai h dÔnamh F~ diathrhtik ;

9. BreÐte tic dunˆmeic F (y) pou dhmiourgoÔn oi parakˆtw monodiˆstatec dunami-

kèc enèrgeiec:

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1.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 1. ASKŸHSEIS

Sq ma 1.4: KÐnhsh apì O sto G

(aþ) U = −ωy
(bþ) U = αy 3 − βy 2
(gþ) U = U0 sin βy

10. H dunamik  enèrgeia enìc swmatÐou eÐnai U = 10x2 + 25z 3 .

(aþ) BreÐte to diˆnusma thc dÔnamhc pou askeÐtai sto s¸ma.

(bþ) UpologÐste to èrgo aut c thc dÔnamhc gia metakÐnhsh ston ˆxona z apì

th jèsh z=1 èwc th jèsh z=3

11. H dunamik  enèrgeia enìc swmatÐou eÐnai U = 10 xy

z
. BreÐte to diˆnusma thc

dÔnamhc pou askeÐtai sto s¸ma.

12. Se s¸ma pou kineÐtai sto xy epÐpedo askeÐtai dÔnamh pou h tim  thc exartˆtai

apì th jèsh tou s¸matoc sto epÐpedo sÔmfwna me thn exÐswsh F = x2 yx̂ +
3
xy ŷ sto S.I.

(aþ) EÐnai h dÔnamh F~ diathrhtik ;

RΓ
(bþ) BreÐte to èrgo
~
F~ · ds pou parˆgei h dÔnamh ìtan kineÐtai apì to shmeÐo
0
O sto shmeÐo G mèsw twn drìmwn: OAG, OBG kai OG me O(0, 0), A(1,

0), B(0, 1)kai G(1, 1). (sq ma 2.1)

13. S¸ma mmˆzac afoÔ pèftei katakìrufa katˆ y arqÐzei na anebˆzei s¸ma

mˆzac M M > m
, , pou eÐnai demèno me to s¸ma m me leptì kai m  ektatì

n ma diamèsou troqalÐac amelhtèac mˆzac.

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1.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 1. ASKŸHSEIS

(aþ) BreÐte ton qrìno pou apaiteÐtai gia na xanagurÐsei to s¸ma M sthn

arqik  tou jèsh.

(bþ) UpologÐste to klˆsma thc kinhtik c enèrgeiac pou qˆnetai katˆ thn

xafnik  kÐnhsh tou s¸matoc M .

Sq ma 1.5: DÔo s¸mata kai troqalÐa

14. MÐa mpˆla podosfaÐrou mˆzac m = 0, 42 Kg kineÐtai nìtia me taqÔthta u=

o
25 m/s . O termatofÔlakac thn ektrèpei katˆ 36, 9 proc th dÔsh apì thn

arqik  thc dieÔjunsh kai mei¸nei thn taqÔthtˆ thc se 20 m/s .

(aþ) BreÐte thn ¸jhsh thc dÔnamhc tou termatofÔlaka.

(bþ) An o termatofÔlakac akoumpˆ th mpˆla gia 0, 05 sec breÐte th mèsh

dÔnamh pou askeÐ.

Sq ma 1.6: Allag  poreÐac mpˆlac

15. S¸ma m kineÐtai me taqÔthta u0 katˆ th jetik  dieÔjunsh tou ˆxona x kai

1
xafnikˆ èna tm ma tou me mˆza
3
m ektinˆssetai me taqÔthta 2u0 katˆ th

5
1.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 1. ASKŸHSEIS

dieÔjunsh tou ˆxona y . BreÐte thn taqÔthta tou apomènontoc kommatioÔ kai

ekfrˆste th me ta monadiaÐa dianÔsmata

~i, ~j, ~k .

