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TNPSC Guide (Lee)

The document discusses a study circle organized to prepare for TNPSC exams. It provides details about the organizers and schedule of the circle. It emphasizes developing strong will power and facing exams with confidence through collective preparation in the study circle.

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Anandha Raman CM

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

659 views

TNPSC Guide (Lee)

Uploaded by

Anandha Raman CM

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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1

TNPSC
s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
ÿku§ c∫Ô^ ÁÔºBV|!

ÿ>Vz©A :
K.ÔÁÈﬂÿƒ_k[
xÁ™kÏ. K.ÿƒ_kz\VÏ
ÔsQÏ. mÁ´. ºÔVsÕ>´Vƒ[

MILEST ONE RESEAR

MILESTONE CH ACADEMY
RESEARCH
56/167 3rd Floor,
Ashoka Nagar
Arumbakkam
Chennai - 600 106.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
2

>ÁÈ©A : TNPSC
s™VásÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
ÿ>Vz©A /
±ÈVEˆBÏÔ^ : ÔÁÈﬂÿƒ_k[
K.
xÁ™kÏ K. ÿƒ_kz\VÏ
mÁ´. ºÔVsÕ>´Vƒ[

x>_ √]©A : ÿƒ©¶D√Ï á 2016

ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔD
>ﬁƒV∆Ï \Vk‚¶D.

∂·° : ÿ¶Dt 1 x 8

√¬ÔD : 300 √¬Ô∫Ô^

cˆÁ\ : Á\_¸º¶V[ ˆƒÏﬂ ∂Ô¶t

ÿƒ[Á™.

ÿkπX| : TISSL Publication

Balaji Nagar, Katur, Trichy - 19

ISBN No. : 978-93-80132-16-7

A›>ÔD
ÿ>V¶ÏA¬z : ÔsQÏ. mÁ´. ºÔVsÕ>´Vƒ[
∂ÁÈº√E : 98841 59972
t[™ﬁƒ_ ; [email protected]

∂ﬂE‚º¶VÏ : ]Úk^”kÏ g©ÿƒ‚ ∏ˆı¶Ï¸

>ﬁƒV∆Ï -7.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

kVµ›mÁ´
÷MB >ta[ ÷È¬ÔD ÿ>V‚|, ÷]ÔVƒD x>_
÷È¬˛BD kÁ´ ®πÁ\√|›] ®|›]BDA^· >VFÿ\Va©√V¶›][
>ÁÔƒV[≈ s™V¬ÔÁ·•D, k´ÈVÆ x>_ ÔË>D kÁ´ ∏≈
√V¶©∏ˆ°ÔπKD ÿ>Vz¬Ô©√‚|^· O‚√\V™ ºÔ^sÔÁ·•D
>[™Ô›º> ÿÔVı|^· ÷©A›>Ô©º√Á> º√V‚Ω º>Ï°Ôπ[
ÿ√V¬˛≠D ®[√]_ ®^··°D nBt_ÁÈ.
ºkÁÈkVF©A›mÁ≈l_ ºkˆ[ k[Á\BVÏ, Ø›m¬
zK∫zD \Vk \VsBˆ[ kVµ°¬z kaÔV‚|D >[™VÏk
√lKD k‚¶›]_ √È gEˆBÏÔ·V_ ®ø>©√‚¶ √_ºkÆ √V¶±_Ô^
÷¶Dÿ√u§ÚÕ>VKD, º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°Ô^ √∫zÿ√ÆD \VkÏÔπ[
\™›]‚√›Á> ÂVΩ∏Ω¬zD ÷›mÁ≈l[ ∂KkÈÏÔº·
gEˆBÏÔ·VF ∂k>ˆ›m \VkÏÔ”¬z √B[√|D kıD
√V¶±_Ô^ √Á¶›]¶ ºkı|D ®[≈ ®™m ¿ı¶ ÂV^ ∂kV ÷[Æ
ÿ\F©√‚ΩÚ©√m ÿ√ÚÁ\¬zˆB Œ[Æ.
ºk‚ÁÔºBV| ºkÁÈkVF©A›mÁ≈ÁB ºÂV¬˛ √Á¶
ÿB|¬zD ÷Á·QÏÔ”¬z, ∂kÏÔπ[ º>Ák ∂§Õm >[™VÏk
√lKD k‚¶›]uz ÷©A›>Ô›Á> √Á¶›>π›> ÿ√VmÂÈ›][
ºk^s >fiƒV∆Ï \Vk‚¶ ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔ mÁ ÷B¬zÂÏ
]Ú.ºÔ. ÔÁÈflÿƒ_k[, xÁ™kÏ ºÔ.ÿƒ_k¬z\VÏ \uÆD ÔsQÏ.
mÁ´.ºÔVsÕ>´Vƒ[ g˛ºBVÏ¬z ®™m ÿÂfiƒVÏÕ> kVµ›m¬ÔÁ·
ÿ>ˆs›m¬ÿÔV^˛º≈[.

÷©√Á¶ º>Vu˛[ ®©√Á¶ ÿk_KD ®[≈ ÿÂﬁ∑Æ]

ÿÔVı¶ ®D\VÕ>ÏÔ”¬z, ÷Õ> ŒÚ ºƒVÆ √>›Á> ÚE √VÏ›>
WÁÈl_, √È Â_È √Á¶©AÔÁ· ÷MkÚ∫ÔVÈ∫Ôπ_
√Á¶›>π›> \VkÏÔπ[ kVµ° E≈¬Ô kaÔV‚|D√Ω ®™m
kVµ›m¬ÔÁ· ÿ>ˆs›m¬ÿÔV^˛º≈[.
\™\VÏÕ> kVµ›m¬Ô”¶[...................
ÂV.x´π>´[,
\ı¶È ÷Á ÷B¬zÂÏ (ºkÁÈkVF©A)
]ÚﬂE \ı¶ÈD.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

∂ËÕmÁ´
“xBuE
xBuE ]ÚsÁ™ g¬zD
xBuE cÁ¶BVÏ ÷ÔµflE ∂Á¶BVÏ
∂Á¶BVÏ”
s¶VxBuEºB ÿku§¬z ka ÷Õ> cıÁ\ÁB º√V‚Ω
º>Ï°Ô^ ®ø> sÚDAºkVÏ xøÁ\BVÔ \™›]u ÿÔV^·
ºkı|D. ÿ>V¶Ï xBuE ÷_ÈVs‚¶V_ ÷›º>Ïs_ ÿku§ ÿ√Ækm
ÔΩ™D. ÷[Á≈B Ûwo_ √Ès>\V™ cBÏ Ô_s› >z]ÔÁ·©
ÿ√u§ÚÕmD √È ÷Á·QÏÔ^ ºkÁÈ kVF©A ˛Á¶¬ÔV\_
>s¬˛[≈™Ï. ºkÁÈ¬z ®™fl ÿƒ_KD º√Vm Â\m \VkÏÔ^
º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°ÔÁ·fl ƒÕ]¬Ô ºkıΩB Ô‚¶VBfl Ûwo_ c^·™Ï.
÷flÛwo_ c^· \VkÏÔÁ· Â[≈VÔ √Ω¬Ô Ák¬Ôºkı|D,
º√V‚Ω º>Ïs_ ÿku§ ÿ√≈ ÿƒFB ºkı|D ®[≈ cBÏÕ>
®ı∫Ô·V_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶º> >[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶D
(Study Circle) ŒÀÿkVÚ \Vk‚¶›]_ c^· ºkÁÈkVF©A
∂KkÈÔ∫Ôπ_ tÔfl E≈©√VÔ ÿƒB_√|˛≈m.
>[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶›]_ º√V‚Ω º>Ï°¬ÔV™ kz©AÔ^,
z§©AÔ^, \V]ˆ º>Ï° xÁ≈Ô^, E≈Õ> gºÈVƒÁ™Ô^, \uÆD
º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°¬ÔV™ x[\V]ˆ ±È∫Ô^ ÷Ák ∂Á™›mD Œº´
zÁ¶l[ ˇµ \VkÏÔ”¬z ®Õ> s>\V™ Ô‚¶t[§ √Ω¬zD
÷MB Ûw_Ô”¶[ ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔ∫Ôπ_ ˛Á¶¬˛[≈m.
º√V‚Ω º>Ï°Ô”¬z© √Ω¬zD \VkÏÔ”¬ÔVÔ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶
>[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶›]_ ∂Á™kÚD ºƒÏÕm ÂD kVµ¬ÁÔ¬z
∞u≈ \›]B- \VWÈ cBÏÕ> √>s¬ÔV™ º√V‚Ω› º>ÏÁk ÷M>VÔ
®]Ï ºÂV¬zD kÁÔl_ gºÈVƒÁ™Ô^, ]™ƒˆ >tµ \uÆD
g∫˛È ÂVπ>µÔ^, ®D©·VFÿ\ı‚ WR¸, º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°¬ÔV™
\V>Õ]´ ÷>µÔ^ \uÆD mÁ≈ ƒVÏÕ> A›>∫Ô^ ®™ ∂Á™›m
º>Ï°¬zD º>ÁkBV™ A›>Ô∫Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈m.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
7
º√V‚Ω› º>Ï° ®ømºkVˆ[ ÿku§l_ ∂kÏÔπ[
cÁw©A, º√´VEˆBÏÔπ[ kz©A, E≈Õ> ±_Ô^ \uÆD ºkÁÈ
kVF©A ∂KkÈÏÔπ[ ÷MB ÔMkV™ ∂bzxÁ≈Ô”D \uÆD
c>sÔ”D c^·™. ÷Õ> >[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶D º\KD
sˆkÁ¶Õm ÂVÁ·B \VkÏÔ”¬z ÷[º≈ kaÔV‚|D
÷¶\VÔ°D \uÆD TNPSC º>Ï°Ô^ √V¶¬z§©A ÁÔºB| ®[≈
±_ º√V‚Ω›º>Ï° ®ømD \Vk- \VsBÚ¬z ŒÚ
kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ ∂Á\•D º√V‚Ω› º>ÏÁk ®]ÏºÂV¬z√kÏÔ^
º>Ïs_ ÿku§BÁ¶B ∂Ω©√Á¶› º>Ák º√V‚Ω› º>ÏÁk
®ÀkVÆ ®]ÏÿÔV^· ºkı|D ®[≈ ∂§°D ÿƒFm xΩ¬Ô›
mÁAˆkm \™›]ıÁ\ (Will Power) Œ[º≈. º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°
®øm√kˆ[ c^· \™›]ıÁ\ (Ák´V¬˛BD) ÿku§¬z
º>ÁkBV™ ®_ÈV xBuEÔÁ·•D ÿƒFB›#ı|D. ÷¶D
>[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶D gzD. ÷Às¶D √l[≈ º√V‚Ω
BV·ÏÔ”¬z º√V‚Ω› º>Ï° s™V¬Ô^ ÷M©√VÔ°D ÿku§
kƒ\VÔ°D ÷Ú¬zD. ®™ºk ∂Á™›m º√V‚Ω› º>ÏsKD \Vk-
\VsBÏÔ^ >[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶›][ kVlÈVÔ ÿku§ÁB
cÆ]√|›] ∂´∑ ºkÁÈkVF©∏_ ºƒÏÕm \¬Ô”¬z E≈Õ>
√ËÁB ÿƒFm √_ºkÆ º√V‚Ω º>Ï° ®ømD ÷>´ \Vk-
\VsBÚ¬z x[\V]ˆBVÔ°D, Â\m ∂´∑¬zD, Â\m ÂV‚ΩuzD
ÂDxÁ¶B ∂´∑ √ËÁB \¬Ô”¬z ºƒÁkBVÔ AˆB Â_Èÿ>VÚ
kVF©Á√ ∞u√|›]•D, ÂD Ô™°ÔÁ· WÁ≈° ÿƒFk]KD
>[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶D E≈Õ> ÷¶\VÔ ÷[Æ \‚|\_È ®[ÆD
s·∫zD.
K.ÔÁÈflÿƒ_k[
mÁ ÷B¬zÂÏ
\Vk‚¶ ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔD
>fiƒV∆Ï

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

8
ÿ>Vz©A :
K.ÔÁÈflÿƒ_k[
mÁ ÷B¬zÂÏ, \Vk‚¶ ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔD, >fiƒV∆Ï
xÁ™kÏ. K.ÿƒ_kz\VÏ
ÔsQÏ. mÁ´. ºÔVsÕ>´Vƒ[
k´ÈVÆ
xÁ™kÏ.S.Ô_BVË
c>sº√´VEˆBÏ, ÿ√Vm WÏkVÔ mÁ≈
ÿƒ[Á™ ˛§¸mk¬ Ô_Ÿˆ, >VD√´D, ÿƒ[Á™.
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D
xÁ™kÏ.A.∂x>V
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ÿ√Vm WÏkVÔ mÁ≈
∂ıV g>Ïi Ô_Ÿˆ, ∂ıVÂÔÏ, ÿƒ[Á™-40
AslB_
G.>tµkV[
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, Ô_slB_ mÁ≈
ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD, k_ÈD >fiƒV∆Ï
∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©A
xÁ™kÏ. ÔV. ÿƒ_kz\VÏ
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ∂ÉB_ ∂§sB_ \FBD
ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD k_ÈD, >fiƒV∆Ï.
ÔË>D
R.gÆxÔD
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ÔË›mÁ≈
ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD,
k_ÈD, >fiƒV∆Ï.
>tµ
Ô. √ˆ\·V
xÁ™kÏ √‚¶ gFkV·Ï, ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A› mÁ≈
>tµ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD
>fiƒV∆Ï - 10.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

√V¶›]‚¶D ÿ√Vm› >tµ ( ÿÔV^z§› º>Ïsuz)

®¸.®¸.®_.E >´D
√z] -(∂)
÷È¬ÔD
1. ÿ√VÚ›m>_ - ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ ÿ√VÚÁ·› º>Ï° ÿƒF>_.
AÔµ ÿ√u≈ ±_ ±ÈVEˆBÏ
2. ÿ>V¶ÚD ÿ>V¶ÏAD ∂§>_, ÷›ÿ>V¶´V_ z§¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD
ƒV[º≈VÏ ∂Á¶ÿ\VaBV_ z§¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD ±_
3. ∏ˆ›ÿ>ømÔ.
4. ®]ÏÿƒV_ÁÈ ®|›ÿ>øm>_
5. ÿ√VÚÕ>Vfl ÿƒV_ÁÈ Ôı¶§>_
6. ∏Áw ]Ú›>D , ƒÕ]©∏ÁwÁB ¿¬z>_ ŒÚÁ\ √[Á\
∏ÁwÔÁ· ¿¬z>_ \Á© ∏ÁwÔ^,kø°fl ÿƒVuÔÁ·
¿¬z>_/ ∏≈ÿ\Vafl ÿƒVuÔÁ· ¿¬z>_
7. g∫˛Èfl ÿƒV_K¬z ºÂ´V™ >tµfl ÿƒV_ÁÈ ∂§>_
8. Œo ºkÆ√V¶§Õm ƒˆBV™ ÿ√VÚÁ·B§>_
9. {ÿ´ø›m ŒÚÿ\Va cˆB ÿ√VÚÁ·¬ Ôı¶§>_
10. ºkÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ› º>Ï° ÿƒFÔ.
11. ºkÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ¬ ÿÔV|›m / sÁ™xuÆ, sÁ™ÿBflƒD,
sÁ™BVÈÁ•D ÿ√BÏ, ÿ>Vau ÿ√BÏ /cÚkV¬z>_
12. ∂Ô´ kˆÁƒ©√Ω ÿƒVuÔÁ·fl ÊÏ ÿƒF>_
13. ÿƒVuÔÁ· Œø∫z√|›] ÿƒVuÿ≈V¶´V¬z>_
14. ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_o[ kÁÔB§>_
15. ÷È¬Ô¬ z§©√§>_
16. sÁ¶¬ºÔu≈ s™VÁk› º>ÏÕÿ>|›>_

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

10
17. ®ÀkÁÔ kV¬˛BD ®™¬ Ôıÿ¶øm>_
18. >[sÁ™,∏≈sÁ™,ÿƒFsÁ™,ÿƒB©√V‚| sÁ™
kV¬˛B∫ÔÁ·¬ Ôıÿ¶øm>_
19. ckÁ\BV_ s·¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ º>ÏÕÿ>øm>_.
20. ®mÁÔ,º\VÁ™,÷ÁBA ÷kuÆ^ ∞º>–D Œ[Á≈›
º>ÏÕÿ>øm>_.

√z] (g)
1. ]Ú¬z≈^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,º\uºÔV^Ô^ ÿ>V¶Á´
W´©A>_ (√›ÿ>V[√m ∂]ÔV´D \‚|D) ∂[A-√ıA-
Ô_s-ºÔ^s-∂§°-∂¶¬ÔD-Œø¬ÔD-ÿ√VÁ≈-Â‚A-
kVFÁ\-ÔVÈD {©A´k§>_, ÿƒFÂ[§, ƒV[≈VıÁ\,
ÿ√ˆBVÁ´› mÁ¬ºÔV¶_,ÿ√VÚ^ÿƒB_ kÁÔ,
sÁ™›]‚√D, ÷MBÁk Ì≈_.

2. ∂≈±_Ô^ ÂVÈΩBVÏ, ÂV[\Ë¬ÔΩÁÔ, √wÿ\Va

ÂV˚Æ, xmÿ\Va¬ÔVﬁE, ]ˆÔ|ÔD, ÷[™V ÂVu√m,
EÆ√ﬁƒJÈD, ∞ÈV], Œ·ÁkBVÏ √V¶_Ô^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™
ÿƒF]Ô^, √]ÿ™ıˇµ¬Ô¬z ±_Ôπ_ ∏≈ ÿƒF]Ô^.

3. ÔD√´VBD-ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^ º\uºÔV^Ô^,

√VkÁÔ, E≈Õ> ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^.

4. A≈ÂV˚Æ- ∂ÔÂV˚O, Âu§Á, zÆÕÿ>VÁÔ,

n∫zÆ±Æ Ôo›ÿ>ÁÔ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,
º\uºÔV^Ô^ ∂ΩkÁ´BÁ≈, ®‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ, √›m©√V‚|
O_Ôπ_ c^· ∏≈ ÿƒF]Ô^.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
11
5. EÈ©√]ÔV´D - \Ëº\ÔÁÈ - ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,
º\uºÔV^Ô^ E≈Õ> ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^ c‚∏ˆs_ \uÆD
nDÿ√ÚD - nﬁEÆ∫ ÔV©∏BD ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

6. ÿ√ˆBA´VD - ÂVÈl´ ]ÀsB©∏´√Õ>D -

]ÚsÁ·BV¶u A´VD º>D√VkË - Ê≈V©A´VD
ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

7. Eu§È∫˛B∫Ô^
]Úzu≈VÈ¬z≈kfiE - Ôo∫Ô›m©√´Ë -
x›ÿ>V^·Vl´D, >tµs| #m, ÂÕ]¬ÔÈD√ÔD,
s¬˛´\ºƒVw[, x¬Ì¶u√^”, ÔVkΩflEÕm,
]Úºk∫Ô¶Õ>V], x›m¬z\V´∑kVt ∏^Á·›>tµ,
ÿ√›>ÈºÔD z≈kfiE, ∂wÔÏ ˛^Á·s|#m, ÷´V´V¤[
ºƒVw[ cÈV ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

8. \º™V[\ËBD - √VﬁƒVo ƒ√>D - zl_ √V‚| - ÷´‚|≈

ÿ\Va>_ (ÔV·º\Ô©AkÏ - ∂w˛B ÿƒV¬ÔÂV>Ï
ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^)

9. ƒ\B x[º™VΩÔ^ ∂©√Ï, ƒD√Õ>Ï, ∑Õ>´Ï, \VË¬Ô

kVƒÔÏ, ]ÚJÈÏ,zÈºƒÔ´gµkVÏ, Ê›>ÁÈﬂ ƒV›>™VÏ,
®ﬂ.∞.˛Úi∏^Á·, c\Æ©AÈkÏ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™
ÿƒF]Ô^, º\uºÔV^Ô^, E≈©Aÿ√BÏÔ^.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

12
√z]-÷
>tµ ∂§QÏÔ”D >tµÿ>Vı|D

1. √V´]BVÏ, √V´]>Vƒ[, ÂV\¬Ô_ ÔsQÏ, Ôs\Ë º>EB

sÂVBÔD ∏^Á· ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^, E≈Õ>
ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^, E≈©A© ÿ√BÏÔ^.

2. \´A¬ÔsÁ>: xΩB´ƒ[, kVË>Vƒ[, ∑´>V,

Ôı>Vƒ[, c|\ÁÈÂV´VBÔs, √‚|¬ºÔV‚Á¶
Ô_BV∑Õ>´D, \Ú>ÔVE ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,
∂Á¶ÿ\Va©ÿ√BÏÔ^.

3. Am¬ÔsÁ> - Â.∏ﬂƒJÏ›], E.∑.ÿƒ_È©√V, >ÚxEk´Vx,

÷´V.*™V‚E, E.\Ë, Eu∏, x.º\›>V, ~º´V| >tw[√[,
∂©m_ÔÈVD, ÔÈV©ˆBV, Ô_BVı˜, QV™¬ Ì›>[,
º>kº>k[, ƒVÁÈ ÷·Õ]Á´B[, ƒVoM ÷·Õ
]Á´B[, gÈÕ#Ï º\VÔ´∫Ô^ -ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,
º\uºÔV^Ô^, E≈©A› ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^ \uÆD ®ø]B ±_Ô^.

4. >ta_ ÔΩ> ÷È¬˛BD - ÂV‚z§©A. ºÂÚ - ÔVÕ] - x.k -

∂ıV g™Õ>´∫ÔD ∏^Á· ÂV‚z§©A ÿ>V¶Ï√V™
ÿƒF]Ô^.

5. ÂV¶Ô¬ÔÁÈ - ÷Áƒ¬ÔÁÈ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

6. >ta_ EÆÔÁ>Ô^ >ÁÈ©A- gEˆBÏ-ÿ√VÚ›m>_.

7. ÔÁÈÔ^ - Eu√D - {sBD - º√ﬂ∑ - ]Á´©√¶¬ÔÁÈ

ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
13
8. >ta[ ÿ>V[Á\- >tµ ÿ\Val[ E≈©A, ]´Vl¶
ÿ\VaÔ^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

9. cÁ´ÂÁ¶ - \Á≈\ÁÈBΩÔ^, √ˆ]\VuÔÁÈQÏ,

Â.x.ºk∫Ô¶ ÂV‚¶VÏ, ´V.∏.ºƒm©∏^Á·, ]Ú.s.Ô,
ÁkBVAˆ©∏^Á·-ÿ\Va ÂÁ¶ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

10. c.ºk.ƒVtÂV> nBÏ, ÿ>.ÿ√V.*™V‚E ∑Õ>´™VÏ,

E.÷È¬zk™VÏ - >tµ√Ë ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

11. º>kºÂB©√VkVÏ - ∂Ô´x>o, √VkÈº´Æ ÿ√Úﬁ

E›]´™VÏ, >tµÿ>Vı| ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

12. ˜.• º√V© - T´\VxMkÏ >tµ›ÿ>Vı| E≈©A› ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^

13. ÿ√ˆBVÏ- ∂ıV -x›m´V\o∫Ô› º>kÏ- ∂Dº√›ÔÏ-

ÔV\´VƒÏ, ƒx>VB› ÿ>Vı|

14. >twÔD - ªÚD º√ÚD, º>Vu≈D \Vu≈D √u§B ÿƒF]Ô^.

15. cÈÔ·VsB >twÏÔ^ E≈©AD - ÿ√ÚÁ\•D - >tµ© √Ë•D

16. >tµÿ\Val_ ∂§sB_ EÕ>Á™Ô^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

17. >tµ \Ôπˆ[ E≈©A - ∂[M ÿ√ƒı‚ ∂DÁ\BVÏ,

JkŸÏ ´V\VtÏ>›>D\V^ ¶V¬¶Ï. x›mÈ‚∑t ÿ´‚Ω,
s|>ÁÈ© º√V´V‚¶›]_ \ÔπÏ √∫ ( ]_ÁÈBVΩ
k^πBDÁ\, ´VË \∫ÔD\V^ )
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
14

18. >twÏ kËÔD - ÿ>V_oB_ gF°Ô^ -Ô¶u√B∫Ô^

ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

19. cºk \ÚÕm - ºÂVF yÏ¬zD JoÁÔÔ^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™

ÿƒF]Ô^.

20. ƒ\B© ÿ√VmÁ\ cÏ›]B >V•\V™kÏ, ÷´V\o∫Ô

∂ΩÔ·VÏ, ]Ú.s.Ô_BV ∑Õ>´™VÏ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™
ÿƒF]Ô^- º\uºÔV^Ô^.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

xBuE ÷_ÁÈÿB[≈V_
c[™V_ ÿ¤l¬Ôºk xΩBVm
xBuE ÷ÚÕ>V_
c[Á™› º>VuÔΩ¬Ôºk xΩBVm.
á ¶V¬¶Ï A.P.J. ∂©m_ÔÈVD
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
16

ÿku§¬zD º>V_s¬zD EÆ s›]BVƒD

Ô¶Á\ÁB ÿƒF>V_ ÿku§.
Ô¶Á\¬zﬂ ÿƒF>V_ º>V_s.

á \VT´Ï ∂ÿÈ¬ƒVı¶Ï

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

17
Ô. √ˆ\·V
xÁ™kÏ √‚¶ gFkV·Ï
ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A› mÁ≈
>tµ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD
>ﬁƒV∆Ï - 10.

√z] ∂ - ÷È¬ÔD
1. ÿ\Val_ ]Ú›>\VÔ º√ƒ, ®ø> mÁAˆkm ÷È¬ÔD.
÷È¬ÔD ÿ\Val[ ∂Á\©Á√•D, ∂wÁÔ•D cÏ›m˛≈m.
÷È¬ÔD á ÷È¬z (z§¬ºÔV^) + ∂D (∂wz)
2. >tµÿ\Val[ ÷È¬ÔD 5 kÁÔ©√|D.
1.®ø›]È¬ÔD, 2.ÿƒV_oÈ¬ÔD, 3. ÿ√VÚπÈ¬ÔD,
4. BV©∏È¬ÔD, 5. ∂ËlÈ¬ÔD
3. ®ø›]È¬ÔD : ®ø›m 2 kÁÔ©√|D. x>ÿÈø›m, ƒVÏÿ√ø›m
4. x>ÿÈø›m :
ÿ\Va¬z x>ÈV™>VÔ°D, >M›mD ÷B∫Ô¬ÌΩBm x>_ ®ø›m.
cBÚD, c¶DA\VD x©√m x>ºÈ á Â[˚^
clÿ´ø›m - 12 (ÿÂΩ_ á 7, z§_ - 5) ; ÿ\F ®ø›m -18 =
30D x>ÿÈø›m gzD.
5. ÿ\F ®ø›m :
>tµ ÿ\Va¬z c¶ÈVF ÷Ú¬Ô¬ÌΩBm ÿ\FÿBø›m.
ÿ\FÿBø›m ∂Ák Œo¬zD xÁ≈l_ 3 kÁÔBVÔ
∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.
k_o™D ( Ô, ƒ, ¶, >, √, ≈ ) 6 ;
ÿ\_o™D ( ∫, ﬁ, ı, Õ, D, F ) 6 ;
÷Á¶l™D ( F, Ï, _, À, ^, µ ) 6
6. ƒVÏÿ√ø›m :
x>_ ®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ƒVÏÕm º>V[ÆD ®ø›m¬Ô^
ƒVÏÿ√ø›m¬Ô^ ®™©√|D.
÷m √›m kÁÔ©√|D.
1. clÏÿ\F, 2. gF>D, 3. cl´·ÿ√Á¶, 4. Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶,
5. zu§BKÔ´D, 6.zu§BoÔ´D, 7. nÔV´¬zÆ¬ÔD,
8. Œ·ÔV´¬zÆ¬ÔD, 9. \Ô´¬zÆ¬ÔD, 10.gF>¬zÆ¬ÔD,

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

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7. clÏÿ\F - 216 : clÏÿ\F ®ø›m º>V[Æk>uz clÚD
ÿ\F•D (¬+∂=Ô) ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ ÷Ú©√>V_ ƒVÏÿ√ø›>V˛≈m.
8. gF> ®ø›m : 1. ‡ kΩs_ ÷Ú¬zD. J[Æ A^πÔÁ·
ÿ√u§Ú©√>V_ x©A^π, x©√VuA^π ®[≈ ÿ√BÁ´•D ÷‚|
kw∫z˛[º≈VD.
2. g, ® ŒÚ ÿƒV_o_ ÷¶Dÿ√Æ˛[≈ º√Vm >™¬zx[
zuÿ≈ø›Á> >™¬z©∏[ ŒÚ k_o™ clÏÿ\F (Ô ƒ ¶ > √ ≈)
®ø›m¬ÔÁ·•D ÿ√uÆ Â|s_>V[ kÚD. (®.ÔV.) ∂‡m, ®‡m
9. ∂·ÿ√Á¶ : ∂·ÿ√Á¶ 2 kÁÔ©√|D : cl´·ÿ√Á¶, Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶.
10. cl´·ÿ√Á¶ : ÿƒF•π[ {Áƒ zÁ≈•Dº√Vm ∂Às¶›]_
c^· ®ø›º>V| ∂>[ ÷Á ®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ºƒÏ›m {ÁƒÁB
WÁ≈° ÿƒFk>uz ∂·ÿ√Á¶ ®™©ÿ√BÏ.
11. cl´·ÿ√Á¶ clÏ ®ø›Á>¬ ÿÔVı| {ÁƒÁB WÁ≈°
ÿƒF>V_ ∂>Á™ cl´·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.
÷m 3 kÁÔ©√|D. ∂ÁkBVk™ : ÿƒF•πÁƒ (∂) ÷ÁƒWÁ≈,
ÿƒV_oÁƒ, ÷[MÁƒ.
ÿƒF•π[ {ÁƒÁB WÁ≈° ÿƒF•D ÿ√VÚ‚| ÿƒV_o[
x>_, ÷Á¶, ÔÁ¶ c^· clÏ ÿÂΩ_ ®ø›m¬Ô^ ∂·ÿ√|›m
kÚkÁ> ÿƒF•πÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.
12. ÿƒF•πÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ : ~´Áƒ ÿÔVı¶ ÊÏÔπ_ \‚|º\ kÚD.
÷Á¶l_ z§_ k´ÈVD. x>o_ z§_ kÕ>V_ ∂|›m ºƒÏ›m
∏ˆ¬Ô°D.
13. ÷[MÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ : ÿƒF•π[ {Áƒ zÁ≈BV> º√VmD
ÿƒs¬z ÷MB ÷ÁƒÁB >ÚDÿ√VÚ‚| (clÏ z§_ ÿÂΩÈVÔ)
º\KD ∂·ÿ√|>_ ÷[MÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.
(c.D) cı√mD (›+c) = c (clÏz§_)
cı√#D = ª (ÿÂΩ_)
÷[MÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ JkÁƒ ÿÔVı¶ ÊÏÔπ_ \‚|D kÚD.
14. ÿƒV_oÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ : ÿƒF•π_ {Áƒ zÁ≈BV> ÿ√VømD
(ÿ√BÏﬂÿƒV_ÁÈ sÁ™ﬂ ÿƒV_ÈVÔ \VuÆD ÿ√VÚ‚|)
∂·ÿ√|›>ÁÈ ÿƒV_oÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.
ÿƒV_oÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ -÷- ®[–D ®ø›]_ xΩ°
ÿ√u§Ú¬zD. (c.D) z, Ω, >. a, ÷
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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19
15. Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶ : ÿƒF•π[ {Áƒ zÁ≈•D ÿ√Vøm ∂>Á™
WÁ≈°ÿƒF•D ÿ√VÚ‚| ÿƒV_o_ c^· ÿ\FÿBø›m
∂·ÿ√|›>ÁÈ Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.
Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶ ÿƒV_o_ ÷Á¶lKD ÷Æ]lKD \‚|º\ kÚD.
( c.D ) ∂´∫∫ÔD, \fifi∑
k_o™ ÿ\FÔ·V™ “ ¬ fl ‚ › © u” gÆD ÷Á¶l™ ÿ\FÔ·V™
“Ï, µ” ®[–D ÿ\FÔÁ· >sÏ›m ®fiEB √›m ÿ\F•D
gF>xD ∂>[ √¬Ô›]ºÈºB ∂·ÿ√|›m kÚD.
16. zu§BKÔ´D : zÆ˛B {Áƒ•Á¶B cÔ´D zu§BKÔ´D
z,∑, |, m,A, Æ - ®–D gÆ k_o™ cÔ´ ®ø›m¬Ô^ (>M
ÿÂΩÁÈ) ƒVÏÕm kÚD ÿ√VømD √È ®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ƒVÏÕm
∂·soÚÕm zÁ≈Õm ∂Á´ \V›]Á´ ∂·s_ Œo¬zD.
÷ÀkVÆ zÁ≈Õm Œo¬zD cÔ´D zu§BKÔ´D ®™©√|D.
(c.D ) ÂV| = 1/2 √VÈVÆ = 1/2 √ı√V| = 1/2
zu§BKÔ´D gÆ kÁÔ©√|D
17. ÿÂΩ_ ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : clÏ ÿÂΩ_, clÏ ÿ\F
ÿÂ‚ÿ¶ø›m¬ÔÁ· ∂|›m kÚD k_o™ cÔ´ ®ø›m¬Ô^
ÿÂΩ_ ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D ®™©√|D.
18. ÿÂΩ_ ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : ~ÿ´ø›m ÿƒV_ÈVÔºk kÚD
(c.D ) ÂV|, g|, gÆ, ÔV∑
19. clÏ ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D :
∂wz, √VÈVÆ, √ı√V|, ∂´∑
20. ÿ\[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : zu§BKÔ´fl ÿƒV_o[ ~ÿ≈ø›m¬z
x[√VÔ ÿ\_o™ ÿ\FÿBø›m¬Ô·V™ ∫, fi, ı, Õ, D, [
kÕ>V_ ∂m ÿ\[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D ( c.D ) √Õm, \fi∑, ƒ∫z
21 ÷Á¶›ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : zu§BKÔ´ ÿƒV_o[
~ÿ≈ø›m¬z x[√VÔ ÷Á¶l™ ÿ\FÿBø›m¬Ô·V˛B (B, ´,
È, k, ·, w) kÕ>V_ ∂m ÷Á¶›ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D
( c.D ) ƒVÏA, Jµz, ÿÔVFm