16. DÔo s¸mata kinoÔntai se kˆjetec dieujÔnseic metaxÔ touc kai sugkroÔontai

plastikˆ. To èna èqei mˆza 10 Kg kai taqÔthta 5 m/s kai to ˆllo mˆza

20 Kg kai taqÔthta 2 m/s . BreÐte to mètro thc telik c touc taqÔthtac kai

ekfrˆste th me ta monadiaÐa dianÔsmata

~i, ~j, ~k .

17. TrÐa Ðdia s¸mata kinoÔntai me taqÔthtec u1 = u0~i + u0~j, u2 = −3u0~j, u3 =

2u0~k kai sugkroÔontai plastikˆ. BreÐte to mètro thc telik c touc taqÔthtac

kai ekfrˆste th me ta monadiaÐa dianÔsmata

~i, ~j, ~k .

18. DÔo s¸mata Ðshc mˆzac kinoÔntai se kˆjetec dieujÔnseic metaxÔ touc kai

sugkroÔontai. Prin thn kroÔsh to èna èqei taqÔthta −u0~i kai to ˆllo u0~j .

Metˆ th sÔgkroush to èna brèjhke na èqei taqÔthta − 21 u0~i

(aþ) BreÐte thn taqÔthta tou ˆllou.

(bþ) EÐnai h kroÔsh touc tèleia elastik ?

(gþ) BreÐte thn ¸jhsh pou dèqjhke to èna apì to ˆllo.

19. BreÐte to kèntro mˆzac thc diˆtaxhc swmˆtwn tou sq matoc 1.7

Sq ma 1.7: Treic mˆzec

20. DeÐxte ìti to kèntro mˆzac enìc omogenoÔc hmikuklÐou aktÐnac R brÐsketai

3R
pˆnw ston ˆxona summetrÐac tou kai apèqei apìstash apì to kèntro thc
8
epÐpedhc epifˆneiac tou hmikuklÐou. QrhsimopoieÐste katˆllhlh olokl rwsh

(sq ma 1.8).

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1.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 1. ASKŸHSEIS

Sq ma 1.8: Omogenèc hmikÔklio

21. MÐa rˆbdoc m kouc L=5m kai mˆzac 4 Kg eÐnai sterewmènh sto èna ˆkro

thc se katakìrufo ˆxona KL me ˆrjrwsh, en¸ to ˆllo ˆkro thc eÐnai demèno

ston katakìrufo ˆxona KL me n ma to opoÐo eÐnai orizìntio kai èqei m koc

d=3m (sq ma 1.9).

(aþ) BreÐte thn tˆsh tou n matoc kai thn dÔnamh sthn ˆrjrwsh.

(bþ) DeÐxte ìti h rop  adrˆneiac thc rˆbdou ¸c proc ton ˆxona KL eÐnai Ðsh

me I = 13 M d2
(gþ) To sÔsthma autì arqÐzei na peristrèfetai ¸c proc ton ˆxona KL. U-

pologÐste th mègisth gwniak  taqÔthta ωmax me thn opoÐa mporeÐ na

peristrafeÐ an to ìrio jraÔshc tou n matoc eÐnai 300 N .

(dþ) Th stigm  pou kìbetai to n ma upologÐste thn kinhtik  enèrgeia thc

rˆbdou.

Sq ma 1.9: Rˆbdoc me n ma

7
1.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 1. ASKŸHSEIS

22. 'Ena stereì s¸ma apoteleÐtai apì mÐa mˆza 3 Kg kai mÐa mˆza 2 Kg pou

sundèontai me rˆbdo amelhtèac mˆzac. H pr¸th mˆza brÐsketai sth jèsh

~r1 = 2~i + 5~j (m) kai h ˆllh sth jèsh ~r2 = 4~i + 2~j (m) BreÐte:

(aþ) To m koc thc rˆbdou.

(bþ) Th jèsh tou kèntrou mˆzac.

(gþ) Th rop  adrˆneiac ¸c proc to kèntro mˆzac.

23. BreÐte th rop  ~τ = ~r × F~ an F~ = 3~i + 4~k kai

(aþ) ~r = 2~j − 6~k

(bþ) ~r = 4~i − 3~j + 2~k

24. 'Enac daktÔlioc amelhtèou pˆqouc aktÐnac R kai mˆzac M brÐsketai sto x−y
epÐpedo me to kèntro tou sthn arq  twn axìnwn, ìpwc faÐnetai sto sq ma.

'Ena stoiqei¸dec tm ma tou dm suneisfèrei sth rop  adrˆneiac ¸c proc ton

2
ˆxona z katˆ dIz = R dm . Suqrìnwc suneisfèrei kai sth rop  adrˆneiac

katˆ ton x ˆxona dIx = x2 dm

katˆ kai katˆ ton y ˆxona katˆ dIy = y 2 dm .

(aþ) BreÐte mÐa èkfrash pou na sundèei ta dIx , dIy , dIz .

(bþ) QrhsimopoieÐste epiqeir mata summetrÐac ¸ste na breÐte mÐa sqèsh me-

taxÔ twn Ix , Iy .

(gþ) UpologÐste ta Ix , Iy , Iz sunart sei twn R, M

(dþ) BreÐte th rop  adrˆneiac ¸c proc ˆxona pou pernˆei apì to shmeÐo A kai

eÐnai parˆllhloc ston x ˆxona.

Sq ma 1.10: DaktÔlioc

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1.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 1. ASKŸHSEIS

25. UpologÐste th rop  adrˆneiac enìc omogenoÔc leptoÔ sfairikoÔ floioÔ mˆzac

M kai aktÐnac R , gÔrw apì mÐa diˆmetrì tou.

26. QrhsimopoieÐste ton tÔpo gia th rop  adrˆneiac leptoÔ sfairikoÔ floioÔ,

upologÐste th rop  adrˆneiac mÐac omogenoÔc sfaÐrac mˆzac M kai aktÐnac

R , gÔrw apì mÐa diˆmetrì thc.

27. UpologÐste th rop  adrˆneiac enìc omogenoÔc leptoÔ epÐpedou fÔllou mˆzac

M kai diastˆsewn a kai b gÔrw apì ˆxona pˆnw sto epÐpedì tou pou qwrÐzei

sth mèsh tic pleurèc m kouc b.

28. UpologÐste th rop  adrˆneiac enìc omogenoÔc k¸nou mˆzac M aktÐnac R kai

Ôyouc h gÔrw apì ton ˆxona summetrÐac tou.

29. UpologÐste th mˆza, th jèsh tou kèntrou mˆzac kai th rop  adrˆneiac mÐac

m -omogenoÔc lept c rˆbdou m kouc L , thc opoÐac h mˆza anˆ monˆda m kouc

dm
λ dÐnetai apì thn èkfrash λ= dx
= αx , sto S.I. , ìpou x h apìstash apì to

èna ˆkro kai α katˆllhlh stajerˆ.

30. Jewr ste èna gio-gio me exwterik  aktÐna R kai eswterik  aktÐna r . H rop 

adrˆneiac eÐnai me kal  prosèggish I = 21 M R2 . To skoinÐ krateÐtai akÐnhto

kai to gio-gio af netai eleÔjero.

(aþ) BreÐte thn epitˆqunsh tou kèntrou mˆzac.

(bþ) BreÐte thn tˆsh tou n matoc.

Sq ma 1.11: Gio-giì

31. DÔo daktÔlioi, ènac mikrìc mˆzac m kai aktÐnac r kai ènac megˆloc mˆzac 3m
kai aktÐnac 3r brÐskontai o ènac mèsa ston ˆllo ìpwc sto sq ma 1.12. O

mikrìc kulˆei qwrÐc olÐsjhsh mèsa ston megˆlo.

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1.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 1. ASKŸHSEIS

Sq ma 1.12: DÔo daktÔlioi

(aþ) Jewr ste ìti o megˆloc dÐskoc krateÐtai akÐnhtoc. Me poiˆ taqÔthta

ftˆnei o mikrìc daktÔlioc sthn kat¸terh jèsh?