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

20
22. k[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : zu§BKÔ´ ÿƒV_o[
~uÿ≈ø›m¬z x[√VÔ k_o™ ÿ\F ®ø›m¬Ô·V™ ¬, fl ‚,
›, ©, u kÕ>V_ ∂m k[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D ®™©√|D.
(c.D ) √‚|, √›m, ®‚|, √V´V‚|
23. gF> ÿ>V¶Ï : zu§BKÔ´D k_o™ cÔ´ ®ø›>V™m gF>
®ø›Á> ÿ>V¶ÏÕm kÕ>V_ ∂m gF> ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D
®™©√|D.
( c.D ) ÔV∑, s≈z, √∫z, ®‚|, ∂‡m
24. zu§BoÔ´D : WÁÈÿ\Va zu§BKÔ´\VÔ ÷ÚÕm kÚD
ÿ\Va BÔ´D kÚÁÔl_ WÁÈÿ\Va cÔ´D ÷Ô´\VÔ ]ˆÕm
>™¬zˆB ŒÚ\V›]Á´ ∂·soÚÕm ∂Á´ \V›]Á´ ∂·s_
zÁ≈Õm Œo©√m zu§BKÔ´D.
( c.D) kı|+ BVm T| = BVm
25. xu§BKÔ´D : >M¬z§ÁÈ ∂|›m ÿƒV_o[ ÷Æ]l_ kÚD
k_o™ cÔ´xD. ÿ√VmkVÔ ÿƒV_o[ ÷Æ]l_ kÚD
ÿ\_o™ cÔ´xD, ÷Á¶l™ cÔ´xD xu§BKÔ´D ®™©√|D.
( c.D) Â|,√∑, \m, ÿ√Vm , cıb, Ô>°
26. nÔV´¬ zÆ¬ÔD : n ®ø›m >M›m Œo¬zD º√Vm ÷´ı|
\V›]Á´ Œol_ ÿÔVı¶m. ÷m \u≈ ®ø›m¬Ô”¶[ ÌΩ
kÚDÿ√Vøm >™m 2 \V›]Á´ ∂·soÚÕm zÁ≈Õm
Œo¬zD. ÷>uz nÔV´¬ zÆ¬ÔD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
( c.D ) n á 2 \V›]Á´, n©√E = 1 1/2 \V›]Á´, kÁ·B_ = 1
\V›]Á´, >ÁÈ = 1 \V›]Á´
27. 8. Œ·ÔV´¬zÆ¬ÔD : Œ· ®ø›m >M›m kÚD ÿ√Vøm ÷´ı|
\V›]Á´ ∂·° Œo¬zD. ∏≈ ®ø›m¬Ô”¶[kÚDÿ√Vøm
>[ \V›]Á´ ∂·s_ ÷ÚÕm zÁ≈Õm 1 1/2 \V›]Á´ ∂·s_
Œo¬zD ∂>uz Œ·ÔV´ zÆ¬ÔD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
Œ·ÔV´¬ zÆ¬ÔD : ÿ\Va¬z ÷Á¶lKD, ÷Æ]lKD k´Vm
28. 9. \Ô´¬zÆ¬ÔD : D ®[–D ®ø›m >™¬zˆB ∂Á´
\V›]Á´loÚÕm 1/4 \V›]Á´BVÔ zÁ≈Õm Œo©√m
\Ô´¬zÆ¬ÔD gzD.
Ô´ , ™Ô´ ÿ\FÔπ[ ∏[ c^· \Ô´D 1/2
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
21
\V›]Á´loÚÕm zÁ≈Õm 1/4 \V›]Á´B·ºk Œo¬zD.
( c.D) \ÚıD, ÿƒ[D
>ÚD k·k[, kÚD kıΩ ÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ WÁÈÿ\Va ~u§_
c^· \Ô´D kÕm kÔ´ x>_ ÿ\VaºBV| AÏ˛≈m.
÷ÀkVÆ kÚDÿ√Vøm WÁÈÿ\Va ~u§È c^· \Ô´D 1/4
\V›]Á´ ∂·ºk Œo¬zD.
29. gF>¬zÆ¬ÔD : gF> ®ø›m >™¬zˆB 1/2 \V›]Á´
loÚÕ> 1/4 \V›]Á´BVÔ zÁ≈Õm Œo©√m gzD
‡ á 1/2, Ô‡œm , x‡œm
30. ∑‚ÿ¶ø›m : ŒÚ ÿ√VÚÁ· ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚Ω ÌÆkm ∑‚ÿ¶ø›m
( c.D ) ∂k[, ÷k[, ck[ ∂k^, ÷k^, ck^ ∂,÷ ®[–D
®ø›m¬Ô^ ∑‚|© ÿ√VÚÁ· >ÚDÿ√Vøm ∂Ák ∑‚ÿ¶ø›
m¬Ô^ g˛[≈™.
c ®[–D ®ø›m √w∫ÔVÈ›]_ ∑‚ÿ¶ø›>VÔ √B[√‚|
>uº√Vm ∂m º√fl∑ kw¬˛_ ÷_ÁÈ.
31. ∂ıÁ\fl∑‚| :÷m. ÷k[, ÷©A›>ÔD, ÷ÀT|
÷ ®[–D ∑‚ÿ¶ø›m ∂Ú˛_ c^·Á> ∑‚|Dÿ√Vøm
∂ıÁ\fl∑‚| g˛[≈™.
32. ºƒFÁ\fl∑‚| : ∂ ®[–D ®ø›m ÿ>VÁÈs_ c^·Á>
∑‚|Dÿ√Vøm ∂m ºƒFÁ\ ∑‚¶V˛≈m.
( c.D )∂m, ∂k[, ∂©A›>ÔD, ∂ÀT|
33. ∂Ôfl∑‚| : ÿƒV_o_ c^· ∑‚ÿ¶ø›Á> ¿¬˛™V_ ∏≈ ®ø›m
ÿ√VÚ^ >´Vm. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿƒV_o[ ∂Ô›º> W[Æ ∑‚|D
ÿ√VÚÁ· >Úkm ∂Ôfl∑‚| ®™©√|D.
(c.D ) ∂m, ÷k[, ÷k^
34. A≈fl∑‚| : ÿƒV_o_ c^· ∑‚ÿ¶ø›Á> ¿¬˛™V_ ∏≈
®ø›m¬Ô^ ÿ√VÚ^ >ÚD. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿƒV_o[ A≈›º> W[Æ
∑‚| ÿ√VÚÁ· >Úkm A≈fl∑‚| ®™©√|D.
(c.D ) ÷©√∑, ∂¬Ô´Ω, ÷D\M>[
35. ∑‚|›]Â : ÿƒVuÔπ_ c^· ∂, ÷ ®[–D ∑‚ÿ¶ø›m¬Ô^
∂Õ> ÷Õ> ®™ ]ˆÕm kw∫zk>Á™ ∑‚|›]Â ®[√Ï.
( c.D ) ÷©√∑ á ÷Õ>©√∑
∂¬Ô´Ω á ∂Õ> Ô´Ω
36. s™V ®ø›m : s™V ÿ√VÚÁ· >ÚD ®ø›m¬Ô^ s™V
®ø›m¬Ô^ ®™©√|D. s™V ®ø›m¬Ô^ g, ® ∞, {, BV
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
22
( c.D ) ®Õ> ®ø›m , sÚÕm g”¬ÔV ? gÁ¶¬ÔV ?
∂mkV , ∞[ , ∂kº™ , ∂kº™V
“∞” ®[–D ®ø›m ~u§_ W[Æ s™V°>_ >uÔVÈ›]_
kw¬˛_ ÷_ÁÈ.
37. ∂Ôs™V : ÿƒV_o[ ∂Ô›º> W[Æ s™V ÿ√VÚÁ·
cÏ›mkm ®m , BVÏ, ∞[
÷flÿƒVuÔπ_ s™V ®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ¿¬˛™V_ ∏≈ ®ø›m
ÿ√VÚ^ >´Vm.
38. A≈s™V : ÿƒV_o[ A≈›º> W[≈ s™V ÿ√VÚÁ·
cÏ›mkm A≈s™V ®™©√|D.
( c.D) ∂k™V , ∂kº™, ¿>Vº™V
÷flÿƒV_o_ c^· s™V ®ø›m¬Ô·V˛B g, ∞, {
®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ¿¬˛™V_ ∏≈ ®ø›m¬Ô^ >MflÿƒV_ÈVÔ
W[Æ ÿ√VÚ^ >Ú˛[≈™.
ÿƒV_ ÷È¬ÔD :
39. ÿƒV_ : ŒÚ ®ø›m >M›m W[º≈V √È ®ø›m¬Ô^ ºƒÏÕº>V
ÿ√VÚ^ cÏ›m\Vl[ ∂Ák ÿƒV_ ®™©√|D.
ÿƒV_, ÿ\Va, √>D, ˛·s ®[√Ák ÿƒV_ Œº´ ÿ√VÚÁ·
cÏ›mD √È ÿƒVuÔ·VzD.
40. ÿƒV_o[ kÁÔ : ÿƒVuÔÁ· ÿ√VmkVÔ ÷È¬Ô
kÁÔl_ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ sÁ™flÿƒV_, ÷Á¶flÿƒV_,
cˆflÿƒV_ ®™ 4 kÁÔBVÔ ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD.
41. ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ∞º>–D Œ[§[ ÿ√BÁ´ z§¬zD ÿƒV_
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ®™©√|D.
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ 6 kÁÔ©√|D.
41. 1. ÿ√VÚ‚ÿ√BÏ 2. ÷¶©ÿ√BÏ 3. ÔVÈD 4. EÁ™ 5. √ıA
(∂) zD 6. ÿ>Va_
42. ÿ√VÚ‚ÿ√BÏ : ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ[ ÿ√BÁ´ z§¬˛[≈
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÿ√VÚ‚ÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.
( c.D ) A›>ÔD , \M>[ BVÁ™, ˛π, \ÈÏsa, xÚÔ[
43. ÷¶©ÿ√BÏ : ÷¶›][ ÿ√BÁ´ z§¬˛[≈ ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ^
( c.D ) √^π, z·D, ÷_ÈD, T], ~º´V|,ÿkuA
44. ÔVÈ©ÿ√BÏ : ÔVÈ›][ ÿ√BÁ´ cÏ›m˛[≈
ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ^(c.D ) ÿÂVΩ , s™VΩ, \Ë, ÂV^, \V>D,
kÚ¶D, E›]Á´, ÿ√ÚDÿ√Vøm zπÏÔVÈD ®]ÏÔVÈD
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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45. EÁ™©ÿ√BÏ : (cÆ©A)
cÆ©AÔÁ· z§¬zD ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ^ E. ÿ√. ®™©√|D.
ÔM, ÔVF, >ı|, ÷ÁÈ, Ôı, ÁÔ, ÷>BD, ÿÔVDA, kV_
ÿku§ÁÈ ÿÔVΩl_ ÷Ú¬zD ÷ÁÈ ( ŒÚ cÆ©A )
>V\Á´©Ø, \_oÁÔ©Ø, \ˆ¬ÿÔVøÕm, ÿƒ∫Ô[M
46. √ıA© ÿ√BÏ (∂) z©ÿ√BÏ
ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ[ √ıÁ√ z§¬zD ÿ√BÏ ÿƒVuÔ^ √ıA©ÿ√BÏ
®™©√|D . ÷m z©ÿ√BÏ ®™°D kw∫Ô© ÿ√ÆD.
√ıA© ÿ√BÏÔÁ· W≈D, kΩ°, ∂·°, (®ıË¬ÁÔ) ∑Ák
®[–D ÂV[z kÁÔºB ÿ√ÚD√VKD kÚD
47. W≈©√ıA : ÿƒDÁ\, ÔÚÁ\
48. kΩk© √ıA : ƒm´D, ÿƒÀkÔD, x¬ºÔVD, k‚¶D
49. ∂·° : ÷´ı|, J[Æ ˛ºÈV*‚¶Ï
50. ∑Ák : ÷M©A, Aπ©A, ÔVÏ©A, mkÏ©A
51. √ıA© ÿ√BÏ sz]Ô^
1. ÿƒDÁ\ Á\
2. ÿ>V_ÁÈ n
3. \V‚E E
4. \VıA A
5. Â[§ §
6. Â[Æ Æ
7. ÂÈD ∂D
8. Â[™Ï ∂Ï
9. ]‚√D √D
10. ym m
11. Â[z z
√ıA© ÿ√BÏÔ^ º\uÔı¶ sz]Ô”¶[ c, ÂÏ, \[, ÷_
®[–D sz]ÔÁ·•D ÿ√uÆ kÚD Á\ sz]
ÿ√ÚD√VıÁ\BVÔ ÔV©√|D.
52. ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ : ÿ>Vao[ ( ÿƒB_ ) ÿ√BÁ´ z§¬zD ÿ√BÏ
ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ. ( c.D ) √Ω©A, g‚¶D, {|>_, kÚÁÔ ,
sÁ·BV‚|, c≈∫z>_
sz] ÿ√u≈ ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ
( c.D ) ÿ√VÆ›>_ = ÿ√VÆ + >_
cı_ = cı + ∂_
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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53. sz] ÿ√≈V ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ : ( c.D ) ÿ>Vı|, Ì›m, ÂÁƒ (
sÚDA>_)
ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ ÿ√ÚD√VKD ∂_, >_ ®[–D sz]ÔÁ·
ÿ√uÆ kÚD.
ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ √z] sz]
1. º√∑>_ º√∑ >_
2. √V¶_ √V| ∂_
3. g‚¶D g| ∂D
4. ÿÔVÁÈ ÿÔV_ n
5. ÿƒFÁÔ ÿƒF ÁÔ
6. √VÏÁk √VÏ Ák
7. m≈° m≈ c
8. \≈] \≈ ]
9. cÏflE cÏ E
10. º>V_s º>V_ s
11. Ô¶°^ Ô¶ c^
12. ƒV¬ÔV| (÷≈›>_) ƒV ÔV|
13. ºÔV‚√V| ÿÔV^ √V|
14. º>Vu≈´° º>VuÆ ∂´∑
15. kV´VÁ™ kV gÁ™
16. ÿ√VÆÁ\ ÿ√VÆ Á\
17. √VF›m √VF m
18. ÿkzπ ÿkz^ ÷
19. ÔVıA ÔVı A
54. x>MÁÈ› ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ
∑|>_ - ∑| + >_
ÿÔ|>_ - ÿÔ|+ >_
∑|, ÿÔ|, ®[√™ ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ √z]Ô·VzD. ÷Ák x>_
WÁÈBVÔ c^·>V_ ÷kuÁ≈ x>_WÁÈ ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ
®[√Ï.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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55. x>MÁÈ› ]ˆÕ> ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ : ∑|, ÿÔ| ®[–D
x>MÁÈ ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏÔπ_ x>ÿÈø›m ¿ı|, Û|, ºÔ|
®™ kw∫Ô©√|k]Á™ x>MÁÈ ]ˆÕ> ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ
®[√Ï.
∑|>_ = ∑| á Û|
ÿÔ|>_ = ÿÔ| á ºÔ|
ÿ√Æ>_ = ÿ√Æ á º√Æ
56. zΩ©ÿ√BÏ : ƒV]ÁB¬ z§¬zD ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ^ zΩ©ÿ√BÏ
®™©√|D.
( c.D ) z≈k[, \≈k[, ∂Õ>[, kËÔ[, cwk[,
gB[
57. ˛Á·© ÿ√BÏ : c≈°ÔÁ· z§¬zD ÿ√BÏÿƒVuÔ^
˛Á·©ÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D
( c.D ) ∂ı[, ÂV›>™VÏ, \Á™s, \VtBVÏ
58. ÿ>Vz]©ÿ√BÏ : ÿ>Vz©Á√ z§¬zD ÿ√BÏfl ÿƒVuÔ^
ÿ>Vz]©ÿ√BÏ ÿƒVuÔ^ ®™©√|D.
( c.D) ºƒÁ™ : √Á¶ T´ÏÔπ[ ÿ>Vz©A
\VÁÈ : √È Ø¬Ô^
zø á √È \¬Ô^
59. ÷| z§©ÿ√BÏ: ÂD x[º™VÏ ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÔV´D
ÔÚ>V\_ ÷‚| kw∫˛B ÿ√BÁ´ ÷|z§© ÿ√BÏ ®[˛º≈VD.
( c.D ) \´D, WÈD, \ı
60. ÷|z§©ÿ√Vm© ÿ√BÏ : ÷|z§©ÿ√B´Vl–D ÿ√VmkV™
ÿ√BÏÔ·V_ ∂Á\k>V_ ÷Ák ÷|z§© ÿ√Vm© ÿ√BÏ
®[˛º≈VD
( c.D ) kV™·VsB \ÁÈ ÷Õ]B ÂV‚Ωuz ∂wz ÿƒF˛≈m
∂¶ÏÕ> ÔV| ÂV‚Ω[ ÿƒ_kD
61. ÷|z§ E≈©A© ÿ√BÏ : ÷|z§© ÿ√B´Vl–D, E≈©A
ÿ√BÏÔ·V_ ∂Á\Õ>V_ ∂Á> ÷|z§ E≈©A ÿ√BÏ ®™ÈVD.
(c.D ) x¬ÔMÔ”^ ∑ÁkBV™m √ÈV
∂kÁ´¬ ÿÔVΩ¬z √Õ>_ º√V|
62. ÔV´© ÿ√BÏ : ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÔV´D ÷‚| kw∫˛B ÿ√BÁ´
ÔV´© ÿ√BÏ ®[˛º≈VD.
( c.D ) ÂVuÔVo, x¬ÔVo, ÔÚD√ÈÁÔ, ÿƒ∫Ô_, √≈Ák,
kÁ·B_, ÿ>VÁÈ¬ÔV‚E, kVÿ™Vo
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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63. ÔV´© ÿ√Vm© ÿ√BÏ : ÔV´D ÔÚ] ÷¶©√‚¶ ÿ√BÏ
z§©∏‚¶ ÿ√VÚ^Ô”¬z ÿ√Vm©ÿ√B´VÔ ∂Á\Õ>V_
∂Á> ÔV´© ÿ√BÏ ®™ÈVD.
÷Áƒ¬ÔÚs¬z √luE ÷[§BÁ\BV>m
√≈ÁkÔ^ √Ès>D
64. ÔV´ E≈©A ÿ√BÏ: ÔV´D ÔÚ] ÷¶©√‚¶ ÿ√BÏ z§©∏‚¶
ÿ√VÚÁ· E≈©√VÔ z§¬z\Vl[ ÔV´ E≈©A ÿ√BÏ ®[Æ
ÌÆkÏ. kÁ·B_ cÁ¶Õm s‚¶m
kÁ·B_ º√VÈºk EÈ ÿ√VÚ^ kÁ·Õm k‚¶\VÔºk
÷Ú¬zD. ∂ÁkÿB_ÈVD kÁ·B_ ®™
∂Áw¬Ô©√|k]_ÁÈ.
kÁ·B_ ®[–D ÷flÿƒV_ ÁÔl_ ∂Ë•D kÁ·B_
\‚|º\ z§©√>V_ ÔV´ E≈©A© ÿ√BÏ gluÆ.
65. sÁ™flÿƒV_ : sÁ™ÁB¬ z§¬zD ÿƒV_ sÁ™flÿƒV_
®™©√|D.
66. xuÆ ( ∂) sÁ™xuÆ : ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ^ ÿƒF> ÿ>VaÁÈ
z§›m kÕ> xuÆ© ÿ√u≈ ÿƒV_ sÁ™xuÆ ®™©√|D
÷m ]Á, √V_, ®ı, ÷¶D g˛BkuÆ¶[ ÔVÈ›Á>•D
ÔV‚|D. ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_K¬z› mÁ W[Æ kV¬˛B›][
ÿ√VÚÁ· xΩ›m¬ ÔV‚|km sÁ™xuÆ
( c.D ) \V| º\F˛≈m \VkÏÔ· sÁ·BV|˛≈VÏÔ^
Ôı[ ®øm˛≈V[
67. ÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™xuÆ :
ÿƒF√k[, ÔÚs, WÈD, ÿƒB_, ÔVÈD, ÿƒFÿ√VÚ^ ®™
gÁ≈•D ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ cÏ›mkm ÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™
xuÆ gzD. ÷kuÆ^ EÈ zÁ≈ÕmD kÚD.
ÿƒB_ (\) ÔVÈ›Á> ÿ>πkVÔ¬ ÔV‚|D
(c.D) Ôı[ ÔΩ>D ®ø]™V[
ÿƒF√k[ á Ôı[
ÔÚs á #k_ (®ømºÔV_)
WÈD á ÷Ú©∏¶D
ÿƒB_ á ®øm>_
ÔVÈD á ÷≈Õ> ÔVÈD
ÿƒFÿ√VÚ^ - ÔΩ>D
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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68. z§©A sÁ™xuÆ : ÿƒF√kÁ™ \‚|D
ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ cÏ›] ∏≈kuÁ≈ z§©√VÔ cÏ›mD
sÁ™xuÆ z§©A sÁ™xuÆ ®™©√|D.
÷m ÔVÈ›Á> ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ cÏ›>Vm.
(c.D AÔºwÕ] ÿ√V[™[ ( ÿ√VÚ‚ÿ√BÏ )
ºkÈk[ \mÁ´BV[ ( ÷¶©ÿ√BÏ )
xÚÔ[ zu≈VÈ›>V™ (÷¶©ÿ√BÏ )
69. ∞k_ sÁ™xuÆ : ( ∞k_ á Ô‚¶Á· )
x[MÁÈ ÷¶›]_ c^·VÁ´ ŒÚ ÿƒBÁÈ ÿƒF•\VÆ
Ô‚¶Á·l|D ( ∞k_ ) sÁ™xuÆ ∞k_ sÁ™xuÆ
®™©√|D. ∞k_ sÁ™xuÆ x[MÁÈl_ \‚|D kÚD.
®]ÏÔVÈD ÔV‚|D. ŒÚÁ\© √[Á\Ôπ_ >M›>MBVÔ
kÚD.
x[MÁÈ á ¿, ¿Ï, ¿∫Ô^
( c.D ) ¿ º√V, ¿ √Ω, ¿ kV, ÔVßÏ, ¿Ï kVZÏ, ¿Ï kVøD.
70. sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xuÆ ; Ô, ÷B, ÷BÏ ®[–D sz]ÔÁ·
ÿ√uÆ kVµ›>_, Ák>_, s]›>_. ºkı¶_ g˛B
ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ_ kÚD sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xuÆÔ^ gzD.
sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xuÆÔ^ Js¶∫ÔπKD, nD√V_ÔπKD
kÚD.
( c.D )kVµÔ, ÿƒFÔ, ∂Ú^Ô, ŒaÔ, kVaBÏ, kVaB
º\uÔı¶ sz]Ô”¶[ ∂,÷, ∂_ ®[–D sz]ÔÁ·
ÿ√uÆ kÚD kVa á÷ kVw á ∂ s¶_ á ∂_
kVw_ á ∂_ (ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ )
71. c¶[√VuÆ sÁ™xuÆ ( \) ®]Ï\Á≈ sÁ™xuÆ
∂Á™›m sÁ™ xuÆÔ”D c¶[√V‚| ÿ√VÚπKD,
®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√VÚπKD kÚD.
ÿƒB_ WÔµkÁ> ÔV‚|km c¶[√V‚| sÁ™xuÆ
ÿƒB_ WÔwVÁ\ÁB ÔV‚|km ®]Ï\Á≈ sÁ™xuÆ
sÁ™xuÆ c¶[√V‚| s.x ®]Ï\Á≈ s.x
ÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™xuÆ ÿ>V|›>V[ ÿ>V|›]È[
∞k_ sÁ™xuÆ ÿƒ_TÏ ÿƒ_ÈVyÏ
sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xuÆ ÿƒV_KÔ ÿƒV_ÈuÔ
72. ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD : ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ∞uÆ ŒÚ ÿ>V¶Ï ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ°
ÿ√ÆD ®flƒ sÁ™flÿƒV_ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒ\VzD.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒD ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD
®™©√|D. ÿ√Bÿ´flƒDJ[Æ ÔVÈ∫Ôπ_ kÚD. ÷m
ÿ√ÚD√VKD ∂ ®[≈ sz] ÿ√uÆkÚD
( c. D ) kÕ> Á√B[ √V|˛≈ ÿ√ı º√∑D ˛π
kVøDzΩ
73. ÿ>ˆWÁÈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD : ÔVÈ›Á>•D, ÿƒBÁÈ•D cÏ›]
W[Æ ÿƒF√k[, ÔÚs WÈD, ÔVÈD, ÿƒFÿ√VÚ^ ®[–D
gÆkÁÔ ÿ√BÏÔ”D Œ[≈Á™¬ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒfl
ÿƒV_ ÿ>ˆWÁÈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD gzD.
√Ω›> \Vk[ √Ω¬˛[≈ \Vk[ √Ω¬zD \Vk[
√Ω›>, √Ω¬˛[≈, √Ω¬zD ®[–D ÿƒVuÔ^ ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ°
ÿ√≈s_ÁÈ.
∂Ák xÁ≈ºB x¬ÔVÈ›Á>•D √Ω›>_ ÿƒBÁÈ•D
cÏ›] W[Æ \Vk[ ®[–D ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ∞uÆ
ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ° ÿ√Æ˛[≈™.
74. z§©A ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD : ÔVÈ›Á>ºBV, ÿƒBÁÈºBV
cÏ›>V\_ √ı∏Á™ \‚|D cÏ›] W[Æ
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒfl ÿƒV_ z§©A
ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD gzD.
( c.D ) Â_È Á√B[ ∂w˛B \ÈÏ ∂wz á √ıA
~ÆÿÔ‚¶ ®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD : ~Æ á ~uÆ ®ø›m \Á≈Õm
~uÆ ®ø›m ÿÔ‚| kÚD ®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD ~ÆÿÔ‚¶
®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD ®™©√|D
÷m ®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√VÚÁ·› >ÚD
÷m g ®[–D ®ø›]_ xΩ° ÿ√u§Ú¬zD
gsuz ∂|›m ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÷Ú¬zD
( c.D) kV¶V \ÈÏ √V¶V Á√∫˛π
ºkı¶V á z©Á√ {¶Vz]Á´
75. sÁ™ÿBflƒD : xΩ° ÿ√≈V> ®flƒ sÁ™flÿƒV_ ŒÚ sÁ™
xu§Á™ ∞uÆ ÿ>V¶Ï ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ° ÿ√Ú\Vl[ ∂Àÿkflƒ
sÁ™ sÁ™ÿBflƒD ®™©√|D.
( c.D ) kÕm xΩ›>V[
sÁ™ xuÆ¬ÔÁ· >øs W[Æ ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ° >Ú\Vl[
∂m sÁ™ÿBflƒD ®™©√|D.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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÷m ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÷, c ®[–D sz]ÔÁ· ÿ√uÆ kÚD.
k´ ÿƒV[™V[ - sÁ™ÿBflƒD
Á√B[ - ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD ( ∂á sz] )
76. ÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™ÿBflƒD : ÔVÈ›Á>•D, ÿƒBÁÈ•D
cÏ›] W[Æ sÁ™xuÁ≈ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒ
sÁ™flÿƒV_ ÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™ÿBflƒD ®™©√|D.
√Ω›m xΩ›>V[, √Ω¬Ô ÿƒ[≈V[, √Ω©∏_
º>ÏflEBÁ¶Õ>V[
77. sÁ™BVÈÁ™•Dÿ√BÏ: ŒÚ sÁ™xuÆ sÁ™ÁB
cÏ›>Vm ∂ÀsÁ™¬zˆB ÔÚ›>VÁk cÏ›]
®økVBVÔ W[Æ ºkuÆÁ\ cÆ©AÔÁ· ∞uÆD, ∞uÔV\KD
kÚ\Vl™ ∂m sÁ™BVÈÁ™•D ÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.
sÁ™BVÈÁ™•D ÿ√BÏ J[Æ ÔVÈ∫ÔÁ·•D cÏ›mD.
xÚÔ[ √ˆ∑ ÿ√u≈V[
√ˆ∑ ÿ√u≈VÁ™ √V´V‚Ω™Ï
÷ÀsÚ ÿ>V¶ÏÔπKD ÿ√u≈V[ ®[≈ sÁ™flÿƒV_
kÕm^·m. x>_ ÿ>V¶ˆ_ c^· ÿ√u≈V[ ®[√m xÚÔ[
®[–D ®økVF¬z √BMÁÈBVÔ kÕm^·m.
÷´ı¶Vkm ÿ>V¶ˆ_ c^· ÿ√u≈VÁ™ ®[√m xÚÔÁ™
z§¬zD.
78. z§©A sÁ™ÿBflƒD: ÔVÈ›Á>ºBV, ÿƒBÁÈºBV
cÏ›>V\_ √ı∏[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÿ√VÚ^ cÏ›]
sÁ™xuÁ≈¬ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒfl ÿƒV_ z§©A
sÁ™ÿBflƒ\VzD.
(c.D ) ÿ\_È Â¶Õ>V[,ÿ√VÚπ[§ kVΩ™V[
xuÿ≈flƒD : ŒÚ sÁ™xuÆflÿƒV_ sÁ™ÿBflƒD
ÿ√VÚπ_ kÕm \uÿ≈VÚ sÁ™xuÁ≈¬ ÿÔVı| xΩkm
xuÿ≈flƒD gzD. xu≈VÔ ÷Ú¬zD ÿƒV_ ®flƒ© ÿ√VÚπ_
kw∫zkm xuÿ≈flƒD gzD.
÷´ı| sÁ™xuÆ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm kÕ>V_ ∂m xuÿ≈flƒD
√Ω›>™[ º>§™V[ ®ø]™[ xΩ›>V[ º>Ω™[
Ôı¶™[
ºkÏflÿƒV_
®Õ>ÿkVÚ ÿƒV_KD Ô‚¶Á· (∂) ∞kÈVÔ kÚkm
ºkÏflÿƒV_ ®™©√|D
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
30
ŒÚ ÿƒV_o[ √z]ºB ∂>[ ºkÏflÿƒV_ÈVÔ ÿ√ÚD√VKD
∂Á\•D.
kVµ›mºkVD - kVµ›m
kVµ>_, kVµ¬ÁÔ - kVµ
(®.ÔV.)
{| {Ω {ΩB {Ω™V[ {ΩBk[ {|>_ {|Ô
kÁ´ kÁ´Õm kÁ´Õ> kÁ´Õ>V[ kÁ´Õ>kÁ™ kÁ´>_ kÁ´Ô
√Ω √Ω›m √Ω›> √Ω›>V[ √Ω›>k[ √Ω›>_ √Ω¬Ô
Ô_ ÔuÆ Ôu≈ Ôu≈V[ Ôu≈k[ Ôu≈_ ÔuÔ
ºÂV¬z ºÂV¬˛ ºÂV¬˛B ºÂV¬˛™V[ ºÂV¬˛Bk[ºÂV¬z>_ ºÂV¬zÔ
s_ suÆ su≈ su≈V[ su≈k[ su≈_ suÔ
∂fi∑ ∂fiE ∂fiEB ∂fiE™V[ ∂fiEBk[ ∂fi∑>_ ∂fi∑Ô
Â| Â|∫˛ Â|∫˛B Â|∫˛™V[ Â|∫˛Bk[Â|∫z>_ Â|∫zÔ
ÌÆ Ì§ Ì§B Ì§™V[ Ì§Bk[ ÌÆ>_ ÌÆÔ
ÿÂV ÿÂVÕm ÿÂVÕ> ÿÂVÕ>V[ ÿÂVÕ>kÁ™
>V >Õm >Õ>V[ >Õ>VÁ™ >Ú>_ >ÚÔ
~‚|: ~‚Ω ~‚ΩB ~‚Ω™V[ ~‚ΩBkÁ™ ~‚|>_ ~‚|Ô
ºÔ^ ºÔ‚| ºÔ‚¶ ºÔ‚¶V[ ºÔ‚¶kÁ™ ºÔ‚¶_ ºÔ‚Ô
Az AzÕm AzÕ> AzÕ>V[ AzÕ>kÁ™ Az>_ AzÔ

81. ÿ>VÁÔ WÁÈ› ÿ>V¶Ï : ÿ√BÏﬂ ÿƒV_ºÈV|

sÁ™ﬂÿƒV_KD, ÿ√BÏﬂÿƒV_KD ºƒÚD ÿ>V¶ˆ[
÷Á¶l_ ºkuÆÁ\ cÆ©AÔº·V, √ıA, sÁ™
x>oBku§[ cÆ©AÔº·V
\Á≈Õm Wuz\V™V_ ∂>Á™ ÿ>VÁÔWÁÈ› ÿ>V¶Ï ®[Æ
ÌÆkÏ.
ÿ>VÁÔWÁÈ›ÿ>V¶Ï gÆ kÁÔ©√|D 1. sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔ
2. √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ 3. ckÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ 4. cDÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ
5. ∂[ÿ\Va›ÿ>VÁÔ 6. ºkuÆÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ

82. sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔ : ÔVÈD ÔV‚|D ÷Á¶WÁÈ•D, ÿ√Bÿ´ﬂƒ

sz]•D \Á≈Õm kÚD ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔ
®™©√|D. J[Æ ÔVÈ›]uzD ÿ√VÚÕ]
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÈV_>øk_ ÿ√uÆ kÚD ÿ>V¶Ï¬z
sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ
sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔl_ ÷´ı| ÿƒVuÔ^ ÷Ú¬zD
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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x>_ ÿƒV_ sÁ™flÿƒV_ÈVÔ°D, ÷´ı¶Vkm ÿƒV_
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÈVÔ°D ÷Ú¬zD
cD. ∑| ºƒVÆ, ÿ√V∫z >V\Á´
k·Ï∏Á≈, ÿƒ_o¶D. cÁ≈WÈD, cBÏ ®ıD x]Ï \]
83. √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ : √ıA© ÿ√BÚ¬zD ∂m >øs WuzD
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_K¬zD ÷Á¶ºB Á\ ®[–D √ıA sz]•D
g˛B, g™ ®[–D √ıA cÆ©AÔ”D \Á≈Õm kÚkm
√ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ ®™©√|D.
x›>tµ : J[Æ + >tµ, ÿƒÕ>V\Á´, k‚¶©√ÈÁÔ
84. ÷Ú ÿ√Bÿ´V‚| √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ : E≈©A ÿ√BÏ x[–D,
ÿ√Vm© ÿ√BÏ ∏[–D W[Æ ÷Á¶l_ g˛B ®[ÆD √ıA
cÆ©A \Á≈Õm kÚkm ÷Ú ÿ√Bÿ´‚| √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ
gzD.
÷\B ÿ√VÚ©A - ÷\BD ÿ√VÚ©A
\_oÁÔ©Ø - \_oÁÔ Ø
Á> ]∫Ô^ - Á> ]∫Ô^
∂s c° - ∂s c°
85. ckÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ : ckÁ\¬zD ÿ√VÚ”¬zD ÷Á¶l_
º√VÈ, º√V[≈, WÔ´ , ∂[™ ®[–D ck\ cÆ©AÔ”^ Œ[Æ
\Á≈Õm WuÔ kÚkm c. ÿ>V ®™©√|D.
ckÁ\ - ÿ√VÚ^
\ÈÏÔ^ - \ÈÏ º√V[≈ Ôı
\ÈÏ ∂Ω - \ÈÏ º√V[≈ ∂Ω
86. cÚkÔD : ÷_ÈV> Œ[Á≈ tÁÔ©√|›] ÌÆkm cÚkÔD.
÷]_ckÁ\ ÿƒV_o[ ÷Æ]l_ kÚD.
87. ckÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ :
1. º>[ÿ\Va - ÿ\Va›º>[
2. ÿ√VuABD - ABDÿ√V[
3. suAÚkD - AÚks_
4. ∂[Á™› >tµ- >tµ ∂[Á™
88. cDÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ :
÷Ú ÿƒVuÔ”¬z ÷Á¶lKD ÷Æ]lKD cD ®[–D
÷Á¶flÿƒV_ \Á≈Õm kÚkm cDÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ gzD.
cu≈VÏ c≈s™Ï - cu≈VÚD c≈s™ÚD
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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nÕ>Ω ÂV[z ∂∫z·D - nÕ>Ω•D ÂV[z ∂∫z·xD
ºƒ´ ºƒVw √VıΩBÏ - ºƒ´ÚD ºƒVwÚD √VıΩBÚD
89. ®ıbDÁ\ : ı + cD
cD ®[–D ÷Á¶flÿƒV_ ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ kÕ>V_∂m
®ıbDÁ\. ∑Á™Ô”D - AÁ™Ô”D, ÔuAD - ÔV>KD,
g¬ÔxD - ºÔ|D
90. E≈©A ®ıbDÁ\ : c¶–D ®[–D ÿƒV_ ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ
kÕm ∂m E≈©A ®ıbDÁ\ ®™©√|D.
( c.D ) kV–¶–D Ô¶°·¶–D
91. cBÏ° E≈©ADÁ\ : ÷–D ®[–D ÿƒV_ ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ
kÕ>V_ ∂m cBÏ° E≈©ADÁ\ ®™©√|D.
º>M–D, kVM–D, WÈ›]–D, √VÁ≈•–D, ¿ˆ–D
xuÆDÁ\ : ŒÚ ÿƒV_o_ \‚|D cD ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ kÚD
BVÚ¬zD, BVÁk•D, s´_Ô^ √›mD, ºÔV^ÔπKD
92. ºkuÆÁ\› ÿ>VÁÔ : ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_o[ ÿ√VÚ^
ºkÆ√|kÁ> ºkuÆÁ\ ®™©√|D. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿ√VÚ^
ºkuÆÁ\ÁB cı¶V¬zD cÚA ºkuÆÁ\ cÚA
®™©√|D.
ºkuÆÁ\ 8 kÁÔ©√|D.
94. ºkuÆÁ\ cÚA
x>ÈVD ºkuÆÁ\ - ∂økVF ºkuÆÁ\
÷´ı¶VD ºkuÆÁ\- n
J[≈VD ºkuÆÁ\ á g_, g[, {|, {|
ÂV[ÔVD ºkuÆÁ\- z
nÕ>VD ºkuÆÁ\ á ÷[, ÷_
g≈VD ºkuÆÁ\ á ∂m, gm , ∂
∞wVD ºkuÆÁ\ á Ôı, ÷¶D, c^ˇµ, º\_ ÔV_
®‚¶VD ºkuÆÁ\ - Ôı, ÷¶D, c^ˇµ, º\_ ÔV_
( c.D ) ÿƒ[Á™ ÿƒ[≈V[
95. x>_ ºkuÆÁ\ : ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆ_ ŒÚ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÷B_√VÔ
kÕm ®økVBVÔ ÿ√VÚ^ >Ú\Vl[ ∂m x>ÈVD ºkuÆÁ\
®™©√|D. ÷>Á™ ®økVF ºkuÆÁ\ ®™°D ÌÆkÏ.
(®.ÔV) >V\Á´ √VΩ™V^
96. >V\Á´ ®[–D ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ®økVBVzD. ÷m √VΩ™V^
®[–D sÁ™flÿƒV_ÁÈ √BMÁÈBVÔ ÿ√uÆ ÿ√VÚ^
>ÚD º√Vm ®Às> ºkÆ√V|t[§ ÷B_√VÔ Wu˛≈m.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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÷´ı¶VD ºkuÆÁ\ : ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_o[ ÿ√VÚÁ·
ÿƒB©√|ÿ√VÚ·VÔ ºkÆ √|›>km 2D ºkuÆÁ\ ®™©√|D.
÷>Á™ ÿƒBu√|ÿ√VÚ^ ºkuÆÁ\ ®™°D ÌÆkÏ
÷m (g¬Ô_,∂a›>_, ¿›>_, Œ›>_, cÁ¶B g˛B gÆkÁÔ
ÿ√VÚπ_ kÚD.
÷·kÉ T| ∂Á¶Õ>V^ - ÷·kÉ T‚Á¶ ∂Á¶Õ>V^
k·k[ √^π Ô‚Ω™V[ - g¬Ô_
ºƒVw™ √ÁÔkÏ ∂a›>V[ - ∂a›>_
zÔ[ E™D s|›>V[ - ¿›>_
ÔB_sa zl_ º√V[≈k^ - Œ©∏|>_
ÔVÏº\ÔD ÿƒ_kD cÁ¶Bk[ - cÁ¶Á\
97. J[≈VD ºkuÆÁ\ : ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_o[ ÿ√VÚÁ· ÔÚs
ÿ√VÚ·VÔ°D, ÔÚ›>V ÿ√VÚ·VÔ°D c¶MÔµflE©
ÿ√VÚ·VÔ°D ºkÆ©√|›mkm. 3ágD
ºkuÆÁ\BVzD.
ÔÚs©ÿ√VÚπ_ ( ÿÔVı| ®[–D ÿƒV_KD c¶MÔµflE
ÿ√VÚπ_ ( c¶[ ) ®[–D ÿƒV_KD ÿƒV_KÆ©AÔ·VÔ
kÚD {Ï ®økVl[ ÿƒBK¶[ ∏ˆÿ>V[≈V™m ÿƒBKD
c¶[ WÔµkm c¶MÔµflE ÿ√VÚ^ ®™©√|D.
º√™V ®ø]™V[ - º√™V ÿÔVı| ®ø]™V[
ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï T| Ô‚¶©√‚¶m - ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÔÚ›>V_ ÿ√VÚ·VÔ
\VÆ>_
ÂVF z‚Ω ÿƒ[≈m - ÂV•¶[ z‚Ωÿƒ[≈m ±_
Á>›>V[ - gÆxÔ[ k_oÁ\ ÿƒ[≈V^
98. ÂV[ÔVD ºkuÆÁ\ ÿ>VÁÔ :
ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ^ z ®[–D ºkuÆÁ\ cÚÁ√ ∞uÆ ÿ√VÚ^
ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ cÏ›m\Vl[ ∂m ÂV[ÔVD ºkuÆÁ\
®™©√|D. ÷m ÿÔVÁ¶, √ıA, Â‚A, >Ô°, ∂mkV>_,
ÿ√VÚ‚|, xÁ≈, ®_ÁÈ ®™ √È ÿ√VÚπ_ kÚD.
1. ºÂV√_ √ˆ∑ >VÌÏ g_ kw∫Ô©ÿ√u≈máÿÔVÁ¶
2. AÁÔ›>_ \M>[ √ÁÔ á √ÁÔ
3. √VˆÂı√Ï Ô∏ÈÏ á Â‚A
4. Ôı ∂ËÔÈ[ ÔıºV‚¶D á >z]
5. >lÏ √V_ kw∫˛™V[ - ∂mkV>_
6. ÂV‚Ω[ s|>ÁÈ √V|√‚¶™Ï. ÿ√VÚ‚|
7. k·k[ >∫ÁÔ k·Ï\] á zÁ≈
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
34
8. ÿƒ[Á™ ÿƒ[≈V[ á ®_ÁÈ
9. z √]ÈVÔ ÿ√VÚ‚|, Wt›>D ®[√™
ÿƒV_KÆ©AÔ·VÔ kÚD
( c.D ) 1. Ìo ºkÁÈ ÿƒF>V[
2. ºkÁÈl[ Wt›>D ∂BŸÏ ÿƒ[≈V[
99. nÕ>VD ºkuÆÁ\:
ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ”¶[ ( ÷[, ÷_ ) ®[–D ºkuÆÁ\
cÆ©AÔ^ ºƒÏÕm ÿ√VÚÁ· ºkÆ√|›mkm 5D ºku≈Á\
gzD. ÷m ( ¿∫Ô_, Œ©A, ®_ÁÈ, ∞m) g˛B ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ_
kÚD ÷_ ®[–D cÚA 3D ºkuÆÁ\l_ ¿∫Ô_, Œ©A, ∞m
g˛B ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ_ kÚD.
÷m 7D ºkuÆÁ\l_ ÷¶©ÿ√VÚπ_ kÚD
( c.D ) ÿÔVÁ¶l_ E≈Õ>k[ z\™[ á Œ©A
√wWl[ ˛w¬z \mÁ´ á ®_ÁÈ
∂§° (÷_) t¬ÔkÏ Œ·ÁkBVÏ á ∞m ( cBÏ° )
TÁ kVE©√]_ k_Èk[ - ÷_
÷ÚÕm, W[Æ, s¶, ÔV‚ΩKD ®[√™ 5D ºkuÆÁ\¬zˆB
ÿƒV_KÆ©AÔ·VzD.
100. g≈VD ºkuÆÁ\ :
∂m, gm, ∂ ®[–D cÆ√A¬Ô^ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ∞uÆ,
ÿ√VÚ^ ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ cÏ›m\Vl™ ∂m 6DºkuÆÁ\
gzD.
÷m ˛wÁ\ ( cˆÁ\ ) ÿ√VÚπ_ kÚD
Ô∏ÈÏ √V‚| á Ô∏È´m √V‚| á cˆÁ\
ÔÕ>[ T| á cˆÁ\
\ÁÈ k·D á \ÁÈBm k·D
sÁ™ √B[ á sÁ™l™m √B[
\ÁÈ cflE á \ÁÈl™m cflE
cÁ¶B ®[√m g≈VD ºkuÆÁ\¬z cˆB ÿƒV_KÆ©√VzD.
gEˆBÏ ÷Ú¬ÁÔ á gEˆBÚÁ¶B ÷Ú¬ÁÔ
Âı√Ï ÷_ÈD - Âı√ÚÁ¶B ÷_ÈD
101. ∞wVD ºkuÆÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ :
Ôı, ÷¶D, c[, ˇµ , ÷_, º\_, ÔV_ ®[–D cÆ©AÔ^
ºƒÏÕm ÿ√VÚ^ ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ >Ú\Vl[ ∂m 7 D ºkuÆÁ\
®™©√|D.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
35
\ÁÈ JoÁÔ á \ÁÈ¬Ôı JoÁÔ
T| ºƒVÁÈ c^·m á T‚Ω_ ºƒVÁÈ c^·m
∏≈Ï √ÁÔ ÿÔV^·Vm á ∏≈ˆ¶D √ÁÔ ÿÔV^·Vº>
>ÁÈ ∑Á\ á >ÁÈ º\_ ∑Á\
ÿ√‚Ω √D cÁ¶Bm - ÿ√‚Ω¬z^ √D cÁ¶Bm
Ô‚Ω_ ÂVF √|›m^·m - Ô‚Ωo[ ˇµ ÂVF √|›m^·m.
102. ®‚¶VD ºkuÆÁ\ ÿ>VÁÔ :
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ sa›>_ ( ∂Áw›>_) ÿ√VÚπ[ ºkÆ√‚|
kÚkm ®‚¶VD ºkuÆÁ\. ÷>Á™ sπ ºkuÆÁ\ ®[√Ï.
∂ıV kVµÔ, Âı√V √Ω, ÔÕ>V kÚÔ
103. ∂[ÿ\Va›ÿ>VÁÔ
nÕm ÿ>VÁÔÔ^ ( sÁ™ , √ıA, cDÁ\, ckÁ\,
ºkuÆÁ\) ÿ>VÁÔ A≈›º> ∂_ÈV> EÈ ÿ\VaÔ^ ( ÿƒV_ )
\Á≈ÕmW[Æ ÿ√VÚ^ >Úkm ∂[ÿ\Va›ÿ>VÁÔ BVzD.
(®.ÔV) ÿ√Vuÿ≈VΩ kÕ>V^
ÿ√Vuÿ≈VΩ á ÿ√V[™V_ g™ kÁ·B_
ÿ√V[ + kÁ·B_ = >∫Ô›>V_ g™ kÁ·B_
ÿ√V[™V_ g™ kÁ·BÁÈ ∂ËÕ> ÿ√ı kÕ>V^
÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ[ x>o_ c^· ÿ√Vuÿ≈VΩ ®[–D ÿ√BÏ
ÿ√V[™V_ g™ kÁ·B_ ®[–D ÿ√VÚÁ·› >ÚD. 3D
ºkuÆÁ\ cÚAD √B–D c¶[ ÿ>V¬Ô¬ ÿ>VÁÔBVzD.
÷›ÿ>V¶Ï kÕ>V^ ®[√m sÁ™flÿƒV_ÁÈ >øs Wu√>V_
ÿ√V[™V_ g™ kÁ·BÁÈ ∂ËÕ> ÿ√ kÕ>V^ ®™
ÿ√VÚ^ >Ú˛≈m.
104. ∂|¬z› ÿ>V¶Ï :
sÁ´°, ÿkzπ, \˛µflE, ∂flƒD, ∂kÈD, x>oB ÿ√VÚ^
WÁ≈Õ> ÿƒF•π_ ÷Áƒ WÁ≈¬zD ( {Áƒ) ŒÚ ÿƒV_ 2,3,4
xÁ≈ ∂|¬˛ kÚ>_ ∂|¬z› ÿ>V¶Ï gzD.
∂|¬˛ kÚD ÿƒVuÔÁ· ∏ˆ›>V_ ÿ√VÚ^ >ÚD.
( cD. ) kVµÔ kVµÔ, ∂kÏ ∂kÏ, √u√È
105. ÷´‚Á¶¬˛·s :
∏ˆ¬Ô xΩBV> ÷´‚Á¶fl ÿƒVuÔ·V_ ºƒÏÕm ŒÚ›>[Á\
√‚| W[Æ sÁ™¬z ∂Á¶ÿ\VaBVF z§©A ÿ√VÚ^
cÏ›] kÚkm ÷´‚Á¶ ˛·s gzD.
÷m ÷´‚Á¶fl ÿƒV_ÈVÔºk kÚD. ÷´ı| xÁ≈ \‚|º\
∂|¬˛ kÚD ( ∏ˆ›>V_ ÿ√VÚ^ >´Vm)

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(c.D) ¿Ï ƒÈƒÈ ®™ {ΩuÆ.
\VkÏÔ^ ÔÈÔÈ ®™ Eˆ›>™Ï.
\´D \¶\¶ ®™ x§Õ>m
106. ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ‚ √[ÿ\Va :
ÿ√VÚ^ E≈©A¬ÔVÔ ŒÚ ÿ√VÚÁ·¬ z§¬Ô √È ÿƒVuÔ^
kÚkm ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ‚ √[ÿ\Va gzD.
*tÁƒ QVlÆ, {∫˛ cBÏÕ> \´D, ÿƒVu√>D, za >VµÕm
107. cˆflÿƒV_ :
ƒVÈ, cÆ, >k, ÂM, ÌÏ, Ôa, ÔΩ, \V, >¶ ®[–D ÿƒVuÔ^
tz] ®[–D z›Á> cBÏ›] ÿ√BÏ sÁ™Ô”¬z
cˆÁ\ Øı|kÚkm cˆflÿƒV_ÈVzD.
ƒVÈ© ÿ√ˆm, cÆ ÿ√VÚ^, ÂMº√E™V[, ÌÏº> ,
\VÔsÁ>, ÔΩÂÔÏ,
108. gzÿ√BÏ : gzÿ√BÏ 16 kÁÔ©√|D
ÿ√VÚ·Vzÿ√BÏ ( ∂) x>ÈVzÿ√BÏ
ŒÚ xø©ÿ√VÚπ™ ÿ√BÏ∂>Á™fl ∑‚¶Vm ∂>[ cÆ©A¬z
g˛ kÚkm ÿ√B´Vzÿ√BÏ (∂) x>ÈVz ÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.
( cD) ØƒË ƒVD√VÏ ∑ÁkBVÔ ÷ÚÕ>m
ÿ√VÚ^ EÁ™¬z g˛ kÚkm ÿ√VÚ·Vzÿ√BÏ
ØƒË ®[–D ÿƒV_ ØƒË ÿƒΩBV˛B xø© ÿ√VÚÁ·
z§©√m. g™V_ ÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ ƒVD√VÏ ∑ÁkBVÔ ÷ÚÕ>m
®[–D z§©√V_ ØƒË ®[–D ÿƒV_ xø©ÿ√VÚÁ·
z§¬ÔVm ∂>[ {Ï cÆ©A ØƒË¬ÔVÁB cÏ›m¬˛≈m.
109. ÷¶kVzÿ√BÏ : {Ï ÷¶›][ ÿ√BÏ ∂Õ> ÷¶›º>V|
ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛kÚkm ÷¶kVzÿ√BÏ
®™©√|D.
~º´V| ®[™ sÁÈ ? : ÷¶D ( \fiƒ^ ®[–D ÿ√VÚÁ·¬
z§¬˛≈m)
÷¶D ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÚkm :
ÿƒ[Á™ \˛µÕ>má ÿƒ[Á™ \¬Ô^
÷Õ]BV ÿk[≈m - ÷Õ]B ∂Ë
ÔVÕ]l[ \Á≈kV_ cÈÔD kÚÕ]Bm (\¬Ô^)
∂|¬˛ kÚD ÿƒVuÔÁ· ∏ˆ›>V_ ÿ√VÚ^ >ÚD.
( cD. ) kVµÔ kVµÔ, ∂kÏ ∂kÏ, √u√È
110. ÔVÈkVzÿ√BÏ : ÔVÈ© ÿ√BÏ ∂¬ÔVÈ›º>V| ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B
ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÚkm ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ Ø›m^·m.