(bþ) Jewr ste ìti o megˆloc dÐskoc mporeÐ na kineÐtai sto epÐpedo qwrÐc

tribèc. Me poiˆ taqÔthta ftˆnei t¸ra o mikrìc daktÔlioc sthn kat¸terh

jèsh?

(gþ) Pìso èqei metakinhjeÐ o megˆloc daktÔlioc ìtan o mikrìc pernˆei apì

thn kat¸terh jèsh?

(dþ) Jewr ste ìti oi dÔo daktÔlioi eÐnai kollhmènoi metaxÔ touc kai o megˆ-

loc mporeÐ na kineÐtai sto epÐpedo qwrÐc tribèc. Pìsh taqÔthta èqei to

kèntro tou megˆlou dÐskou ìtan ta kèntra twn dÔo dÐskwn brÐskontai

sthn Ðdia katakìrufo?

32. Sto eleÔjero ˆkro n matoc pou eÐnai tuligmèno se troqalÐa mˆzac M = 2 Kg
kai R = 0, 2 m
aktÐnac askeÐtai katakìrufh proc ta kˆtw dÔnamh mètrou

F = 5 + 2x (S.I.) pou jètei se kÐnhsh thn troqalÐa gÔrw apì ton ˆxonˆ thc

qwrÐc tribèc (sq ma 1.13).

(aþ) Na brejeÐ to èrgo thc dÔnamhc gia metakÐnhsh tou ˆkrou tou n matoc

katˆ 2 m .

(bþ) Na brejeÐ h exÐswsh thc gwniak c epitˆqunshc α = f (x) kai thc gwnia-

k c taqÔthtac ω = f (x) .

(gþ) Pìsh eÐnai h Kinhtik  Enèrgeia peristrof c ìtan x=2m ?

10
1.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 1. ASKŸHSEIS

Sq ma 1.13: TroqalÐa me n ma

11
Kefˆlaio 2
Apant seic se epilegmèna
probl mata

2.1 Ask seic Mhqanik c

'Askhsh 1: u = 20 − 15t m/s, a = −15 m/s2

( aþ) . ( bþ) u0 = 20 m/s x0 = 30 m .

( gþ) Jètoume t = 4/3 x

sthn exÐswsh tou ...

'Askhsh 2: ~u = d~
(
x
= (2 + 8t)x̂ + (−8t)ŷ
aþ) ~u0 = 2x̂ ~ = 8x̂ − 8ŷ
α . ( bþ) . ( gþ) ,
√ dt
α=8 2 . ΣF~ = 16x̂ − 16ŷ
( dþ) .

~r = ~u(t)dt = 35 t3 x̂+5t2 ŷ +c1 x̂+c2 ŷ

R
'Askhsh 4 : ( aþ) ~r(t = 0) = 10x̂+2ŷ . Allˆ

5 3
ˆrac1 = 10, c2 = 2 kai telikˆ
2
~r = ( 3 t + 10)x̂ + (5t + 2)ŷ α~ = d~ u
dt
= 10tx̂ + 10ŷ .

( bþ)
~
ΣF = 20tx̂ + 20ŷ W = ∆K = 800 J
. ( gþ) .

'Askhsh 5: Me arq  diat rhshc mhqanik c enèrgeiac gia th mˆza sto ekkremèc:

1
2
mu2 = mgh ⇔ 12 mu2 = mg(d − d cos ϑ) ...