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ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ ®[–D ]∫Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏ Ø›>m ®[–D √BMÁÈ
ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ \V>›]_ \ÈÏÕ> \ÈÁ´ cÏ›m˛≈m.
ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ ®[√m ∂›]∫Ôπ_ \ÈÚD \ÈÚ¬Ô ÿ√B´V˛
kÕ>>V_ ÔVÈkVz ÿ√BÏ gluÆ
111. EÁ™BVz ÿ√BÏ : EÁ™l[ÿ√BÏ x>_ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛
kÚkm EÁ™ gz ÿ√BÏ
ÿku§ÁÈ ÿƒΩ Â‚¶V[
÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ c^· ÿku§ÁÈ ®[√m EÁ™BV˛B ÷ÁÈÁB
z§¬ÔV\_ ∂>[ x>_ ÿ√VÚ·V˛B ÿÔVΩ¬z g˛ kµ>>V_
÷m EÁ™ gz ÿ√B´VluÆ.
112. √ı√Vzÿ√BÏ : ŒÚ √ıA©ÿ√BÏ ∂©√ıÁ√ ÿÔVı¶
ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÚkm √ı√Vzÿ√BÏ
(c.D) ÿƒkÁÈÁB kıΩl_ Ø‚|
ÿƒkÁÈ ®[√m Ek©A W≈›Á> z§¬zD √ıA©ÿ√BÏ
kıΩl_ Ø‚| ®[–D z§©√V_ ÿƒkÁÈ ®[√m Ek©A
W≈›]_ ∂Á\Õ> ®ÚÁ> z§¬˛≈m.
113. ÿ>VaÈVzÿ√BÏ : ŒÚ ÿ>Vao[ ÿ√BÏ ∂›ÿ>VaÈV_
ÿ√≈©√|D ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÚkm ÿ>VaÈVzÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.
(c.D) ÿ√V§B_ ∑ÁkBVF ÷ÚÕ>m.
ÿ√VˆB_ ®[–D ÿƒV_ ÿ√Vˆ›>_ ÿ>VaÁÈ z§©√>V_
∂ﬂÿƒB_ JÈD ÿ√≈©√‚¶ ÿ√VÚ^ ∑ÁkBVF ÷ÚÕ>m ®[–D
z§©√V_ ÷m ÿ>VaÈVzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.
114. ®ıÈ·ÁkBVz ÿ√BÏ : (c.D ) ±Æ ®[™ sÁÈ
±Æ ®[–D ®ıË[ ÿ√BÏ ∂ÀÿkıË¬ÁÔ cÁ¶B
ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÿ√B´V˛ kÚk>V_ ÷m ®ıÈ·Ák gzÿ√BÏ
gluÆ.
115. ®|›>È·Ák gzÿ√BÏ : (c.D) ˛ºÈV ®[™ sÁÈ
˛ºÈV ®[–D ®|›>_ ( WÆ›>_ ∂·Ák ) ∂·Ák©ÿ√BÏ
∂ÕWÁ≈ÁB cÁ¶B ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÿ√B´V˛ kÕ>>V_ ÷m
®|›>ÈÁk gzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.
116. xÔ›>_ ∂·Ák : 3 o‚¶Ï ÿÔV|
o‚¶Ï ®[–D xÔ›>_ ∂·Ák ÿ√BÏ ∂Àk·Ák z§¬ÔV\_
∂Àk·kV˛B √V_ º√V[≈ ¿Ï\ ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÕ>>V_ ∂m
xÔ›]_ ∂·Ák gzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.
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117. ¿‚¶_ ∂·Ák gzÿ√BÏ : (cD) c|©√m ÂV[z xwD
xwD ®[–D ¿‚¶_ ∂·Ák© ÿ√BÏ c|©√m ®[–D gÁ¶Ô^
ÿ√B´V˛ kÕ>>V_ ∂m ¿‚¶_ ∂·Ák gzÿ√BÏ gluÆ
(cD) 1. Œ[Æ ÿÔV| - ®ıÈ·Ák
2. 2 o‚¶Ï º>Ák - xÔ›>_ ∂·Ák
3. ŒÚ \VD√wD ÿÔV| - ®ıË¬ÁÔ
4. 2 o‚¶Ï ÿÂF º>Ák - xÔ›>_
5. ÂV[z ˛ºÈV >V - ®|›>È·Ák
6. 5 xwD ºkı|D - ¿‚¶_ ∂·Ák
7. \_oÁÔ xwD ®ı sÁÈ - ¿‚¶_
118. ÿƒV_ÈVzÿ√BÏ : >D∏ ®[ ÿƒV_ÁÈ¬ ºÔ‚¶V[
ÿƒV_ ®[–D ÿ√BÏ ºÔ‚√V[ ®[–D z§©√V_ ®ø›mÔ·V˛B
ÿƒV_ÁÈ¬ z§¬ÔV\_ ∂§°Á´¬z g˛ kÕ>>V_ ÷m
ÿƒV_ÈVzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.
119. >VMBVzÿ√BÏ : (cD) √VÁÈ kıΩl_ ∞uÆ
√V_ ®[–D ¿Ï\ ÿ√VÚ^ ∞uÆ ®ıbD z§©√V_ √V_
Ák¬Ô©√‚ΩuzD >V™\V˛B (÷¶D ) z¶›]uz g˛ kÚkm
>VMBVz ÿ√BÏ gzD.
120. ÔÚsBVzÿ√BÏ : (cD) zw_ ºÔ‚| \˛µÕ>V[
zw_ ®[√m A_ÈV∫zw_ ®[–D ÷Áƒ¬ÔÚs gzD.
÷ﬂÿƒV_ ∂¬ÔÚsÁB z§©∏‚¶m ∂¬ÔÚsl[ ÔVˆB\VzD.
÷MB ÷Áƒ¬z g˛ kÕ>V_ ÷m ÔÚsBV˛ÿ√B´VluÆ.
(cD) TÁ ºÔ‚| \˛µÕ>V[.
121. ÔVˆBkVzÿ√BÏ : (cD) ƒ¬] ƒÁ\B_ Ôu≈V^
ƒÁ\B_ ®[–D ÔVˆB›][ ÿ√BÏ ∂>[ ÔV´›]uz ÿ√B´V˛
kÕm^·m. ÷ÀkVÆ ÔVˆB›][ ÿ√BÏ ÷¬ÔV´›]uz
g˛kÚkm ÔVˆBkVzÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.
122. ÔÚ›>Vzÿ√BÏ : ∂wÔ–¬z ]Úk^”kÏ \™©√V¶D
]Ú¬z≈Á· ®ø]B ÔÚ›>Vs[ ÿ√BÏ ]Úk^”kÏ ®[√>VzD.
÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ ]Úk^”kÏ ®[–D ÿ√BÏ ∂kÁ´¬ z§¬ÔVm
∂k´V_ ®ø>©√‚¶ ]Ú¬z≈”¬z g˛ kÕ>>V_ ÷m
ÔÚ›>Vzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.
123. ckÁ\BVzÿ√BÏ : (cD) √VÁk gΩ™V^
√VÁk º√V[≈ ÿ√ı gΩ™V^.
√VÁk ®[–D ÿƒV_ ∂w˛B √mÁ\ÁB z§¬zD.
÷]_ gΩ™V^ ®[–D z§©√V^ √VÁk º√V[≈ ÿ√ıb¬z
g˛ kÕm^·m. ®™ºk . ÷m ckÁ\BVz ÿ√BÏ gluÆ.

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÷È¬Ô©º√Vo
124 {Ï ®ø›m WuÔ ºkıΩB ÷¶›]_ \uÿ≈VÚ ®ø›m kÕ>VKD
ÿ√VÚ^ \VÆ√¶s_ÁÈBVl[ ∂>Á™ º√Vo ®[√Ï.
(®.ÔV)
÷È¬Ô kw¬z ÷È¬Ô© º√Vo
1. >Áƒ - ƒÁ>
2. ÷_x[ - x[§_
3. \ÓM á OM \´D
4. A≈ cÈV á cÈVA≈D
5. ÂÔÏA≈D á A≈ÂÔÏ
6. ÔV_kVF á kVF¬ÔV_
7. ÿÔVDA OM á OM¬ÿÔVDA
º\uÔı¶ º√VoÔ^ x[ ∏[™VÔ ÿ>V¬Ô º√VoÔ^ gzD.
125. x>uº√Vo
ÿƒV_o[ x>_ ®ø›m ]ˆÕm ÿ√VÚ^ ºkÆ√¶V\_ kÚkm
x>uº√Vo.
(cD )
kw¬ÔD - º√Vo
\l_ Á\B_
\fi∑ Á\fi∑
126. ÷Á¶©º√Vo
ÿƒVuÔπ[ ÷Á¶l_ c^· ®ø›m¬Ô^ ]ˆÕm ÿ√VÚ^
ºkÆ√¶V\_ kÚkm ÷Á¶©º√Vo ®™©√|D.
∂ÉB_ ∂ÁÉB_
x´∑ xÁ´∑
127. ÔÁ¶©º√Vo ∂_Èm ~uÆ©º√Vo
ÿƒVuÔπ[ ÷Æ] ®ø›m¬Ô^ \V§ W[Æ ÿ√VÚ^ ºkÆ√¶V\_
kÚkm ÔÁ¶©º√Vo (∂) ~uÆ©º√Vo ®™©√|D.
∂≈D - ∂≈[ √Õ>_ - √Õ>Ï
WÈD - WÈ[ ∂ÔD - ∂Ô[
128. xuÆ©º√Vo
ÿƒV_o[ ∂Á™›m ®ø›m¬Ô”D \V§ W[Æ ÿ√VÚ^
ºkÆ√¶V\_ kÚkm xuÆ©º√Vo ®™©√|D.
nÕm ∂fi∑
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129. \‘c
÷È¬ÔD EÁ>Õm ÿƒV_o[ kΩkD \V§ kw∫zD ]ˆÕ>
ÿƒVuÔÁ· ƒV[º≈VÏ ∞uÆ¬ ÿÔVı| \‘c ®™¬ Ì§•^·™Ï.
÷ . kw¬ÔD ÷. º√Vo
1. ®[ >VF - ®Õ>VF
2. BVÏ á gÏ
3. OD >ÕÁ> á OÕÁ>
4. ºƒVwÂV| á ºƒV™V|
5. ]ÚflE´V©√^π á ]ÚflE
6. ]ÚÿÂ_ºko á ÿÂ_ÁÈ
7. ÂVÔ©√‚Ω™D á ÂVÁÔ
BV©∏È¬ÔD
130. BV©A cÆ©AÔ^ : gÆ - ®ø›m, ∂Áƒ, ÊÏ , >ÁÈ, ∂Ω, ÿ>VÁ¶,
131. ®ø›m
®ø›m¬ÔÁ· z§_, ÿÂΩ_, ŒuÆ ®™ J[Æ kÁÔBVÔ
BV©∏È¬Ô›]_ ÌÆ>_ ®ø›m ∂Áƒ¬z cÆ©√VÔ kÚD
132. ∂Áƒ
z§_, ÿÂΩ_, ŒuÆ ®[–D ®ø›m¬Ô·V_ ∂Áƒ¬Ô©√|k>V_
∂Áƒ ®™©√|D.
∂Áƒ ÷´ı| kÁÔ©√|D : 1 ºÂ´Áƒ 2. WÁ´BÁƒ
133. ∂. ºÂ´Áƒ :
z§_ >M›mD Œu≈|›mD, ÿÂΩ_ >M›mD Œu≈|›mD kÚkm
ºÂ´Áƒ gzD.
>M¬z§_ ÿƒV_o[ x>o_ kÕm ºÂ´Áƒ gÔVm
ÿƒV_K¬z x>o_ kÚD z§_ ∂|›m ŒuÆ kÕ>V_ \‚|º\
ºÂ´Áƒ gzD.
134. g. WÁ´BÁƒ :
z§_ ÷ÁÕmD (√¶) z§_ ÷ÁÕm Œu≈|›mD (√¶D)
z§_ ÿÂΩ_ ÷ÁÕmD(√¶V)
z§_ ÿÂΩ_ ÷ÁÕm Œu≈|›m ( √¶VD ) kÚkm WÁ´BÁƒ
135. ÊÏ :
∂ÁƒÁB >™¬z cÆ©√VÔ ÿÔVı| kÚkm ÊÏ ®™©√|D
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136. ∂) {´ÁƒflÊÏ :
ÿkı√Vs[ ~u§_ ºÂ´Áƒ, WÁ´BÁƒ c^· ∞º>–D Œ[Æ
>M›m W[Æ Ê´VF ∂Á\•D ∂Ák ∂ÁƒflÊÏ ®™©√|D.
(cD) >V™D >kt´ı|D >∫Ô sB–ÈÔD
kV™D kw∫ÔV ÿ>M[
ÿ>M[ - WÁ´ - kVF√V| - \ÈÏ
ºÂ´Áƒ - kVF√V| - ÂV^
137. g. ~´ÁƒflÊÏ
ºÂÏ, WÁ´ ®[–D ∂ÁƒÔ^ ÷´ı| ÷´ı¶VÔ ÷ÁÕm kÚD
ÊÏÔ^ ~´ÁƒflÊÏ ®™©√|D.
ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = º>\V WÁ´ + WÁ´ = ÔÚs·D
WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V ºÂÏ + WÁ´ = Ìs·D
÷Ák ÷BuÊÏ ®™°D, gEˆB©√V°¬z cˆB>V_ gEˆB
cˆflÊÏ ®™°D kw∫Ô©√|˛≈m.
138. ÷. JkÁƒflÊÏ
~´ÁƒflÊÏ ÂV[ºÔV| ºÂ´Áƒ, WÁ´BÁƒ g˛B ÷´ı¶Á™•D
>M›>MBVÔ ÷Æ]l_ ºƒÏ›>V_ JkÁƒflÊÏ ®‚¶VÔ cÚkVzD.
÷Ák ÔVF ®™ xΩk™ ÂV[zD ÔM ®™ xΩÿk™ ÂV[zD
c^·™.
139. ~. ÔVFflÊÏ
ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = º>\V∫ÔVF
WÁ´ + ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V∫ÔVF
WÁ´ + WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = ÔÚs·∫ÔVF
ºÂÏ + WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Ìs·∫ÔVF
÷flÊÏÔ^ ÿkı√Vsuz c§B>V_ ÿkı√V cˆflÊÏ
140. c. ÔMflÊÏ
ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ + WÁ´ = º>\V∫ÔM
WÁ´ + ºÂÏ + WÁ´ = Aπ\V∫ÔM
WÁ´ + WÁ´ + WÁ´ = ÔÚs·∫ÔM
ºÂÏ + WÁ´ + WÁ´ = Ìs·∫ÔM
÷Ák kfiE©√Vsuz cˆB>V_ kfiE cˆflÊÏ ®™°D kw∫Ô©
ÿ√ÆD.
(cD) ∂Ô´ x>È ®ø›ÿ>_ÈVD g]
√Ôk[ x>uº≈ cÈz
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141. 1. ∂Ô´ = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V
2. x>È = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V
3. ®ø›ÿ>_ÈVD = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V∫ÔVF
4. g] = ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = º>\V
5. √Ôk[ = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V
6. x>uº≈ = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V
7. cÈz = WÁ´ +A = WÁÁ = ∏≈©A
142. >Á·
ÊÏ Œ[º≈V| Œ[Æ Ô‚|©√‚| WuzD WÁÈ >Á· ®™©√|D
>Á· 7 kÁÔ©√|D
143. ºÂÏ Œ[§B gEˆB >Á· :
\V x[ ºÂÏ kÚkm ºÂÿ´[§B gEˆB >Á·
144. WÁ´ Œ[§B gEˆB >Á· :
(cD) s·x[ WÁ´ kÚkm
145. ÷BuÊÏ ÿkı¶Á· ( ÿkı√V )
Ìs·D x[ ºÂÏ kÚkm
÷m WÁ´ Œ[§B, gEˆB >Á·¬z \V≈VÔ ∂Á\Õm^·
146. ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶Á· (ÿkı√V )
ÔVF x[ ºÂÏ kÚkm ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶Á·
(cD) BV>V–D ÂV¶V\V_
ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ ºÂÏ
º>\V∫ÔVF x[ ºÂÏ
÷BuÊÏ, ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶Á·•D ÿkı√Vsuz cˆBÁk
147. Ôo›>Á· (Ôo©√V)
ÔVF x[ WÁ´ kÚkm
(cD) >V\Á´¬ z·›]MºÈ
ºÂÏ WÁ´ ºÂÏ WÁ´
ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶Á·¬z \V≈VÔ ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬zD ÷m
Ôo©√Vsuz cˆBm.
148. Œ[§B kfiE›]Á ( kfiE©√V )
ÔM x[ WÁ≈ kÚkm
ÿƒÕ>V\Á´¬ z·›]MºÈ
ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ+ WÁ´ + WÁ´
º>\V∫ÔM x[ WÁ≈
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149. Œ[≈V kfiE›]>Á· (kfiE©√V )
kVM_ k·Ï ]∫Ô·[™
ºÂÏ ºÂÏ WÁ´ ºÂÏ
º>\V∫ÔM x[ ºÂÏ
Œ[§B Œ[≈V kfiE› >Á·Ô^ kfiE©√Vsuz cˆB
\V x[ ºÂÏ á ºÂÏ Œ[§B gEˆB >Á·
s·D x[ WÁ´ á WÁ´
\Vx[ WÁ´ á ÷BuÊÏ ÿkı¶ÁÈ
s·x[ ºÂÏ á ÷BuÊÏ ÿkı¶ÁÈ
ÔVF x[ ºÂÏ á ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶ÁÈ
ÔVF x[ WÁ´ - Ôo›>Á·
ÔM x[ WÁ´ á Œ[§B kfiE› >Á·
ÔM x[ ºÂÏ á Œ[≈V kfiE› >Á·
150. √VkÁÔ : √V 4 kÁÔ©√|D
√V {Áƒ >Á·
1. ÿkı√V ÿƒ©√ºÈVÁƒ ÷BuÊÏ, ÿkıÊÏ kı¶ÁÈ
2. gEˆB©√V ∂ÔkºÈVÁƒ ºÂÏ WÁ≈ Œ[§B gEˆB
>ÁÈ
3. Ôo©√V m^·ºÈVÁƒ Ôo›>Á·
4. kfiE©√V #∫ÔºÈVÁƒ Œ[§B, Œ[≈V kfiE›>Á·
151. 5 ∂Ω
ÊÏÔ^ √È ∂|›m Â¶©√m ∂Ω ®™©√|D
∂Ω 5 kÁÔ©√|D
1. z≈·Ω á ÷´ı| ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m
2. EÕ>Ω - 3 ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m
3. ∂·kΩ - 4 ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m
4. ÿÂΩÈΩ - 5 ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m
5. ÔoÿÂΩÈΩ - 5¬z º\u√‚¶ ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m
152. ÿ>VÁ¶ : ÿ>VÁ¶ 8 kÁÔ©√|D
º\VÁ™, ®mÁÔ, x´ı, ÷ÁBA, ∂·ÿ√Á¶, ÷´‚Á¶, ∂Õ>V],
ÿƒÕÿ>VÁ¶
1.º\VÁ™ á x>[Á\
ÿƒF•π_ x>_ ®ø›> Œ[§ kÚkm º\VÁ™
º\VÁ™ 8 kÁÔ©√|D
1. ∂Ωº\VÁ™ (1) 2. ÊÏº\VÁ™ (7)
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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153. ∂Ωº\VÁ™ : x>ÈΩ x>_ ®ø›mD , 2D ∂Ωl[ x>_ ®ø›mD
Œ[§ kÚkm
( cD ) Â[ÿ™fiƒ §km ÿ√VFBuÔ ÿ√VF>∏[
>[ÿ™fiºƒ >[Á™fl ∑|D
154. ÊÏº\VÁ™ : ÊÏ º>VÆD x>ÿÈø›m Œ[§ kÚkm
m©√VÏ¬z› m©√VB m©√V¬˛ m©√VÏ¬z
155. ÊÏº\VÁ™ kÁÔÔ^ :
1. ÷Á º\VÁ™ (1,2)
2. ÿ√Va©A (1,3)
3. {‘‚ ( 1,4)
4. ÌÁw (1,2,3)
5. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF (1,2,4)
6. º\uÔ (1,3,4)
7. xuÆ º\VÁ™ (1,2,3,4)
156. ÷Á º\VÁ™ :
( cD )÷Ω©√VÁ´ ÷_ÈV> ∞\´V \[™[
157. ÿ√Va©A º\VÁ™ :
( cD ) AÁ™BV {sBD º√VÈ Wu≈KD
158. ÷Á ®ø›m
ÿ√VFÁ\¬zD kVFÁ\ ÷¶›>
59. ÌÁw º\VÁ™ (1,2,3)
>V™D >kt´ı|D >∫ÔV sB–ÈÔD
160. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF º\VÁ™ (1,2,4)
÷Ú^ ºƒÏ ÷ÚsÁ™•D ºƒ´V ÷Á≈k[
161. º\u¬ ÔmkVF º\VÁ™ (1,3,4)
162. xuÆ º\VÁ™ (1,2,3,4)
ÔuÔ Ôƒ¶≈ Ôu√Ák Ôu≈∏[
ÿƒF•π[ x>_ ®ø›m ∂·ÿkV›]Ú¬Ô ÷´ı¶VD ®ø›m
Œ[§ kÚkm
∂·ÿkV›]Ú›>_ á \V›]Á´ ∂·° Œ›]Ú›>_
®mÁÔ 8 kÁÔ©√|D ∂Ω ®mÁÔ á1, ÊÏ ®mÁÔ 7
163. ∂Ω ®mÁÔ : ∂Ωº>VÆD 2 D ®ø›m Œ[§ kÚkm
( cD ) ∂Ô´ x>È ®ø›ÿ>_ÈVD g]
√Ôk[ x>uº≈ cÈz
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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45
164. ÊÏ ®mÁÔ :
ÊÏ º>VÆD 2D ®ø›m Œ[§ kÚkm
m©√VÏ¬z› m©√VB m©√V¬˛ m©√VÏ¬z
ÊÏ®mÁÔl[ kÁÔÔ^
165. ÷Á ®mÁÔ (1,2)
( cD ) guÆkVÏ gu≈_ √EBVu≈_ ∂©√EºB
166. ÿ√Vo©A ®mÁÔ (1,3)
( cD ) º>V[§[ AÔºwV| º>V[ÆÔ ∂‡]ÈVÏ
167. {ć ®mÁÔ (1,4) :
( cD ) mÁ ÂÈD g¬ÔD >ÚcD sÁ™ÂÈD
168. ÌÁw ®mÁÔ ( 1,2,3) :
( cD ) √uÆÔ √u≈u≈V[ √u§Á™ ∂©√uÁ≈
169. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF ®mÁÔ ( 1,2,4) :
( cD ){ø¬ÔD sø©√D >´ÈV[ {ø¬ÔD
170. º\u¬ÔmkVF ®mÁÔ (1,3,4) :
( cD ) ÔuÔ Ô¶ƒ≈ Ôu√Ák Ôu≈∏[
171. xuÆ ®mÁÔ :
( cD ) m©√VÏ¬z› m©√VB m©√V¬˛ m©√VÏ¬z
172. x´ı ÿ>VÁ¶ :
∂ΩÔπºÈV, ÊÏÔπºÈV ÿƒV_ºÈV, ÿ√VÚº·V x´ı√‚|
∂Á\km x´ı ®™©√|D.
173. x´ı ®‚| kÁÔ©√|D :
( cD ) ÷[√D sÁwBV[ ÷|DÁ√ ÷B_ÿ√[√V[
m[√D ÌÆ>_ ÷È[
ÊÏ x´ı
174. ÷Á x´ı (1,2) :
( cD ) ÿ√VFÁ\•D kVFÁ\ ÷¶›> AÁýÏÕ>
175. ÿ√Vo©A x´ı ( 1,3)
( cD ) xu√Ô_ ÿƒl[ ∏u√Ô_ sÁ·•D )
176. ŒÚ x´ı (1,4)
( cD ) A≈Õ#FÁ\ ¿´V[ ∂Á\•D ∂ÔÕ#FÁ\•D
177. ÌÁw x´ı ( 1,2,3)
(cD ) ºÔ|D g¬ÔxD ÿÔ‚¶ ]Ús™VÏ
178. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF x´ı ( 1,2,4)
( cD ) \VÁÈ BV\D AÈÏkÆD ÁkÔÁ≈
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179. º\u¬ÔmkVF x´ı (1,,4)
( cD)kV™kÏÔ^ \ÈÏ\Vˆ \ıËÁ≈B sıbÈ˛[
180. xuÆ x´ı ( 1,2,3,4)
( cD ) W[≈VKD ÷ÚÕ>VKD ˛¶Õ>VKD Â¶Õ>VKD
181 ÷ÁBA›ÿ>VÁ¶ :
ÿƒF•π[ ∂ΩÔπKD ÊÏÔπKD ÷Æ] ®ø›º>V, ∂ÁƒºBV
Êº´V Œ[§ kÚkm ÷ÁBA› ÿ>VÁ¶ ®™©√|D.ŒÚ
√V¶o[ ÷Æ]l_ Œº´ Œo>ÚD ÿƒVuÔ^ ∂Á\km
÷ÁBA›ÿ>VÁ¶ ®™©√|D.
÷ÁBA 8 kÁÔ©√|D ( ∂Ω (1) +ÊÏ 7 )
182. ∂Ω ÷ÁBA :
( cD ) ÿÔVı¶_ ºÔVA´D ∂ıÁ¶l_ Ì|D
ÿÔVΩÔ^ kV™D √Ω>´ J|D
ÊÏ÷ÁBA :
183. ÷Á ÷ÁBA (1,2)
(cD) ÿ>FkÿÂ§ Ek©ÿ√Ú¬z ]ÚkVJÏ
184. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF ÷ÁBA
º>Ω™VÏ ÷ÚkÚ¬z ÿ>ˆkˆBVÏ ]Ú\Ô™VÏ
185. xuÆ ÷ÁBA (1,2,3,4)
A_ºÈV|D, Ô_ºÈV|D ÿ√V[º™V|D \ËºBV|D
186. ∂·ÿ√Á¶› ÿ>VÁ¶
∂Ωº>VÆD ( ®) ÊÏ º>VÆD ∂·ÿ√|›m kÚkm ∂·ÿ√Á¶›
ÿ>VÁ¶ ®™©√|D
187. ∂Ω ∂·ÿ√Á¶
( cD ) ÿÔ|©√#cD ÿÔ‚¶VÏ¬zfl ƒÏkVF \u ≈V∫ºÔ
®ø©√#D ®_ÈVD \Áw
ŒÚÁ\ √[Á\ ∏Áw ¿¬z>_
188. ŒÚÁ\ : ŒÚÁ\l_ ÿ>V¶∫˛B ÿ>V¶ˆ[ xΩ° ŒÚÁ\l_ >V[
xΩB ºkı|D.
( cD ) \´D ƒVFÕ>m. ˛Á· ŒΩÕ>m.
189. √[Á\ : √[Á\l_ ÿ>V¶∫zD ÿ>V¶ˆ[ xΩ° √[Á\l_ >V[
xΩB ºkı|D
( cD) \´∫Ô^ ƒVFÕ>™, ®ÚmÔ^ {Ω™
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47
s]Ô^ :
190. cBÏ]Á™ ®økVF :
cBÏ]Á™ √BMÁÈÁB ÿ√uÆ kÚD
( cD ) xÚÔ[ kÕ>V[
191. ∂‡§Á™ ®økVF :
∂‡§Á™ sÁ™xuÁ≈¬ ÿÔVı| xΩB ºkı|D.
( cD) \V| kÕ>m
192. ÷Ú]Á™ ÿ√BÏÔ^ ÔÈÕm kÕ>V_ E≈©A ÔÚ]™V_ cBÏ]Á
ÿÔVı| xΩ›>_ ºkı|D. ÷a° ÔÚ]™V_ ∂‡§Á™
ÿÔVı| xΩ›>_ ºkı|D.
193. Ô^ sz] ÿ√u≈ ®økVF :
sz] ÿ√u≈ sÁ™xu§KD Ô^ sz] ÿ√≈ ºkı|D.
( cD) ∏Áw \VkÏÔ^ ®ø]™VÏÔ^
194. ∂_ sz] ÿ√u≈ ®økVF : sÁ™xu§KD ∂Ï sz]
ÿ√u§Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.
( cD) ∏Áw gEˆBÏ √ÈÏ kÕ>VÏÔ^.
195. WÁÈ›m WuzD ÿ√BÏÔ^ kÕ>V_ ®[–D ®[≈ ÿƒV_
k´ºkı|D
( cD ) ∏Áw ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD ®[≈ ÷È¬Ô ±_ √wÁ\BV™m
196. cBÏ]Á™ √Ès[√VÁÈ z§©∏|Dÿ√Vøm √ÈÏ,EÈÏ ®[≈
ÿƒV_ k´ºkı|D
Ì‚¶›]_ √ÈÏ ∂§QÏÔ^ º√E™Ï
Ì‚¶›]_ ∂§QÏ √ÈÏ º√E™Ï
197. nB›Á> z§¬zD {ÔV´D kÚDÿ√Vøm ∂_Èm ®[–D
k´¬Ì¶Vm
Œ[º≈V ∂_Èm ÷´ıº¶V >ÚÔ
Œ[º≈V ÷´ıº¶V >ÚÔ
198. ∏Áw ]Ú›>D
∂mÔ^ á ∂m (Œ)
∂ÁkÔ^ á ∂Ák ( √È)
®™m \Ô^ á ®[ \Ô^
ÿ√Vm ka ∂_È á ÿ√Vm ka ∂[Æ
∂k^ ∂_È á ∂k^ ∂_È_ (Œ)
∂kÏÔ^ ∂_È á ∂kÏÔ^ ∂_ÈÏ ( √)
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
48
ŒÚ ªÏ á {Ï ªÏ
{Ï \Vk‚¶D á ŒÚ \Vk‚¶D
∂Ák ∂[Æ á ∂Ák ∂_È
¿Ï>V[ ÿÔV|›yÏ á ¿Ï>VD ÿÔV|›yÏ
∂Ák>V[ {Ω™ á ∂Ák>V[ {Ω™
gÁ\Ô^ ºkÔ\VÔ {ΩBm - gÁ\Ô^ ºkÔ\VÔ {Ω™
∂Ák ÷∫ºÔ c·m - ∂Ák ÷∫ºÔ c·
\¬Ô^ ˛Á¶BVm - ˛Á¶BV
s|k#D º√Vk#D ˛Á¶BVm - ˛Á¶BV
∞uÔ>¬Ôm ∂_È - ∞uÔ>¬Ôm ∂[Æ
√VDA¬z Ôıº ÔV>VÔ c>°˛[≈m
√VDA¬z Ôıº ÔVmÔ·VÔ c>°˛[≈™.
ƒÕ]©∏Áw ¿¬ÔD :
199. kÚD ÿ\Val[ x>_ ®ø›m k_o™\VÔ ÷ÚÕ>V_ k_o™
WÁÈÿ\Va¬zD, kÚÿ\Va¬zD ÷Á¶l_ tzD tzÕmkÚD
k_o™ ÿ\F ®ø›m¬Ô^ ¬, fl, ›, ©
200. k_o™D tzD ÷¶∫Ô^
∂Õ>, ÷Õ>, ®Õ>, ∂©√Ω, ÷©√Ω, ®©√Ω, ∂∫z, ÷∫z, ®∫z
g∫z, ~∫z, BVı| ®–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tzD.
∂Õ>¬ ˛Æ, ÷Õ>› º>V‚¶D, ®Õ>› ÿ>Va_, ∂©√Ωfl
ÿƒF>V[, ÷©√Ω¬ Ì§™V[, ®©√Ω© √VÏ©√VF -
÷∫z© √VÏ›º>[, ®∫z© º√V™V[, ®∫z¬ ÌΩ™Ï,
201. gF, º√VF ®–D sÁ™ÿBflƒ∫Ôπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tzD.
√Ω©√>VFfl ÿƒV[™V[, º√VFfl ºƒÏÕ>V[ ƒVÈ, >k ®[–D
cˆflÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[k_o™D tzD
202. 2,3, D, 4,5D ºkuÆÁ\ cÚAD √B–D c¶[ ÿ>V¬Ô ÿ>VÁÔÔπ[
∏[ k_o™D tzD.
( cD ) >ıßÏz¶D >ıßÁ´ cÁ¶B z¶D
\´©√ÈÁÔ Ô‚Á¶›mÁ sa©A™_
203. ÷Úÿ√Bÿ´V‚| √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tzD
( cD ) \_oÁÔ©Ø, ºÔVÁ¶¬ÔVÈD, ÿk^π¬˛wÁ\
204. {ÿ´ø›m ŒÚÿ\Va ÷Ú©∏[ k_o™D tzD
( cD ) Á>©√VÁk Ø¬ÌÁ¶ yfl∑¶Ï
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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205. ~ÆÿÔ‚¶ ®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒ›][ ∏[ k_o™D tzD
( cD ) cıVflºƒVÆ, ∂aBV©AÔµ, {¶V¬z]Á´
∂,÷ ®[–D ~uÁ≈ cÁ¶B sÁ™ÿBflƒ∫Ô”¬z ∏[
k_o™D tzD
( cD ) {¶¬ÔV›]ÚÕ>V[ , k´flÿƒV[™V[, º√E©√w˛™V[,
>øs¬ ÿÔVı¶V[
206. kıÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´›][ ∏[ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÈVÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD,
sÁ™flÿƒV_ÈVÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD k_o™D tzD.
ÔuÆ› >Õ>VÏ, √‚|›mË, ®‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ, √›m©√V‚|
207. F, Ï, µ ®[≈ ÿ\F ®ø›m¬Ô”¬z∏[ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÷ÚÕ>V_
\‚|º\ k_o™D tzD
( cD ) ÂVF¬ÔV_ , ÂVF ÿƒ[≈m, \ÈÏ¬ÌÕ>_, >tµ©√V‚º¶
208. ÷M, >M, \uÆD, \u≈, \uÁ≈ ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[
k_o™D tzD
( cD) ÷M¬ÔVÈVD, >MflÿƒV_, \u≈© Á√B[Ô^, \u≈
zwÕÁ>Ô^, \uÆD EÈkuÁ≈.
209. ( ®™ , gÔ ) ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tzD
( cD ) ®™©º√E™V[ , gÔfl ÿƒV[™V[
210. ( ∂,÷) ®[–D ∑‚|Ôπ[ ∏[–\, ( ®)®[™D s™V°¬z
∏[–D k_o™D tzD.
(cD ) ∂¬z¶D , ÷flºƒVÁÈ, ®›ÿ>Va_
211. xu§BKÔ´fl ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tzD
(cD ) ]Ú¬z≈^ ÿ√Vm›º>Ï°
212. WÁÈÿ\Val_ clÏ ~uÆfl ÿƒVuÔ”¬z©∏[ k_o™D tzD
(cD) \Áw¬ÔVÈD , ka›>¶D , √M¬ÔVÈD
213. √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tzD
( cD) k‚¶¬ºÔV‚Á¶, √flÁƒ©√‚|
214. ckÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tzD
(cD) \ÈÏ¬Ôı , >V\Á´¬ÁÔ
215. >M¬z§ÁÈ ∂|›m kÚD g ®[–D ÿÂΩK¬z ∏[ kÚD
√ÈV©√wD, cÈV© √VΩ™V[
216. ÿ\[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´›][ ∏[ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ kÕ>V_
k_o™tzD
( cD ) z´∫z¬z‚Ω , Ìı|¬˛π
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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217. A≈ ŒuÆ¬z^ ÷´‚Ω¬zD ÿÂΩ_ ÿ>V¶Ï clÏ ÿ>V¶Ï
zu§BKÔ´fl ÿƒVuÔ”¬z©∏[ k_o™D tzD.
gÆ +√VÈD guÆ©√VÈD
ÂV|+ √uÆ ÂV‚|©√uÆ

k_o™D tÔV ÷¶∫Ô^

218. ®økVF› ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm

( cD) ºÔVÁ> √VÏ›>V^ , >VF ÿƒ[≈V^ , ºÔVa ÿÔV¬Ôˆ›>m
219. sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD ) g|, √VDA, sÁ·√lÏ
220. 2D ºkuÆÁ\› ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD ) ¿Ï zΩ›>V[, ÔÁ> ÿƒV[™V[
221. cDÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD )Ô_s, ºÔ^s, ÿƒΩ, ÿÔVΩ
222. ∂|¬z›ÿ>V¶Ï, ÷´‚Á¶¬˛·sl_ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD) √VDA√VDA, ƒÈƒÈ, yy
223. 6 D ºkuÆÁ\› ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tÔVm
Œ·Ák›>tµ, k^”kÏÔÚ›m
224. ÿ√Bÿ´flƒ ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm
( cD) kÕ> Á√B[, √VÏ›> ÔıÔ^
225. sÁ™ÿBflƒ ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm
√VÏ›mfl ÿƒ[≈V[ , kÕm ÿƒ[≈V[, ÿƒFm ÿÔV|›>V[ √VÏ›m,
√Ω›m º√V[≈ c sz] ÿ√u≈ sÁ™ÿBflƒD ÷ÚÕ>VKD ÷Ák
k[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D gzD. ∂>™V_ ÷flÿƒVuÔπ_
k_o™D tzD
226. ∂Ák, ÷Ák, ®Ák, ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm.
(cD) ∂Ák √VÏ›>™Ï, ÷Ák ÿƒ[≈™Ï, ®Ák Ì§™Ï
227. sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xu§[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm
( cD ) kVµÔ >tµ, kVµÔ ÿ√ˆBVÏ
228. √Ω ®™ xΩ•D sÁ™ÿBflƒ∫Ôπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD) kÚD√Ω ÿƒV[™V[, >ÚD√Ω ºÔ‚¶V[
229. (∂m, ÷m) ®[–D ∑‚|Ôπ[ ∏[–D ®m, BVm, ®[–D s™V
ÿ√BÏÔπ[ ∏[–D k_o™D tÔVm
(cD) ∂m ÿƒF, ÷m ºÔ^, ®m ÿ√Vm, BVm Ì§™VÏ
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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230. ∂›>Á™, ÷›>Á™. ®›>Á™ ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[
k_o™D tÔVm.
( cD) ∂›>Á™ A›>Ô∫Ô^, ÷›>Á™ √≈ÁkÔ^, ®›>Á™
231. cBÏ]Á™ ÿ√Vm©ÿ√BÏÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm
( cD) \VV¬ÔÏ ÌΩ™Ï, ÿ>VaÈV·Ï >ÁÈk[,
232. sπ›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD) ÔıV ºÔ^, >D∏ √V|
233. √›m, ®‚| >s´ ∏≈ ®ıÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm
234. g,∞, { ®[–D s™V ®ø›m¬Ôπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD) ∂k™V ÿƒ[≈V[, ∂kº™ Eˆ›>V[, ∂kº™V º√E™V[
235. ∂[Æ, ÷[Æ, ®[Æ ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD ) ∂[Æ ÿÔV|›º>[, ÷[Æ √VÏ›º>[, ®[Æ ÿƒ_ºk[
236. ÿ\[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´›Á> ∂|›> sÁ™xuÆ kÕ>V_
k_o™D tÔVm
(cD ) ÔÚDA ∑Ák›>V[, ÿ\[Æ ][≈V[
237. sÁ™xuÆ› ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD ) xw∫˛™ ƒ∫zÔ^, kÕ>m z]Á´..