'Askhsh 6: H F~1 èqei sunist¸sa F1 cos ϑ pˆnw sthn efaptìmenh dieÔjunsh tou
RB
tetartokuklÐou, ˆra to èrgo thc eÐnaiW1 = A F1 cos ϑds . 'Omwc ds = Rd( π2 −
2ϑ) = −12dϑ kai ètsi:

Z 0 √
W1 = −120 cos ϑdϑ = 120 2 J (2.1)
π
4

H dÔnamh F3 eÐnai efaptìmenh sthn troqiˆ ˆra

Z B Z 6 π2
W3 = F3 ds = (15 − 10s)ds = [15s − 5s2 ]3π
0 = −302, 8 J (2.2)

A 0

Oi dunˆmeic F2 kai w eÐnai stajerèc opìte eÐnai sunthrhtikèc ètsi to èrgo touc

12
2.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 2. APANTŸHSEIS

gia tuqaÐa troqiˆ eÐnai Ðso me to ginìmeno thc dÔnamhc epÐ thn probol  thc troqiˆc

sth dieÔjunsh thc dÔnamhc: W2 = F2 (OB) = 30 · 6 = 180 J kai Ww = w(AO) =

−4 · 6 = −24 J .

To olikì èrgoW = 23 J eÐnai . Me J.M.K.E. brÐskoume u2 = 11, 3 m/s

R4
'Askhsh 7 : W = 0 (3 + 0, 5x)dx = 16 J
( aþ) . ( bþ) Me J.M.K.E.: K2 − K1 =
W ⇔ 21 mu2 = W ⇔ u = 4 ~ = ∆P~ = ... = 8x̂
Ω . ( gþ)

'Askhsh 8: Gia kˆje drìmo apì to A sto G to èrgo dÐnetai apì to epikampÔlio
RΓ
olokl rwma W = A
F~ · d~s , ìpou ~s = x̂dx + ŷdy . To eswterikì ginìmeno twn

dianusmˆtwn F~ · d~s upologÐzetai

~
F · d~s = xydx + xydy .

W = OA F~ · d~s = 0
R
( aþ) OAG: Ston drìmo OA èqoume y = 0, dy = 0 ˆra . Ston
1
y2 
R1
~
R
drìmo AG èqoume x = 1, dx = 0 W = AΓ F · d~s = 0 ydy = 2  = 1/2 J
ˆra

0
W = OB F~ · d~s = 0
R
( bþ) OBG: Ston drìmo OB x = 0, dx = 0 ˆra . Ston drìmo

R1 1
2
W = BΓ F~ · d~s = 0 xdx = x2  = 1/2 J
R
BG èqoume y = 1, dy = 0 ˆra .

0
y=x
( gþ) Sthn eujeÐa gramm  OG èqoume (h exÐswsh thc gramm c) ˆra dx = dy
~ 2
F · d~s = xydx + xydy = 2x dx
kai . 'Etsi to olokl rwma upologÐzetai eÔkola:

R1 2 1
~ 2x3 
R
W = OΓ F · d~s = 0 2x dx = 3  = 2/3 J
0
( dþ) H dÔnamh dèn eÐnai diathrhtik  afoÔ to èrgo apì to O sto G exartˆtai apì

th diadrom  pou en¸nei ta dÔo autˆ shmeÐa.

13
2.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 2. APANTŸHSEIS

'Askhsh 9: ( F = − ∂U
aþ)
∂y
= ω . ( bþ) F = − ∂U
∂y
= −3αy 2 + 2βy . ( gþ)

F = − ∂U
∂y
= −βU0 cos βy .

'Askhsh 10:Fx = − ∂U
( aþ)
∂x
= −20x. Fy = − ∂U
∂y
= 0. Fz = − ∂U ∂z
= −75z 2 . 'Ara

3 3 3
F~ = −20x~i − 75z 2~k W = 1 Fz dz = −75 1 z 2 dz = −75 z3 |31 = −25(27 − 1) =
R R
. ( bþ)

−650 J
'Askhsh 11: Fx = − ∂U
∂x
, Fy = − ∂U
∂y
, Fz = − ∂U
∂z
. Metˆ apì tic merikèc parag¸-

gouc Fx = −20y/z, Fy = −20x/z Fz = 20xy/z 2

. Epomènwc F~ = − 20y
z
~i − 20x~
z
j +
20xy ~
z2
k
'Askhsh 12: ( aþ) An h dÔnamh eÐnai sunthrhtik  tìte