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

1. ∂Ô±_ - 6
nÕ]Á™ nD√m - \V≈[ÿ√VÁ≈B™VÏ
nÕ]Á™ ®ø√m - JkVÁ>BVÏ
]Á™ÿ\VanD√m - ÔÕ>[ºƒÕ>™VÏ
]Á™\VÁÈ 150 - ÔËº\>VsBVÏ
ÔVÏ ÂVu√m - Ôı[Ì›>™VÏ
ÁÔÕWÁÈ (nÕ]Á™ 60)
(∂) ÷[MÁÈ - A_È∫ÔV´™VÏ
2. A≈±_ - 1
Ô·ka ÂVu√m - ÿ√VFÁÔBVÏ
3. ∂≈±_ ∂_Èm ¿]±_Ô^ - 11
ÂVÈΩBVÏ á ƒ\xMkÏÔ^
ÂV[\Ë¬ÔΩÁÔ á s·D∏ÂVÔ™VÏ
÷[™VÂVu√m - Ô∏ÈÏ
÷MBÁkÂVu√m - Ø>fiºƒ>™VÏ
]ˆÔ|ÔD - Â_ÈV>™VÏ
gƒV´¬ºÔVÁk - ÿ√ÚkVl[x_oBVÏ
√wÿ\Va - x[ÆÁ≈BÁ≈B™VÏ
EÆ√fiƒJÈD - ÔVˆBVƒV[
∞ÈV] - ÔËº\>VsBVÏ
]Ú¬z≈^ - ]Úk^”kÏ
xmÿ\Va¬ÔVfiE - Ì¶ŸÏ˛wVÏ

1. ]Ú¬z≈”¬z ∂|›>√ΩBVÔ º√Vu≈©√|D ¿]±_

2. ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ : ºk·Vıºk>D, ÂVÈΩ ÂV˚Æ,
z‚Ω›]Ú¬z≈^
3. ÷Õ±ÁÈ ÿ>Vz›>kÏ - √m\™VÏ
4. ]Ú¬z≈^ º√VÈºk ∂≈›m©√V_, ÿ√VÚ‚√V_, ÔV\›m©√V_
º√V[≈ 3 ∏ˆ°ÔÁ· cÁ¶Bm.
5. ∂≈›m©√V_ - 13, ÿ√VÚ‚√V_ - 24, ÔV\›m©√V_ -3
∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ c^·™.
6. Â‚A¬z ÔÚDÁ√ ckÁ\BVÔ ÌÆD ±_ ÂVÈΩBVÏ.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
53
7. ˜.R.º√V© ÷Õ±ÁÈ g∫˛È›]_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›m^·VÏ.
8. gKD ºkKD √_K¬zÆ], ÂVKD ÷´ı|D ÿƒV_K¬zÆ]
(√wÿ\Va©√V¶_)
ÂV[\Ë¬ÔΩÁÔ :
1. ÔΩÁÔ ®[√>uz mı| ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^.
2. ÂV[z \ËÔ^ mı|Ô·VÔ ÷ÁÕ> \VÁÈÔ^ º√VÈ
ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶oKD \Ë º√V[≈ ÂV[z ÔÚ›m¬Ô^
Ák¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ©√>V_ ÂV[\Ë¬ÔΩÁÔ ®™
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
3. ÷Õ±_ 7-km \uÆD 100-km √V¶ÁÈ ˜.R.º√V©
g∫˛È›]_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›m^·VÏ.
4. s·D∏ ®[√m gEˆBˆ[ ªÏ ÿ√BÏ.
5. ∂_ÈÁk ÿƒFkVÏ¬z ∂≈D Ìu≈D.
6. ÷·Á\©√Úk›m Ô_ÈVÁ\ zu≈D.
7. ÿk_km ºkıΩ[ ÿkzπ s¶_.
÷[™VÂVu√m :
1. m[√D ÿÔV|¬zD ÿƒB_ÔÁ· ÿ>Vz›m¬ÌÆD ±_.
2. ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔÚ›][ xΩsKD ÷[™V ®™¬Ì≈©√|k>V_
÷[™V ÂVu√m ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
3. ªÁ™›][Æ ªÁ™©ÿ√Ú¬z>_ ÷[™V.
4. ÷[™Vm Ák¬zD ÿ√ÚDÿ√VÚ^ Ák©A ÷[™V.
÷MBÁkÂVu√m :
1. ÷MB ÿ√VÚ‚Á· 40 √V¶_Ôπ_ ÿ>Vz›m Ì§•^·>V_
÷©ÿ√BˆÁ™© ÿ√u≈m.
2. ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶KD 3 ∂_Èm 4 ÂuÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ÷MÁ\BVÔ
ÌÆD.
3. ªÁ™›][Æ ªÁ™ÿ√Ú¬ÔVÁ\ ÷Mm.
4. kÚkVF ∂§Õm kw∫z>_ ÷Mº>.
5. \V™D ∂aÕ>∏[ kVwVÁ\ x[ ÷Mm.
]ˆÔ|ÔD :
1. ]ˆ - 3 ; Ô|z - ÔV´\V™ ÿ√VÚ^.
2. ∑¬z, t·z, ]©∏o ®[–D J[§™V_ g˛B \ÚÕm¬z
]ˆÔ|ÔD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
3. ÷m ±Æ ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ· cÁ¶Bm.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
54
4. ÷]_ kÚD ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶oKD 3 ÔÚ›m¬Ô”D, \¬Ôπ[
\™\B¬Ô›Á> º√V¬Ô¬ÌΩBm.
5. ÿÂfiƒD ∂¶¬z>_ T¶VzD.
6. >V·V·[ ®[√V[ Ô¶[√¶ kVwV>V[.
7. ºk·V·[ ®[√V[ sÚÕ]Ú¬Ô cıV>V[.
gƒV´¬ºÔVÁk :
1. gƒV´D - Œø¬ÔD ; ºÔVÁk - ∂|¬˛¬Ì≈_.
2. Œø¬ÔÿÂ§ÔÁ·© √u§ ÌÆD ±_.
3. ÂV^º>VÆD ÿƒFBºkıΩB Ô¶Á\ÔÁ·© √u§ ÌÆD ±_.
4. ÷>[ JÈ±_ gˆ¶D ®[≈ k¶ÿ\Va ±_.
√wÿ\Va :
1. ¿] ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· s·¬˛¬ÔV‚|D kÁÔl_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶
±_.
2. ]Ú¬z≈^, ÂVÈΩBVÏ ±_Ôº·V| ŒÚ∫ºÔ Ák›m
®ı›>¬Ô ÿ√ÚÁ\•Á¶Bm.
3. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BÏ ÷Õ±ÁÈ xmÿƒV_ ®™¬z§©∏|˛≈VÏ.
4. √wÿ\Val[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ : √wÿ\Va 400, cÈÔkƒ™D,
xmÿ\Va
5. 34 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, 400 √V¶_Ô^ ÿÔVı¶m.
6. Ôu≈o[ ºÔ‚¶ºÈ Â[Æ
O™KD >[kVBV_ ÿÔ|D.
Ôı¶Á> Ôu≈k[ √ıΩ>[ gkV[. (®|›m¬ÔV‚|√V¶_)
EÆ√fiƒJÈD : (5 E§B ºkÏÔ^)
1. √fiƒ - 5 ; JÈD - ºkÏ
2. EÆkømÁ™, ÿÂÚfiE, EÆ\_o, ÿ√Ú\_o, Ôı¶∫Ô›>ˆ
g˛B 5 EÆºkÏÔ^ ºÂVÁB© º√V¬˛ c¶K¬z cÆ] >Úkm
º√V_ ÷Õ±_ Ì≈©√‚|^·m.
3. ÷Õ±_ Ô¶°^ kVµ›m¶[ 97 ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
4. ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶oKD c^· 5 ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ \¬Ôπ[
\™ºÂVÁB (∂§BVÁ\ÁB) º√V¬z˛≈m. gÁÔBV_
÷Õ±_ EÆ√fiƒJÈD ®™ ÿ√BÏÿ√uÆ^·m.
5. Ôı ∂wz - ÷´¬ÔD ÿÔV^”>_
ÔV_ ∂wz - ∏≈ˆ¶D ÷´Õm ÿƒ_ÈVÁ\
÷Áƒ ∂wz - √ı ºÔ‚¶V Â[Â[≈_
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
55
g´VFflE¬z ∂wz - xΩÁk mËÕmÁ´›>_
∂´ƒ–¬z ∂wz - zΩ\¬Ô^ kÚÕ>V\_ ÔV›>_
∞ÈV] :
1. ∞ÈV] ®[√m \Ú›mk©ÿ√BÏ (∂) ∞È›Á> x>[Á\BVÔ
cÁ¶Bm ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^.
2. ∞ÈD, Èk∫ÔD, ÂVÔºÔƒ>D, EÆÂVkuØ ∂_Èm >¬ºÔVÈD,
∑¬z, t·z, ]©∏o g˛B 8 kÁÔ \ÚÕm ÿ√VÚ^
ºƒÏÕ> ÔÈÁk.
3. ÷Õ±_ ÂV[z ∂Ωl_ gÆ ∂≈¬ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ÌÆD ±_.
4. ÷Õ±_ E≈©A√Vl´D, >uE≈©A√Vl´D c^√¶ 81
ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ· cÁ¶Bm.
5. ÷m >twÏ¬z ∂Ú\ÚÕm º√V[≈ ÷È¬˛BD.
6. ÷Õ±o[ ÂuÔÚ›m Ôuº√Vˆ[ ∂§BVÁ\ÁB ∂ÔuÆD.
7. ÷Õ±ÁÈ ®ø]B ÔËº\>VsBVÏ ƒ\ ƒ\B›Á> ºƒÏÕ>kÏ.
5áD ±u≈VıÁ¶fl ºƒÏÕ>kÏ.
]Ú¬z≈^ :
1. ]Ú¬z≈^ á ÷È¬Ô z§©A :á ÔÚsBVzÿ√BÏ (∂)
∂Á¶ÿB|›> gzÿ√BÏ.
2. ]Ú ®[–D ∂Á¶ÿ\Va ÿ√u≈ ±_.
3. 133 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, 1330 z≈‚√V¬Ô^.
4. ∂≈›m©√V_ - 38 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, ÿ√VÚ‚√V_ -70
∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, ÔV\›m©√V_ - 25 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^.
5. Œ[√m ÷B_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
6. ∂≈›m©√V_ - ÂV[z ÷B_Ô^ : (√Vl´sB_ - ÂV[z
∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ; ÷_È≈sB_ - 20 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ;
m≈k≈sB_ - 13 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ; ªalB_ - ŒÚ ∂]ÔV´D)
ÿ\V›>D 38 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^
7. ÿ√VÚ‚√V_ á J[Æ ÷B_Ô^ : (∂ÉB_ - 25 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ;
∂∫ÔsB_ - 32 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ; Œa∏B_ - 13 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^)
ÿ\V›>D 70 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^
8. ÔV\›m©√V_ - ÷´ı| ÷B_Ô^ : (Ô·sB_ - 7 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^
;Ôu∏B_ - 18 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^) ÿ\V›>D 25 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^
9. √]ÿ[ˇµÔ¬z ±_Ôπ_ ÷m tÔ°D ÿ√ˆBm, ∂]Ô
√V¶_Ô^ ÿÔVı¶m.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
56
10. 107 ÿ\VaÔπ_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ¬Ô©√‚¶ ±_.
11. ]Ú¬z≈Á· g∫˛È›]_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›>kÏ - ˜.R.º√V©
12. ]Ú¬z≈Á· È›][ ÿ\Val_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›>kÏ -
T´\VxMkÏ
13. ]Ú¬z≈Á· k¶ÿ\Val_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›>kÏ -
p∂©√Vy‚E>Ï
14. \ÁÈB›mkVƒ[ \Ô[ QV™©∏´ÔVƒD ÷Õ±ÁÈ 1812-_
x>[x>o_ √]©∏›m >fiÁƒl_ ÿkπl‚¶VÏ.
15. s¬º¶VˆBV \ÔV´VË ÔVÁÈl_ Ôısa›>mD √Ω¬zD
±_ ]Ú¬z≈^.
16. ]Ú¬z≈π[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ : >tµ\Á≈, x©√V_,
c›>´ºk>D, ÿ>Fk±_, cÈÔ©ÿ√Vm\Á≈, kV•Á≈
kVµ›m, k^”k©√B[, ÿ√VFBVÿ\Va, ÔVÈDÔ¶Õ>
ÿ√VmÁ\ ±_, ~≈Ωÿkı√V, >tµ\V][ ÷MB cBÏ¿],
÷BuÁÔ kVµs_ÈD, cÈÔ©ÿ√Vm±_, ∂≈÷È¬˛BD,
ÿ√VÚ”Á´, xmÿ\Va.
17. ]Ú¬z≈”¬z cÁ´ ÿƒF> √][\Ï : >Ú\Ï, \¬z¶kÏ,
>V\›>Ï, ÂflƒÏ, √ˆ], √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ, ]Ú\ÁÈBVÏ, \_ÈÏ,
Ôs©ÿ√Ú\V^, ÔVπ∫ÔÏ
18. ÷]_ √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ cÁ´ E≈Õ>m.
19. ÷Õ±_ íBVs_ ∂bmÁ·¬ÔV> ˛ÿ´Dπ[ \VπÁÔl_
Ák¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
20. ÷∫˛ÈVÕ]_ ÷Õ±_ ssoB›m¶[ Ák¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
21. ÷Õ±o[ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB √VΩB √È ƒV[º≈VÏÔπ[
√V¶_ÔÁ· ]Úk^”k\VÁÈ ®™ ÿ>Vz¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
22. ]Úk^”k\VÁÈl_ 55 √V¶_Ô^ c^·™. √VΩB
AÈkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 53.
23. ]Úk^”kˆ[ ÔVÈD ˛.x.31. ®™ºk ÷Á>¬ÿÔVı|
]Úk^”k´Vı| Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.
24. ]Úk^”kˆ[ ºkÆ ÿ√BÏÔ^ : ÿ>Fk©AÈkÏ,
ÂV[xÔ™VÏ, \V>V–√∫˛, ÿ√ÚÂVkÈÏ, x>u√VkÈÏ,
ÿƒÕÂV©º√V>ÔÏ, ÿ√VFl_AÈkÏ, ÂVB™VÏ, º>kÏ.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

57
xmÿ\Va¬ÔVfiE :
1. Ô_sÁBs¶ Œø¬Ôº\ E≈Õ>m ®™¬ÌÆD ±_.
2. gÏÔo •Ô›m \¬Ô‚ÿÔ_ÈVD
{>o_ E≈Õ>[Æ Œø¬ÔxÁ¶Á\ (√V¶_ kˆ)
3. xmÿ\Va¬ÔVfiEl[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ : ∂§°Á´¬ºÔVÁk
4. ÷m ÔVfiE›]Á™l[ mÁ≈Ô”^ Œ[Æ.
5. ÷Õ±_ 10 ∂]ÔV´∫ÔÁ·•D, 100 √V¶_ÔÁ·•D ÿÔVı¶m.
6. ÷Õ±_ ÌÆD ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ :
Ôu≈ÁÈs¶ - Œø¬Ôº\ E≈Õ>m
Ôu≈Á> s¶ - \≈kV\_ ÷Ú©√m
÷·Á\ÁB s¶ - ºÂVBu≈ kVµºk
∂wzÁ¶Bk´VÔ ÷Ú©√Á> s¶ - ÂVxÁ¶k´VÔ ÷Ú©√º>
zÈ©ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB s¶ - Œø¬Ôº\
E≈Õ> ±ÁÈ Ôu≈Á> s¶ - Ôu≈§Õ>VÁ´ ∏[√u§ Â¶›>ºÈ
√ÁÔkÁ´ >ıΩ©√Á> s¶ - ∂kÚ¬z Â[Á\ ÿƒFkº>
nÕ]Á nD√m :
1. x_ÁÈ, z§fiE, \Ú>D, ÿÂF>_, √VÁÈ ®™ nÕ]Á™¬zD
√›m √V¶_Ô^ T>D 50 √V¶_Ô^ √V¶©ÿ√u≈m.
2. ÷m x_ÁÈ› ]Á™ÁB x>ÈVk>VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ ±_.
3. ÷´ı| \V[Ô^ √VÁÈk™›]_ >ıßÏ zΩ¬zD cBÏÕ>
ÿÂ§ÁB s·¬z˛≈m.
nÕ]Á ®ø√m :
1. ®ø√m √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
2. ˛.∏. 5-gD ±u≈VıÁ¶ ºƒÏÕ> ±_.
]Á ÿ\Va nD√m :
1. 50 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
2. ˛.∏. 4-D ±u≈VıÁ¶ ºƒÏÕ> ±_.
]Á \VÁÈ ±uÆ nD√m :
1. 150 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m. ˛.∏. 5-D ±u≈VıÁ¶fl
ºƒÏÕ>m.
2. ÷©∏≈s sÁ™ ÷DÁ\lºÈºB √B™π¬zD ®[√Á>
cÏ›m˛≈m.
ÔVÏ ÂVu√m :
1. x_ÁÈ› ]ÁÁB \‚|D √VΩB ±_.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
58
2. ˛.∏. 4-D ±u≈VıÁ¶fl ºƒÏÕ> ±_.
3. 40 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
Ô·ka ÂVu√m :
1. BVÁ™© º√VÏ √u§B √]ÿ™ıˇµ¬Ô¬z ±_.
2. ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶KD ∂‚¶¬Ô·›m ®[≈ ÿƒV_ÁÈ¬ ÿÔVı|
xΩ•D.
3. ∂DÁ\ ®[≈ k™©A ∂Á\Õm^·m.
4. 40 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
ÁÔWÁÈ :
1. ÷Õ±ÁÈ ®ø]BkÏ - A_È∫ÔV¶™VÏ
2. ÁÔWÁÈl[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ - nÕ]Á™ ∂Æ√m
3. ÔVÈD ˛.∏.5-gD ±u≈Vı|
4. 60 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı|^·m
5. √]ÿ™ıˇµ¬Ô¬z ±_Ôπ_ \ÚÕ>V_ AÔµÿ√u≈m
∞ÈV], ]ˆÔ|ÔD, EÆ√fiƒJÈD
ÔV©∏B ÷È¬˛B∫Ô^ :
1. ÔV©∏B ÷È¬ÔD ÌÆD ±_ >ıΩBÈ∫ÔV´D.
2. ÔV©∏B ÷È¬˛BD ÿ>V¶ÏWÁÈ ÿƒF•^ ®™
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
3. nDÿ√Ú∫ÔV©∏BD, nfiEÆÔV©∏BD ®™ ÷ÚkÁÔ©√|D.
4. nDÿ√Ú∫ÔV©∏B∫Ô^ :
EÈ©√]ÔV´D - ÷·∫ºÔVkΩÔ^
\Ëº\ÔÁÈ - Ê›>ÁÈƒV›>™VÏ
ÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë - ]Ú›>¬Ôº>kÏ
zı¶ÈºÔE - ÂV>z›>™VÏ
kÁ·BV√] - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈ
5. nfiEÆÔV©∏B∫Ô^ :
Û·V\Ë - º>VwVÿ\Vaº>kÏ
¿ÈºÔE - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈ
c>Bz\V´ÔVsBD - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈ
ÂVÔz\V´ÔVsBD - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈ
BºƒV>´ÔVsBD - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈ
EÈ©√]ÔV´D :
1. EÈDA + ∂]Ô´D = EÈ©√]ÔV´D
2. >ta_ º>V[§B x>_ ÔV©∏BD
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3. nDÿ√Ú∫ÔV©∏B›]_ ÔVÈ›]_ xÕÁ>Bm
4. ˇÏ›>Á™kˆ √V¶_Ô”¬z x[º™VΩ EÈ©√]ÔV´ kˆÔ^
5. ºkÆ ÿ√BÏÔ^ : zΩ\¬ÔÁ·© √u§ ÌÆk>V_ zΩ\¬Ô^
ÔV©∏BD
6. ÷B_, ÷Áƒ, ÂV¶Ô›>tµ s·¬zk>V_ ÷m x›>tµ
ÔV©∏BD
7. \[™Á´ >ÁÈÁ\BVÔ¬ ÿÔV^·V\_ \¬ÔÁ· >ÁÈÁ\BVÔ
ÿÔVı¶ ±_
8. x>_ ÔV©∏BD, ÂV¶Ô¬ÔV©∏BD, JºkÕ>Ï ÔV©∏BD, º>EB
ÔV©∏BD, ƒx>VB ÔV©∏BD, ŒuÆÁ\ ÔV©∏BD, A´‚E
ÔV©∏BD, EÈDA, cÁ´lÁ¶l‚¶ √V‚|Á¶ ÿƒF•^, ÿƒÕ>tµ
ÔV©∏BD
9. EÈ©√]ÔV´D ÌÆD 3 cıÁ\Ô^ : ∂ÉB_ ∏Áw›º>VÚ¬z
∂≈D Ìu≈VzD. cÁ´ƒV_ √›]MÁB cBÏÕº>VÏ ∞u≈_.
ªµsÁ™ cÆ›m kÕm ª‚|D.
10. ±_ ∂Á\©A : 3 ÔVı¶D, 30 ÔVÁ> cÁ¶Bm. 5001 kˆÔ^
cÁ¶Bm.
1. AÔVÏ ÔVı¶D á 10 ÔVÁ> ; 2. \mÁ´¬ÔVı¶D á 13 ÔVÁ> ;
3. kfiE¬ÔVı¶D - 7 ÔVÁ>
\Ëº\ÔÁÈ :
1. ºÔVkÈ–¬zD, \V>s¬zD ∏≈Õ> \Ô^ \Ëº\ÔÁÈ
2. m≈° kVµ¬ÁÔ©√u§ ÌÆD ±_
3. ±o[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ : \Ëº\ÔÁÈ m≈°, ÿ√·›>
ÔV©∏BD, ÊÏ]Ú›> ÔV©∏BD, m≈° ±_, ∂≈¬ÔV©∏BD
4. >ta_ º>V[§B ÷´ı¶Vkm ÔV©∏BD
5. ÷m 30 ÔVÁ>ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m. 4755 kˆÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
6. ∂x>∑´∏ÁB x©∏≈sl_ Ák›]ÚÕ>kÏ gA›]´[
7. \Ëº\ÔÁÈ ÌÆD clÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 6 (\¬Ô^ º>kÏ,
∏´D\Ï, Â´ÔÏ, sÈ∫z ÿ>Vz], º√F)
ÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë :
1. sÚ›>©√VkV_ ÷Bu≈©√‚¶ x>_ ÔV©∏BD, ÷m ŒÚ ƒ\
ÔV©∏BD
2. ºkÆ ÿ√BÏÔ^ : \±_, ÔV\±_, x¬]±_
3. k¶ÿ\Val_ c^· ƒ›]BEÕ>V\Ë, ƒˆ›]´Û·V\Ë ®[≈
÷Ú±ÁÈ >øs ®ø>©√‚¶m.
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4. ÊkÔ[ EÕ>V\Ë•¶[ Œ©∏‚|^·>V_ ÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë ®[Æ
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
5. º>kºÈVÔ›]_ c^· ºÔ‚¶Á> ÿÔV|¬zD ŒÚ ´›]™D
EÕ>V\Ë
6. ÔV©∏B›>ÁÈk[ ÊkÔ[, 8 \ÔπÁ´ \Õ>V[, g>ÈV_
÷Õ±_ xøkmD ]Ú\D √u§B ÿƒF]Ôº·
÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^·™. gÁÔBV_ ÷m \±_ ®[Æ
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
7. ÷Õ±ÁÈ ®ø]B ]Ú›>¬Ô›º>kÏ ÊkÔ–¬z ÔV\›]ÈÔ[
®™ √‚¶D Û‚Ω•^·VÏ.
zı¶ÈºÔE :
1. zı¶ÈºÔE ®[≈V_ ∑Úı¶ >ÁÈxΩÁB cÁ¶Bk^ ®[Æ
ÿ√VÚ^.
2. ÷>[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ : ∂ÔÈÔs
3. ÷Õ±_ ÔÁÈQ´V_ \Õ]ˆz\Vˆ ®™ ]Á´©√¶\V¬Ô©√‚¶m.
4. zı¶ÈºÔE ÔÁ> º>ˆÔVÁ> ®[≈ ÿ√·›>±o_
ÔV©√|˛≈m.
kÁ·BV√] :
1. ÷m ŒÚ ƒ\ ÔV©∏BD
2. ÷>[ JÈ ±_ ÁkEÔA´VD
3. \¶ºÈÆ>_ √u§ ÌÆD ±_
4. kÁ·BV√] ÔsBwz WÁ≈Õ> ±_ ®™ >¬ÁÔBVÔA´VD
ÌÆ˛≈m
5. ƒ\ ÔV©∏BD : EÈ©√]ÔV´D, ÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë, kÁ·BV√]
6. ÿ√·›>ÔV©∏BD : \Ëº\ÔÁÈ, zı¶ÈºÔE
nfiEÆ ÔV©∏B∫Ô^ :
Û·V\Ë :
1. Û·V\Ël[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ á Û¶V\Ë
2. ÷Õ±o[ JÈ¬ÔÁ> gÚÔ> \ÔVA´V›Á> >øsBm
3. ÷Õ±ÁÈ© √u§ ƒ´kÿ√·ºÔVÈV Ô_ÿk‚Ω_
Ì≈©√‚|^·m
4. º√VÚ¬z ÔV´D ÿ√V≈VÁ\ ®™¬ÌÆD ±_.
¿ÈºÔE :
1. ÔÚÁ\BV™ ÌÕ>ÁÈ•Á¶Bk^ ®™©ÿ√VÚ^
2. ¿ÈºÔEl[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ : ¿ÈºÔE ]´‚|
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3. zı¶ÈºÔE ®[≈ ±K¬z ®]´VÔ √V¶©√‚¶ ±_ ¿ÈºÔE
4. ƒ\ xMkÏ xMflƒÕ]´[ ∂§°Á´©√Ω ¿o ®[≈ ÿ√ı
]ÚÕ] ƒ\ ƒB›Á> >ø°˛≈V^.
c>Bz\V´ ÔVsBD :
1. ÷>[ JÈ¬ÔÁ> - ÿ√Ú∫ÔÁ> ; >ÁÈk[ - c>B[
2. ÛˆB c>B›]_ ∏≈Õ>>V_ ÷©ÿ√BÏ ÿ√u≈V[.
3. c>B–¬z sflÁƒT´[ ®[≈ ÿ√BÚD cı|
ÂVÔz\V´ ÔVsBD :
1. ÂVÔ√fiƒt ºÂV[∏[ E≈©∏Á™¬ ÌÆD ±_
2. ºkÆÿ√BÏ á ÂVÔ√fiƒt ÔÁ>
3. ÷Õ±_ xø¬Ô xø¬Ô \›Á>•D, º√VÔ›Á>•D √u§
ÌÆ˛≈m
BºƒV>´ ÔVsBD :
1. ÷>[ JÈ ±_ á c›]Á´VD
2. Œ·º>B ÂV‚| \[™[ \Vˆ>›>[ clÏ√ol[ yÁ\ÁB
∂§Õm clÏ√o ÿÔV|©√Á> WÆ›]™V[. ®™ºk
clÏÿÔVÁÈ ym ®™ ÌÆD ±_ ÷m.
Eu§È¬˛B∫Ô^
1. ÂVB¬ÔÏ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.1350 x>_ 1750 kÁ´
2. \mÁ´l_ ÂVB¬ÔÏ g‚E¬z ∂ΩºÔVoBkÏ BVÏ?
z\V´ÔD√ı[
3. Eu§È¬˛B∫Ô^ ®›>Á™ kÁÔ©√|D ?
96
4. >ta_ x>[x>ÈVÔ› º>V[§B cÈV ±_ ®m?
]Ú¬ÔlÈVB QV™ cÈV
5. ]Ú¬ÔlÈVB QV™ cÈVs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ºƒ´\V[ ÿ√Ú\V^ ÂVB™VÏ
6. g”Á¶B∏^Á·BVÏ ]Ú cÈV \VÁÈl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÂD∏BVı¶VÏ ÂD∏
7. ]Ú¬zu≈VÈÂV>Ï cÈVs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]ˆÌ¶ ÷´Vƒ©√Ôs´VBÏ
8. ∂Õ>¬Ôs T´´VÔkx>oBVÏ ÷Bu§B cÈV ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
]ÚkV‘Ï cÈV ]Ú¬Ôø¬z[≈›m cÈV
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9. ∞ÔVD√´ÂV>Ï cÈVs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
÷´‚Á¶©AÈkÏÔ^
10. #m ÷È¬˛BD ®ÀkÁÔ© √VkV_ √V¶©ÿ√ÆD?
Ôsÿkı√VkV_
11. #m ÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ_ >ÁÈflE≈Õ>>VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|km ®m?
>tµs|#m
12. ÔV¬ÁÔ s| #][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿk^Á·kV´™VÏ
13. *™V‚E ∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ®ø]B #m±_ ®m?
>ƒs|#m
14. #][ kÁÔÔÁ·¬ ÌÆÔ?
∂Ô›#m, A≈›#m
15. >tµs| #][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿ√BÏ ˛Á¶¬Ô©ÿ√≈s_ÁÈ
16. ÿÂfi∑s|#][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿÔVu≈k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
17. ∂wÔÏ ˛^Á·s|#][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
√È√‚¶Á¶fl ÿƒV¬ÔÂV>© AÈkÏ
18. kı|s| #][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÔflEB©√ x>oBVÏ
19. ∑©ý√¬Ôs´VBÏ ÷Bu§B #][ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?
Ì·©√ÂVB¬Ô[ s≈os|#m
20. ∏^Á·›>ta[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ BVÁk?
∏^Á·¬Ôs, ∏^Á·©√V‚|
21. ∏^Á·›>ta[ ÷ÚkÁÔÔ^ BVÁk?
gı√V_ ∏^Á·›>tµ, ÿ√ı√V_ ∏^Á·›>tµ
22. ∏^Á·›>ta[ √Úk∫Ô^ ®›>Á™?
10
23. gı√V_ ∏^Á·›>ta[ √Úk∫Ô^ BVÁk?
ÔV©A, ÿƒ∫ˇÁ´, >V_, ƒ©√VË, x›>D, kÚÁÔ, ∂DAo,
Eu§_, EÆ√Á≈, EÆº>Ï
24. ÿ√ı√V_ ∏^Á·›>ta[ √Úk∫Ô^ BVÁk?
ÔV©A, ÿƒ∫ˇÁ´, >V_, ƒ©√VË, x›>D, kÚÁÔ, ∂DAo,
Ôw∫z (∂D\VÁ™), ¿´V¶_, ªƒ_
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25. ∏^Á·›>tµ ÷È¬˛B›][ x[º™VΩ BVÏ?
ÿ√ˆBVµkVÏ
26. ∏^Á·›>tµ ®Õ>fl ƒÕ>›>V_ g™Ák?
ÔaÿÂΩÈVEˆBfl ƒÕ>sÚ›>›>V_
27. ∂DAo© √ÚkD ®ÀÿkÀ kÁÔÔ·V_ √V¶©√|D?
ƒV\, >V™, º√>, >ı¶D ®–D ÂV[z kÁÔÔπ_
28. z\´zÚ√´Ï ÷Bu§B ∏^Á·›>tµ ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
*™V‚EBDÁ\ ∏^Á·›>tµ
29. ]ÚflÿƒÕ#Ï xÚÔ[ ∏^Á·›>ta[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
√Ôa¬ Ì›>Ï
30. ÔVÕ]\]BDÁ\ ∏^Á·›>ta[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∂w˛B© √È√‚¶Á¶fl ÿƒV¬ÔÂV>Ï
31. \ÔVs›mkV[ *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· √VΩB ∏^Á·›>tµ
±_Ô^ BVÁk?
ºƒ¬˛wÏ ∏^Á·›>tµ, xÁÔy[ gı¶kÏ ∏^Á·›>tµ
32. ÔÈD√Ô›][ cÆ©AÔ^ ®›>Á™?
18
33. ÔÈD√Ô ÷È¬˛BD √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏÔ^ BVÏ?
÷´‚Á¶BÏÔ^
34. ÔÈD√Ô ÷È¬˛B∫Ô”^ >ÁÈE≈Õ>m ®m?
ÂÕ]¬ÔÈD√ÔD
35. ÂÕ]¬ÔÈD√Ô›][ √V‚|Á¶›>ÁÈk[ BVkÏ?
J[≈VD ÂÕ]kÏ\[
36. ÔÈD√Ô›][ ÿƒF•^ ÿ>VÁÔ ®[™?
Ô¶°·VÏ¬z - 100, xMkÏ¬z - 95, ∂´ƒÏ¬z - 90,
∂Á\flƒÏ¬z - 70, kËÔÏ¬z - 50, ºk·V·Ï¬z - 30
37. g”Á¶B ∏^Á·BVÏ ]Ú¬ÔÈD√Ô›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÂD∏BVı¶VÏ ÂD∏
38. ]Úk´∫Ô¬ ÔÈD√ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
∏^Á·© ÿ√Ú\V^ nB∫ÔVÏ
99. \mÁ´¬ ÔÈD√ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
z\´zÚ√´Ï
40. ÷´‚Á¶BÏ √VΩB ÔÈD√Ô ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
]ÚkV\V›#Ï¬ ÔÈD√ÔD, ]_ÁÈ¬ ÔÈD√ÔD
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41. T´\VxMkÏ √VΩB ÔÈD√Ô ±_ ®m?
]Ú¬ÔVkŸÏ¬ ÔÈD√ÔD
42. ÂÕ]¬ ÔÈD√Ô›]_ ÔV©√|D √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
144
43. z≈kfiE ÷È¬˛B∫Ô”^ >ÁÈE≈Õ>>VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|km
®m?
z≈kfiE ÂV¶ÔD, z≈kfiE ÂV‚ΩBD
44. z≈kfiE ÷È¬˛B∫Ô”^ >ÁÈE≈Õ>>VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|km
®m?
]Ú¬zu≈VÈ¬ z≈kfiE
45. ]Ú¬zu≈VÈ¬ z≈kfiEB[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]ˆÌ¶ ÷´Vƒ©√¬ Ôs´VBÏ
46. k´> ÂfiÁƒB©√ ∏^Á· ÷Bu§B z≈kfiEB ±_ ®m?
>twÉ z≈kfiE
47. ƒ´º√Õ]´ Ø√VÈ¬ z≈kfiEl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿÔV‚Á¶RÏ Ek¬ÿÔVøÕm º>EÔÏ
48. ÿ√›>ºÈÔD z≈kfiEl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ºk>ÂVBÔ ƒV¸]ˆBVÏ
49. √^” á ®Õ> WÈ \¬Ô”¬z cˆB ±_?
\Ú> WÈ \¬Ô”¬z
50. √^” ÷È¬˛BD ®Õ> k™©A kÁÔÁBfl ƒVÏÕ>m?
AÈ[
51. √^” ÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ_ >ÁÈE≈Õ>m ®m?
x¬Ì¶u√^”
52. x¬Ì¶u√^π[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]ˆÌ¶ ÷´Vƒ©√¬ Ôs´VBÏ
53. √^” á ÷È¬˛B›][ ºkÆ ÿ√BÏÔ^ ®[™?
cw›]©√V‚|, √^º·ƒ_
54. ∂Õ>V] ÷È¬˛BD ®Õ> k™©A kÁÔÁBfl ƒVÏÕ>m?
÷ÁBA
55. ∂Õ>V] ÿkı√V ®ÀkÁÔ BV©∏_ √V¶©ÿ√ÆD?
ÿkı√V BV©A ∂_Èm Ô‚¶Á·¬ Ôo›mÁ≈ BV©A
56. ∂Õ>V]© AÈkÏ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ BVÏ?
Œ‚¶¬Ì›>Ï
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57. ƒ¶ºÔV√Ï ∂Õ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÔD√Ï
58. ∂uA>› ]ÚkÕ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÔVÁ´¬ÔV_ ∂DÁ\BVÏ
59. ÿ√V[kıÕ>Õ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ºƒ´\V[ÿ√Ú\V^ ÂVB™VÏ
60. ]ÚkÕ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]Ú\aÁƒBVµkVÏ
61. ]Úk´∫Ô›>Õ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∏^Á·©ÿ√Ú\V^ nB∫ÔVÏ
62. ]Ú¬z≈·Õ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
÷´VÁƒ¬ÔsQÏ
63. Â¬ˇ´Ï ®ø]B ∂Õ>V] ±o[ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?
ÔlÁÈ√V] ÔV·›]√V] ∂Õ>V]
64. ºÔVÁk ÷È¬˛BD ®›>Á™ √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD?
Ô‚¶Á·¬ Ôo›mÁ≈l_ 100 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD
65. >fiÁƒ kV[ ºÔVÁkl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿ√VFBV ÿ\Va©AÈkÏ
66. \ÔVs›mkV[ *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ÷Bu§B ºÔVÁk
±_Ô^ BVÁk?
z·›#Ï¬ ºÔVÁk, ]ÚkVk|mÁ≈¬ ºÔVÁk, ÊÏÔVa¬
ºÔVÁk
67. ƒ>Ô ÷È¬˛BD ®›>Á™© √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m?
100
68. ÿ>VıÁ¶ \ı¶Èfl ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
√Ω¬ÔV∑©AÈkÏ
69. ∂≈©√C∑´Ï ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
∂D√ÈkV¬ Ôs´VBÏ
70. ]Úflƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
\VË¬ÔkVƒÔÏ
71. ÷ºB∑ÂV>Ï ]Úflƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
BVµ©√VD ƒ>VEkD ∏^Á·
72. \ÔV›\V ÔVÕ] ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
x›m ∑Õ>´D x>oBVÏ
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73. \–¿]fl ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
ºk>˛ˆ x>oBVÏ
74. ÔVÏº\Ô¬ ÔsQÏ √VΩB ƒ>ÔD ®[™?
ÿÔV∫z \ı¶Èfl ƒ>ÔD
75. ºƒVw \ı¶Èfl ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
g›\ÂV> º>EÔÏ
76. √VıΩ \¶Èfl ƒ>ÔD √ΩBkÏ BVÏ?
nBDÿ√Ú\V[
77. √V¶_ ®[√m ®>Á™¬ z§¬zD?
√Á™\¶ÁÈ
78. E›]´\¶o[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ
79. ]Ú\∫ÁÔBVµkVÏ ®ø]B \¶_Ô^ BÁk?
E§B ]Ú\¶_, ÿ√ˆB ]Ú\¶_
80. ÂV_kÏ ÂV[\Ë\VÁÈl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ
81. ]Ú∂∫Ô \VÁÈl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]ÚÂV°¬Ô´ƒÏ
82. ÿ\FˇÏ›] ®ÀkÁÔ© √VkV_ √V¶©ÿ√ÆD?
gEˆB© √VkV_
83. ÿ\FˇÏ›]ÁB› º>VuÆs›>kÏÔ^ BVÏ?
∏uÔVÈfl ºƒVwÏÔ^
84. Â·ÿkı√Vs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
AÔºwÕ]BVÏ
85. AÔºwÕ] ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
ÿ√V[sÁ·Õ> Ô·›#Ï
86. AÔºwÕ]ÁB g>ˆ›> k^·_ BVÏ?
ƒÕ]´[ ÔkÏ¬˛
87. Â·ÿkı√Vs[ JÈ¬ÔÁ> ®m?
\ÔV√V´>›]_ c^· Âº·V√V¬˛BV™D
88. Â·ÿkı√V ®›>Á™ ÔVı¶∫ÔÁ·•D, ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ·•D
cÁ¶Bm?
3 ÔVı¶∫ÔÁ·•D, 400 ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ·•D cÁ¶Bm.
89. Â·ÿkı√Vs_ c^· ÔVı¶∫Ô^ BVÁk?
∑BDk´ ÔVı¶D, Ôo›ÿ>V¶Ï ÔVı¶D, Ôo¿∫z ÔVı¶D
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
67
90. AÔºwÕ] ®ÀkVÆ AÔw©√|˛≈VÏ?
ÿkı√VsuºÔVÏ AÔºwÕ]
91. AÔºwÕ] >[Á™ g>ˆ›> k^·ÁÈ ®›>Á™ ÷¶∫Ôπ_
√V´V‚Ω•^·VÏ?
nÕm ÷¶∫Ôπ_
92. Û>V‚¶›][ yÁ\ÁB s·¬zk>uÔVÔ÷Bu≈©√‚|^· ±_
®m?
Â·ÿkı√V
93. ÁÂ¶>D BVÚÁ¶B k´ÈVuÁ≈¬ ÌÆ˛≈m?
Â·[
94. ÁÂ¶>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∂]T´´V\√VıΩBÏ
95. ÁÂ¶>D ÷Bu≈©√‚¶ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏. 16áD ±u≈Vı|
96. ÁÂ¶>›]_ c^· sÚ›>©√V¬Ô^ ®›>Á™?
1172
97. ÁÂ¶>D ®ÀkVÆ º√Vu≈©√|˛≈m?
ÁÂ¶>D AÈkÏ¬z Œ·¶>D
98. ∂]T´´V\Ï ÷Bu§B ∏≈±_Ô^ BVÁk?
ÂÆÕÿ>VÁÔ, ÿku§ºkuÁÔ, ÔVE¬ÔVı¶D, ÌÏ\A´VD,
\ÔVA´VD
99. ∂]T´´V\Ï ÷Bu§B ÿ\Va©ÿ√BÏ©A ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
÷o∫ÔA´VD, ]Ú¬ÔÚÁk© √]uÆ©√›>Õ>V]
100. ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´VD ÷Bu§BkÏ BVÏ?
√´fiºƒV] xMkÏ
101. ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´V›][ ÔVÈD?
˛.∏.16-gD ±u≈Vı|
102. ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´V›]_ c^· √¶È∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ?
68
103. ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´V›]_ c^· √V¶_Ô^?
3363
104. √´fiºƒV]BVÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ?
]Ú\Á≈¬ÔV|
105. x>o_ º>V[§B ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´VD?
ºk©√›#´VÏ ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´VD
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
68
106. ∂≈ÿÂ§ ƒV´D ®[≈ ±o[ gEˆBÏ?
xÁ™©√VΩBVÏ
107. ∂≈ÿÂ§ ƒV´›]_ ÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^· ÿkı√V¬Ô^?
226
108. Ôs ÔV·º\Ô›Á> B\Ôı¶D √V|s›>kÏ BVÏ?
∂]\m´ Ôs
109. Ôs ´V‚ƒ>Ï ®[Æ º√Vu≈©√|√kÏ?
Ô‚EB©√ xMkÏ
110. >ËÁÔ© A´VD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
ÔflEB©√ xMkÏ
111. Ô‚EB©√ xMkÏ ÷Bu§B ∏≈ ±_Ô^?
ÔVfiEA´VD, ]ÚkVÁ™¬ÔVA´VD, ØkV”ÏA´VD,
º√‘ÏA´VD, sÂVBÔA´VD, ]Ú›>ËÁÔ
√]uÆ©√Õ>V], Ô‚EBVÕ> Ú›º´ƒÏ √]uÆ√›>Õ>V],
√fiƒVs´∂Õ>V], kı|s|#m, ÿƒ[Á™ sÂVBÔÏ
∏^Á·›>tµ, Ì·©√ÂVB¬Ô[ ÔV>_,
Ì·©√ÂVB¬Ô[ sós|#m
112. Ô‚EB©√ xMkˆ[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
EkQV™ ºBV˛
113. ∂ˆflƒÕ]´ A´V›Á>› >ta_ sÚ›>V√VkV_ √VΩBkÏ
BVÏ?
T´Ôs´VBÏ
114. T´Ôs´VBˆ[ ªÏ ®m?
Â_ŸÏ
115. ƒ´º√Õ]´ Ø√VÈ z≈kfiEl[ √V‚|Á¶›>ÁÈk[ BVÏ?
ƒ´º√V˜ \[™[
116. ƒ´º√Õ]´ Ø√VÈ z≈kfiEl[ \Æÿ√BÏ ®[™?
Ôo¶¬ÿÔVΩ z≈kfiE
117. xÁ™©√VΩBVˆ[ ƒ\BD ®m?
∂ÚÔ ƒ\BD
118. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏B›º>kÏ ÷Bu§B ÔÈD√ÔD ±_ ®m?
]Ú©√V]ˆ©AoRÏ¬ ÔÈD√ÔD
119. s_o√V´>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
s_o©A›#´VÏ (s_o©A›#´VµkVÏ)
120. s_o√V´>D ®Õ> ±ÁÈ› >øs ÷Bu≈©√‚¶m?
k¶ÿ\Val_ sBVƒÏ ®ø]B √V´>›Á>
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
69
121. s_o√V´>›]_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
4300
122. s_o√V´>›]_ ÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^· √Úk∫Ô^ ®›>Á™?
10
123. s_o©A›#´VÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
]ÚxÁ™©√VΩ ÂV‚ΩK^· ÔMRÏ
124. s_o©A›#´Á´© √V´>D √V|D√Ω ºkıΩ¬ ÿÔVı¶kÏ BVÏ?
k¬Ô√VÁ>kV√] g‚ÿÔVı¶V[
125. ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
]ÚkıV\ÁÈ
126. ∂Ú˛ˆ¬z ∂ÚÂˆÕ> ÷Á≈k[ BVÏ?
xÚÔ©ÿ√Ú\V[
127. ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B E≈©AÁ¶B±_ ®m?
]Ú©AÔµ
128. >V•\V™kÏ ∂Ú˛ˆÁB ®ÀkVÆ √V´V‚|˛≈VÏ?
kV¬˛uz ∂Ú˛ˆ
129. ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
16000
130. ∂Ú˛ˆBVˆ[ √V¶_Ôπ_ ÷[Æ Â\¬z¬ ˛Á¶©√Ák
®›>Á™?
1307
131. 1307 √V¶_ÔπKD ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ®›>Á™ ƒÕ>
ºkÆ√V|ÔÁ· Ák›m©
√VΩlÚ¬˛≈VÏ?
1008
132. ∂Ú˛ˆBVˆ[ √‚¶©ÿ√BÏÔ^ BVÁk?
ƒÕ>ºkÕ>Ï, ƒÕ>©ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_ÈB¬Ô·fiEBD
133. ÔÕ>Ï ∂È∫ÔV´›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ
134. ÔÕ>Ï ∂È∫ÔV´›]_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
102
135. ÔÕ>´–Ø]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ
136. ÔÕ>È–Ø]l_ ÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
52
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
70
137. ]ÚkÚ©A ±o[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ
138. ]ÚkÚ©∏_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
18
139. ∂Ú˛ˆBVˆ[ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.15-gD ±u≈Vı|
140. ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B ∏≈±_Ô^ BVÁk?
ºk_sÚ›>D, \l_sÚ›>D
141. z\´zÚ√´Ï kVµÕ> ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏. 17-gD ±u≈Vı|
142. tz]BVÔfl Eu§È¬˛B∫ÔÁ·© √VΩlÚ©√kÏ BVÏ?
z\´zÚ√´Ï
143. ∏´√Õ> ºkÕ>Ï ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ BVÏ?
z\´zÚ√´Ï
144. ¿]ÿÂ§ s·¬ÔD gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
z\´zÚ√´Ï
145. z\´zÚ√´ˆ[ ÿ√uº≈VÏ BVÏ?
ƒıxÔEÔV\Ë¬ Ôs´VBÏ, EkÔV\∑Õ>ˆ ∂DÁ\
146. z\´zÚ√´Ú¬z© º√∑Õ]≈[ ∂π›>kÏ BVÏ?
]ÚflÿƒÕ#Ï xÚÔ[
147. z\´zÚ√´Ï x>o_ ÷Bu§B ±_ ®m?
ÔÕ>ÏÔsÿkı√V
148. *™V‚EBDÁ\ ∏^Á·›>ta[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
z\´zÚ√´Ï
149. x›m¬z\V´ƒVt ∏^Á·›>ta[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
z\´zÚ√´Ï
150. z\´zÚ√´Ï ÷Bu§B ∏≈±_Ô^ BVÁk?
ÔlÁÈ¬ÔÈD√ÔD, \mÁ´¬ÔÈD√ÔD, ]ÚkV‘Ï
ÂV[\Ë\VÁÈ, E>D√´ xDxË¬ºÔVÁk, E>D√´
ÿƒF•‚ºÔVÁk, ÷´‚Á¶\Ë\VÁÈ, ÔVE¬ÔÈD√ÔD,
ƒÔÈÔÈV k_o\VÁÈ, \mÁ´ *™V‚EBDÁ\¬ z≈D,
*™V‚EBDÁ\ ÷´‚Á¶\Ë\VÁÈ
151. >›mk© ∏´ÔVƒˆ[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]ÚÿkVu§RÏ QV™©∏´ÔVƒ º>EÔÏ
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
71
152. >›mk©∏´ÔVƒÏ cÁ´ ®ø]B ±_ ®m?
EkQV™ E›]BVÏ
153. >›mk©∏´ÔVƒÏ ÷Bu§B ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?
>›mk©∏´ÔVƒD
154. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏B›º>kÏ ÷Bu§B ÔÈD√Ô ±_ ®m?
]Ú©√V]ˆ©AoRÏ¬ÔÈD√ÔD
155. Ô\´ƒ ƒ[\VÏ¬Ô›Á> x>[x>o_ cÈ˛–¬z ∂π›>kÏ
BVÏ?
>V•\V™kÏ
156. >V•\V™kÏ √V¶_Ô^ ®©√Ω ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈™?
>V•\V™k∑kVtÔ^ ]Ú©√V¶_]´‚|
157. >tµ ÿ\Val[ c√W¶>D ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√km ®m?
>V•\V™k∑kVt ]Ú©√V¶_]´‚|
158. ∑D\V ÷Ú©√º> ∑ÔD BVÏ ÌuÆ?
>V•\V™k∑kVtÔ^
159. ÿ√VF•ÈzD, ÿ√VF•≈°D ÿ√VF•¶KD ÿ√VF BVÏ ÌuÆ?
>V•\V™k∑kVtÔ^
160. >V•\V™k ∑kVtÔ^ √VΩB √V¶_Ô^ BVÁk?
√´V√´¬ÔıË ®ÕÂV‚ÔıË, ˛π¬Ôı\Ë,
g™Õ>¬Ôπ©A
161. B\Ôı¶D √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ
162. ÔV·º\Ô›][ ÷Buÿ√BÏ ®[™?
k´>[
163. g∑Ôs √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏ BVÏ?
ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ
164. kÁƒÔs ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ BVÏ?
ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ
165. kÁƒÔs √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏ BVÏ?
ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ
166. ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkˆ[ ÿ√ÚÁ\ ®[™?
÷Dÿ\[–Dx[º™ ®ø±ÆD, ®ıIÆD ∂Dÿ\[≈V_
gl´xD √VΩB ÿ√ÚÁ\¬zˆBkÏ
167. ÔV·º\Ô©AkÈÏ √VΩB >M©√V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
187
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
72
168. ÔV·º\Ô©AkÈÏ √VΩB ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
]ÚkVÁ™¬ÔV cÈV, ]ÚkVÁ[ÔV ƒ´∑k] \VÁÈ, E›]\¶_,
ƒx›]´ sÈVƒD
169. EºÈÁ¶ ÂBD ÿ√VÚ›>©√V|k]_ E≈Õm s·∫˛BkÏ VÏ?
ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ
170. ÔÈD√ÔD √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏÔ^ BVÏ?
÷´‚Á¶BÏÔ^
171. ÷´‚Á¶©AÈkÏÔπ[ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?
÷·fiÛˆBÏ, xmÛˆBÏ
172. ÷·fiÛˆBˆ[ ∏≈s ª™D ®[™?
zÚ¶Ï
73. xmÛˆBˆ[ ∏≈s ª™D ®[™?
x¶kÏ
174. ÷´‚Á¶©AÈkÏÔ^ ÷Bu§B O_Ô^ BVÁk?
]_ÁÈ¬ÔÈD√ÔD, ]ÚkV\›m¬ÔÈD√ÔD, ∞ÔVD√´ÂV>Ï cÈV,
Ô‚E¬ÔÈD√ÔD, \VÁ>¬ÔÈD√ÔD, JkÏ ∂D\VÁ™
175. Ê‚|¬Ôs √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏ BVÏ?
∂Õ>Ô¬Ôs T´´VÔk x>oBVÏ
176. Ek©∏´ÔVƒˆ[ QV™ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
EkQV™√V> ÷Ú>BÏ
177. ]Úÿk∫ÁÔ¬ ºÔVÁkÁB ÷Bu§BkÏ BVÏ?
Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ
178. ]Úÿk∫ÁÔ¬ ºÔVÁkl[ \Æÿ√BÏ ®[™?
\Õ]ˆ¬ºÔVÁk
179. ∏Áo∫Ô‹ÁÈB[ gƒˆBÏ BVÏ?
Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ
180. Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ ®ÀkÁÔ¬ Ôs √V|k]_ E≈Õm s·∫˛™VÏ?
E›]´Ôs
181. ÂV_kÏ ÂV[\Ë\VÁÈl[ gEˆBÏ BÏ?
Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ
182. Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ ÷Bu§B ±_Ô^ ®›>Á™
34
183. √, \ º√V[≈ ÷>µÔ^ ÷Á•D ®ø›mÔπ[§ √V¶©√|D
±_ ®m?
¿º´V‚¶ÔD
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
73
184. ∂‚¶©∏´√Õ>D ®–D ÿ>Vz©∏_ ∂¶∫˛•^· ±_Ô^
®›>Á™?
8
185. ∂‚¶©∏´√Õ>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∏^Á·©ÿ√Ú\V^ nB∫ÔVÏ
186. Â_ÈV©∏^Á· √V´>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
Â_ÈV©∏^Á·
187. k¶\ÁÈB© ∏^Á·l[ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.1706
188. k¶\ÁÈB© ∏^Á· ®©√Ω© º√Vu≈©√|˛≈VÏ?
ÿƒÕ>tø¬Ô>°D ]BVÔkVˆ] (kVˆ] - Ô¶_)
189. ƒÕ>© √V¶_ÔÁ·© √V|k]_ E≈©A ÿ√u≈kÏ BVÏ?
√Ω¬ÔV∑AÈkÏ
190. √Ω¬ÔV∑AÈkÏ √VΩB ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
√_Èk´VB[ cÈV, √_Èk´VB[ ∏^Á·›>tµ,
√VD√È∫ÔV´Ï kÚ¬Ô¬ºÔVÁk, A^πÚ¬z ºkjÏ ÔÈD√ÔD,
cÁ\√VÔÏ √]ÔD
191. ∂ÚVƒÈ¬ Ôs´VBÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
]_ÁÈBVΩ
192. ∂ÚVƒÈ¬ Ôs´VBˆ[ ÿ√uº≈VÏ BVkÏ?
Â_È>D∏, k^πBDÁ\
193. ÷´V\ÂV¶Ô¬ ˇÏ›>Á™l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∂ÚVƒÈ¬ Ôs´VBÏ
194. ºÔV√VÈ˛Úi √V´]BVÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
ÂVÔ©√‚Ω™›m¬z ∂Ú˛_ c^· Âˆ\D ˛´V\D
195. ÂÕ>™VÏ ƒˆ›]´D ®ø]Bm BVÏ?
ºÔV√VÈ˛Úi √V´]BVÏ
196. ]Ú¿ÈÔı¶ÂVB™VÏ ˇÏ›>Á™l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ºÔV√VÈ˛Úi √V´]BVÏ
197. ÂV_kÁÔ© √V¬ÔÁ·© √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
*™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·
198. ÂT™ ÔD√Ï, ∏uÔVÈ¬ ÔD√Ï ®[Æ º√Vu≈©√|√kÏ BVÏ?
\ÔVs›mkV[ *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·
199. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
]ÊÁ´D
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
74
200. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·l[ >ÕÁ> ÿ√BÏ ®[™?
E>D√´D∏^Á·
201. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ÂVÿ·V[Æ¬z ®›>Á™ √V¶_ √V|D
]≈Dÿ√u≈kÏ?
400
202. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ®ø]B ±_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
80
203. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·¬z ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶ √‚¶D ®m?
\ÔVs›mkV[
204. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· √VΩ•^· >ÈA´V∫Ô^ ®›>Á™?
16
205. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· √VΩ•^· ∏^Á·›>tµ ±_Ô^
®›>Á™?
10
206. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· √VΩ•^· ±_Ô”^ >ÁÈE≈Õ>m
®m?
ºƒ¬˛wVÏ∏^Á·›>tµ
207. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·l[ ±_ÔÁ·ÿB_ÈVD ]´‚Ω
ÿkπl‚¶ \VV¬ÔÏ BVÏ?
c.ºk.∑kVtÂV>nFBÏ
208. ÷´V\flƒÕ]´¬ Ôs´VBÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
ÿ>VıÁ¶\ı¶È›]K^· ÷´V∑Â_ŸÏ
209. ÷´V\flƒÕ]´ Ôs´VBˆ¶D >tµ √l[≈ ˛§›>kÏ BVÏ?
®_‹∑mÁ´
210. ÷´V\flƒÕ]´¬ Ôs´VBÏ÷Bu§B ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
÷´ıB kVƒÔ©√V, ÷´∫ºÔV[ ƒıÁ¶ ÂV¶ÔD, ƒzÕ>ÁÈ
sÈVƒD, >VÚÔ sÈVƒD
211. ∑kVt sAÈV™Õ>V ∂ΩÔ^ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
~wD
212. ∑kVt sAÈV™Õ>ˆ[ ÷Buÿ√BÏ ®[™?
\l_kVÔ™[
213. BVµ±_ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∑kVt sAÈV™Õ> ∂ΩÔ^
214. sAÈV™Õ>Ï ÷Bu§B ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
\>∫Ô Û·V\Ë, BVµ±_
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
75
215. sAÈV™Õ>Ï >tµ© º√´VEˆB´VÔ© √ËAˆÕ> ÷¶D ®m?
∂ıV\ÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD
216. sAÈV™Õ>Ï ®[≈ √‚¶D BV´V_ ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m?
÷´V\˛Úi \¶›]™V_
217. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ ÿ√uº≈VÏ BVkÏ?
÷´V\FBV∏^Á·, E[™DÁ\
218. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
\Ú#Ï
219. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ BVÁk?
k¶ŸÏ k^·ÈVÏ, ]ÚkÚ‚ ∏´ÔVƒ k^·ÈVÏ
220. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ √¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™ ]ÚxÁ≈Ô·VÔ
ÿ>Vz¬Ô©√‚|^·™?
6
221. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ®ø]•^· cÁ´ÂÁ¶ ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
\–xÁ≈Ôı¶kVƒÔD, ˝(Ê)kÔVÚıB Œø¬ÔD
222. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ƒ[\VÏ¬Ô ƒ∫Ô›Á> ®Õ> gı|
º>VuÆs›>VÏ.
1865 gD gı|
223. ƒ›]B >Ú\ƒVÁÈÁB WÆsBÏ BVÏ?
÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^
224. ƒ›]B QV™ƒVÁÈÁB ∂Á\›>kÏ BVÏ?
÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^
225. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ QV™zÚ BVÏ?
]ÚQV™ƒD√Õ>Ï
226. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ∏[√u§ Œø˛B ±_ ®m?
]ÚkVƒÔD
227. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ >V´Ô \Õ]´D ®[™?
∂Ú‚ÿ√ÚfiºƒV] >M©ÿ√Ú∫ÔÚÁ
228. ]ÚkÚ‚√V √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^
229. kVΩB √lÁ´¬ Ôı¶º√Vÿ>_ÈVD kVΩº™[ BVÏ ÌuÆ?
÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ÌuÆ
230. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ x>o_ BVÚÁ¶B √¬>Ï?
xÚÔ√¬>Ï
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
76
231. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ kVµÕ> ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.1823 x>_ 1874 kÁ´
232. ÷È∫ÁÔ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ›][ x>_ >tµ© º√´VEˆBÏ BVÏ?
sAÈV™Õ> ∂ΩÔ^
233. √‚Ω™›>Vˆ[ ÷Buÿ√BÏ ®[™?
]ÚÿkıÔV¶Ï
234. √‚Ω™›>VÏ ÷BuÁÔ ®F]B ÷¶D ®m?
]Úÿku§RÏ
235. √‚Ω™›>VÏ ®ø]•^· ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
ºÔVl_ ÂV[\Ë\VÁÈ, ]Ú¬Ôø\È xDxË¬ºÔVÁk,
]ÚsÁ¶\Ú#Ï xD\Ë¬ºÔVÁk, ]ÚºkÔD√xÁ¶BVÏ
]ÚkÕ>V], ]ÚÿkVu§RÏ ŒÚ√V ŒÚ√‡m
236. E›>ÏÔ^ ®ÀkVÆ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï?
EkV– Ø]fl ÿƒ_kÏÔ^ ®[Æ
237. E›>ÏÔ·m ƒ\BD ®[™?
ƒ\´ƒ ƒ[\VÏ¬ÔD
238. E›>ÏÔ·m ÿÂ§ ®[™?
cıÁ\ÁB› º>|km
239. E›>ÏÔ·m \Á BVôÚÕm ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈m?
]ÚJÈôÚÕm
240. E›>ÏÔπ_ >ÁÈBVBkÏ BVÏ?
∂Ô›]BÏ
241. x>_ E›>Ï BVÏ?
]ÚJÈÏ
242. Â‚¶Ô_KD º√∑º\V ÂV>[ c^πÚ¬ÁÔl_ BVÏ ÌuÆ?
EkkV¬˛BÏ
243. √VkD ÿƒFBV]Ú \™º\! √VkD ÿƒF>V_ ®\[ ÿÔVıº¶VΩ©
º√VkV[ BVÏ ÌuÆ?
Ô|ÿkπflE›>Ï
244. tÔ©√wÁ\BV™ cÁ´ ®m?
÷Á≈B™VÏ Ô·sB_ cÁ´
245. ÷Á≈B™VÏ Ô·sBK¬z cÁ´ ®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?
Â¬ˇ´Ï
246. cÁ´BVEˆBÏÔ”^ ÔVÈ›>V_ xu√‚¶kÏ BVÏ?
÷·DØ´Ï
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
77
247. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏B›]uz x>[ x>o_ cÁ´ ®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?
÷·DØ´Ï
248. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD xøÁ\¬zD cÁ´ ®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?
÷·DØ´Ï
249. ÷·DØ´Ï ®Õ> ƒ\B›Á>fl ƒVÏÕ>kÏ?
ƒ\ ƒ\B›Á>
250. º√´VEˆBÏ cÁ´ ®ø]•^· ÷È¬˛BD ®m?
]Ú¬ºÔVÁkBVÏ
251. ÂflE™VÏ¬˛BÏ cÁ´kz›m^· ƒ∫Ô ÷È¬˛B∫Ô^ BVÁk?
Ôo›ÿ>VÁÔ•D, √›m©√V‚|D
252. ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBÏ cÁ´kz›m^·ÔV©∏BD ®m?
ÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë
253. ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBÏ ®ÀkVÆ º√Vu≈©√|˛≈VÏ?
cflEº\uAÈkÏ ÿÔV^ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBÏ
254. ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBÏ cÁ´l[ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?
ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBD
255. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD ÿƒV_È]ÔV´›]uzfl E≈Õ> cÁ´
®ø]lÚ©√kÏ BVÏ?
ºƒ™VkÁ´BÏ
256. ºƒ™VkÁ´BÏ cÁ´ ®©√Ω kw∫Ô©√|˛≈m?
ºƒ™VkÁ´BD
257. ∂ΩBVÏ¬z Â_ÈVÏ cÁ´kz›> ±_ ®m?
EÈ©√]ÔV´D
258. W´DÁ√BVÏ ÔVkÈ[ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ BVÏ?
∂ΩBÏ¬z Â_ÈVÏ
259. √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ ®Õ> ±K¬z cÁ´ kz›m^·VÏ?
]Ú¬z≈”¬z
260. √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
ÔVfiEA´D
261. √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ ®Õ> ƒ\B›Á>fl ƒVÏÕ>kÏ?
Ákk ƒ\B›Á>
262. ]ÚkVFÿ\Va¬z x>[ x>ÈVÔ g≈Vl´©√Ω ®[–D cÁ´
®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?
]Ú¬zÚÁÔ©∏´V[ ∏^·V[
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
78
263. ]ÚkVFÿ\Va¬z Œ[√>Vl´©√Ω cÁ´ ®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?
ÂfiÊBÏ
264. ÂfiÊBÏ ®ø]B ∏≈ cÁ´Ô^ BVÁk?
]Ú©√^π ®øflE cÁ´, ]ÚsÚ›> cÁ´, ÿ√ˆB ]Úÿ\Va
cÁ´ 265. ]Ú©√VÁk¬z g≈Vl´©√Ω cÁ´
®ø]lÚ©√kÏ BVÏ?
∂w˛B \kV· ˝(Ê)BÏ
266. ∂w˛B \kV· ˝(Ê)BÏ ®ø]B ∏≈ cÁ´Ô^ BVÁk?
∂\ÈV™]∏´V[, ÔıOıEÆ>VDA
267. ÂVÈVl´›]ÀB ∏´√Õ>D xøÁ\¬zD cÁ´ ®ø]lÚ©√kÏ
BVÏ?
ÿ√ˆBkVflƒV[∏^Á·
268. sBV¬˛BV™fl ƒ¬Ô´kÏ›] ®[Æ º√Vu≈©√|√kÏ BVÏ?
ÿ√ˆBkVflƒV[∏^Á·
269. ]ÚkVFÿ\Va¬z x©√›>V≈Vl´©√Ω cÁ´ ®ø]lÚ©√kÏ
BVÏ?
k¶¬Ô› ]ÚT]∏^Á·
270. Áƒk E›>VÕ> ƒV›]´∫Ô^ ®›>Á™?
14
271. 13-gD ±u≈VıΩ_ º>V[§B ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ƒ›]´∫Ô^
®›>Á™?
4
272. 14-gD ±u≈VıΩ_ º>V[§B ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ƒ›]´∫Ô^
®›>Á™?
8
273. 18-gD ±u≈VıΩ_ º>V[§B ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ƒ›]´∫Ô^
®›>Á™?
2
274. 63 ÂVB[\VÏÔπ[ k´ÈVu§_ EÈ ÿƒF]ÔÁ· \‚|D
z§©∏|D ƒV›]´ ±_ ®m?
]Ú¬ÔπuÆ©√VΩBVÏ
275. ]Ú¬ÔπuÆ©√VΩBVÏ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]Ú¬Ô¶∆Ï cFBkÕ>VÏ
276. ]Ú°Õ]BVÏ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]ÚsBŸÏ cFBkÕ> º>kÏ
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
79
277. ]Ú°Õ]BVÏ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.12-gD ±u≈Vı|
278. ]Ú°Õ]BVˆ_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
45
279. √∑, √], √VƒD x>oBku§[ ÷B_AÔÁ· ®|›]BDAD
E›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?
Ek©∏´ÔVƒD
280. Ek©∏´ÔVƒ›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿÔVu≈k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
281. Ek©∏´ÔVƒ›][ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.14-gD ±u≈Vı|
282. Ek©∏´ÔVƒ›]_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
100
283. ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ƒV›]´∫Ô”^ >ÁÈÁ\B kVFÕ>m ®m?
EkQV™ º√V>D
284. EkQV™ º√V>›]uz ®ø>©√‚¶ cÁ´l[ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?
EkQV™ \V√VΩBD
285. EkQV™ º√V>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿ\F¬Ôı¶ º>kÏ
286. EkQV™ º√V>›][ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.13-gD ±u≈Vı|
287. EkQV™ º√V>›]K^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
12 ±u√V¬Ô^, 39 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, 81 ®|›m¬ÔV‚|
ÿkı√V¬Ô^
288. ÿ\F¬Ôı¶ º>kˆ[ >ÁÈ\VV¬ÔÏ BVÏ?
∂Ú^ÂÕ] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
289. ∂Ú^ÂÕ] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ƒV›]´ ±_
®m?
EkQV™ E›]BVÏ
290. EkQV™ E›]BVˆ[ JÈ±_ ®m?
EkQV™º√V>D
291. EkQV™ E›]BVˆK^· ÷Ú∏ˆ°Ô^ BVÁk?
√´√¬ÔD, ∑√¬ÔD
292. EkQV™ E›]BVˆ[ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB s·¬zD √wÿ\Va ®[™?
Ek›][ º\_ ÿ>Fkt_ÁÈ
EkQV™E›>¬zº\_ ƒV›]´t_ÁÈ
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
80
293. ÷Ú√V ÷Ú√‡m gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∂Ú^ÂÕ] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
294. ÷Ú√V ÷Ú√‡m ®ÀkÁÔ› ÿ>VÁ¶l_ ∂Á\Õm^·m?
∂Õ>V]› ÿ>VÁ¶l_
295. c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_Ô^
®›>Á™?
7
296. cıÁ\ s·¬ÔD gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]Úk]ÁÔ \™kVƒÔ∫ Ô¶Õ>VÏ
297. ]Úk]ÁÔ \™kVƒÔ∫ Ô¶Õ>Vˆ[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿ\FÔı¶ º>kÏ
298. cıÁ\ s·¬ÔD ÷Bu≈©√‚¶ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.13-gD ±u≈Vı|
299. cıÁ\ s·¬ÔD ®Õ> \Õ]´›>[ >›mk© ÿ√VÚÁ·
ÿ>πkVF¬ ÌÆ˛≈m?
Â\EkVB ®[–D nÕÿ>ø›m \›]´›][
300. ]ÚkÚ‚√B[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿÔVu≈k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
301. ]ÚkÚ‚√B[ ®ÀkÁÔ ÿkı√VkV_ ∂Á\Õm^·m?
z≈^ÿkı√VkV_
302. ]ÚkÚ‚√B[ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.14-gD ±u≈Vı|
303. s™V ÿkı√V gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿÔV^·k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
304. s™V ÿkı√Vs[ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.14-gD ±u≈Vı|
305. ÿÔVΩ¬Ôs gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿÔVu≈k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
306. ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_Ô”^ ∂·kV_ tÔflE§B ±_ ®m?
ÿÔVΩ¬Ôs
307. ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_Ô”^ ]Úk^”kÁ´© º√Vu§•Á´¬zD
±_ ®m?
ÿÂfi∑s|#m
308. ÿÂfi∑s|#m gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿÔVu≈k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
81
309. 96 kÁÔ ∏´√Õ>∫Ôπ_ Œ[≈V™ ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?
ÿÂfi∑s|#m
310. gEˆBˆ¶D >[ ÿÂfiÁƒ #m s|¬zD kÁÔl_ ∂Á\Õ>
Áƒk E›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?
ÿÂfi∑s|#m
311. º√Vu§© √‡ÿ≈VÁ¶ ÿkı√Vs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿÔVu≈k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
312. º√u§© √‡ÿ≈VÁ¶ ÿkı√V ®ÀkÁÔ √VkV_
√V¶©√‚|^·m?
Ôoÿkı√VkV_
313. ÿÔVu≈k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVˆ[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
\Á™QV™ º>EÔÏ
314. >kÔVˆBD √›Á>BD s·¬˛¬ ÌÆD ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?
cıÁ\ÿÂ§ s·¬ÔD
315. cıÁ\ÿÂ§ s·¬ÔD gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿÔVu≈k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
316. cıÁ\ÿÂ§ s·¬ÔD ®›>Á™ sÚ›>©√V¬ÔÁ·
cÁ¶Bm?
6
317. Áƒkƒ\B›]uz© A≈D√V™ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· \Æ›mÁ´¬zD
±_ ®m?
ƒ∫Ôu√ W´VÔ´D
318. ƒ∫Ôu√ W´VÔ´D gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿÔVu≈k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
√z] ÷ - >tw§QÏÔ”D, >tµ›ÿ>Vı|D
√V´]BVÏ :
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 11.12.1882
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : ®‚¶BA´D á #›m¬zΩ \Vk‚¶D
3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : ∑©´\ËBD
4. 1893-_ ®‚¶BA´D ƒ\¸>V™ AÈkÏÔ·V_ √V´] ®[–D
E≈©A©√‚¶D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
5. 1898-1902 kÁ´ ÔVEl_ kVµÕ>VÏ
6. >tµ, g∫˛ÈD, ÷Õ], ƒ\¸˛Ú>D, k∫ÔV·ÿ\Va, ∏ÿ´fifl,
∂Á g˛B ÿ\VaÔπ_ AÈÁ\©ÿ√uÆ s·∫˛™VÏ.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
82
7. 1904-_ \mÁ´l_ √V´] ®ø]B √V¶_ sºkÔ√V– ®[–D
÷>a_ ÿkπBV™m.
8. ®‚¶BA´D ƒ\¸>V™›]_ ∂´ƒÁk© AÈk´VÔ ÷ÚÕ>VÏ.
9. \mÁ´ ºƒm√] cBÏWÁÈ© √^πl_ >twVEˆB´VÔ
√ËBVu§™VÏ.
10. ÔsÁ>l_ ∑Bƒˆ>D ®ø]B x>_ ÔsQÏ √V´]
11. ÿƒ[Á™ ¤™ƒ∫ÔD ®[≈ ∂Á\©Á√ º>VuÆs›>kÏ
12. ºÔoflE›]´D ®™©√|D kÁ´°xÁ≈ÁB >tø¬z x>o_
>Õ> ÿ√ÚÁ\ √V´]ÁB ºƒÚD.
13. ∂ÿ\ˆ¬Ô ÔsQÏ kV_‚s‚ÿ\[ ®ø›mxÁ≈ÁB ∏[√u§
>ta_ kƒ™¬ÔsÁ> ®ø]™VÏ.
√›]ˆÁÔ √Ë :
1. ∑º>ƒt›]´[ ®[≈ ÂVπ>a_ c>sBVEˆB´VÔ
√ËBVu§™VÏ.
2. s¤BV ®[≈ ÷>Áw ÿkπl‚¶VÏ.
3. ÷Õ]BV ®[≈ kV´÷>µ gEˆB´VÔ √ËBVu§™VÏ.
4. ƒ¬Ô´kÏ›]M ®[≈ \ÔπÏ \V> ÷>Áw ÊMkVflƒVˆBVº´V|
÷ÁÕm Â¶›]™VÏ.
5. ÛˆB c>BD, ÔÚ\ºBV˛ ®[≈ ÷>wVEˆB´VÔ
√ËBVu§™VÏ.
6. √VÈ√V´›, gÏ B∫ ÷ıΩBV ®[≈ g∫˛È ÷>µ gEˆB´VÔ©
√ËBVu§™VÏ.
7. √V´]l[ E≈©A© ÿ√BÏÔ^ : º>EBÔs, s|>ÁÈÔs,
\ÔVÔs,Ê‚|¬Ôs, \¬Ô^Ôs, >uÔVÈ >tµ ÷È¬˛B
sΩÿk^π, Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ >ÕÁ> ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶kÏ.
8. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : Ôı[ √V‚|, zl_√V‚|, √VfiƒVo ƒ√>D,
√V©√V √V‚|, xÚÔ[ √V‚|, ÿƒVÏz\Vˆ, ∂¬Mzfi∑,
ØºÈVÔ´DÁ√, A]B g›]flÛΩ, Âk´›]™ ÔÁ>Ô^,
]ıΩ\ƒV¸]ˆ, g§_ ŒÚ √∫z, >´V∑, QV™´>D,
ƒÕ]ˆÁÔl[ ÔÁ>, sÂVBÔÏ ÂV[\Ë \VÁÈ, Ê‚|¬Ôs,
x´∑, ∑º>ƒ ˇ>∫Ô^, ÿƒÕ>tµÂV|.
9. \Á≈° : 11.09.1921 á ®‚¶BA´›]KD ]Úk_o¬ºÔËlKD
√V´]BVÏ kVµÕ> ÷_ÈD WÁ™° ÷_È\VÔ°D, ®‚¶BA´›]_
\Ë\ı¶√xD ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
67
83
√V´]>Vƒ[ :
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 29.04.1891
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : AmÁkl_ ∏≈Õ>VÏ
3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : Ô™Ô∑©A´›]™D
4. >™m 16-km kB]_ AmÁk ∂É™Ï Ô_Ÿˆl_
º√´VEˆB´VÔ √Ël_ ºƒÏÕ>VÏ. ÷>uzx[ E§m ÔÈD W´s
∂´∑©√^πl_ √ËBVu§™VÏ.
5. √V´]>VƒÁ™ >tµÂV‚Ω[ ´Û_ ®[Æ ∂Áw©√VÏÔ^.
6. √V´]>VƒÁ™ ∏[ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> ÔsQÏÔ^ >∫ÔÁ·
√V´]>VƒM[ √´D√Á´¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ ®[Æ ∂Áw›m¬
ÿÔVı¶™Ï. (kVË>Vƒ[, xΩB´ƒ[,
∑©A´›]™>Vƒ[, ÔD√>Vƒ[)
7. z|D√¬Ô‚|©√V| √u§ ÷Õ]BVsºÈºB x>[x>o_ √V‚|
®ø]B ÿ√ÚÁ\ √V´]>VƒÁ™ºB ºƒÚD.
8. 1929-gD gı| zΩB´∑ √z›>§° ∞|Ôπ_ √V¶_Ô^,
Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ®ø> g´D∏›>VÏ.
9. 1931-_ AmÁk x´∑ ®[≈ ∞‚ΩÁ™ g´D∏›>VÏ.
10. zl_ ®[≈ ÷È¬˛B ÷>Áw Â¶›] kÕ>VÏ.
11. ÿƒ¬ ÿ\Val_ ÷k´m √V¶_ ÿ\VaBV¬ÔD ÿƒFB©√‚|^·m.
12. 1954-gD gı| Amflºƒˆ ƒ‚¶\[≈ cÆ©∏™´VÔ
º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ.
13. E≈©A ÿ√BÏÔ^ : √VºkÕ>Ï, A´‚E¬Ôs, AmÁ\¬ÔsQÏ,
√z›>§° ÔsQÏ, ÷BuÁÔ ÔsQÏ, AmÁk¬zl_,
>tµÂV‚Ω[ ÷´Û_ ÔVDƒº>VÀ
14. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : z|D√ s·¬z, ÷Úı¶T|, ∂w˛[ Eˆ©A,
√VıΩB[ √ˆ∑, ®]Ï√V´V> x›>D, ºƒ´>Vı¶kD, ƒfiÊk
√Ïk>›][ ƒV´_, ÷Á·QÏ ÷È¬˛BD, T´›>VF, Â_ÈyÏ©A,
A´‚E¬Ôs, >twflEl[ Ô›], ÿƒ·tB[, z§fiE›]´‚|,
ÔV>_WÁ™°Ô^, ÔV>ÈV Ô¶Á\BV, ]Ú¬z≈^ cÁ´,
÷´ËB[, ∏E´VÕÁ>BVÏ, ÷ÁƒBxm, \Ëº\ÔÁÈ
ÿkı√V, Ôı˛ A´‚E¬ÔV©∏BD, √Ω›> ÿ√ıÔ^,
>taB¬ÔD.
15. \Á≈° : 21.04.1964
16. >tµÂV| ∂´∑ 1990-_ ÷k´m √Á¶©AÔÁ·
ÂV‚|Á¶Á\BV¬˛Bm.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
84
ÂV\¬Ô_ ÔsQÏ ÷´V\o∫ÔD ∏^Á· :
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 19.10.1888
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : º\VÔ˚Ï á ÂV\¬Ô_ \Vk‚¶D
3. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : ÿk∫Ô‚´V\[, ∂D\M ∂DÁ\BVÏ
4. k·Ï©A›>VF : √mÈV¨s
5. ]ÚflE \Vk‚¶ ÔV∫˛´¸ ÿƒBÈV·´VÔ°D, Ô‘Ï \uÆD
ÂV\¬Ô_ k‚¶V´ ÔV∫˛É[ >ÁÈk´VÔ°D
√ËBVu§•^·VÏ.
6. 1932-gD gı| ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ c©Aƒ›]BV˛´Ô›]_ ÔÈÕm
ÿÔVı¶VÏ.
7. >twÔ ∂É[ x>_ ∂´ƒÁk¬ ÔsQ´VÔ √>s k˛›>kÏ.
8. ƒV˛›B ∂ÔV¶tl_ >tµ ∏´]W]BVÔ°D ÿ√VÆ©A
k˛›m^·VÏ.
9. >twÔ ƒ‚¶ º\ÈÁk cÆ©∏™´VÔ°D ÷ÚÕ>VÏ.
10. ºÔVsÕ>´V∑ nB∫ÔVÚ¶[ ÷ÁÕm ºÈVÔt›´V ®[≈
÷>Áw Â¶›]™VÏ.
11. E≈©A ÿ√BÏÔ^ : g¸>V™ ÔsQÏ, ÔVÕ]B ÔsQÏ, ÂV\¬Ô_
ÔsQÏ, ÔV∫˛´¸ ÔsQÏ, g‚Eÿ\Va ÔVkÈÏ
12. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : ∂k–D ∂k”D, \ÁÈ¬Ô^·[, ÷È¬˛B
÷[√D, ƒ∫ÿÔVo, >tw[ ÷>BD, ®[ ÔÁ>, Ôs>Vfiƒo,
ÔVÕ] ∂fiƒo, >tµºkÕ>[, >tµ›º>Ï, ∂[A ÿƒF>
∂uA>D, ]Ú¬z≈^ AmcÁ´,
13. \Á≈° : 24.08.1972
Ôs\Ë º>EBsÂVBÔD ∏^Á· :
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 27.08.1876
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : º√‘Ï á z\ˆ \Vk‚¶D
3. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : Ek>V™©∏^Á·, g]ÿÈ‚∑t
4. gEˆBÏ : ƒVÕ>o∫Ô >D∏´V[
5. ÿkı√V ÷BuÆk>_ k_ÈkÏ
6. ®‚s[ ∂Ï_| ®ø]B ] ÁÈ‚ g‡© gEBV ®[√>Á™
gEBº¤V] ®[–D ÿ√Bˆ_ >twV¬ÔD ÿƒFm^·VÏ.
7. E≈©A ÿ√BÏ : Ôs\Ë, zwÕÁ> ÔsQÏ
8. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : \ÈÚD \VÁÈ•D, ÂVfiE_ ÂV‚| \Ú\¬Ô^
ka \V[*ÔD, gEBº¤V], c\Ï¬ÔFBVD √V¶_Ô^,
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
85
ÔVÕ>˚Ï ƒVÁÈ, º>sl[ ˇÏ›>Á™Ô^, ÷·Õÿ>[≈_,
√∑°D Ô[ÆD, zwÕÁ>fl ÿƒ_kD.
9. \Á≈° : 26.09.1954
\Á¬ÔsÁ>
xΩB´ƒ[
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 07.10.1920
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : ÿ√ˆBz·D á º>M \Vk‚¶D
3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : mÁ´´V∑
4. ÔVÁ´¬zΩ, *™V‚E ∑Õ>º´¸k´Ï cBÏWÁÈ©√^πl_
>twVEˆ´VÔ √ËBVu§™VÏ.
5. ¤V] \Æ©A ]Ú\D ÿƒFm ÿÔVı¶VÏ.
6. >twÔ ∂´∑ ÷kÚÁ¶B Ø∫ÿÔVΩ ®[≈ ÔVsB›]uz
√V´]>Vƒ[ sÚm kw∫˛Bm (1966).
7. ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV¶tBV_ ÷kÏ √V¶_Ôπ_ g∫˛ÈD \uÆD
÷Õ]l_ ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
8. E≈©A ÿ√BÏÔ^ : ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ÔsQÏ, >uÔVÈ >twÔ
ÔsQÏÔπ[ x[º™VΩ, √V´]>Vƒ[ √´D√Á´ ÔsQÏÔ”^
J›>kÏ
9. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : ÔVsB©√VÁk, Ø∫ÿÔVΩ, T´ÔVsBD,
\M>Á™ º>|˛º≈[, ÿÂfi∑ÿ√VÆ¬z]_ÁÈºB,
ª[ÆºÔV_
10. \Á≈° : 1998
kVË>Vƒ[
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 22.07.1915
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : s_oB˚Ï á AmÁk
3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : ∂´∫ÔƒVt (®) ®›]´VƒK
4. ÷kÏ √V´]>VƒM¶D ÿ>V¶¬Ô¬Ô_s √l[≈VÏ. ÷kÚ¬z ´t
®[–D AÁ™©ÿ√BÏ cı|.
5. zu§BKÔ´ ŒoÁB x>[x>o_ ckÁ\BVÔ
®|›>Vı¶kÏ
6. ∏ÿ´fi∑ zΩB´∑ >ÁÈkÏ ÷kÚ¬z ÿƒkVoBÏ sÚm
kw∫˛•^·VÏ.
7. E≈©A ÿ√BÏ : √VkÈÏ \Ë, √VkÈÏ \[™[, AmÁ\¬ÔsQÏ,
ÔsQº´Æ, >tµÂV‚Ω[ >VÌÏ, >tµÂV‚Ω[ ºkÏ‚¸ÿkVÏ›.
8. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : zwÕÁ> ÷È¬˛BD, ÿÔVΩx_ÁÈ,
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
86
®aºÈVsBD, ®a_sÚ›>D, ÷[√ ÷È¬˛BD, >twflE,
ÿ√V∫Ô_√ˆ∑, yÏ›>BV›]Á´, ÿ>V|kV™D
9. \Á≈° : 07.08.1974
∑´>V
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 23.11.1921
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : √ÁwB˚Ï á ÂVÁÔ \Vk‚¶D
3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : ´V¤ºÔV√VÈ[
4. √VºkÕ>Ï *m ÿÔVı¶ √u§[ ÔV´\VÔ >[ ÿ√BÁ´
∑©A´›]™ >Vƒ[ ®[Æ ÿ√BÁ´ \Vu§¬ÿÔVı¶VÏ. ÷>[
∑Ú¬Ôº\ ∑´>V.
5. ÷kÚÁ¶B º>[\Áw ®[≈ ±_ >twÔ ∂É[ >tµ
k·ÏflE›mÁ≈l[ √ÊÁ™ ÿ√u≈m.
6. ÷È¬Ô ÿ√ÚDAÈkÏ ÊÏÔVa ∂ÚVflƒÈ º>EÔÏ,
ÿ\F¬ºÔVVÏ g˛ºBVÏÔπ¶D >tµ √l[≈VÏ.
7. ÷kÏ Â¶›]B ÷>µÔ^ : ÔVsBD, ÷È¬˛BD, ªÏkÈD, ∑´>V
8. E≈©A ÿ√BÏ : ckÁ\¬ÔsQÏ, A´‚E¬ÔsQˆ[ A]B z´_
9. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : º>[\Áw, ƒVs[ x›>D, ∑kÚD
∑ıVDAD, mÁ≈xÔD, √‚¶›>É, c>‚Ω_ c>|,
kVÏ›Á> kVƒ_, ®flE_ ÷´°, x[–D ∏[–D
8. \Á≈° : 20.06.2006
Ôı>Vƒ[
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 24.06.1927
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : EÆÌ¶_√‚Ω á EkÔ∫ÁÔ \Vk‚¶D
3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : x›Á>BV
4. k·Ï©A›>VF Ák›> ÿ√BÏ á ÂV´VB[
5. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : ƒVÕ>©√Ï á sƒVÈV‚E
6. AÁ™©ÿ√BÏÔ^ : ÔVÁ´x›m©AÈkÏ, k™∫ÔVxΩ,
ÔV\Ô©∏ˆB[, √VÏk]ÂV>[, gº´V¬˛BƒVt, m©√V¬˛
7. ÷kÁ´ ÿ>FkVÁ™ gflE ®[√kÏ 7,000/- ‘√VF¬z
>›ÿ>|›m ÂV´VB[ ®™© ÿ√Bˆ‚| k·Ï›>VÏ.
8. ÷kÏ ®ø]B x>_ ]Á´lÁƒ© √V¶_ : ÔÈ∫ÔV]Ú \™º\....
(Ô[Ml[ ÔV>_ - 1949)
9. ]Á´©√¶›mÁ≈¬z x>o_ ÷kÁ´ ∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏ :
÷B¬zÂÏ ´VDÂV›
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
87
10. ÷kÏ ÷Æ]BVÔ ®ø]B ]Á´lÁƒ©√V¶_ : Ôıº
ÔÁÈ\Vº™.... (J[≈VD∏Á≈)
11. Â¶›]B ÷>µÔ^ : ]Ú\Ô^, ]Á´ÿBVo, º\>Vs, ÿ>[≈_,
]Á´, x_ÁÈ, ÔΩ>D, >tµ\ÈÏ, ƒı¶\VÚ>D, ÿ>[≈_]Á´,
Ôı>Vƒ[
12. √ˆ∑D √V´V‚|D : 1969 - E≈Õ> √V¶ÈVEˆBÚ¬ÔV™ º>EB
sÚm, 1978 - >twÔ ∂´ƒÁk¬ÔsQÏ √‚¶D, 1979 -
∂ıV\ÁÈ ∂´ƒÏ WÁ™°©√ˆ∑, 1979 - ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV¶t
sÚm, ÷ÚÕm √VΩB ÷´∫Ôu√V, ÷Bu≈tµ ÔsQÏ,
EÆÌ¶_√‚Ωl_ º>V[§B √V‚|©√≈Ák, ÔsB´∑
13. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : ∂Ï›>x^· ÷Õm\>D, g‚¶™›] g]\Õ],
\V∫ÔM, ∞∑ÔVsBD, ÁÔ©√VÁk, ºk·∫zΩ ]ÚswV,
Ô_È¬zΩ \VÔVsBD, EkÔ∫ÁÔflÊÁ\, gl´D y°,
∂∫ÁÔBÏ¬Ô[M, ´V¤>ı¶Á™, ºƒ´\V[ÔV>o
14. kVµ¬ÁÔ ƒˆ>D : ®™m kƒÕ> ÔVÈ∫Ô^, k™kVƒD (∏≈©A
x>_ ]xÔ kÁ´, ®™m ∑Bƒˆ>D, k™kVƒ›]_ s|√‚¶ √z],
\™kVƒD, ÔV∫˛´¸ Ô‚E ÔVÈD)
15. \Á≈° : 17.10.1981
c|\ÁÈ ÂV´VBÔs :
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 25.09.1899
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : ØsÁ·kVΩ á c|\ÁÈ, ]Ú©ØÏ \Vk‚¶D
3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : ÂV´VBƒVt
4. x›mƒVt Ôs´VBˆ[ \VkÏ
5. ƒ∫Ô´>V∑ ∑kVtÔπ¶D BV©∏È¬˛D Ôu≈VÏ.
6. ÔÁÈkVÏ ®[.®¸. ˛ÚiÚ¬z ˛Õ>™VÏ Ô>VÔVÈ‚ºƒ√D
®ø]B>V_ ÔÁÈkV[ zÚkVÔ s·∫˛™VÏ.
7. ]Ú¬z≈^ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ]Á´©√¶›]_ tz]BVÔ
√B[√|›]BkÏ.
8. E≈©A©ÿ√BÏ : √z›>§° Ôs´VBÏ
9. \Á≈° : 23.05.1981
√‚|¬ºÔV‚Á¶ Ô_BV∑Õ>´D :
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 13.04.1930
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : ÿƒ∫ÔD√|›>V[ÔV| á >fiÁƒ \Vk‚¶D
3. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : ∂ÚVflƒÈD á sƒVÈV‚E
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
88
4. ÷kÏ ÷Bu§B √V¶_ÔÁ· ¤™ƒ¬] ®[≈ √›]ˆÁÔ
ÿkπl‚| kÕ>m.
5. ]Á´©√¶›]uÔVÔ ÷kÏ ÷Bu§B x>_√V¶_ á Â_ÈÁ>
ÿƒV[™V_ ÂV›]Ô™V (√¶D - √Ω›> ÿ√ı)
6. E≈©A© ÿ√BÏ : \¬Ô^ ÔsQÏ, ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\¬ÔsQÏ
7. \Á≈° : 08.10.1959
\Ú>ÔVE :
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 13.02.1920
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : º\È¬zΩÔV| á ]ÚflE \Vk‚¶D
3. z¶ÕÁ>l_ c^· º>s ÂV¶Ô ƒÁ√l[ ÂV¶Ô∫Ô”¬z
√V¶_Ô^ ®ø]™VÏ.
4. √V√ÂVƒD EkM[ ƒºÔV>´ÚD, √V¶ÈVEˆBÚ\V™
´V¤ºÔV√VÈ ∂FBÏ ÷kˆ[ gEˆBÏ
6. ÷kÏ ®ø]B x>_ ]Á´lÁƒ©√V¶_ á ÿ√ı ®[–D
\VB©º√BVD (\VBVk])
7. E≈©A© ÿ√BÏ : ]Á´¬Ôs ]ÈÔD
8. ºƒÈD \V¶Ï[ ]ºB‚¶ˆ[ ÷´‚Á¶¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ \Ú>ÔVE,
ÔV.x.ÿ≠Z©
7. \Á≈° : 29.11.1989
Am¬ÔsÁ>
1. >ta_ Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ >ÕÁ> ®™© º√Vu≈©√|√kÏ -
√V´]BVÏ
2. ªÏkÈD ®[≈ Am¬ÔsÁ> ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ - ÔsQÏ
x.º\›>V
3. ÿ\·™›][ ÂV°Ôπ_ á ®[≈ Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ gEˆBÏ -
ÔsQÏ ∂∏
4. ªEÔ^, ÔV˛>∫Ô^ ®[≈ Am¬ÔsÁ> ÿ>Vz©AÔπ[
gEˆBÏ - ÔsQÏ *´V
5. ÛˆB Ww_ ®[–D ÔsÁ> ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á Eu∏
6. √V_T] ®[–D ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ∂©m_
´„\V[
7. ´V©∏flÁƒ¬ÔV´[ ®[–D ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á
ÔsQÏ ∂∏
8. ÷[Á≈B ÔsQÏÔπ_ E≈©√VÔ º√ƒ©√|√kÏ á ÔsB´ƒÏ
Ák´x›m
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
89
9. s´_ s·¬zÔ^ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ÔsQÏ
ƒıxÔD
10. \M>[ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ´Vt
11. ÔıßÏ Ø¬Ô^ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ÔsQÏ
x. º\›>V
12. ÂV.ÔV\´Vƒ[ √Á¶›> E≈Õ> ÔsÁ> ÿ>Vz]Ô^ : ÛˆBÔVÕ],
ÔÚ©A \ÈÏÔ^, ∂oÔ^, ∏flÁƒ¬ÔV´ÏÔ^, ªÁ\, sÁÈ\ÔπÏ,
ÔÚ›>D\V, Ô_ÈÁ≈, EÆ¬ÔVflEl[ E≈zÔ^
13. sΩ˛≈m ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ~º´V|
>tw[√[
14. ŒÚ ˛´V\›m º>kÁ>Ô^ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á
√V©ˆBV
15. ®¸>ÚD ®¸>Ï œflƒÚD ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á
√kV ÿƒ_È›mÁ´
16. Am¬ÔsÁ> mÁ≈l_ E≈Õm s·∫zD ÿ√ı ÔsQÏÔ^ á
÷´V. *™V‚E, º´V˛Ë, º>k\Ô^, ÷Õ]´V√kVM, ∂´∑
\Ëº\ÔÁÈ, ˛.s¤BÿÈ‚∑t, WÏ\ÈV ∑ºí, ƒ´·V
´V¤ºÔV√VÈ[
17. x´ı, kV¬zJÈD ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á
º>k\Ô^
18. º>[ x^”Ô^ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á
º´V˛Ë
19. ®©ÿ√VÚÁ·•D ®^·_ >[Á\•¶[ s\Ê¬zD gu≈_
ÿ√u≈kÏ á ∂´∑ \Ëº\ÔÁÈ
20. ÿ√ıÔ^ s·D√´© ÿ√VÚ·V¬Ô©√|kÁ> ºk>Á™ºBV|
z§©∏|√kÏ á WÏ\ÈV ∑ºí
21. º\Ô›][ >VÔD ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ±o[ gEˆBÏ á ƒ´·V
´V¤ºÔV√VÈ[
>twÔD ªÚD º√ÚD, º>Vu≈D \Vu≈D √u§B ÿƒF]Ô^
z§fiE : \ÁÈ•D \ÁÈ ƒVÏÕ> ÷¶xD
1. \ÁÈÔ”¬z ∂ÚºÔ c^· ªÏÔ”¬z ÂVÔ\ÁÈ,
gÁ™\ÁÈ, s´Vo\ÁÈ, ]ÚkıV\ÁÈ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
÷Ák ∂Á™›mD z§fiE WÈ ªÏÔº·.
2. z[Á≈ ∂|›m^· ªÏ z[˚Ï, z[≈›#Ï, z[≈¬zΩ
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
90
3. \ÁÈÁB¬ z§¬zD k¶ÿƒV_ á ˛ˆ. Ek˛ˆ, ˛Úi˛ˆ,
¿È˛ˆ, ºÔV›>˛ˆ ÷Ák ∂Á™›mD \ÁÈÁB Œ‚Ω ®øÕ>
ªÏÔº·.
4. z§fiE WÈ \¬Ô^ ∏≈ ªÏÔ”¬z ÿƒ[Æ >∫˛B ÿ√Vøm
>∫Ô^ WÈ© ÿ√BÁ´ \≈kVm gµkVÏz§flE, Ô^·¬z§flE,
ÿ\V¶¬z§flE ®™ ÿ√Bˆ‚¶™Ï.
x_ÁÈ : ÔV|D ÔV| ƒVÏÕ> ÷¶xD
1. \´D ÿƒ§Õ> ÔV|Ô^ √w∫ÔVÈ›]_ tÔ ∂]ÔD. g>ÈV_ \´D
ÛµÕ> ÷¶›]uz zΩ ÿ√BÏÕ> \¬Ô^ \´∫Ô”¬z ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω
∂D\´© ÿ√Bº´V| ªÏ© ÿ√BÁ´•D kw∫˛™Ï.
2. ∂›]\´D ÛµÕ> √z] guÔV| ®™°D, gÈ\´D ÛµÕ> √z]
gÈ∫ÔV| ®™°D, Ô·VflÿƒΩ WÁ≈Õ> √z] Ô·¬zΩ ®™°D,
√Á™\´D WÁ≈Õ> √z] √Á™BA´D ®™°D ÿ√Bˆ‚¶™Ï.
\Ú>D : kBKD kB_ ƒVÏÕ> ÷¶xD
1. WÈk·xD, ¿Ïk·xD WÁ≈Õ> ªÏ, gÆD ∂>[ ÔÁ´l_
∂Á\Õ> ªÚD guGÏ ®™ kw∫ÔÈVluÆ. ∂mºk ∏[™Ï
g›#Ï ®™ \ÚsBm.
2. Ô¶D√ \´D ÛµÕ> √z] Ô¶DØÏ, Ô¶D√›#Ï ®™°D, ÿ>[Á™
ÛµÕ> √z] ÿ>∫ÌÏ ®™°D, AπB\´D ÛµÕ> √z]
AπB∫zΩ, AπBfiºƒVÁÈ, AπBD√‚Ω ®™°D ÂD
x[º™VÏÔ^ z·D, ªÚË, ∞ˆ x>oB ¿Ï WÁÈÔÁ·
cÚkV¬˛ ∂kuº≈V| ªÏ ÿ√BÁ´•D ÷Á›>™Ï.
∂ÀkVº≈ ®øÕ>º> AπB∫z·D, ÊkÈ©º√ˆ, º√´V∆´Ë.
ÿÂF>_ : Ô¶KD Ô¶_ ƒVÏÕ> ÷¶xD
1. Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ cÚkV™ º√‘Ï : √‚Ω™D, EuGÏ√V¬ÔD
2. >twÔ Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ √´>kÏ kVµÕ> ªÏÔ^ : ˇw¬ÔÁ´,
ºÔVΩB¬ÔÁ´, ¿ÈV∫ÔÁ´.
3. >twÔ Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ *™kÏ kVµÕ> ÷¶D : z©√D.
∂´∑D ªÏÔ”D
1. ÿ√ÚºkÕ>ÚD, zÆWÈ\[™ÚD ∂´ıÔ^ (ºÔV‚Á¶)
∂Á\›m \¬ÔÁ· ÔV›>™Ï.
2. ∂Õ> ºÔV‚Á¶ ÛµÕ> ªÏÔº· : ÔÕ>Ïk¬ºÔV‚Á¶,
º>k¬ºÔV‚Á¶, Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶, √‚|¬ºÔV‚Á¶
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
91
]Áƒ ªÏ ÿ√BÏÔ^
1. >D ªÚ¬z ˛w¬ºÔ c^· ªÏ ˇÒÏ ®™°D, º\uºÔ c^·
ªÏ º\ŸÏ ®™°D, ÿ>u˛_ c^· ªÏ ÿ>[√wfiÛÏ ®™°D,
k¶¬ºÔ c^· ªÏ k¶√wfiÛÏ ®™°D ∂Áw›>™Ï.
2. ÂVB¬Ô \[™ÏÔ^ >twÔ›Á> 72 √VÁ·B∫Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ›m
>D g”ÁÔ¬z c‚√|›]™Ï. ∂kÏÔ^ ªÏ ÿ√BÏÔº·V|
√VÁ·B›Á>•D ºƒÏ›m kw∫˛™Ï. g´©√VÁ·BD,
´V¤√VÁ·BD, z\V´√VÁ·BD
3. ÔVÈ∑wuE \uÆD g‚E\Vu≈D, ºku§™Ï ÔÈ©A g˛B
ÔV´∫Ô·V_ x>_WÁÈ ªÏ ÿ√BÏÔ”D,
>M›>[Á\t¬Ô ªÏ ÿ√BÏÔ”D EÁ>›m ]ˆÕm \Ús
kw∫ÔÈVluÆ. (®.ÔV : \]Á´ á \ÚÁ> á >uº√Vm
\mÁ´BVÔ \V§•^·m ; ºÔVk[A›#Ï á ºÔVBDA›#Ï á
ºÔVÁk).
cÈÔV·VsB >twÏ
1. n¬˛B ÂV|Ô^ ƒÁ√l_ cÆ©∏™´VÔ 193 ÂV|Ô”D, 3
g‚E©AÈ∫Ô·VÔ 235 ÂV|Ô^ c^·™. ÷ku§_ ∞≈›>Vw
154 ÂV|Ô^ >ta™D c^·m.
2. ÷]_ zÁ≈Õ>m 10 º√Ï x>_ ∂]Ô√‚ƒD 7.5 È‚ƒD º√Ï kÁ´
∂B_ÂV‚Ω_ kVµ˛[≈™Ï. ÷]_ 20 ÂV|Ôπ_ È‚ƒ›]uzD
º\u√‚º¶VÏ kVµ˛[≈™Ï
3. kËÔD, ºkÁÈkVF©A ÔV´\VÔ √w∫ÔVÈ›]ºÈºB >twÏÔ^
∂B_ÂV‚Ωuz ÿƒ[≈™Ï.
4. ƒVmk[ kËÔD ÿƒF•Dÿ√VÚ‚| Ô¶_Ô¶Õm ÿƒ[≈>VÔ
ÌÆD z§©A \Ëº\ÔÁÈl_ c^·m.
5. ∏´V[¸ ÂV‚Ω_ ŒÚ √z]BVÔ ÔV©√|D ˆRMB[ ys_
kVøD ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\BV™ \¬Ô^ >twº´. ÷kÏÔ^ Amflºƒˆ
ÔVÁ´¬ÔV_ √z]ÔπoÚÕm Œ©√Õ> ÌoÔ·VÔ ∂∫ºÔ
zΩB\Ï›>©√‚¶kÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔ^ ∏ÿ´fi∑ ÿ\Va º√E™VKD,
Â\m √ı√V¶V™ ÔVkΩ ®|›>_, º>Ï ÷ø›>_
º√V[≈kuÁ≈ ÔÁ¶∏Ω¬˛[≈™Ï.
6. ÷È∫ÁÔl_ kVøD >twÏÔπ_ 95% º√Ï ÿ>V¶¬Ô¬Ô_s
x>_ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD kÁ´lKD >taºÈºB Ô_s
√l[≈™Ï.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
92
>tµ ÿ\Val_ ∂§sB_ EÕ>Á™Ô^
1. ∂§s_ OıËÁÈ k·ÏflEºB ∂§sB_ ®[√Á>
]Úk^”kÏ ∂§° ∂u≈D ÔV¬zD ÔÚs ®™¬ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.
2. sıËB_ ∂§° cÈÔD ®[–D >tµ ÿƒV_ cÈ° ®[–D
ÿƒV_o[ ∂ΩBVÔ© ∏≈Õ>m. cÈ° ®[√m ∑uÆ>_ ®[Æ
ÿ√VÚ^ >ÚD, QVÈD ®[≈ >tµ ÿƒV_ QV ®[–D
ÿƒV_ÈΩl_ º>V[§Bm. QV_-ÿ>V∫z>_.
3. k§m WÁÈ÷B ÔVBxD ®[–D A≈ÂV˚uÆ©√V¶_ kVM_
ÔVu§_ÈV √z]ÁB© √u§ ÌÆ˛≈m.
4. k·k[ ∞kV kV˚Ï] ®[–D A≈ÂV˚uÆ©√V¶_ gπ_ÈV
s\V™D √u§ ÌÆ˛≈m.
ºÔV^Ô^ √u§B >twˆ[ ÔÚ›m
1. #\ºÔm á kV_Â‚ƒ›]´D
2. ÿƒÕW≈\VÔ ÷Ú©√>V_ ÿƒÀkVF ®[ÆD, ÿkDÁ\BVÔ
÷Ú©√>V_ ÿk^π ®[ÆD ÌÆkÏ. QVlÆ¬zD x[º√
ÿk^π º>V[§ sΩBÁÈ cÏ›mk>V_ ÷>Á™
sΩÿk^π ®[ÆD ÌÆkÏ. ÷]_ ÿk^π >Vm ÷Ú©√Á>
÷[Á≈B gF° AÈ©√|›m˛≈m.
3. A]>VÔ ∂§Õ>>V_ A>[ g>ÈV_ ÷Á> ∂§k[ ®[Æ
∂Áw›>™Ï.
4. sBV ®[≈V_ ÿ√ˆB ®™© ÿ√VÚ^. g>ÈV_ sBVw[
®[≈™Ï.
5. x[A ƒMÁB ÔVˆ ®[≈Áw›>™Ï. ÷[Á≈B ∂§QÏÔ^
∂]_ ÔÕ>ÔD ÷Ú©√>VÔ ÌÆ˛≈VÏÔ^.
6. ]∫Ô^ - ƒÕ]´[. >Vº™ Œπs¶¬ÌΩB QVluÁ≈ ÂV^*[
®™°D ÷>M¶tÚÕm Œπÿ√uÆ Œπs¶¬ÌΩBÁ>
ºÔV^*[ ®[ÆD ∂Áw›>™Ï.
ÿ√V§lB_ ∂§° :
1. yD∏a ®Õ]´D √Õ>_ kÚÕ> ®[≈ √]uÆ©√›m √V¶_ JÈD
ÔÚDA ∏a•D ®Õ]´D √u§•D ∂Õ> ºÔË•D ®Õ]´¬
˛ÆD ®[≈ ÿ√Ú∫ÔÁ>l[ JÈD gµmÁ· ˛Æ
√u§•D ∂§BxΩ˛≈m.
ÔM\sB_ ∂§° :
1. ŒÚÁ\›º>Vu≈›m nºkÆ k™©∏[ ÷È∫zÔ]Ïs|ªD
ÂÈ∫ÿÔø \ËÔ”D - ®[≈ EÈ©√]ÔV´© √V¶_ nÕm kÁÔ
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
93
\ËÔ”D Œπs|D ]≈›]™V_ ºkÆ ºkÆ ÿ√BÁ´¬ ÿÔVı|^·m.
g™V_ ∂ku§[ JÈ©ÿ√VÚ^ Œ[º≈ ®[√m >uº√VÁ>B
ºk]lB_ EÕ>Á™•¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B>VÔ c^·m.
\ıËB_ ∂§° :
1. >twÏÔ^ WÈ›Á> nÕm kÁÔBVÔ© ∏ˆ›m¬ ÔV‚Ω•^·™Ï.
º\KD W≈›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÿƒD\ı ®[ÆD, >[Á\l[
∂Ω©√Á¶l_ Ô·ÏWÈD ®[ÆD, ∑Ákl[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_
ckÏWÈD ®[ÆD ∏ˆ›m^·™Ï.
∂bsB_ ∂§° :
1. ∂bÁk› mÁ·›m ∞ø Ô¶ÁÈ AÔ‚Ω ®™ - Œ·ÁkBVÏ {Ï
∂bsÁ™ ƒ>Ì§‚| ºÔVπ–D c·[ - ®[ÆD ∂bsB_
√u§ ÌÆ˛[≈™Ï.
¿ˆB_ ∂§° :
1. ¿Ï ∑wuE ÷B_A ÷_ÁÈ ®[≈V_ cÈz ÷_ÁÈ. ÷Á>ºB
k^”kÏ,
ÿÂ|∫Ô¶KD >[¿ÏÁ\¬ z[ÆD >ΩÕÿ>ao
>V[Â_ÔV g˛ sΩ[. á ®™¬ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.
\Ú›mk ∂§° :
1. c¶D√VÏ ∂al[ cl´VD ∂akÏ - ]ÚJÈÏ
2. \ÚÕ>V˛ >©√V \≈›>u≈VÏ á k^”kÏ
3. ∂ÆÁk E˛flÁƒ \Ú›mkD :
c¶D∏Á¶ º>V[§uÿ≈V[Á≈ ∂Æ›m ∂>[ c]´D ªu§
∂¶_ ª≈fl ∑‚| ºkº≈VÏ \ÚÕ]™V_ mB´D yÏkÏ. ®™¬ ÔD√Ï
∂ÆÁk E˛flÁƒ© √u§ Ì§•^·VÏ.
4. ∂ø›>›]™V_ ¿Ï\©ÿ√VÚπ[ ∂·Ák ∑Ú¬Ô xΩBVm. ÷Õ>
cıÁ\ÁB¬ Ôı¶§Õ>kÏ 17-gD ±u≈VıΩ_ kVµÕ> √V¸Ô_.
>twÏ kVË√D \uÆD Ô¶u√BD
1. Ô¶u√B›Á> xÕ¿Ï kw¬ÔD - ®™¬ ÌÆD ±_
ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD
2. gl´¬Ô¬ÔV™ gı|Ô”¬z x[™º´ >twÏ ˛Z¸, º´VD,
®˛©m x>_ Ê™D kÁ´l_ Ô¶_ka kVË√D ÿƒF>™Ï.
®˛©m, √VÈ¸y™D, ÿ\ƒ√º¶VtBV, √V∏ºÈVMBV, Ê™D g˛B
ÂV|Ô^ >twÔÏÔπ[ ÿ√VÚÁ· sÚD∏© ÿ√u≈™Ï.
÷∫˛ÚÕm ∞ÈD, Èk∫ÔD, ÷fiE, t·z g˛BÁk º\uÔVEB
ÂV|Ôπ_ Â_È
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
94
sÁÈ¬z suÔ©√‚¶™. º\KD x›m, √k·D, g´D, ∂˛_,
ÿkım˛_ ƒ∫z z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™.
3. >twÏÔ^ ˛º´¬ÔÏÔÁ·•D, º´V\VMBÏÔÁ·•D Bk™ÏÔ^
®[Æ ∂Áw›>™Ï.
ÿ>V_oB_ gF°Ô^
1. ÿ>V_ÿ√VÚ^ mÁ≈l™Ï 1963-gD gı| ÔVsˆ©ØD
√‚Ω›]_ ˇwVÏÿkπ ®[–t¶›]_ º\uÿÔVı¶ Ô¶_
∂ÔÈVFs_ ˛.x. 3ágD ±u≈VıÁ¶fl ºƒÏÕ> Ô‚Ω¶
÷Ω√V|Ô”D, √¶z›mÁ≈, ∂Á≈k‚¶ kΩk ¿Ï›º>¬ÔD, A›>
sÔV´D, A›>Ï √V>D x>oB ®flƒ∫Ô^ ˛Á¶›>™.
2. ÷Ák √ıÁ¶B ÔVsˆ©ØD√‚Ω™ \¬Ô^ √B[√|›]B ÿ√VÚ^
®[√mD, ÷©√Ω ŒÚ ÂÔ´D ÷ÚÕ>m ®[√>uzD ƒV[≈VzD.
3. ÷∫z √¶z›mÁ≈ c^·>V_ Ô¶_ kVË√D
º\uÿÔVı|^·m ÿ>ˆ˛≈m. g]flƒÂ_Ÿˆ_ 1876, 2003
g˛B gı|Ôπ_ Â¶›>©√‚¶ ∂ÔÈVF°Ôπ_ ∞´V·\V™
xm\¬Ô^ >VoÔ^ Ôı|∏Ω¬Ô©√‚¶™.
4. ˛.x.300 á ˛.∏.300 kÁ´lÈV™ ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›Á>fl ƒVÏÕ>
÷›>VoÔ^ ÷≈Õº>Vˆ[ ®KDA¬Ì|Ô”¶[ >∫Ô›]ÈV™
ÿÂ›]©√‚¶D, ÿƒD∏™VÈV™ gı ÿ√ı ÿ>Fk
cÚk∫Ô”¶–D, ÷ÚD∏™V_ g™ Ô›]Ô^, s·¬z›>V∫˛
g˛BÁkÔ^ ˛Á¶›>™.
cºk \ÚÕm ºÂVF yÏ¬zD JoÁÔÔ^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™
ÿƒF]Ô^
1. √E©∏Ë ®[–D √Vs ®[–D √El[ ÿÔV|Á\ √u§ ÌÆD
±_ á \Ëº\ÔÁÈ.
\fiƒ^ - ƒπ ¿¬zD
ÿÔV›>\_o - ∏›>D ¿¬zD
Ê´ÔD - kluÆ Û| >Ë¬zD
t·z - ÿ>VıÁ¶¬Ô‚Ω
Øı| - ko ∂Ôu§
ÿk∫ÔVBD - zπÏflE, zÚ] #FÁ\
2. ºÂVF¬z x>_ ÔV´D á c©A
3. ÿÂVÆ¬z›yM kBuÆ¬z ºÔ| á √wÿ\Va
4. ƒ\flÊÏ c° : ºƒVÆD ÔVFÔ§•D ∂Á´ klÆ ; √V_, º\VÏ,
¿Ï ÔV_ klÆ ; ÿku§¶D ÔV_ klÆ. klÆ AÁ¶¬Ô
cıb>_ ºÂVF¬z ÷¶\π¬zD.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