∂U ∂U
Fx = −
, Fy = −
∂x ∂y
2 2
∂Fx ∂ U ∂ U ∂Fy
=− = − =
∂y ∂y∂x ∂x∂y ∂x
∂Fx ∂Fy
= (2.3)

∂y ∂x
Sthn perÐptws  mac

∂Fx ∂Fy
= x2 , = y3 (2.4)

∂y ∂x
ˆra h dÔnamh den eÐnai sunthrhtik .

( F~ · d~s = x2 ydx + xy 3 dy
bþ) y = 0, dy = 0
Ston drìmo F~ · d~s = 0 ⇒
OA ˆra
R1
WOA = 0 . Ston x = 1, dx = 0
drìmo AG F~ · d~s = y 3 dy ⇒ WAΓ = 0 y 3 dy =
ˆra

1/4 . WOAΓ = 1/4

Telikˆ .

Ston drìmo x = 0, dx = 0
OB ìmoia F~ · d~s = 0 ⇒ WOB = 0
ˆra . Ston
R1
drìmo y = 1, dy = 0
BG F~ · d~s = x dx ⇒ WBΓ = 0 x2 dx = 1/3
3
ˆra . Telikˆ

WOBΓ = 1/3 .

Ston drìmo x = y, dx = dy
OG: F~ · d~s = x3 dx + x4 dx = (x3 + x4 )dx
ˆra .
R1 3
Epomènwc WBΓ = 0 (x + x4 )dx = 1/4 + 1/5 .

'Askhsh 15: Apì arq  diat rhshc orm c èqoume: mu0~i = 32 m~u + 13 m2u0~j ⇔ ~u =
3 ~
ui
2 0
− u0~j
'Askhsh 16: Apì arq  diat rhshc orm c èqoume: m1 u1~i + m2 u2 (−~j) = (m1 +
m2 )~u ⇔ ~u = 53~i − 43~j
'Askhsh 17: Apì arq  diat rhshc orm c èqoume: m(u0~i+u0~j)−3mu0~j+2mu0~k =
3m~u ⇔ ~u = u0 ( 13~i − 23~j + 23 ~k)

14
2.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 2. APANTŸHSEIS

'Askhsh 18: ( aþ) Apì arq  diat rhshc orm c èqoume: −mu0~i+mu0~j = − 21 mu0~i+
m~u2 ⇔ ~u2 = − 12 u0~i + u0~j . ( bþ) H kroÔsh den eÐnai elastik  afoÔ den èqou-

me Ðsh arqik  me telik  kinhtik  enèrgeia. ( gþ) H ¸jhsh sthn pr¸th mˆza eÐnai

~ = ∆~p = − 1 mu0~i − mu0~j = −mu0 ( 1~i + ~j)

Ω 2 2

'Askhsh 23: Qrhsimopoi¸ntac tic sqèseic

~i × ~i = ~j × ~j = ~k × ~k = 0 ~i × ~j = ~k
, ,

~j × ~k = ~i ~k × ~i = ~j
, , allˆ kai thn antisummetrikìthta twn exwterik¸n ginomènwn

(p.q.
~j × ~i = −~k ) èqoume:

( aþ)

~τ = ~r × F~ = (2~j − 6~k) × (3~i + 4~k)

= 2~j × 3~i + 2~j × 4~k − 6~k × 3~i − 6~k × 4~k
= −6~k + 8~i − 18~j
= 8~i − 18~j − 6~k (2.5)

( bþ)

~τ = ~r × F~ = (4~i − 3~j + 2~k) × (3~i + 4~k)

= 4~i × 4~k − 3~j × 3~i − 3~j × 4~k + 2~k × 3~i
= −16~j + 9~k − 12~i + 6~j
= −12~i + 10~j + 9~k (2.6)

'Askhsh 25: To daktulÐdi tou sq matoc èqei Rdϑ

pˆqoc dA =
kai epifˆneia

(2πR sin ϑ)(Rdϑ) . 'Etsi h mˆza tou eÐnai dm = σdA = (M/4πR2 )(2πR2 sin ϑdϑ) =
(M/2) sin ϑdϑ . Epomènwc h olokl rwsh dÐnei:

Sq ma 2.1: Olokl rwsh se sfairikì floiì

15
2.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 2. APANTŸHSEIS

π
M R2 M R2 π
Z Z Z
3
I = dI = sin ϑdϑ = (1 − cos2 ϑ) sin ϑdϑ
2 2
 0 Z π 0 π 
M R2 M R2 cos3 ϑ 

π 2
= − cos ϑ|0 + cos ϑd(cos ϑ) = (−(−1) − (−1) +
2 0 2 3 0
M R2 4 2
= = M R2 (2.7)

2 3 3

'Askhsh 26: O sfairikìc floiìc èqei aktÐnac r èqei rop c adrˆneiac

2 2 Vφλ 2 4πr2 dr 2M
dI = r2 dm = r2 M = r2 4 3 M = 3 r4 dr (2.8)

3 3 Vσφ 3 3 πR R
H sunolik  rop  adrˆneiac eÐnai to ˆjroisma twn rop¸n adrˆneiac ˆra me mÐa olo-

kl rwsh mporoÔme na broÔme th rop  adrˆneiac thc sfaÐrac.

Z Z R
2M 2
I= dI = 3 r4 dr = M R2 (2.9)

R 0 5

'Askhsh 27: JewroÔme mÐa lept  fèta apì to fÔllo, parˆllhlh me ton ˆxona y0y
pou dièrqetai apì to mèso thc pleurˆc m kouc b. 'Estw h epifaneiak  puknìthta

σ = M/αβ
tou fÔllou, . H lept  fèta aut  suneisfèrei sthn rop  adrˆneiac katˆ

dI = dmx = (σαdx)x2
2
. Oloklhr¸nontac èqoume

Z Z β
2 1 1 M 1
I= dI = σαx2 dx = σαβ 3 = αβ 3 = M β 2 (2.10)

− β2 12 12 αβ 12

'Askhsh 28: JewroÔme kommˆti tou k¸nou se apìstash z kai pˆqouc dz ìpwc

2
faÐnetai sto sq ma 2.2. Autì èqei mˆza dm = σπr dz ìpou σ h puknìthta tou

k¸nou. Apì ìmoia trÐgwna èqoume:

R r R
= ⇔ r = (h − z)
h h−z h
2 4
Epomènwc dm = σπ Rh2 (h − z)2 dz dI = 12 dmr2 = 12 σπ Rh4 (h − z)4 dz
kai

Z h
1 R4 1 R4 h
Z Z
4
I = dI = σπ 4 (h − z) dz = σπ 4 (h − z)4 dz
0 2 h 2 h 0
1 R4 0 4 1 R4 h 4
Z Z
= σπ (u) (−du) = σπ 4 (u) du
2 h4 h 2 h 0
1 R4 h5 1
= σπ 4 = σπhR4 (2.11)

2 h 5 10
16
2.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 2. APANTŸHSEIS

Sq ma 2.2: Olokl rwsh se k¸no

(ìpou ègine allag  metablht c u = h − z, du = −dz, z = 0 ⇒ u = h, z = h ⇒

u=0 ) An qrhsimopoi soume ton ìgko V = 13 πR2 h
k¸nou
M
σ = 1 πR
èqoume
2h kai h

3
èkfrash gia th rop  adrˆneiac tou k¸nou gÐnetai:

3
I= M R2 (2.12)

10

'Askhsh 30: αcm =  g 2 kai T = M (g − αcm )

1+ R 2
2r

'Askhsh 31:

( aþ) O megˆloc daktÔlioc eÐnai akÐnhtoc kai o mikrìc kulˆei qwrÐc olÐsjhsh ˆra

askeÐtai mìno statik  trib  pou den epireˆzei thn mhqanik  enèrgeia. Me A.D.M.E.