95
5. ∂·°¬z tfiE™V_ ∂tÏ>xD Âfi∑. ÂV^º>VÆD ®πB
ÂÁ¶√luE ÿƒFB ºkı|D.
JoÁÔÔ^ :
m·E gs - \VÏAƒπ, ¿Ï¬ºÔVÁk, >ÁÈko ¿∫zD
ˇwVÿÂ_o - \fiƒ^ ÔV\VÁÈ
ˇwVÿÂ_o + ÔuÔı|- EÆ¿´Ô¬ºÔV·VÆ
#mkÁ· - ∑kVƒ¬ºÔV·VÆ ¿¬zD ÷Á> k^·ÈVÏ
QV™©√flEÁÈ ®[Æ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.
z©Á√º\M - Âfl∑¬ÔΩ, z©Á√º\M ÷ÁÈ•¶[
\fiƒ^, c©A ºƒÏ›m √B[√|›]™V_
ÿƒV§ E´∫z ¿∫zD.
ºƒVuÆ¬Ôu≈VÁw - xΩ k·ÚD, JÈflÛ| zÁ≈•D
xÚ∫ÁÔ©√‚Á¶ - x§Õ> ®KDA Ì|D, Ôı√VÏÁk zÁ≈
¿∫zD, c¶ÁÈ kKkV¬zD.
ÔÚºk©∏ÁÈ - Ê>º√] z\VzD, s≠x§°
ÔÚƒÈV∫Ô[M - ÷´›>ºƒVÁÔ ¿∫zD, ÿƒ§\V™D,
\fiƒ^ÔV\VÁÈ, ÂÁ´ º√V¬zD,
Ôı√VÏÁk ÷w©A ¿∫zD.
\Ë>¬ÔVπ ˇÁ´ - kVF©Aı, z¶uAı ¿∫zD
x∑x∑¬ÁÔ ˇÁ´ - ƒπ ¿∫zD
∂Ô›]¬ˇÁ´ - √_ ƒVÏÕ> ºÂVF z\VzD
k_ÈVÁ´ á WÁ™kVu≈_ ÿ√ÚzD
ºk©√∫ÿÔVøÕm - \VÏA ƒπ ¿∫zD
ºk©∏ÁÈÁB ∂Á´›m› >¶k
∂DÁ\BV_ ÿk©AºÂVF ¿∫zD.
√E›m©AE, ºÂVBu≈kVµºk zÁ≈ku≈
ÿƒ_kD - √wÿ\Va.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

96
xÁ™kÏ. ÔV. ÿƒ_kz\VÏ
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ∂´EB_ ∂§sB_ Á\BD.
ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD k_ÈD, >ﬁƒV∆Ï.

2. ÷Õ]B ∂´EBÈÁ\©Aﬂ ƒ‚¶D

1. Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶D á 1773
∏ˆ‚¶[ √V´V”\[≈›]_ WÁ≈ºku≈©√‚¶ ÷Õ> ƒ‚¶›
]oÚÕm>V[ ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ x>_ ∂›]BVBD
mk∫z˛≈m ®™ÈVD.
÷Õ>fl ƒ‚¶›][ JÈD ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√Ml[ WÏkVÔD
xøÁ\BVÔ ∏ˆ‚œi √V´V”\[≈›][ ˇµ ÿÔVı| k´©√‚¶m.
k∫ÔV· ÔkÏ™Ï Ô_Ô›>V, √D√VF \uÆD ÿ\‚´V¸
´V¤>VMÔπ[ ÔkÏ™´VÔ°D WBt¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. (÷Õ> kÁÔl_ x>_
ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´_ kV´[º«¸Ω∫¸).
Ô_Ô›>Vs_ cflƒ¿]\[≈D Œ[Æ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ>
cflƒ ¿]\[≈›][ Œ©A>K¶[ ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ ÷Bu≈°D, Œø∫z xÁ≈
Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ^ ®|¬Ô°D ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´K¬z ∂]ÔV´D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.

2. ∏‚¸ ÷Õ]BV ƒ‚¶D á 1784

1773 Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶›Á> º\D√|›>D s>›]_
∂Á\Õ>m. ÔDÿ√Ml[ WÏkVÔ›Á> ŒÚ k´[xÁ≈¬z^ ÿÔVı|
kÕ>m.
∏ˆ‚Ωi ∂É[ ∂Á\flƒÏ ŒÚkÁ´ >ÁÈk´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ gÆ
cÆ©∏™Ï ∂¶∫˛B WÏkVÔ¬ Ôt‚Ω ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. ∂ÉB_ ƒVÏ√V™
∂Á™›m© ÿ√VÆ©AÔ”D ÷¬Ôt‚Ωl¶D Œ©√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m.
\VÔV∫Ô^ \›]B ∂É[ ka ÔV‚|>_√ΩºB ÿƒB_√¶
ºkı|D. ÷Á>© ∏[√u≈› >kÆD √‚ƒ›]_ \VÔV∫ÔÁ· √>s
¿¬ÔD ÿƒFB ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´K¬z ∂]ÔV´D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
kVË√D ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ s≠B∫Ô^ ∂Á™›mº\ ÔDÿ√Ml[
÷[ ∂]ÔV´ k´DA¬z^ ÿÔVı|k´©√‚¶m.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
97
√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1793
WÏkVÔ¬ zø cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ƒD√·D ÷Õ]B kÚkVloÚÕm
kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
ƒ‚¶ Œø∫z Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔl_ >ÁÈl|D ∂]ÔV´D
¿]\[≈∫Ô”¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1813
˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√Ml[ ∞Ôº√VÔ kËÔ cˆÁ\ xΩ°¬z
kÕ>m.
ÿ\‚´V¸, √D√VF, Ô_Ô›>V Ô°[ƒ_Ôπ[ ∂]ÔV´D
sˆ°√|›>©√‚¶m.
c^jÏ >[™V‚E ∂Á\©AÔ”¬z kˆ kÛo¬zD cˆÁ\.
√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1833
ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´K¬z ∂k´m zø¬Ô”¬zD º\KD ∂]Ô
∂]ÔV´D.
WÏkVÔ¬zø cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ Œ©A>K¶[ xø ÷Õ]BV°¬z\V™
ƒ‚¶tBuÆD ∂]ÔV´D \›]B zø°¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
kÚkVF s≠B∫Ôπ_ xø ∂]ÔV´D, Œ‚| ÿ\V›>
÷Õ]BV°¬z\VÔ Œº´ √‚ÿ¤‚Á¶› >BVˆ›>_ g˛B cˆÁ\Ô^
ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´K¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M ŒÚ EÆ WÏkVÔD \uÆD ∂ÉB_
∂Á\©√VÔ ∑Ú∫˛Bm. (∏Á¬Ô”D, ∂Á\flƒÔ∫Ô”D WÏkVÔ¬
zø¬Ôπ[ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.)
ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™ó[ ∂´∑ x>[ x>ÈVÔ ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ ®[Æ
∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. ∂k´m WÏkVÔ¬ zø ÷Õ]B¬ zø ®™ kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1853
ÔDÿ√M WÏkVÔ›Á> º\D√|›mkm √u§ ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´_
ÿ¶_ÿ«·E ∂π›> ∂§¬ÁÔl[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ cÚkV™m.
k∫ÔV·›m¬ÿÔ™ >M ÔkÏ™Ï WB\™D.
Ô°[Eo[ ƒ‚¶ \uÆD WÏkVÔfl ÿƒB_√V|Ô^ >M›>MºB
÷™D ÔV©√‚¶™.
ÔDÿ√M ªaBÏÔ^, >M º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°Ô^ JÈD º>Ï°
ÿƒFB©√‚¶™Ï.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
98
÷Õ]BVs[ ÔDÿ√Ml[ g‚E cˆÁ\ÁB ®©º√Vm
ºkı|\V™VKD xΩ°¬z¬ ÿÔVı| kÚD ∂]ÔV´D ∏ˆ‚œi
√V´V”\[≈›]¶D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.

3. ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ﬂ ƒ‚¶D á 1858

∏ˆ‚œi ∂É[ ºÂ´Ω g‚E ÷Õ]BVs_ WÁÈ ÿÔV^·
kakz›>m ÷flƒ‚¶º\.
1857 E©√VF ÔÈÔ›Á>B|›m ÷Õ]BVs_ Ô¶Õ> 250
gı|Ô·VÔ ÷B∫˛ kÕ> ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M ÔÁÈ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
g‚E WÏkVÔD ∏ˆ‚œi xΩBV‚El[ ºÂ´Ω© √VÏÁkl[ ˇµ ÿÔVı|
k´©√‚¶m.
÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]_ Ák¸´VF gÔ ÷ÚÕ> ÔVM∫ ∏Á ®[√kº´
∏ˆ‚¶[ xΩBV‚El[ ÷Õ> ∂§s©Á√ ÿkπl‚¶VÏ. 1858 ¤™kˆ 11
÷_ ∂ÈÔV√V› >Ï√VÏ JÈD ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ \ÔV´VËl[ ÷Õ>
º√´§¬ÁÔ \ÔVƒVƒ™D ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m.
÷Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÷Õ]B ∂Kk_ÔÁ·¬ ÔkM©√>uÔVÔ
÷∫˛ÈVÕ]_ ÷Õ]BVsuÔV™ ∂´∑fl ÿƒBÈÏ ®[–D ŒÚ A]B √>s
∞u√|›>©√‚¶m. ÷kÏ ÷∫˛ÈVÕm ∂Á\flƒ´Ák cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[
ŒÚk´VÔ ÷Ú©√VÏ. ÷kÚ¬z› mÁ AˆB 15 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶
g‚E \[≈D ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ> \[≈›]_ ®‚| º√Ï ∂É[ cBÏ
∂]ÔVˆÔ^. *>D c^· ∞ø º√Ï √>s ÷w¬zD ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬
ÔDÿ√Ml[ ÷B¬zÂÏÔ·V_ º>Ï° ÿƒFB©√‚¶™Ï.
ÂV| √_ºkÆ \VÔV∫Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷ku§[
WÏkVÔD ÔkÏ™ÏÔ^ ∂_Èm ÿÈ©Ω™‚ ÔkÏ™ÏÔ^ >ÁÈÁ\l_
∂Á\Õ>m.
ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´_ ®[≈ √>s Ák¸´VF ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D
ÿƒFB©√‚¶m. ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´ÈVÔ ÷ÚÕ> ÔVM∫ ∏Áºk ÂV‚Ω[
x>_ Ák¸´VF, (÷kº´ ÷Õ]BVs[ ÔÁ¶E ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´KD Ì¶).

÷Õ]B g‚EBÁ\©∏[ xø ∂]ÔV´xD ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´o[

ˇµ Œ[§Á¬Ô©√‚¶™. ÷kÏ ÷Õ]Bfl ÿƒBÈÚ¬z Ô‚|©√‚¶kÏ.
÷Õ]Bfl ÿƒBÈº´V ∏ˆ‚œi √V´V”\[≈›][ Ô‚|©√V‚|¬z^
c‚√‚¶kÏ.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
99
÷Õ]B¬ Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1861
÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A k´ÈVu§[ tÔ x¬˛B Á\_ Ô_ ÷m.
∏ˆ‚¶[ √V´V”\[≈D á ÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ÿƒBÈÏ + 15 º√Ï
∂¶∫˛B ÷Õ]B Ô°[E_ zø á ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´_ + ®¬Ez‚œÀ Ô°[E_
®[Æ, g‚E WÏkVÔD ŒÚ Œø∫z xÁ≈¬z^ ÿÔVı| k´©√‚¶m.
>™m ®¬Ez‚œÀ Ô°[Eo_ ÷Õ]BÏÔÁ· WB\™D ÿƒFm,
º>Ák¬ºÔu√ ∂Á> sˆ° ÿƒFm ÿÔV^”D ∂]ÔV´D ÔkÏ™Ï
ÿ¤™´K¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
ÿ\‚´V¸, √D√VF, k∫ÔV·D g˛B \VWÈ∫Ôπ_ >M›>Mfl
ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ô^ ∞u√|›>©√‚¶™.
ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤ó[ g‚E ∂]ÔV´D √´kÈV¬Ô©√‚| √D√VF
\uÆD ÿ\‚´V¸ ∂´∑Ôπ¶D ∂Á\B©ÿ√u≈™.
÷Õ]B¬ Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1892
º>Ï>_ JÈD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ º>Ï° ÿƒFB©√¶V
s‚¶VKD, ÷>[ JÈD ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ \Á≈xÔ\VÔ º>Ï>_ xÁ≈ÔÁ·
∂§xÔ©√|›]Bm ®™ÈVD.
÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ Ô°[Eo[ ∂]ÔV´ØÏk\u≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^
k∫ÔV· ºƒD√Ï g‡© ÔV\Ï¸ \uÆD \VÔV ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ Ô°[E_
g˛Bku≈V_ WB\™D ÿƒFB©√‚¶™Ï. \VÔVfl ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√¬
Ô°[Eo[ ∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\u≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^, √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫Ô^,
\Vk‚¶ ÔwÔ∫Ô^, ÂÔ´V‚EÔ^, ¤*[>VÏÔ^.... º√V[≈ k‚¶V´
∂Á\©AÔ·V_ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.
÷flƒ‚›][ JÈD ºÔVÔºÈ, ∂◊º>Vi xÔÏ˜ º√V[≈
÷Õ]BÏ ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ôπ_ ÷¶D ÿ√uÆ >\m ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ®|›m¬ Ì≈
kVF©A ∞u√‚¶m.
√‚ÿ¤‚ skV>D, ®¬Ez‚œÀ *>V™ ºÔ^sÔ”D √]Èπ›>_
º√V[≈ ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ÷Õ> Ô°[E_Ô”¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶™.
Es_ √Ë : \›]B ∂´∑© √Ë \VÔV© √Ë, ƒVÏWÁÈ© √Ë
®™ J[≈VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
4. ÷Õ]B Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1909
÷m tıº¶Vá\VÏo \ÆÊ´Á\©A ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
tıº¶V á ÷Õ]B Ák¸´VF, \VÏo á ÷Õ]BV°¬ÔV™ ∂´∑fl ÿƒBÈÏ.
÷>[√Ω ÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√¬ Ô°[Eo[ (ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™ó[
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
100
Ô°[E_) ∂]Ô√‚ƒ cÆ©∏™Ï ®ıË¬ÁÔ 16 ÷oÚÕm 60 gÔ
cBÏ›>©√‚¶m.
∂´ƒ© √>s ƒVÏAÁ¶BkÏÔº· ∂Ákl[ ÿÔ·´k
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ ÷ÚÕ>™Ï. ÷>uz x[™V_ ºÔ.˜.z©>V \uÆD
⁄ºƒ[ ∏_˛´Vt g˛B ÷Ú ÷Õ]BÏÔÁ· \VÏo ∏Á ∂Ák
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ WBt›]ÚÕ>VÏ. 1909 ƒ‚¶©√Ω ®¸.∏. E[«V ƒ‚¶
cÆ©∏™´VÔ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. ÷kÚ¶[ ÿÔ·´k cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ
Œ[√m º√Ï ÷¶D ÿ√u§ÚÕ>™Ï (÷kÏÔ^ xÁ≈ºB Ák¸´VF,
√Á¶›>·√], gÆ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^, ŒÚ \VWÈ ∏´]W] g˛ºBVÏ).
÷]_ 27 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ º>Ï>_ JÈD º>Ï° ÿƒFB©√‚¶>V_
÷Õ]BÏÔ^ Á\Bfl ƒ‚¶\[≈›]KD \VWÈfl ƒ‚¶\[≈›]KD
∂]Ô·s_ ÷¶Dÿ√u≈™Ï.
\VÔVfl ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ôπ_ cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ
ˇw¬Ôı¶kVÆ \Vu§ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÿ\‚´V¸ á 47, √D√VF á 45,
k∫ÔV·D á 48, ∂ƒVD á 40 \uÆD √fiƒV© á 24.
ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ Ô°[E_Ô”¬z √‚ÿ¤‚ \uÆD ÿ√Vm \¬Ôº·V|
ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ∂Á™›m s≠B∫ÔπKD (÷´VbkD, ∂BK≈°....
>sÏÕ>) yÏ\V™∫Ô^ WÁ≈ºkuÆD ∂]ÔV´D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
÷¸ÈVtBÚ¬ÿÔ™ x>[x>ÈVÔ >M ∏´]W]›mkD
kw∫Ô©√‚¶m (∏u√V| xÁ· s‚¶ ∏ˆsÁ™kV>›m¬ÔV™ x>_
sÁ> ÷m).
kz©AkVˆ ∏´]W]›mkD ∂§xÔ©√|›>©√‚¶m. (t[º¶V
∏Áºk kz©AkVˆ ∏´]W]›mk›][ >ÕÁ>BVÔ ÔÚ>©√|˛≈VÏ).
÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D á 1915
÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶∫Ôπ[ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈fl ÿƒB_√V|ÔÁ·
Œø∫ÔÁ\›>m.
÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D á 1919
÷m \Vıº¶z á ÿƒD¸º√VÏ| ÊÏ]Ú›>D ®™°D
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ÿƒD¸ º√VÏ| ÷Õ]B Ák¸´VF, \Vıº¶z
÷Õ]BV°¬ÔV™ ∂´∑fl ÿƒBÈÏ.
ÔkÏ™ÏÔπ[ ∂]ÔV´›Á>¬ zÁ≈¬ÔV\_ \VÔV∫Ôπ_
ÿ√VÆ©√V™ ∂´∑ ∂§xÔ©√|›>©√‚¶m.
WÏkVÔ kƒ]¬ÔVÔ ÷´‚Á¶ g‚E xÁ≈ ∂§xÔ©√|›>©‚¶m.
WÏkVÔ s≠B∫Ô^ \›]B \uÆD \VÔV s≠B∫Ô^ ®™
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
101
>M›>MBV¬Ô©√‚¶™. \›]B ∂É[ ºÂ´Ω¬ Ô‚|©√V‚|¬z^
kÚk™ºk \›]B s≠B∫Ô^.
\VÔV s≠B∫Ô^, WÏkVÔ kƒ]¬ÔVÔ x>_ xÁ≈BVÔ
Œm¬Ô©√‚¶ mÁ≈Ô^ ®[ÆD, \Vu≈©√‚¶ mÁ≈Ô^ ®[ÆD ÷´ı¶VÔ©
∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
\Vu≈©√‚¶ mÁ≈ÔÁ· g”ÂÏÔπ[ √VÏÁkl[ ˇµ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√
∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ ÔkM›m¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï.
Œm¬Ô©√‚¶ mÁ≈ÔÁ· ÔkÏ™ÚD, ∂k´m ®¬Lz‚ΩÀ
Ô°[EKD ºƒÏÕm ÔkM›m¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï. ÷∫ºÔ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√¬z ®Õ>
s>\V™ ÿ√VÆ©AD ÷_ÁÈ.
\VÔV∫Ôπ[ WÏkVÔ, g‚E\[≈, W] s≠B∫Ôπ[
*]ÚÕ> \›]B ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ >·Ï›>©√‚¶™. ∂É[ kÚkVF ÷™D
÷´ı¶VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷>[ JÈD \VÔV∫Ô^ >VD kÛo¬zD
kˆ›ÿ>VÁÔÁB¬ ÿÔVıº¶ >\m WÏkVÔ›Á>¬ ÔkM›m¬ ÿÔVı¶™.
\VÔV √‚ÿ¤‚ \›]B √‚ÿ¤‚ΩoÚÕm ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
\VÔV ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ >™¬zˆB √‚ÿ¤‚Á¶ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB°D,
\VÔV kÚkVF JÈ∫ÔπoÚÕm kˆ kÛo¬Ô°D cˆÁ\ ÿ√u≈™.
\›]B ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ ∂Á™›m s≠B∫ÔπKD xø ÂV‚Ωuz\V™
g‚E\[≈ ∂]ÔV´›Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm >¬Ô Ák›m¬ÿÔVı¶m.
1.EÈ z§©∏‚¶ s≠B∫Ôπ_ ®Õ>ÿkVÚ \VºƒV>VÁk•D
ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™ó[ √VÏÁk¬ÔVÔ Œm¬˛ Ák¬Ô ÔkÏ™Ú¬z ∂]ÔV´D
∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2.÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ x>[ xÁ≈BVÔ ÷´ı| ∂|¬z
ÿÔVı¶>VÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
3.º\ÈÁk 60 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶m. ÷kÏÔπ_ 34 º√Ï
º>Ï>_ JÈD º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.
4.ˇwÁk ∑\VÏ 144 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶m. ÷kÏÔπ_ 104
º√Ï º>Ï>_ JÈD º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.
5.kV¬ÔV·ÏÔ^ ƒx>VBD \uÆD √_ºkÆ ∏ˆ°Ôπ[
∂Ω©√Á¶l_ (˛Ú›>kÏ, g∫˛ºÈBÏ, ÷Õ]BÏ, Ê¬˛BÏ...) ÷™D
ÔV©√‚¶™Ï.
6.x>[ x>ÈVÔ º>Ï>_ gÁBD ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
102
Áƒ\[ Ôt≠[
1919 gD gı|fl ƒ‚¶›][ ÿƒB_√V|ÔÁ· g´VB°D,
]Ú›>°D, ŒÚ ÿ√VÆ©√V™ ∂´∑¬ÔV™ kaÔV‚| ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^
z§›m ÔÚ›mÁ´ kw∫Ô°D ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ ∂Á\›> Ôt≠[. ÷m
´VB_ zø ∂_Èm Áƒ\[ Ôt≠[ ®™©√‚¶m. ƒÏ ¤VÏÎ Áƒ\[
÷Õ>¬ Ôt≠M[ >ÁÈkÏ.
÷¬zøs_ ÷ÚÕ> ∞ø cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ_ ®kÚº\ ÷Õ]BÏ
÷_ÁÈ ; ∂Á™kÚº\ nº´V©∏BÏ. ®™ºk 1927á÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈
ÿ\‚´V¸ ÔV∫˛´¸ \ÔVÂV‚Ω_ ÷¬ Ôt≠Á™ A≈¬ÔË¬Ô ÔV∫˛´¸
xΩ° ÿƒF>m.
1.Áƒ\[ Ôt≠[ ÷´ı|xÁ≈ ÷Õ]BV s¤BD ÿƒF>m (1928
∏©´kˆá\VÏfl) \uÆD 1928 ∂¬º¶V√Ï á1929 ∞©´_).
2.Áƒ\[ kÚÁÔ ®]Ï©A© º√V´V‚¶›]_ √fiƒV© E∫ÔD ®[Æ
∂Áw¬Ô©√|D ÈVÈV È]√]´VF ÈVÌˆ_ ÷≈Õ>VÏ.
3.÷m >™m ∂§¬ÁÔÁB 1930 º\ 27 ÷_ ÿkπl‚¶m. ÷>[
∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∏ˆ‚Ωi √V´V”\[≈D ÷Õ]B ∂´∑› ƒ‚¶›Á>
kΩkÁ\›>m.
5. ºÂÚ ∂§¬ÁÔ 1928
1927 ΩƒD√ˆ_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ ÿ\‚´V¸ ÔV∫˛´¸ \ÔVÂV‚Ω_
WÁ≈ºku≈©√‚¶ yÏ\V™›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_, 1928 ∏©´kˆ 12gD
º>] ]_ol_ ŒÚ ∂Á™›m¬ Ô‚E \ÔVÂV| Ì‚¶©√‚¶m. ÷Õ>¬
Ì‚¶›]_ º\V]ÈV_ ºÂÚ >ÁÈÁ\l_ ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶¬
ÿÔV^ÁÔÔ^ √u§ xΩ° ÿƒFB ŒÚ Ôt‚Ω ∂Á\©√m ®™ xΩ°
ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.
÷>[ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ : º>Î√Ô#Ï ƒ©‘, ∂o N\VD, ∂º™,
ÿ¤BÔÏ, º¤V¥, ƒÏ>VÏ \∫Ô^ E∫, ≠VN© zº´V¥, ∑√Vi º√V¸
\uÆD ∏´>V[.
∂§¬ÁÔl[ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ô^ : ÷Õ]BV°¬z ÿ¶VtMB[
∂Õ>¸m, ∂k´kÏ ƒ\B›Á> ∏[√uÆD ∑>Õ]´D, \›]B ∂É[ ˇµ
ƒÁ√ \uÆD \VÔV ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√¬z ÔÈ©A kV¬ÔV·ÏÔ·V_
º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√|D cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^; ÷¸ÈVtBÚ¬ÿÔ™ >M ÷¶
Œm¬ˇ|, kBmkÕº>VÏ kV¬zˆÁ\, ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^.
Report of the Committee by the All Parties Conference to De-
termine the Principles of the Constitution of India ®[Æ
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∂]ÔV´ØÏk\VÔ kw∫Ô©√‚¶ ÷Õ> ∂§¬ÁÔ, ∞ø ∂›]BVB∫Ô^
(Seven Chapters) ÷´ı| ∂‚¶kÁÔ^ (Two Schedules) \uÆD
J[Æ ∏[MÁ©AÔÁ· (three appendices) ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m.24
√¬ÔD ÿÔVı¶ ∞wVD ∂›]BVB›]_ ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶ kÁ´° z§›m
sˆkV™ s·¬Ô∫Ô^ ÷¶D ÿ√u§ÚÕ>™.
÷Õ> ∂§¬ÁÔÁB W´VÔˆ›> x¸oD ‹¬, 14 ∂Dƒ∫Ô^
ÿÔVı¶ ˜[™V ∂§¬ÁÔÁB >V¬Ô_ ÿƒF>m.
6.÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D á 1935
∑>Õ]´›m¬z xÕÁ>B ÷Õ]BVs[ ÷Æ] ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶D.
1937 ∞©´_ Œ[Æ x>_ ÷Õ]BVs_ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈©√|›>©√‚¶m.
÷flƒ‚¶D 321 ∏ˆ°ÔÁ·•D 10 ∂‚¶kÁÔÁ·•D
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m.
\VÔV∫ÔÁ·•D, ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫ÔÁ·•D (Indian states)
c^·¶¬˛B ŒÚ Ì‚¶V‚E ∂Á\©∏ÈV™ ∂´∑¬z ÷m √ˆÕmÁ´
ÿƒF>>m. xø >[™V‚E ∂>ÔV´›Á> cÆ]©√|›]Bm.
÷Õ> Ì‚¶É_ ÷Ákm ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ôπ[ sÚ©√›m¬z
s¶©√‚¶m.
\›]B, \VÔV∫Ô”¬ÔV™ g‚E \[≈ ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^
>M›>MBVÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶™.
\VÔV ÔkÏ™ÏÔ^ zΩBÉ[ ºÂ´Ω √VÏÁkl_
ÿƒB_√|kVÏÔ^. \‚|t_ÈV\_ ÔkÏ™ÏÔ^ ∂Õ>Õ> \VÔV
ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ ∂Á\flƒÏÔπ[ gºÈVƒÁ™©√ΩºB ÿƒB_√|kVÏ.
\›]B ∂É[ xø ∂]ÔV´xD ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™ó¶D
Œ©√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m.
\›]Bfl ƒ‚¶\[≈D (Federal Legislature) ÷´ı| ∂|¬z
ÿÔVı¶>VÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. ƒ‚¶\[≈D ( Legislative Assembly)
\uÆD ƒ‚¶¬ Ô°[E_ ( Legislative Assembly)
WÏkVÔ kƒ]¬ÔVÔ ÷Õ]B© √z]Ô^ J[Æ kÁÔÔ·VÔ©
∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶™. 1. ∏ˆ‚Ωi ÷Õ]BV: ÿ\‚´V¸, √D√VF, \›]B k∫ÔV·D,
∂ƒVD, ¨ÔVÏ, ŒˆƒV, √fiƒV©, EÕm, \›]B \VWÈD, k¶√z] \VWÈD,
c›]´©∏´º>ƒD g˛B 11 \VWÈ∫Ô^ c^·¶∫˛BÁk : 2. RMB[
∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^ : ]_o, ∂Î*Ï, z¶z, ∂Õ>\V[áWºÔV√VÏ y°Ô^ º√V[≈
gÆ √z]ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m; 3. ∑º>EB ∂´∑Ô^: Á\ÛÏ, ÿ¤FØÏ,
º¤V›ØÏ, ÔVi*Ï º√V[≈ 562 E§B √z]ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı| >M›>M
∂´∑Ô·VÔ ÷ÚÕ>™.
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÷flƒ‚¶›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶lÈV™ x>_ ÿ√Vm› º>Ï>_ 1937á÷_
ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. ÔV∫˛´¸ ∂Æ]© ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\ ÿ√uÆ g‚E
∂Á\›>m. g™V_ ÷´ı¶VD cÈ¬© º√Vˆ_ ÷Õ]BVÁk•D
kK¬Ô‚¶VB\VÔ ÷ø›ms‚¶ ∏ˆ‚¶M[ ÿƒBK¬z ®]Ï©A› ÿ>ˆs›m
1939á÷_ ÔV∫˛´¸ ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ ∂Á™kÚD Ìıº¶V| ´V˜™V\V
ÿƒF>™Ï.
Áƒ\[ Ôt≠™V_ kV¬zÆ] ∂π¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ> ÿ¶VtMB[
∂Õ>¸m √u§ ÷Õ> ƒ‚¶D ®m°D z§©∏¶s_ÁÈ.
7. gÔ¸| ∂§s©A (1940)
o[o›ºÔV ∏ÁkV_ 1940, gÔ¸| 8ágD º>]
EDÈVsoÚÕm ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ ∂§¬ÁÔ. ÷m ÷Õ]BV°¬z
ÿ¶VtMB[ ∂Õ>¸m \uÆD s˛>VflƒV´ ∂Ω©√Á¶lÈV™
(Representative Nature) ŒÚ ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á> cÚkV¬Ô ∂–\]
kw∫zkm g˛BkuÁ≈ cÆ] ÿƒF>m.
÷m Ák¸´Vl[ ®¬Lz‚TÀ Ô°[Eo_ ÷Õ]B
cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ·•D ºƒÏ›m ∂Á> sˆ° √|›mkm; ∏ˆ‚Ωi ÷Õ]BV,
\[™´V‚E √z]Ô^ g˛Bku§[ cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ º√VÏ
gºÈVƒÁ™¬ Ô°[E_ cÚkV¬z>_; ÿ¶VtMB[ >z]
kw∫zk>uÔV™ ºÂV¬Ô∫Ô^ ®[–D J[Æ ∂Dƒ∫ÔÁ·
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m.
8. ˛ˆ©¸ t≠[ - 1942
÷Õ]BV°¬z ∂]ÔV´ ÁÔ\Vu≈D ÿƒFkm ÿ>V¶´√VÔ ŒÚ
∂ÉB_ ]‚¶›Á> kz©√>uÔVÔ 1942 \VÏfl 22gD º>] ÷Õ]BV kÕ>
zø >ÁÈkÏ ¸¶V©º√VÏ| ˛ˆ©¸.
ÔV∫˛´∑D, x¸‹D ‹¬zD ÷Õ> #m¬zøs[ √ˆÕmÁ´ÔÁ·
∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^”D √‚ƒ›]_, ÷´ı¶VD cÈÔ©º√Vˆ[ xΩs_ ∂Ák
∂\ÈV¬Ô©√|D.
#m¬zøs[ √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ : ÷Õ]B \¬Ô·V_ º>ÏÂÿ>|¬Ô©√|D ŒÚ
∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√BV_ ÷Õ]BV°¬ÔV™ ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á>
cÚkV¬z>_ ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶D ÷Õ]BV°¬z ÿ¶VtMB[
∂Õ>¸m kw∫zD \ÔV∫Ô^, ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ô^ ∂Á™›Á>•D
÷Á›> ŒÚ ∂Ôı¶ ÷Õ]B RMBÁ™ cÚkV¬z>_
xøfl ∑>Õ]´›Á> ®]Ï√V›> ÔV∫˛´∑D, x¸oD ‹¬zD
÷Á>© A≈¬ÔË›>™. ÔVÕ]˜ ÷Á> ]kVÈV™ k∫˛l[
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ÔVÈVk]BV™ ÔVºƒVÁÈ (A Post dated Cheque of a Drowing Bank)
®[Æ kÏË›>VÏ.
ºÔ∏™‚ t≠[ ]‚¶D á 1946
∂‚o >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ ÿ√›s¬ ÈV´[¸,
¸¶V‡º√VÏ| ˛ˆ©¸, ∞.s. ∂ÿÈ¬vVı¶Ï g˛ºBVÏ ∂¶∫˛B
#m¬zøÁk ∂Á\›>m. ÷Õ>BV°¬zD \Ô sÁ´s_ ∑>Õ]´D
˛Á¶¬Ô c>°kmD ŒÚ ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√ÁB cÚkV¬zkmº\
÷Õ> #m¬zøs[ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD.
÷¸ÈVtBÚ¬ÿÔ™ >M ÂV|, >M ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√
®[–D ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔÁB ÷¬zø W´VÔˆ›>m.
÷›]‚¶›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√¬z
º>Ï>_Ô^ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈™. ÷Á>B|›m ŒÚ ÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ ∂´∑
∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. 1946, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2gD º>] ºÂÚ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™
÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ ∂´∑ ∂]ÔV´›m¬z kÕ>m.
∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√l[ x>_ Ì‚¶D 1946 ΩƒD√Ï 8gD
º>] mk∫˛Bm. x¸‹D ‹¬ ÷]_ ÔÈÕmÿÔV^·s_ÁÈ.
\°ı‚ º√‚¶[ ]‚¶D
÷Õ]BVs¶D ∂]ÔV´›Á> Œ©√Á¶©√mD, ÂV‚Á¶ ÷´ı¶VÔ©
∏ˆ©√mº\ \°ı‚ º√‚¶[ ]‚¶›][ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ô^. ÷m 1947 …[
J[≈VD º>] ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ ÿkπl‚¶ ŒÚ ∂§¬ÁÔl[ kaBVÔ ŒÚ
kΩk›Á>© ÿ√u≈m.
÷Õ]Bfl ∑>Õ]´fl ƒ‚¶D á 1947
÷flƒ‚¶›][ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ ÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D 1935á÷_
]Ú›>∫Ô^ ÿƒFB©√‚¶™ (÷Õ]BV \uÆD √V˛¸>VM[ Adaaptatiion
gÁ JÈD) ÂV‚Ω[ ®]ÏÔVÈ ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶∫ÔÁ·
kz©√>uÔVÔ ŒÚ >uÔVoÔ ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√ (Constituednt
Assembley) ∂Á\¬Ô xΩ° ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.
1. 1947 …[ 3ágD º>] ∏´>\Ï ˛·ÿ\[‚ ∂‚o ∏ˆ‚¶[
ÿ√Vm\¬Ô^ ƒÁ√l_ ÷Õ]BVÁk ÷Õ]BVá√V˛¸>V[ ®™ ÷Ú
>MÂV|Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬zD ]‚¶›Á> ∂§s›>VÏ.
2. ÷m 1947 ˝ÁÈ 18ágD º>] ÷∫˛ÈVÕm \ÔV´VËl[
ÁÔÿBV©√›]uz© ∏[ ƒ‚¶\V¬Ô©√‚¶m.
3. ÿ>V¶ÏÂm 1947 gÔ¸‚ 14 á÷_ √V˛¸>V–D, 1947
gÔ¸‚ 15 ∂[Æ ÷Õ]BV°D ∑>Õ]´D ÿ√u≈™.
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4. Œ[Æ√‚¶ ÷Õ]BVsoÚÕ> 562 \[™´V‚E √z]Ôπ_
532 \[™´V‚E© √z]Ô^ A]B ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BVs_ ÷¶D
ÿ√u§ÚÕ>™. ÷ku§_ Á«]´V√V›, …™VÔ›, ÔVi*Ï >sÏ›> 529
\[™´V‚E √z]Ô^ ÷Õ]BV°¶[ ÷ÁÕ>™.

9. ∂´EB_ WÏB ƒÁ√

∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√l[ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ \VÔV
ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ÔπoÚÕm º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.
\VÔV∫Ô^ \u≈D ÷Õ]B \VWÈ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ s˛>›][
∂Ω©√Á¶l_ (∑\VÏ √›m ÷È‚ƒD º√Ú¬z ŒÚ cÆ©∏™Ï) cÆ©∏™Ï
÷¶∫Ô^, ∂Õ>Õ> √z]lK^· ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\ ƒx>VB∫ÔÁ·fl
ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔ”¬z (Ê¬˛BÏ, ÷¸ÈVtBÏ \uÆD ÿ√Vm) ∂Á\•\VÆ
÷ÚÕ>m.
1.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√l[ ÿ\V›> cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 385. ÷]_
93 º√Ï ÷Õ]B \VWÈ© ∏´]W]Ô^, ∞Á™B 292 º√Ï ÷Õ]B
\VÔV∫ÔÁ·fl (∏ˆ‚œi ÷Õ]BV) ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔ^.
2.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√l[ x>_ Ì‚¶D 1946 ΩƒD√Ï 9ágD
º>]ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. g™V_ x¸‹D ‹¬ ÷¬Ì‚¶›]_ ÔÈÕm
ÿÔV^·s_ÁÈ. ƒÁ√l[ >uÔVoÔ› >ÁÈkÏ ƒflE>V™Õ> E[«V.
3.ÿ>V¶ÏÕm 1946 ΩƒD√Ï 11á÷_ ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√l[
W´Õ>´› >ÁÈk´VÔ ´Vº¤Õ]´ ∏´ƒV›mD, mÁ› >ÁÈk´VÔ ÿ«fl.
xÔÏ˜•D º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï. ÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A¬zø
gºÈVƒÔÏ ∏.®[ ´VÀ.
4.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√¬ÔV™ √ˆÕmÁ´ yÏ\V™›Á> (Ob-
jective REsolution) ¤k«ÏÈV_ ºÂÚ 1946 ΩƒD√Ï
13ágD º>] ÷>[ x>_ Ì‚¶›]_ ÿÔVı| kÕ>VÏ. ÷m √È›>
skV>∫Ô”¬zD, ÔÈÕmÁ´BV¶_Ô”¬zD xΩs_ 1947 ¤™kˆ
22ágD º>] ∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶m.
5.∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›m¬ÔV™ ÿÔV^ÁÔÔ^ √ÈkuÁ≈ ∂ÉB_
WÏB ƒÁ√l[ √_ºkÆ zø¬Ô^ √ˆÕmÁ´›>™. ÷Õ>¬ zø¬Ôπ[
√ˆÕmÁ´ÔÁ·© √u§ skV]¬Ô ŒÚ ÿ√Vm ÔÈÕ>VF°D ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m.
÷Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á> kΩkÁ\¬Ô ¶V¬¶Ï
∂Dº√›ÔVÏ>ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ ŒÚ kÁ´°¬zø 1947 gÔ¸| 29ágD
º>] ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
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6.∂Dº√›ÔÏ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ kÁ´°¬ zø ÷Õ]BV°¬ÔV™
kÁ´° ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á> (Draft Constitution on India) ∂ÉB_ WÏB
ƒÁ√› >ÁÈkˆ¶D 1948 ∏©´kˆ 21gD º>] kw∫˛Bm.
7.÷Õ]B© ∏ˆsÁ™¬z©∏[ ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™Ï
®ıË¬ÁÔ 299 gÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ>m. ÷kÏÔπ™_ 284 º√Ï 1949
ÂkD√Ï 26gD º>] ÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ ÷Æ] kΩÁk
∂∫ˇÔˆ›m ÁÔÿBø›]‚¶™Ï.
8.zΩ•ˆÁ\, º>Ï>_, >uÔVoÔ √V´V”\[≈D g˛B
≠´›m¬Ô^ c¶™ΩBVÔ ∂\K¬z kÕ>™ (1949 ÂkD√Ï 26)
9.∞Á™B ≠´›m¬Ô^ 1950 ¤™kˆ 26 gD º>] x>_
∂\o_ kÕ>™. ®™ºk>V[ ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶D
ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ kÕ> ÂV^ ∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\VÔ 1950 ¤™kˆ 26 ®[Æ
kw∫Ô©√|˛≈m.
10.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Á√ cÚkV¬Ô ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√
11 xÁ≈ ÌΩBm.
11.∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›m¬z ÷Æ] kΩD ÿÔV|¬Ô ÷´ı| kÚ¶∫Ô^,
11 \V>D 18 ÂV‚Ô^ ∏Ω›>™.
12.∑\VÏ 64 ÷È‚ƒD ‘√VF ÿƒÈs_ 60 ÂV|Ôπ[
∂ÉBÈÁ\©AÔÁ· gF° ÿƒFm cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m.
13.114 ÂV‚Ôπ_ ®ø] xΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
14.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√› >ÁkÈÏ ¶V¬¶Ï ´Vº¤Õ]´ ∏´ƒV›.
15.∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶ kÁ´°¬zø› >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï >ÁÈkÏ
¶V¬¶Ï ∂Dº√›ÔVÏ.
16.1948 ÂkD√Ï 4: ∂Ákl[ x>_ kVE©A. ÷m nÕm ÂV‚Ô^
ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈™.
17.1949 ∂¬º¶V√Ï 17: ÷´ı¶Vkm kVE©A. 7653
]Ú›>∫Ô”¬z E√Vˆ∑ ÿƒFB©√‚¶™. 2473 ]Ú›>› yÏ\V™∫Ô^
º√E xΩ° ÿƒFB©√‚¶™.
18.1949 ÂkD√Ï 14: J[≈Vkm kVE©A.
19.∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶ kÁ´s_ ÁÔÿBø›]‚¶ ÿ\V›> cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^
: 284 º√Ï.
20.1949 ÂkD√Ï 26: ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶D
∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶m . (Adopted).
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21.1950 ¤™kˆ 26 : ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶D ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶
ÂV^.
22.÷flƒ‚¶D ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶ ]™º\ ÷Õ]B¬ zΩB´∑
]™\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶V¶©√|˛≈m (¤™kˆ 26)
10.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^
¶V¬¶Ï ∏.gÏ.∂Dº√›ÔÏ, ∂¤F ‡√V_ºÔ, ¤k«ÏÈV_ ºÂÚ,
E.´V¤ºÔV√VÈVflƒVˆ, ¶V¬¶Ï √VA ´Vº¤Õ]´∏´ƒV›, ƒÏ>VÏ k_È©√VF
√‚º¶_, ºÔ.®D.x[¥, AÚº≠V›>D \VÀÈ∫ÔÏ, ƒÕy© z\VÏ √‚¶º¶_,
ÿ\·ÈV™ ∂A_ÔÈVD gvV›, EBV\ ∏´ƒV› xÔÏ˜, Âπ[
´fiƒ[ºÔVi, √_kÕ›´VF º\›>V, ‡;√´V∫ gı¶M (g∫˛ºÈV
÷Õ]B cÆ©∏™Ï) ®fl.∏.º\VΩ (√VÏE cÆ©∏™Ï), «º´Õ]´ xÔÏ˜
(∏u√|›>©√‚¶ ƒx>VB cÆ©∏™Ï), ∞.√«#Ï z´V∫ (ÌÏ¬ÔV ƒx>VB
cÆ©∏™Ï)
11.EÈ x¬˛B ÿ√ı cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^
ƒº´V˜M ÂV•|, «[vV º\›>V, mÏÔV√F º>ix¬,
´VÎz\Vˆ ∂Dˆ› ÿÔ·Ï, s¤B ÿÈ‚∑t √ıΩ‚.
12.∏´√È ¿]›mÁ≈ k_K™ÏÔ^
∂_ÈVΩ ˛ÚiƒVt nBÏ, √™Ô_ ÂÉD\ ´VÀ, ºÔ.®D.
x[¥, Ôºı \VÀÈ∫ÔÏ.
13.kÁ´°¬zø cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^
¶V¬¶Ï ∏.gÏ. ∂Dº√›ÔVÏ (>ÁÈkÏ), ®[.ºÔV√VÈƒVt
∂FB∫ÔVÏ, ∂_ÈVΩ ˛ÚiƒVt ∂FBÏ, ¶V¬¶Ï ºÔ.®D.x[¥,
ÁƒB› xÔ\m ƒVm_ÈV, ®[.\V>k ´VÀ (∏.®_.t‚¶Ï¬z √]ÈVÔ),
Ω.Ω.˛Ú≠ı\VflƒVˆ (Ω.∏.ÿÔF›>V–¬z √]ÈVÔ).
÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶D ÁÔÔ·V_ ®ø>©√‚¶ ŒÚ gk\VzD.
÷Á> ®ø]BkÏ ∏º´\ ÿ√«Vˆ ÂÁ´[ Á´vV› ®[√k´VkVÏ. ÷Á>
®ø> ∂kÚ¬z 254 W©AÔ^ º>Ák©√‚¶>VD. ®ø] xΩ¬Ô
gÆ\V>∫Ô^ ∏Ω›>m. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á> ®ømk>uÔVÔ ®Õ>s>\V™
ƒ[\V™›ÿ>VÁÔ•D ÿ√≈V> Á´vV›, ∂>uz ~¶VÔ ŒÀÿkVÚ
√¬Ô›][ ÷Æ]lKD >™m ÿ√BÁ´ ®ø> ∂–\] >´ ºkı|D ®[≈D
ÔÁ¶E© √¬Ô›]_ >™¬z ®ø›>§s›> >™m √V‚¶™Vˆ[ ÿ√BÁ´
z§©∏¶ ∂–\]¬Ô ºkı|D ®[ÆD ºÔ‚|¬ ÿÔVı¶V´VD.
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14.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÁ\©A :
1.÷Õ]B ∂ÉÈÁ\©Á√ cÚkV¬˛B ƒÁ√ á ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√.
2.∂ÉÈÁ\©∏[ º>ÁkÁB x>[ x>ÈVÔ Ì§BkÏ á ®[.®[.´VF.
3.∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶ gºÈVƒÔ´VÔ √ËBVu§BkÏ á ∏.®[.´VÀ.
4.∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√l[ >uÔVoÔ >ÁÈkÏ á ƒflE>V™Õ> E[«V.
5.∂ÉBÈÁ\©A kÁ´°¬zø cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ (>ÁÈkÏ
c‚√¶) ∞ø.
6.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√BV_
∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶ kÚ¶D 1949, ÂkD√Ï 26.
7.∂ÉBÈÁ\©Á√ cÚkV¬Ô ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√ ®|›m¬ÿÔVı¶
ÔVÈ ∂·° ÷´ı| gı|Ô^, 11 \V>∫Ô^, 18 ÂV‚Ô^.
8.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ ÿ√ÚD√z] ®|›>V·©√‚¶ ƒ‚¶D á 1935
gD gı| ÷Õ]Bfl ƒ‚¶D.
9.∂ÉBÈÁ\©A WÏB ƒÁ√ ∂Á\¬Ô ÔV´\VÔ ÷ÚÕ> #m¬zø
ºÔ∏™‚ mVm¬zø (1946).
10.∂ÉBÈÁ\©A WÏB ƒÁ√l[ ÿ\V›> Ôt‚ΩÔ^ 22.
15.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ E≈©√Dƒ∫Ô^
1. ÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A cÈ˛ºÈºB tÔ ¿·\V™ ®ø>©√‚¶
∂ÉBÈÁ\©A (Lengthiest Written Constitution).
2. ÷Æ¬Ô\V™º>V (Rigid) ∂_Èm ÿÂ˛µkV™º>V (Flexible)
∂_È.
3. Ì‚¶V‚E \uÆD ŒuÁ≈BV‚E (union of States) E≈©A¬
ÌÆÔπ[ ÔÈÁk.
4. ÂV¶V”\[≈ ∂Á\©A ÿÔVı¶¶ ∂´∑ (Parliamentary Form
of Government).
5. ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^ (Fundamental)
6. ∂Ω©√Á¶ Ô¶Á\Ô^ (Fundamental Duties).
7. ∂´∑¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB kaÿƒK›]fl ÿƒ_KD ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^
(Directive Principles of State Policy).
8. ¿]›mÁ≈l[ ∑>Õ>´D (Judiciary Independaent).
9. \>ƒVÏ∏[Á\ (A Secular State).
10. ŒuÁ≈¬ zΩ•ˆÁ\ (Single Citizenship)
11. kBm kÕ> ∂Á™kÚ¬zD, kV¬Ôπ¬Ô cˆÁ\ (Universal
Adult Franchise).
12. EÆ√V[Á\BÚ¬zD E≈©A kVƒÔ∫Ô^.
13. ∑>Õ]´\V™ ∂Á\©AÔ^ (Independent Bodies).
14. ∂kƒ´WÁÈ ∏´Ô¶™D (Emergency Povisions)

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16. ∂´EBÈÁ\©∏[ JÈ∫Ô^ (Source of the Constitution)

ÂV|Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏ ®|›>V·©√‚¶ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ô^

÷∫˛ÈVÕm √V´V”\[≈D, ƒ‚¶D ÷BuÆ>_, ƒ‚¶\[≈
√w¬Ô∫Ô^, >M zΩ•ˆÁ\, \›]B ∂Á\flƒ´Ák,
÷Ú √V´V”\[≈D \uÆD √V´V”\[≈ xÁ≈Ô^.
∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔV ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^, ∑>Õ]´\V™ ¿]›mÁ≈, ¿]
º√´VÁ, zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÁ´ ¿¬z>_,
cflƒ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]ÔÁ· ¿¬z>_, mÁ zΩB´∑›
>ÁÈkÏ.
∂BÏÈVÕm ∂´∑¬z kaÔV‚|D ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^, \VWÈ∫Ô·Ák
cÆ©∏™Ï WB\™D, zΩB´∑ >ÁÈkÏ º>Ï>_.
Ô™¶V Ì‚¶V‚E xÁ≈l_ gºÈVƒÁ™l_ cflƒ¿]\[≈D
g¸]ºóBV ÿ√Vm©√‚ΩB_, ∑>Õ]´\V™ sBV√V´D,
√V´V”\[≈›]_ c^· ÷Ú ∂Ák Ì‚|›ÿ>V¶Ï.
ÿ¤Ï\M ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈl[ º√Vm ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^
´›m.
íBV ∂Ω©√Á¶ Ô¶Á\Ô^ \u≈D ¿] (ƒJÔ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´
\uÆD ∂ÉB_ xÔ©AÁ´)
ÿ>[™V©∏ˆ¬ÔV \VWÈ∫Ô·Ák cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ·› º>ÏÕÿ>|›>_
\uÆD ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D.
∏´V[¸ zΩB´∑ ∑>Õ]´\V™ ƒ\>Ï\ xÔ©AÁ´
¤©√V[ ƒ‚¶›Á> ∂\_√|›>_.

17. ∂´EB_ ∂Á\©Aﬂ ƒ‚¶›][ c‚∏ˆ°Ô^

√z] ÷Õ]B ∂´EB_ ∂Á\©Aﬂ ƒ‚¶D s]/∏ˆ°/≠´›m

(Part) (Artical)

I ÷Õ]B© √z]Ô^, A]B \VWÈ∫Ô^

cÚkV¬ÔD \VuÆ>_ 1-4

II ÷Õ]B¬ zΩ•ˆÁ\ 5-11

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111
III ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^ 12-35
IV ∂´∑¬z kaÔV‚|D ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^ 36-51
IV-A ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô¶Á\Ô^ 51A
V \›]B ∂´∑ 52-151
zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ 52-62
mÁ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ 63-73
\›]B ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ \uÆD 74-78
∂‚¶ÏM ÿ¤™´_ 76
√V´V”\[≈D 79-123
cflƒ¿]\[≈D 124-127
>ÁÈÁ\ >Ë¬ÁÔBV·Ï 148-151
VI \VWÈ ∂´∑ 152-237
g”ÂÏ 152-237
\VWÈ ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ \uÆD 163-167
∂‚kºÔ‚ ÿ¤™´_ 165
ƒ‚¶\[≈D 168-213
cBÏ¿]\[≈D 214-232
mÁ ¿]\[≈D 233-237
VII x>_ √‚ΩB_ √z] B-l_ c^· \VWÈ∫Ô^ 152-237
VIII RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^ 239-242
IX √fiƒVB›m ´VÎ 243-243-O
IX-A ÂÔ´V‚EÔ^ 243P-243ZG
X √w∫zΩl™Ï √z]Ô^ 244-244 A
XI \›]B á \VWÈ c≈°Ô^ 245-263
\›]B á \VWÈ ƒ‚¶\[≈ c≈°Ô^ 245-263
\›]B á \VWÈ WÏkVÔ›]≈[ c≈°Ô^ 245-255
XII W], ÿƒV›m, Œ©√Õ> kw¬z 264-300 A
W] 264-291
Ô¶[
ÿƒV›m \]©A kw¬z (Ô¶Á\Ô^) 294-300
ÿƒV›mˆÁ\ 300 A
XIII kÏ›>ÔD, kVË√D : ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ôπ_ 301-307
XIV \›]B \VWÈ ∂É[ ˇµ c^· √ËÔ^ 308-323
√ËÔ^ 308-314

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112
÷Õ]B g‚E©√ËÔ^ 315-323
XIV-A yÏ©√VB∫Ô^ 323 A -323 B
XV º>Ï>_ 324-324A
XVI ÷¶Œm¬ˇ| (SC, ST, OBC, Anglo Indian) 330-342
XVII g‚E ÿ\VaÔ^ 343-351
\›]B g‚E ÿ\VaÔ^ 343-344
\VWÈ g‚E ÿ\VaÔ^ 345-347
cﬂƒ¿]\[≈ ÿ\VaÔ^ 348-349
cBÏ¿]\[≈ ÿ\VaÔ^ 348-349
E≈©A ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^ 350-351
XVIII ∂k´ƒWÁÈ© ∏´Ô¶™D 352-360
º>EB ÿÂΩ¬ÔΩWÁÈ© ∏´Ô¶™D 352
\VWÈ ∂´∑ º>V_s √u§B ∏´Ô¶™D 365
W] ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩWÁÈ 360
XIX √_kÁÔ 361-367
XX ∂´EB_ ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›> xÁ≈Ô^ 368
XXI >uÔVoÔ, \Vu≈¬ÌΩB \uÆD E≈©A s]Ô^ 369-392
XXII zÁ≈Õ> ÔVÈ √‚¶∫Ô^ ∂π›>_ \uÆD ¿¬Ô©√‚¶Ák 393-395
XVII g‚E ÿ\VaÔ^ 343-351

18. ÷Õ]B ∂´EB_ ∂Á\©∏[ ∂‚¶kÁÔ^

∂‚¶kÁ ÷Õ]B ∂´EB_ ∂Á\©∏[ ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ s]Ô^
x>_ 1. \VWÈ∫Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏ, ∏´º>ƒ ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ 1 \uÆD 4
2. RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^, ÿ√BÏÔ^, sˆkV¬ÔD
2ágD ∏[ kÚ√kÏÔπ[ ƒD√·D, ÿƒÈ°©√ΩÔ^,
ƒKÁÔÔ^ º√V[≈kuÆ¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B s]Ô^
1. zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ 59 \uÆD 65
2. \VWÈ g”ÂÏ 158
3. \¬Ô·Ák ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ, mÁ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ 75
4. \VWÈ∫Ô·Ák› >ÁÈkÏ, mÁ› >ÁÈkÏ 97
5. \VWÈ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ, mÁ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ 164
6. \VWÈ ƒ‚¶º\ÈÁk >ÁÈkÏ, mÁ› >ÁÈkÏ186
7. cﬂƒ ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]Ô^ 125
8. cBÏ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]Ô^ 221
9. ÷Õ]B >ÁÈÁ\ >Ë¬ÁÔ Ô‚|©√V‚| ∂]ÔVˆ148

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3-gD ∏[kÚ√kÏÔ”¬ÔV™ cÆ]ÿ\Val[ kΩk∫Ô^
1. \›]B ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ 75
2. √V´V”\[≈ º>Ï>o[ ºk‚√V·ÏÔ^ 84
3. √V´V”\[≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 99
4. cflƒ ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]Ô^ 124
5. ÷Õ]B >ÁÈÁ\ >Ë¬ÁÔ Ô‚|©√V‚|∂]ÔVˆ 148
6. \VWÈ ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ 173
7. \VWÈ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ º>Ï>o[ ºk‚√V·ÏÔ^ 173
8. \VWÈ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 188
9. cBÏ ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]Ô^ 219
4-gD \VWÈ∫Ô·Ákl[ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· \VWÈ∫Ô”¬zD,
RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ô”¬zD Œm¬ˇ| ÿƒF>_ 4 \uÆD 80
5ágD √w∫zΩl™© √z]Ô^, √w∫zΩl™ \¬Ôπ[
WÏkVÔD \uÆD Ô‚|©√V| ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ s]Ô^ 244
6ágD ∂ƒVD, º\ÔVÈBV, ]Â´V, tºƒV´D g˛B
\VWÈ∫Ôπ_ c^· √w∫zΩl™© √z]Ôπ[
WÏkVÔD ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ s]Ô^ 244 \uÆD 275
7-gD √‚ΩB_ I (\›]B √‚ΩB_), √‚ΩB_ II (\VWÈ© √‚ΩB_),
√‚ΩB_ III (ÿ√Vm©√‚ΩB_) \›]B© √‚ΩB_ 100,
(mk¬Ô›]_ 97), \VWÈ© √‚ΩB_ 61 (mk¬Ô›]_ 66)
ÿ√Vm©√‚ΩB_ 52 (mk¬Ô›]_ 47) g˛Bku§[√Ω
\›]B, \VWÈ ∂´∑Ô”¬˛Á¶ºB ∂]ÔV´∫ÔÁ·©
√˛ÏÕ>π›>_ 246
8-gD ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©√V_ ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶
ÿ\VaÔÁ· c^·¶¬˛B>VÔ g´D√›]È 14
ÿ\VaÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m. >uº√Vm 22
ÿ\VaÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m. ∂Ák: ∂ƒVt, k∫ÔVπ,
z¤´V›], ÷Õ], Ô[™¶D, ÔVi*ˆ, \ÁÈBV·D,
\´V›], ŒˆBV, √fiƒV∏, ƒ\¸˛Ú>D, EÕm, >tµ,
ÿ>K∫z, cÚm.
÷Õ]B ÿ\Va 21ágkm ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>›][ JÈD
1967á÷_ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶ ÿ\VaÔ^ :
ÿÔV∫ÔË, \Ë©Aˆ, ºÂ√Vπ.
71-km ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>›][ JÈD 1992á÷_ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶

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ÿ\VaÔ^ : º√V¶V, º¶V∫˛ˆ, Á\]o. 344
92ágkm ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>›][ JÈD 2003á÷_ ƒVÕ]o \uÆD
ÿ\Va 351
9ágD WÈfl ÊÏ]Ú›>∫Ô”¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B EÈ
ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ \uÆD s] xÁ≈Ô^ ÿƒ_È›>¬ÔÁkBVÔfl
ÿƒF>_ (mk¬Ô›]_ 13 >uº√Vm 282) º√V[≈
ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ c^·™. WÈfl ÊÏ]Ú›>D (x>_ ƒ‚¶›
]Ú›>D 1951á÷[ √Ω ¤*[>Vˆ xÁ≈
Œa¬Ô©√‚¶m 31 B
10-gD Ô‚E›>Vko[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ >z]lw©√m ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ s]Ô^
52ágkm ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>D 1985 JÈD 102
ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶m. (÷m Ô‚E›>Vk_ >Á¶flƒ‚¶D \uÆD
®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. 19
11-gD √fiƒVB›m ´VÎ (29 √ËÔ^) 73ágkm
ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D 1992 243 G
12-gD ÂÔ´V‚E (18 √ËÔ^) 74ágkm ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D
1992 243W

19. ∂´EB_ ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>∫Ô^

1. (1951) : 9ágkm ∂‚¶kÁ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2. º√fl∑ˆÁ\l_ EÈ Ô‚|©√V|ÔÁ· s]›>m.
3. ƒJÔ \u≈D ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ ∏[ >∫˛BkÏÔ”¬z ÷¶ Œm¬ˇ|
∂π¬Ô ƒ‚¶tBuÆD kÁÔl_ \VWÈ∫Ô”¬z ∂]ÔV´D ∂π›>m.
7. (1956) ÿ\Va ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ √]™V[z \VWÈ∫Ô^ \uÆD gÆ
RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶Á> ∂∫ˇÔˆ›>m.
(2) ÷´ı| ∂_Èm ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ \VWÈ∫Ô”¬z ÿ√VmkV™
cBÏ¿]\[≈D ∂Á\¬Ô kakÁÔ ÿƒF>m.
21. (1967) : ®‚¶Vkm ∂‚¶kÁl_ EÕ] ÿ\Va ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
24. (1971) : ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ ®Õ> ŒÚ √z]ÁB•D ]Ú›mk>uÔV™
√V´V”\[≈›][ ∂]ÔV´›Á> cÆ]©√|›]Bm. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A›
]Ú›> \ºƒV>V¬Ô”¬z ¤™V]√] Œ©A>_ ∂π©√Á>
Ô‚¶VB\V¬˛Bm.
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26. (1971) : ∑>Õ]´›]uz xÕÁ>B ∑º>ƒ ∂´ƒÏÔ”¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶
ƒKÁÔÔ^ (\[™Ï \VMBD) Œa¬Ô©√‚¶™.
36. (1975) : E¬˛tuz \VWÈ ∂Õ>¸m kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
42. (1976) xÔ°Á´l_ ]Ú›>D ÿƒFB©√‚¶m. Socialist, Secular,
Integrity g˛B J[Æ kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶™.
√z] IV- ¬z A]>VÔ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚| ∂]_ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô¶Á\Ô^
ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶™.
∂ÉBÈÁ\©A› ]Ú›>›Á> ¿] A™´VFsuÔ ∂©√Vu√‚¶>VÔ
∂§s›>m.
\VWÈ© √‚ΩBo_ ÷ÚÕm nÕm ÷™∫ÔÁ·© ÿ√Vm© √‚ΩBK¬z
\Vu§Bm.
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√l[ √>s¬ÔVÈ›Á> nÕm
gıΩoÚÕm gÆ gı¶VÔ \Vu§Bm.
cflƒ¿]\[≈D \uÆD cBÏ ¿]\[≈∫Ôπ[ ¿] A™´VF° \uÆD
cˆÁ\© º√´VÁ ∂]ÔV´∫ÔÁ·¬ zÁ≈›>m.
kaÔV‚|D ÿÂ§xÁ≈ÔÁ· ∂\_√|›> ƒ‚¶tBuÆDº√Vm, ∂m
∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\ÔÁ· *Æk>VÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD ¿]\[≈∫Ô^ ∂Ák
ÿƒ_È›>ÔV>ÿ>™ ∂§s¬Ô ÷BÈVm.
º>EB ∂kƒ´ WÁÈÔÁ· ÷Õ]BVs[ ŒÚ √z]¬z \‚|D
∂\_√|›> kÁÔ ÿƒF>m.
ƒ‚¶D Œø∫z WÁÈÁBfl ƒ\Vπ¬Ô ®Õ>ÿkVÚ \VWÈ›m¬zD
\›]B© √Á¶ÔÁ· ∂–©√ \›]B ∂´∑¬z ∂]ÔV´\π›>m.
\VWÈ∫Ôπ_ ¤™V]√] g‚E ∂\_√|›>©√‚¶Á>
Am©∏©√>uÔV™ ÔVÈ›Á> gÆ \V>›]oÚÕm ŒÚ kÚ¶\V¬˛Bm.
43. (1977): cflƒ ¿]\[≈D cBÏ ¿]\[≈∫Ôπ[ ¿]A™´VF° \uÆD
cˆÁ\© º√´VÁ ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ]ÚD√ ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶™. º>ƒ sº´V>
ÿƒB_Ô”¬ÿÔ]´VÔ ƒ‚¶tBu≈, √V´V”\[≈›]uz 42ágkm
ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>›]_ kw∫Ô©√‚¶ E≈©A ∂]ÔV´D √§¬Ô©√‚¶m.
44. (1977): ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√l[ √>s¬ ÔVÈV›Á> gÆ
gıΩoÚÕm *ı|D nÕm gı¶VÔ \Vu§Bm. ÿƒV›mˆÁ\ÁB
∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\loÚÕm ¿¬˛Bm.
52. (1985) 10ágkm ∂‚¶kÁ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚| ∂]_ Ô‚E› >Vk_
ÿ>V¶Ï√VÔ ®|¬Ô©√|D Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ^ s·¬Ô©√‚¶™.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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58. (1987) ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ ÷Õ] ÿ\Va ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏÁ√
∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\VÔ ÿkπl|km ÿ>V¶Ï√V™m.
61. (1989) ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√› º>Ï>K¬ÔV™ kV¬Ôπ¬zD
kBm 21á÷oÚÕm 18ágÔ¬ zÁ≈¬Ô©√‚¶m.
65. (1990) >Vµ›>©√‚º¶VÏ \uÆD √w∫zΩl™Ú¬ÔV™ º>EB¬
Ôt≠[ ∂Á\¬Ô kakÁÔ ÿƒF>m.
69. (19910 ]_oÁB º>EB› >ÁÈÂÔ´© √z]BVÔ ∂§s›>m¶[ 70
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√•D ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
70. (1992) ]_o \uÆD √VıΩflºƒˆ g˛B RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ôπ[
ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ¤™V]√] º>Ï>o_ √∫ºÔuÔ kakÁÔ
ÿƒF>m.
73. (1992) √fiƒVB›m ´VÎ ∂Á\©AÔ”¬z ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A ∂∫ˇÔV´D
∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m¶[, ÷m ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ 12ákm ∂‚¶kÁ•D, (IX) A ®[≈
√z]•D ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶™.
76. (1994) >twÔ ∂É[ \VWÈ ∂´∑© √Ë \uÆD Ô_s
WÆk™∫Ôπ_ BC/MBC/SC/ST ∏ˆs™Ú¬z 69 ƒ>s˛> ÷¶ Œm¬ˇ|
∂π¬zD ƒ‚¶›Á> ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ Œ[√>Vkm ∂‚¶kÁl[ ˇµ
Ák›>m.
84. (2000) 1. ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√› ÿ>Vz]Ôπ[
®ıË¬ÁÔl_ \Vu≈D ÿÔVı| kÚk>uÔV™ >Á¶ÁB 2026ágD
gı| kÁ´ ¿Ω›>m.
1991ágD gı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔl[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÿ>Vz] \Æ
Ê´Á\¬Ô©√¶ kakÁÔ ÿƒF>m.
ƒ‚œ¸ÔÏ, c›>´Vfiƒ_ \uÆD ¤VÏ¬Ôı‚ \VWÈ∫Ô^
cÚkV¬z>_.
86. (2002) 1. Ô_sÁB ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\BVÔ ∂§s›>m Am ≠´›m
21 ∞ á ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
≠´›m 51 ∞á÷[ ˇµ, gÆ x>_ 14 kB]uz‚√‚¶ zwÕÁ>ÔÁ·©
√Ω¬Ô Ák©√>uÔV™ ÛµWÁÈÁB ÿ√uº≈VÏ cÚkV¬˛› >ÚD
ÿ√VÆ©Á√ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô¶Á\BV¬˛Bm. kaÔV‚|D ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ôπ_
c^· ≠´›m 45án \Vu§BÁ\›>m.
87. (2003) ÿ>Vz] \ÆÊ´Á\©Á√, 2001-gD gı| \¬Ô^
ÿ>VÁÔÁB ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| WÁ≈ºku≈©√¶ ºkı|ÿ\™
∂§s›>m.
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91. (2003) 1. \›]B ∂Á\flƒ´ÁsB_ ∏´>\Ï c^π‚¶ ÷>´
∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ ®ıË¬ÁÔ ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ ÿ\V›> ®ıË¬ÁÔl_
15%÷›]uzD ∂]Ô\VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô¬Ì¶Vm. \VWÈ ∂Á\flƒ´Ákl_
x>ÈÁ\flƒÁ´•D ºƒÏ›m ƒ‚¶\[≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ÿ\V›>
®ıË¬ÁÔ 15%÷›]uzD º\_ ∂]Ôˆ¬Ô¬Ì¶Vm.
∂º> º√V_ E§B \VWÈ∫Ôπ_ (ºÔVkV, E¬˛D, tºƒV´D)
∂Á\flƒÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 12-¬z¬ zÁ≈B¬ Ì¶Vm.
Ô‚E› >Vk_ >Á¶flƒ‚¶›][ ˇµ Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔ ®|¬Ô©√‚¶ cÆ©∏™Ï
(≠´›m (75) 1 \uÆD 164 (1) √Ω) *ı|D A]>VÔ› º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√|D
kÁ´ ∂Á\flƒÏ √>s¬z WBt¬Ô©√¶¬Ì¶Vm.
92. (2003) º√V¶V, º¶V¬ˆ, Á\]o, ƒVÕ>o g˛B ÂV[z ÿ\VaÔ^
∂ÉBÈÁ\©A 8ágkm ∂‚¶kÁl_ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶™.
97. (2012) gÏΩ¬˛^ 19 (1) (E) l_ ºÔV g√º´‚ΩÀ ÿƒVÁƒ‚ΩÔ^
®[–D ÿƒV_ÁÈ ºƒÏ›>_ º√V[≈kuÁ≈© √u§Bm.