(I → II) èqoume:

Sq ma 2.3: Telik  jèsh me akÐnhto ton megˆlo daktÔlio

17
2.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 2. APANTŸHSEIS

1 1
mg3r = mgr + mu2 + Iω 2
2 2
1 1
mg2r = mu2 + mr2 ω 2
2 2
1 1
mg2r = mu2 + mu2
2 2
1 2 1 2
2gr = u + u
2
p 2
u = 2gr (2.13)

( bþ) O megˆloc daktÔlioc eÐnai eleÔjeroc na kinhjeÐ qwrÐc tribèc kai o mikrìc

kulˆei qwrÐc olÐsjhsh ˆra askeÐtai mìno statik  trib  pou den epireˆzei thn mh-

qanik  enèrgeia. H trib  kai h kˆjeth dÔnamh st rixhc eÐnai eswterikèc dunˆmeic

kai den epireˆzoun thn orm . Efarmìzoume pr¸ta thn Arq  Diat rhshc thc Orm c

ston x ˆxona:

0 = mu1 − 3mu2
u1
u2 = (2.14)

3
Oi dÔo daktÔlioi den olisjaÐnoun sto shmeÐo epaf c touc ˆra h grammik  touc

Sq ma 2.4: Telik  jèsh me eleÔjero ton megˆlo daktÔlio

taqÔthta ekeÐ eÐnai Ðsh pou shmaÐnei ìti:

ω1 r = ω2 3r
ω1 = 3ω2 (2.15)

18
2.1. MHQANIKŸH KEFŸALAIO 2. APANTŸHSEIS

Me A.D.M.E. (I → II) èqoume:

1 1 1 1
mg3r + 3mg3r = mgr + 3mg3r + mu21 + I1 ω12 + 3mu22 + I2 ω22
2 2 2 2
1 1 3 1
mg2r = mu21 + mu21 + m(u21 /9) + 3m(3r)2 (ω1 /3)2
2 2 2 2
1 3
mg2r = mu21 + mu21 + mu21
r 6 2
3
u1 = gr (2.16)

4
[scale=0.8]

( gþ) Oi eswterikèc dunˆmeic metaxÔ twn daktulÐwn den allˆzoun thn orm  kai

th jèsh tou kèntrou mˆzac tou sust matoc. Arqikˆ:

3m · 0 + m · (−2r) 1
xcm = =− r
3m + m 2
Telikˆ:

3m · x + m · x
xcm = =x
3m + m
1
x = − r (2.17)

2
( dþ) Oi dÐskoi eÐnai kollhmènoi kai kinoÔntai san èna s¸ma. H rop  adrˆneiac

tou mikroÔ daktulÐou wc proc to shmeÐo K me to je¸rhma parall lwn axìnwn eÐnai

I1 = 12 mr2 + m(2r)2 = 92 mr2 . H olik  rop  adrˆneiac eÐnai I = I1 + I2 = 18mr2 .

H taqÔthta tou kènrou mˆzac L tou mikroÔ daktulÐou eÐnai uΛ = u2 − u1,γρ = u2 =

u2
ω(2r) = ωr = 3
. Tìte me thn A.D.M.E. èqoume:

1 1 1
mg3r + 3mg3r = mgr + 3mg3r + mu2Λ + Iω 2 + 3mu22
r 2 2 2
36
u2 = gr (2.18)

46

19
BibliografÐa
[1] Halpern, A. 3000 problems in Physics Schaum’s Series, Mc Graw Hill, 1988
, ,

[2] Sider c Eustˆjioc, Lumènec Ask seic Fusik c, Panepisthmiakèc shmei¸seic,

ASPAITE

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