20. ∂´EB_ ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D

1. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á>› ]Ú›mD xÁ≈ÔÁ· ÌÆD
∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ ≠´›m á 368.
2. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A x>ÈVkm ]Ú›>D º\uÿÔV^·©√‚¶ kÚ¶D
á 1951.
3. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ xÔ°Á´ ŒÚ xÁ≈ \‚|º\
]Ú›>©√‚|^·m.
4. ]Ú›> \ºƒV>V¬ÔÁ· ÿÔVı|k´ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkˆ[ x[
∂–\] º>Ák ÷_ÁÈ.
5. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A› ]Ú›> \ºƒV>V¬ÔÁ· zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ
ÁÔÿBø›]¶ \Æ¬Ô xΩBVm.
6. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A ]Ú›> \ºƒV>V¬Ô”¬z Ì‚|¬Ì‚¶D (Joint
Sitting) ˛Á¶BVm.
7. ∂Ω©√Á¶ Ô‚¶Á\©A \V≈V\V_ ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©∏[ ®Õ>©
√z]ÁB•D √V´V”\[≈D ]Ú›>ÈVD á ºÔƒkV ÂÕ>V √V´]
kw¬˛_ cflƒ¿]\[≈›][ yÏ©A.
8. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Á√› ]Ú›mD xÁ≈Ô^ J[Æ.
9. ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\ÔÁ· √V´V”\[≈D ]Ú›> xΩBVm á
ºÔVÈ¬ÂV› kw¬˛[ yÏ©A.
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10. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ ®©√z]ÁB•D ]Ú›mD cˆÁ\ÁB
√V´V”\[≈›m¬z cÆ]©√|›mD ]Ú›>D 24ákm
]Ú›>D.
21.√V´V”\[≈D
\¬Ô·Ák (ºÈV¬ƒÁk)
kBmkÕº>VÏ kV¬zˆÁ\ ®–D ∂Ω©√Á¶› >›mk›][ JÈD
\¬Ô·V_ ºÂ´ΩBVÔ º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√|D cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ (ÿ\D√Ï g‡©
√VÏoÿ\[‚) ∂¶∫˛Bº> ºÈV¬ƒÁ√.
1.1952, ∞©´_ 17ágD º>] ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ WÈs_ kÕ>m. ÷>[ x>_
Ì‚¶D 1952, º\ 13ágD º>] Â¶Õ>m.
2.mk¬Ô›]_ (x>_ ÷´ı| kÚ¶∫Ô^) ÷m «°¸ g‡© ] ¨©∏^
®[º≈ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ>m. ∏u√V| 1954, º\ 14 x>_ ÷m ºÈV¬ƒÁ√
®[Æ ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.
cÆ©∏™Ï ®ıË¬ÁÔ : ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ ÿ\V›>D ®›>Á™
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÷¶Dÿ√≈ÈVD ®[√m √u§ ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›]_
z§©∏¶©√‚|^·m. ∂]Ô√‚ƒ\VÔ 52 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^kÁ´ ÷]_ ÷¶D
ÿ√≈ÈVD.
÷kÏÔπ_ 530 º√Ï \VWÈ∫Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕmD, 20 º√Ï \›]B
g‚E©√z]l_ ÷ÚÕmD º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√|kVÏÔ^. g∫˛ºÈV á ÷Õ]B
kDƒVkaÁBfl ºƒÏÕ> ÷´ı| º√Á´ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ WB\™D
ÿƒF˛≈VÏ.
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ ÔVÈ ∂·° : nÕm kÚ¶∫Ô^. ƒÁ√l[ x>_ Ì‚¶D
mk∫zD º>] x>_ nÕm kÚ¶∫Ô^ ®[√º> ÷Õ> ÔVÈ ∂·°.
®[≈VKD ƒÁ√l[ ÔVÈ ∂·° xΩ•D x[º√ ∂Á>© √>s ¿¬ÔD
ÿƒFB zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÚ¬z ∂]ÔV´xı|.
∂kƒ´WÈ ÔVÈ>]_ ƒÁ√l[ ÔVÈ ∂·Ák, ƒ‚¶©√Ω ŒÀÿkVÚ
xÁ≈•D{´Vı|¬z º\u√¶V\_ ¿Ω›m¬ ÿÔV^· √V´V”\[≈›m¬z
∂]ÔV´xı|.
g™V_ ∂º>ºkÁ·l_ ∂kƒ´WÁÈ kV√¸ ÿ√≈©√‚¶ ∏[A,®Õ>
ÔV´D ÿÔVı|D gÆ\V>›]uz º\_ ƒÁ√l[ ÔVÈ ∂·°
¿‚Ω¬Ô©√|>_ Ì¶Vm.
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ÷Ú¬ÁÔ kˆÁƒ z]Á´ ÈV¶›][
∂Á\©∏_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·m. ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ ÷Ú¬ÁÔ¬z ®]´VÔ
kÈ©√¬ÔD g”D Ô‚E•D, ÷¶©√¬ÔD ®]Ï¬Ô‚E cÆ©∏™ÏÔ”D ÷¶D
k˛¬˛[≈™Ï. ∂Ákl[ x>_\VΩl_ √VÏÁkBV·ÏÔ”¬zD,
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√›]ˆÁÔBV·ÏÔ”¬zD ÷¶D Œm¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
®]Ï¬Ô‚E› >ÁÈkÏ : ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ ®]ÏÔ‚E cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[
>ÁÈkº´ ®]Ï¬Ô‚E› >ÁÈkÏ. ÷kÚ¬z ÔV∏ÿ™‚ ∂Á\flƒÁ´©
º√V[≈ ∂Õ>¸mı|.
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ k´ÈVu§_ ÂV[ÔVD ƒÁ√ kÁ´ ®]Ï¬Ô‚E¬ÿÔ™
∂]ÔV´ØÏk\VÔ >ÁÈkÏ ®kÚD ÷ÚÕ>]_ÁÈ.
ŒÚ Ô‚E¬z ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ ∂]ÔV´ØÏk ®]ÏÔ‚E ®[–D >z]
˛Á¶¬Ô, ƒÁ√l[ ÿ\V›> cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ_ √›]_ ŒÚ √∫z
÷¶∫ÔÁ·BVkm ÷¬Ô‚E ÿ√u§Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.
ÔV∫˛´¸ >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï ´VD ∑√¬ E∫ºÔ ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ x>_
®]Ï¬Ô‚E› >ÁÈkÏ.
√V´V”\[≈D
√V´V”\[≈D ®[√m zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ, ºÈV¬ƒÁ√, ´VÎBƒÁ√
g˛B J[Á≈•D c^·¶¬˛Bm.
nÕ>Vkm ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ √>s¬ÔVÈD nÕm gı|Ô”¬z º\_
¿Ω›>m.
mÁ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkˆ[ √>s¿¬ÔD ÿƒF•D yÏ\V™D
´VÎBƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ mk∫Ô©√|D.
÷Ú ƒÁ√Ôπ[ Ì‚|¬Ì‚¶›Á> Ì‚|√kÏ zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.
>ÁÈÁ\ºBu√kÏ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ.
ÂD∏¬ÁÔl_ÈV yÏ\V™D ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ ÿÔVı|
k´©√|D.
√V´V”\[≈›][ ÷Ú Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶ÏÔ”¬zD ÷Á¶©√‚¶ ÔVÈD gÆ
\V>›]uztÔ¬Ì¶Vm.
√\ºƒV>V ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ ∂§xÔ©√|›>©√|D.
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ nÕm kÚ¶ √>s¬ÔVÈD ®[√m, ÿ√Vm›º>Ï>_
xΩÕm Â¶¬zD x>_ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶ôÚÕm Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.
ÂV¶V”\[≈›][ ÷Ú ∂ÁkÔπ[ Ì‚¶›]KD √∫ºÔuzD
cÆ©∏™´_ÈV> Œº´ Â√Ï ∂‚¶VÏM ÿ¤™´_.
ŒÚ \ºƒV>V √ \ºƒV>V ®[Æ ƒ√VÂVBÔ´V_ ƒV[≈π¬Ô©√‚¶V_
∂mºk ÷Æ]BV™m.
22. \VWÈ∫Ô^ ∂Ák (´VÎBƒÁ√)
√V´V”\[≈ º\ÈÁkBV™ ´VÎBƒÁ√ ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ôπ[
∏´]W]ÔÁ· cÆ©∏™´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ ∂Á\©A.
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1952, ∞©´_ J[≈VD º>] ´VÎBƒÁ√ ÿƒB_√V‚|¬z kÕ>m.
mk¬Ô›]_ ÷m Ô°[E_ g‡© ¸º¶‚¸ ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. ∏u√V|
1954, gÔ¸| 23á÷_ ÷m ´VÎBƒÁ√ ®™© ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ®ıË¬ÁÔ : 250-¬z tÔV\_ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.
÷kÏÔπ_ 12 º√Ï zΩB´∑› >ÁÈk´V_ WBt¬Ô©√|˛[≈™Ï.
∂§sB_, ÔÁÈ, ÷È¬˛BD, ƒJÔ ºƒÁk º√V[≈ mÁ≈Ôπ_ AÔµ
ÿ√u≈ Â√ÏÔÁ·ºB zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ ÷©√>s¬z WB\™D ÿƒF˛≈VÏ.
®fiEB ÷¶∫Ô^ \¬Ô^ÿ>VÁÔ s˛>VflƒV´ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ \VWÈ∫
Ô”¬zD, \›]B g‚E©√z]Ô”¬zD √˛ÏÕ>π¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.
ÔVÈ ∂·° : gÆkÚ¶∫Ô^, ÿ√VmkVÔ ´VÎBƒÁ√ ÿ\V›>\VÔ
ÔÁÈ¬Ô©√|km ÷_ÁÈ. g™V_ ÷´ı| kÚ¶∫Ô”¬ÿÔVÚxÁ≈
J[§ÿÈVÚ √∫z cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ {F° ÿ√ÆkmD, A]>VÔ› º>Ï°
ÿƒFB©√|ºkVÏ √>sºBu√mD WÔµÕm ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬zD.
´VÎBƒÁ√l_ cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ÷¶ kˆÁƒ ∂Á´¬ºÔV· kΩs_
∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
´VÎBƒÁ√› >ÁÈkÏ : mÁ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkº´ ´VÎB ƒÁ√l[
®¬¸ ∂‡¨¥ºBV ºƒÏ\[ (mÁ zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ √>sl[
ÔV´\VÔ ˛Á¶›> √>s) ÷kº´ ´VÎB ƒÁ√l[ >ÁÈkÏ.
tÔ ∂]Ô ÔVÈD (√›m kÚ¶∫Ô^) ´VÎB ƒÁ√› >ÁÈk´VÔ √>s
k˛›>kÏ ÂV‚Ω[ x>_ mÁ¬ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï
®¸.´V>V˛Úi[. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> ÔVÈD ÷©√>s k˛›>kÏ s.s.˛ˆ
(÷´ı¶Á´ kÚ¶∫Ô^).
√V´V”\[≈fl ÿƒBÈÔD
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√¬zD, ´VÎBƒÁ√¬zÿ\™ >M›>M ÿƒBÈÔ∫Ô^
cı|. A]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Á√ ∂|›m 1952á÷_ ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ ÿƒBÈÔD
√VÏoÿ\[‚ ÿƒ¬´º¶ˆB‚ ®[ÆD, ´VÎBƒÁ√ ÿƒBÈÔD Ô°[E_ g‡©
¸º¶‚¸ ÿƒ¬´º¶ˆB‚ ®[ÆD kw∫Ô©√‚¶™. ∏u√V| 1954á÷_ ÷Ák
xÁ≈ºB ºÈV¬ƒ√V ÿƒ¬´º¶ˆB‚ ´VÎB ƒ√V ÿƒ¬´º¶ˆB‚ ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_
kw∫Ô©√¶ÈVl™.
23. √V´V”\[≈¬ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ kÚ¶›]uz J[Æ xÁ≈ Ì|kmı|. 1.√‚ÿ¤‚
Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï (∏©´kˆáº\), 2. √ÚkÔVÈ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï (˝ÁÈ á gÔ¸‚),
3. zπÏÔVÈ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï (ÂkD√Ï á ΩƒD√Ï).
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√V´V”\[≈¬ Ì‚¶D ÿ√VmkVÔ ÔVÁÈ 11 \Ë¬z mk∫zD.
ƒV>V´ WÁÈl_ ÔVÁÈ 11 \Ë x>_ \]BD ŒÚ \Ë kÁ´•D
Ì‚¶D ÂÁ¶ÿ√ÆD. \]BD ŒÚ \Ë x>_ ÷´ı| \ËkÁ´
÷Á¶ºkÁ· ºÂ´D. g™V_ ÷Õ> ÷Á¶ºkÁ·ÁB ´›m ÿƒFmD,
\VÁÈ gÆ\Ë¬z º\_ Ì‚¶›Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm Â¶›]B
ƒÕ>Ï©√∫Ô”D cı|.
ƒÁ√l_ kÚÁÔ© √]°
ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ c‚√¶ ÿ\V›> cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ √›]_ ŒÚ √∫z
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÷ÚÕ>V_>V[ ∂Ákl[ ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\ (ºÔV´D)
˛Á¶¬zD.
÷Ú ƒÁ√ÔÁ·ºBV, ∞º>–D ŒÚ ƒÁ√ÁB \‚|º\V ÿƒB_√¶V\_
>|¬ÔºkV (Aº´Vº´V¬) ƒÁ√ÁB© √>s ¿¬ÔD ÿƒFBºkV zΩB´∑›
>ÁÈkÚ¬z ∂]ÔV´xı|.
24.√‚ÿ¤‚
√V´V”\[≈›]_ ÷´ı| √z]Ô·VÔ √‚ÿ¤‚ (÷´l_ºk \uÆD
ÿ√Vm √‚ÿ¤‚) >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB©√|˛≈m.
∏©´kˆ J[≈VD kV´›]_ ÷´l_ºk √‚ÿ¤‚|D, ∏©´kˆ \V>›][
ÔÁ¶E ºkÁÈÂVπ_ ÿ√Vm √‚ÿ¤‚|D >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB©√|˛[≈™.
ÿ√Vm √‚ÿ¤‚ cÁ´ ÷´ı| √z]Ô^ ∂¶∫˛Bm. ÂV‚Ω[
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ WÁÈ z§›m x>_ √z]. ∂|›> W]BVıΩuÔV™ kˆ
√ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ ÷´ı¶VD √z]l_ ÷¶Dÿ√ÆD. k´°áÿƒÈ°ÔÁ·©
√u§B xøÁ\BV ∂§¬ÁÔ ÷›m¶[ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB©√|D.
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ W]BÁ\flƒÏ √‚ÿ¤‚ cÁ´ÁB© √Ω›m xΩ›>
∏u√V|, ∂m ´VÎB ƒÁ√ º\Á¤¬z ÿÔVı| ÿƒ_È©√|D.
÷Á>B|›m ∂É[ kˆ √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ ∂¶∫˛B W] \ºƒV>VÁk
W]BÁ\flƒÏ ∂Ákl_ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFkVÏ. ÷Á>B|›m ∂Ák ÔÁÈ•D.
25. ºÈV¬ƒÁ√•D, ´VÎBƒÁ√•D
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√
x>[Á\ ƒÁ√. 1952 ∞©´_ 17 ÷_ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ kÕ>m. √>s¬ÔVÈD
nÕm kÚ¶∫Ô^. cÆ©∏™´VÔ zÁ≈Õ> √‚ƒ kBm 25 gzD. ÷>[
>ÁÈkÏ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ. W] \ºƒV>VÁk x>[ xo_ ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_
\‚|º\ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB xΩ•D. ÷´ı|
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cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ· zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ WB\™D ÿƒF˛≈VÏ. ∂]Ô√‚ƒ
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 552. >twÔ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 39. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ
º>Ï>o_ √∫z ÿ√Æ˛≈m. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>›]_ √∫z ÿ√Æ˛≈m.
÷m mk¬Ô›]_ «°¸ g‡© ¨©∏^¸ ®™©√‚¶m. ∏u√V| 1954 º\
14÷_ ºÈV¬ ƒÁ√ ®™© ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.
26.´VÎBƒÁ√
mÁfl ƒÁ√. 1952 ∞©´_ 3á÷_ ÿƒB_xÁ≈¬z kÕ>m. WÁÈBV™
ƒÁ√ (cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ √>s¬ ÔVÈD gÆkÚ¶∫Ô^, ÷´ı|
kÚ¶∫Ô”¬ÿÔVÚxÁ≈ J[§ÿÈVÚ √∫z cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^
√>sloÚÕm ÿkπºBÆ˛≈VÏÔ^) cÆ©∏™´VÔ zÁ≈Õ> √‚ƒ kBm
30. ÷>[ >ÁÈkÏ mÁ¬zΩB´∑›>ÁÈk´VkVÏ. W] \ºƒV>Vs[
*m ∂]ÔV´D zÁ≈°. ÷]_ 12 º√Á´ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ WB\™D
ÿƒF˛≈VÏ. ∂]Ô©√‚ƒ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 250. >twÔ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 18
º√Ï. zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ º>Ï>o_ √∫z ÿ√Æ˛≈m. ∂]ÔV´›Á>
ÿ√VÚ›>kÁ´ ƒ\\V™ ∂]ÔV´D, E≈©A ∂]ÔV´D cı|. A]B ∂˛È
÷Õ]B ƒÏT¸Ô^ (gÏΩ¬˛^ 312) mk∫Ô ´VÎB ƒÁ√ >M› yÏ\V™D
WÁ≈ºku≈ºkı|D. \VWÈ© √‚ΩBo_ ÿƒV_È©√|D s≠B∫Ôπ[
ƒ‚¶ cÚkV¬Ô›m¬z ´VÎBƒÁ√l[ ∂∫ˇÔV´D Ô‚¶VBD º>Ák. ÷m
mk¬Ô›]_ «°¸ g‡© ¸º¶‚¸ ®™©√‚¶m. ∏u√V| 1954, gÔ¸|
24 ÷_ ´VÎBƒÁ√ ®™© ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.
27. √V´V”\[≈D
1. √V´V”\[≈D ®[√m zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ, ºÈV¬ƒÁ√,
´VÎBƒÁ√ g˛B J[Á≈•D c^·¶¬˛Bm.
2. nÕ>Vkm ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ √>s¬ÔVÈD nÕm gı|Ô”¬z
º\_ ¿Ω›>m.
3. mÁ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkˆ[ √>s¿¬ÔD ÿƒF•D yÏ\V™D
´VÎBƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ mk∫Ô©√|D.
4. ÷Ú ƒÁ√Ôπ[ Ì‚|¬Ì‚¶›Á> Ì‚|√kÏ zΩB´∑›
>ÁÈkÏ. >ÁÈÁ\ºBu√kÏ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ.
5. ÂD∏¬ÁÔl_ÈV yÏ\V™D ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\
ÿÔVı|k´©√|D.
6. √V´V”\[≈›][ ÷Ú Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶ÏÔ”¬zD ÷Á¶©√‚¶
ÔVÈD gÆ \V>›]uz tÔ¬Ì¶Vm.
7. √\ºƒV>V ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ ∂§xÔ©√|›>©√|D.
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8. ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ nÕm kÚ¶ √>s¬ÔVÈD ®[√m,
ÿ√Vm›º>Ï>_ xΩÕm Â¶¬zD x>_ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶ôÚÕm
Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.
9. ÂV¶V”\[§›][ ÷Ú ∂ÁkÔπ[ Ì‚¶›]KD √∫ºÔuzD
cÆ©∏™´_ÈV> Œº´ Â√Ï á ∂‚¶VÏM ÿ¤™´_.
10. ŒÚ \ºƒV>V √ \ºƒV>V ®[Æ ƒ√VÂVBÔ´V_
ƒV[≈π¬Ô©√‚¶V_ ∂mºk ÷Æ]BV™m.
28. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ
1. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ >™m ´V˜™V\V ÔΩ>›Á> ∂–©√ ºkıΩB
Â√Ï á mÁ zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.
2. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ ÷kÏ x[MÁÈl_ √>s©∏´\VD ÿƒF˛≈VÏ
á >ÁÈÁ\ ¿]√].
3. ÷Õ]B¬zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkˆ[ ∂]ÔV´ØÏk \VπÁÔ á
zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ \VπÁÔ.
4. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ \VπÁÔÁ· kΩkÁ\›>kÏ á ®‚s[ Ÿ‚Ω[¸
5. ÿ√Vm \[M©A kw∫zD ∂]ÔV´›Á> zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÚ¬z
kw∫zD ∏ˆ° gÏΩ¬Ô^ á 72
6. cflƒ¿]\[≈, cBÏ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]ÔÁ· WBt©√kÏ á
zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.
7. √V´V”\[≈¬ Ì‚¶∫ÔÁ·¬ Ì‚|D ∂]ÔV´D √Á¶›>kÏ á
zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.
8. ∂kƒ´ WÁÈ© ∏´Ô¶™D ÿkπl|√kÏ á zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.
9. ´VÎBƒÁ√¬z zΩB´∑›>ÁÈk´V_ WB\™D ÿƒFB©√|D
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ á12 º√Ï.
10. zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÁ´ ¿¬zD Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔ ÷D¨flÿ\[‚.
29. º>Ï>_
1. ÷Õ]BVs_ kV¬Ôπ¬zD cˆÁ\ kBm ∂Ω©√Á¶l_
∂π¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
2. ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ º>Ï>_ Â¶Õ> gı| á 1952.
3. kV¬Ôπ¬zD cˆÁ\ ŒÚ ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A cˆÁ\.
4. kV¬Ôz©√]° xΩk>uz 48 \Ë ºÂ´›]uz x[√VÔ º>Ï>_
∏´flƒV´D xΩ¬Ô©√¶ºkı|D.
5. kV¬Ôπ¬zD ÷BÕ]´∫Ô^ (Elctronic Votting Machine) \VWÈ
º>Ï>o_ x>_ xÁ≈BVÔ xøÁ\BVÔ √B[√|›>©√‚¶ \VWÈD á
ºÔVkV.
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6. 18 kBm ØÏ›]BV™ ∂Á™kÚ¬zD kV¬Ôπ¬zD cˆÁ\
∂π¬zD ≠´›m á 326.
7. ∂ÉB_ Ô‚EÔ”¬z ∂∫ˇÔV´D ∂π©√m, E[™∫Ô^ Œm¬zkm
á º>Ï>_ gÁBD.
8. \¬Ô^ÿ>VÁÔ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ tÔflE§B ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ ÿ>Vz] á
÷È‚ƒ›y°.
9. 84ákm ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√› ÿ>Vz]Ôπ[
®ıË¬ÁÔÁB 2026 kÁ´ \Vu≈V\_ ÷Ú¬Ô kÁÔ ÿƒF>m.
10. º>Ï>_ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÊÏ]Ú›>∫ÔÁ· √ˆÕmÁ´ ÿƒFB
∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶ Ôt‚Ω ]º™i ºÔV¸kVt Ôt‚Ω.
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xÁ™kÏ.S.Ô_BVË
c>sº√´VEˆBÏ, ÿ√Vm WÏkVÔ mÁ≈
ÿƒ[Á™ ˛§¸mk¬ Ô_Ÿˆ, >VD√´D, ÿƒ[Á™.

3. k´ÈVÆ
cÈÔ ÂVÔˆÔ∫Ô^
1.ÿ\ƒ©ÿ√‚º¶VtB ÂVÔˆÔD
÷[Á≈B R‡©´œ¸, Á¶¬ˆ¸ gÆÔ”¬z ÷Á¶©√‚¶ √z]l_
(>uº√VÁ>B mÚ¬˛, EˆBV \uÆD ÷´V¬˛[ √z]Ô^) >Áw›>
ÂVÔˆÔD.
˛.x ÂVÈVl´D gı|Ôπ_ ºÔVl_ÔÁ·•D, ∂´ı\Á™
ÔÁ·•D Ô‚Ω™Ï ®[√Á> ∂ÔwVF°Ô^ ÔV‚|˛[≈™Ï. ªÏ (Ur) ª´¬
(Urak), ®ˆ| (Eridu) , ÛƒV (Susa) g˛B ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ƒ¬Ô´∫Ô^ (Wheels)
cÚkV¬˛B>uÔV™ ÿ>V_ÿÈﬂƒ∫Ô^ ˛Á¶›m^·™.
k´ÈVuÆ¬zD xu√‚¶ ÔVÈ›Á>•D, k´ÈVu§[ g´D√
ÔVÈ›Á>•D ∏ˆ¬zD Ô‚¶›Á> ®ømD ]≈[ cÚkV™ ÔVÈÔ‚¶D ®[Æ
÷Á>¬ Ì≈ÈVD.
ƒ¬Ô´›Á>•D, √w∫ÔVÈ ®ø›m kΩk\VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|D ¬RM‡√VÏD
®ø›m¬ÔÁ·•D Ôı| ∏Ω›>kÏÔ^ ∑º\ˆBÏÔº· ®™ ÂD√©√|˛≈m.
˛.x. 2000 kV¬˛_ ÷m ∏≈ ÷™›>kÏÔ”¶[ ÔÁ´Õm º√V™m.

2. √V∏ºÈVMBD
{ˆ¶›]_ WÁÈ›m kVw xu√‚¶ ƒx>VB∫Ôπ_ ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^
cÚkVkm ÷[§BÁ\BV>m. ˛.x. 3000 á 2000 ÷Á¶©√‚¶ ÔVÈ›]_
√V∏ºÈVM_ x>o_ ÷›>ÁÔB ÿÂ§xÁ≈ cÚkV™m ®[Æ Ì≈ÈVD.
√V∏ºÈVMB \[™[ «x´V∏ ˛.x.1792á1750) cÚkV¬˛B
¿]xÁ≈Ôπ_, WÈD ÿÔV^x>_, skÔV´›m, zwÕÁ>ÁB >›m
®|›>_ º√V[≈ku§uÔV™ s]xÁ≈Ô^ ÷ÚÕ>™.

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3.Ê™V
Ê™Vs[ ÿ>[√z]l_ ÿÂ_KD, k¶√z]l_ ´V˛ º√V[≈ EÆ
>VMB∫Ô”D, ºƒVBV, ∂kÁ´ \uÆD ˛w∫z kÁÔÔ^ g˛BÁk•D
√lˆ¶©√‚¶™.
ºk·VıÁ\ ÿƒFB g´D∏›> \¬Ô^ EÆ zΩlÚ©AÔ^ ∂Á\›m
kVµÕ>™Ï. ∑\VÏ ˛.x. 2000 kV¬˛_, \›]B gEB ÂVÔˆÔ∫Ô”¶[
ÿ>V¶ÏA ∞u√¶, ÂÔ´∫Ô^ cÚkVÔ g´D∏›>™.
\fiƒ^ gÆ ®™©√|D ⁄kV∫º«V gu≈∫ÔÁ´l_ ÿƒa›>
ºk·VıÁ\ ÂVÔˆÔ›Á> cÚkV¬˛BkÏÔ^, >Vt´D, ∏›>Á·
º√V[≈kuÁ≈ cÚ¬˛, ÿkıÔÈD ÿƒFB°D ∂§Õ]ÚÕ>™Ï.
˛.x.18-17 gD ±u≈Vı|Ôπ_ º≠∫ kDƒD gı¶ ÔVÈ›Á> Ê™
ÂVÔˆÔD cBÏ°ÿ√u≈ ÔVÈD ®[º≈ Ì≈ÈVD. x¬˛B ÂÔ´\V™ ∂[
ºB∫˛_ z]Á´ Ø‚ΩB kıΩÔ^ {ΩB ÔVÈD ∂m.
4. ®˛©m
˛.x. 3100 mk∫˛Bm. ÿ\™¸ ®–D ‡√Vº´V kDƒ \[™M[
g‚El[ ˇµ ÁÂ_Â]¬ ÔÁ´l_ ®˛©]B ÂVÔˆÔD >Áw›>m.
\¬Ô^ \[™Á™¬ Ô¶°π[ ∏´]W]BVÔ°D, √VmÔV¬zD
ÔVkÈ™VÔ°D ÔÚ]™Ï. Ô¶°^ \[™[, ∂k–¬z¬ ˇµ√ΩÕ>
∂Á\flƒÏ, \>zÚ¬Ô^ ∂kÏÔ^ Ô‚Ω¬ÔV›> ®˛©][ ƒV>V´
zΩ\¬Ô^, ∞´V·\V™ ∂ΩÁ\Ô^ ®™ √ΩWÁÈ ∂Á\©√VÔ ∂Õ>fl
ƒx>VBD ÷ÚÕ>m.
\¬Ô^ \Ú›mkD, ÔË>D, ºÔV^Ôπ[ ÷¶©ÿ√BÏflE º√V[≈
kuÁ≈ ∂§Õ]ÚÕ>™Ï.
cÈÔ© AÔµÿ√u≈ ∏´t|Ô^ ÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]ºÈºB Ô‚¶©√‚¶™.
5. tº™Vk[ ÂVÔˆÔD
nº´V©∏BVs[ tÔ© √wÁ\BV™ ÷ÕÂVÔˆÔD, \›]B› >Á´¬Ô¶_
√z]lK^· ∞˜B[ Ô¶u√z]l_ º>V[§, ˛.x. 2000á1450 ÷_
cflƒWÁÈÁB ∂Á¶Õ>m.
˛Z‚ ys_ ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ¤VΩÔ^, º\V]´∫Ô^, x›]Á´Ô^
º√V[≈Ák Áƒ©´¸, ®˛©m ÂV|Ô”¬z ∞uÆ\] ÿƒFB©√‚|, Ô¶_
kVËÔD ÿ√Ú˛B ÔVÈD ∂m.
ºÂVºvV¸ (Knossos) , Á\ÈV (Maila), ‡ÿ√l¸º¶V¸ (Phaistos),
ƒV¬º´V¸ (Zakros) g˛B ÷¶∫ÔπK^· \VπÁÔÔπ_ ÔV©√|D
∑kº´VsB∫Ô^ ∂∫z kVµÕ> \¬Ô^ √Bt[§ kËÔfl ÿƒa©∏_
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\˛µ°¶[ kVµÕ>™Ï ®[≈ ÔÚ›Á> cÚkV¬z˛[≈™.
Á\ÊMBÏ, ˛º´¬ÔÏ g˛ºBVÏ √Á¶ÿB|›m ˛Z‚ ÔÈVflƒV´›Á>
∂a›>™Ï. ÷›ys[ ÿ√ÚD√z] ®ˆ\ÁÈ ÿkΩ©∏_ ∂a›>m.
6. EÕmƒ\ÿkπ
EÕmÂ]© √^·›>V¬˛_ cÚkV™ ÂVÔˆÔD.
˛.x.3000 kV¬˛_, EÕm ƒ\ÿkπÔπ_ √È zΩlÚ©AÔ^, ªÏÔ^
cÚkVl™. ∂Õ> ÂVÔˆÔ›][ cflƒ¬ Ô‚¶›]_, ÿ\VÔfiƒ>Vº´V,
«´©√V ÂÔ´∫Ôπ_ >ÈV ∑\VÏ ÷Ú√>Vl´D ∂_Èm x©√>Vl´D
\¬Ô^ kVµÕ]Ú¬ÔÈVD ®™¬ ÔÚ>©√|˛≈m.
ºÔVmÁ\, √VÏo, Ô¶ÁÈ, ®^, √Ú›] g˛BkuÁ≈ ∂∫˛ÚÕ>
\¬Ô^ √lˆ‚¶™Ï. √Ú›] ÿÂFB©√‚| ÿ\ƒ©ÿ√‚º¶VtBV kÁ´
∞uÆ\] ÿƒFB©√‚¶>uÔV™ g>V´∫Ô^ c^·™.
∑‚¶ ÿƒ∫ÔuÔ^ ∂]Ô ∂·s_ >BVˆ¬Ô©√‚| c√ºBV˛¬Ô©√‚¶™.
ºÔVA´∫Ô^ º√V[≈ ∏´t¬Ô›>¬Ô ∂Á\©AÔ^ ÷_ÈVs‚¶VKD,
ÿ\flƒ›>zÕ> xÁ≈l_ ∂∫z ÂÔ´∫Ô^ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
ºÂ´VÔ°D, kˆÁƒBVÔ°D ∂Á\Õ> T]Ô^, \Áw¿Á´
ÿkπºBuÆk>uÔV™ kΩÔV_Ô^ Ôa°¿Á´ ÿkπºBuÆk>uÔV™
ƒV¬ÔÁ¶Ô^ ÷∫z ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·™. >VMB¬ Ô·fiEB∫Ô”D,
kB_Ôπ_ √lÏ ÿƒFm >VMB∫ÔÁ· ∂ÆkÁ¶ ÿƒF> cÁw©√Vπ
Ô”¬ÔV™ zΩlÚ©AÔ”D >MBVÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ>™.
7.«´©√V
«´©√Vsuz› ÿ>uºÔ 650 ˛.* ÿ>VÁÈs_ ÷ÚÕ> ÂÔ´D
ÿ\VÔfiƒ>Vº´V. ÷∫zD ∑‚¶ ÿƒ∫ÔuÔ·V_ g™ E≈Õ> ÂÔ´Á\©A
÷ÚÕ>m.
EÕmÿkπ ÂVÔˆÔ›][ \Á™›]‚¶D >Mfl E≈©AÁ¶Bm. E§B
T|Ô^, ÷´ı| J[≈ ∂Á≈Ô^ ÿÔVı¶Ák zπBÈÁ≈,
Ôa©∏¶∫Ô^ º√V[≈ kƒ]Ô”tÚÕ>™.
8.√ıÁ¶ ÂVÔZÔ∫Ô^
1. EÕmƒ\ÿkπ ÂVÔZÔ›][ ÔVÈD ˛.x. 3250 x>_ ˛.x. 2750
kÁ´.
2. ÁÂ_ Â]l[ Â[ÿÔVÁ¶ ®™©√|km ®˛©]B ÂVÔZÔD.
3. R©´œ¸, Á¶ÔZ¸ Â]Ô^ √V•D ÷¶›]_ º>V[§Bm á ÿ\ƒ√º¶VtB
ÂVÔZÔD.
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4. \fiƒ^ ÂVÔˆÔD ®[√m á Ê™ ÂVÔZÔD.
5. º>¿Á´ cÈ˛uz ∂π›> ÂVÔZÔD á Ê™ ÂVÔZÔD
6. ˆ¬ºk>D, ¿∫ÔÈVÔ ∞Á™B ∏≈ºk>∫Ô^ ÷Bu≈©√‚¶m á ∏uÔVÈ
ºk>ÔVÈD.
7. ˆ¬ºk> ÔVÈ ÂVÔZÔD á ˛´V\ ÂVÔZÔD.
8. ˛º´¬Ô ÂVÔZÔD √u§ ∂§B c>°D ±_Ô^ á ÷oB‚, ŒΩL.
9. √ıÁ¶B º´V\VMB ÂVÔZÔ›][ Á\B ÷¶D á ÷›>Vo.
10. º´V\VMB ÂVÔZÔD cÈ˛uz ∂π›> \Vÿ√ÚD Â[ÿÔVÁ¶ á
zΩB´∑› >›mkD.
9. ÍÏÔ^
>\m ÿƒVÕ> ØtBV™ \›]B gEBVs_ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ∂]Ôˆ¬Ô›
ÿ>V¶∫˛BÁ> ∂|›m, \∫ºÔVoBVs_ ÂVº¶VΩÔ·VÔ› ]ˆÕ>
ÍÏÔ^ √_ºkÆ ÷¶∫Ô”¬z¬ zΩÿ√BÏÕ>™Ï.
ÍÏÔπ[ ºkÿ≈VÚ ∏ˆ° √V´ÊÔD ka g©ÔVM¸>VÁ™¬
ÁÔ©√u§Bm. ∏[™Ï ÷Õ]B kÕ>Á¶Õ> ∂kÏÔ^ ÔVÕ>V´D, √fiƒV©,
\V·kD, ÷´V¤¸>V[ º√V[≈ √z]ÔÁ·¬ ÁÔ©√u§¬ÿÔVı| ŒÚ
º√´´Áƒ WÆs™Ï. ÷Õ>© º√´É[ x>_ \[™[ º>V´\V[.
10.«Ï≠kÏ›>™Ï (606-647)
z©>ÏÔÁ·B|›m ∂ÉBo_ ∞u√‚¶ Û[B›Á> ∂Ôu§Bm
kÏ›>\V™ÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔ^ zÚº≥›]´›Á>B|›> >Vº™¸k´›Á>
>ÁÈÂÔ´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| g‚EAˆÕ>™Ï. AiBØ] ®[√kº´ ÷Õ>
kDƒ›Á> WÆsBkÏ.
«Ï≠ˆ[ ÿ>[™Ô© √Á¶ÿB|©AÔ^ ÿku§BÁ¶Bs_ÁÈ.
˛.∏.363á_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ ÂÏ\Á> Â]¬ÔÁ´ º√Vˆ_ º\uz ƒV”¬˛B
\[™™V™ ÷´ı¶VD AoºÔE «Ï≠Á´› º>Vu¬ÔΩ›>VÏ.
√V√‚¶ˆ[ «Ï≠ƒˆ>D, Ê™© √BË •kV[ ∑kV∫˛[ √B¬
z§©AÔ^ «Ï≠ˆ[ ÔVÈ›Á> ÌÆ˛[≈™. x¸‹D g]¬ÔD
∞u√|k>uz x[∏ÚÕ> k¶ ÷Õ]BVs[ ÔÁ¶E E≈Õ> g‚EBV·Ï
«Ï≠º´.
11.ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎBD
˛.x. 324 x>_ ˛.x.187 kÁ´ ∂´ƒVı¶ ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎBD>V[
÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ º√´´∑. ÷Õ> ƒVD´VÎB›Á> ¸>V∏›>kÏ ƒÕ]´ z©>
ÿ\·ˆBÏ.
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\Ô>›Á> g‚E AˆÕ> ÂÕ>kDƒ \[™M[ √Á¶› >·√]BVlÚÕm
ƒÕ]´z©> ÿ\·ˆBÏ ÿÔ·Ω_Bˆ[ c>sBV_ \Ô>›Á>¬ ÿk[Æ
ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎB›Á> WÆs™VÏ.
ƒÕ]´ z©> ÿ\·ˆBˆ[ ∂´ı\Á™¬z kÕ> ˛º´¬Ô ∏´]W]
ÿ\Ô¸>M¸.
12.∏ÕmƒV´Ï
ƒÕ]´z©> ÿ\·ˆBˆ[ \´›m¬z© ∏[ ∂kÚÁ¶B \Ô[
∏ÕmƒV´Ï \Ô>›][ ∂]ÔV´›Á> ∞uÆ¬ÿÔVı¶VÏ.
13.∂ºƒVÔÏ
∏ÕmƒV´ˆ[ \Ô[ ∂ºƒVÔÏ ˛.x. 273 ÷_ \Ô>›][ \[™™V™VÏ.
÷Õ]B k´ÈVu§[ ∏´√È \[™´V™ ÷kÏ>V[ AÔµÿ√u≈ ∂ºƒVÔ
\[™Ï.
Ôo∫Ô •›>›]uz©∏[ (˛.x.265) A›> \>¬ÿÔV^ÁÔBV_
~Ï¬Ô©√‚¶ ∂ºƒVÔÏ º>kÏÔπ[ ∂[A¬z √V›]´\V™k[ ®[≈
ÿ√VÚ^√|D º>k™VD∏ˆB ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ.
ƒV´ÂV›]_ ÷k´V_ WÆk©√‚¶ ∂ºƒVÔ ¸#∏ÁB \V]ˆBVÔ¬
ÿÔVı|>V[ ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BVs[ ∂´∑fl E[™D
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
14.ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎB›Á>¬ z§›m ∂§B c>°D g>V´∫Ô^:
ÿÔ·Ω_Bˆ[ ∂Ï›> ƒV¸]´D, ÿ\Ô¸>ÃL[ ÷ıΩÔV, sƒVÔ
>>>ˆ[ x›´V´V≥ƒD, ∂ºƒVÔÏ Ô_ÿk‚|Ô^, A›>áƒ\ ƒ\B
÷È¬˛B∫Ô^.
15.\Ô> ƒVD´VÎBD
˛.x. g≈VD ±u≈Vı| º√´´∑Ôπ_ Œ[≈V™ \Ô>D k¶
÷Õ]BVs[ x¬˛B º√´´∑Ôπ[ Œ[Æ. >ÁÈÂÔÏ √V¶oA›]´D
(x>o_ ´V¤„ÚÔD>V[ >ÁÈÂÔ´VÔfl ÿƒB_√‚¶m). \Ô>
ƒVD´VÎB›][x>_ x¬˛B \[™Ï ∏D∏ƒV´Ï. ÷kÏ>V[ \Ô> ÂV‚Á¶
ŒÚ º√´´ƒVÔ \Vu§™VÏ. ∏D∏ƒV´Ú¬z© ∏≈z ∂k´m \Ô[
∂¤V>ƒ›Ú \[™´V™VÏ. ÷kÏ ÁkƒVo, ºÔVƒÈD ®[≈ ´VÎB∫ÔÁ·
\Ô>›º>V| ÷Á›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ.
16.z≠V™Ï
Ê™Vs_ RE (E›]BÏ) kz©Á√fl ºƒÏÕ> z≠V™ÏÔ^ x>o_ k¶¬z
g©ÔVM¸>VÁ™¬ (√V¬œˆB) ÁÔ©√u§™VÏÔ^. ∏[™Ï ƒÕm
Â]¬ÔÁ´ ƒ\ÿkπÔπKD, Ô∫ÁÔ Â]¬ÔÁ´l[ x¬˛B √z]ÔπKD
>∫Ô^ ∂]ÔV´›Á> WÁÈÂV‚Ω™Ï.
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z≠V™ÏÔπ_ ÷´ı| ∂´ƒ kDƒ∫Ô^ ÷ÚÕ>™. x>_ kDƒD
ÔV‚∏v¸ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. (˛.∏. 50-78) ÷Õ> kDƒ›m
\[™ÏÔ^ Œ[≈VD ÔV‚∏v¸ \uÆD ÷´ı¶VD ÔV‚∏v¸ ®™
∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.
17.ÔMiÔÏ (˛.∏. 78á120)
÷´ı¶VD ÔV‚∏¸L[ \Ô[ ÔMiÔÏ z≠V™ kDƒ›]_ tÔ°D
∏´√È\V™ \[™Ï. ÔMiÔÏ √>sºBu≈ ˛.∏. 78 x>_ ƒÔ kÏ≠D
ÿ>V¶∫˛Bm.
18.÷Õ]B¬ ÔVÈı¶ˆ[ ƒÔkÏ≠D ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂV^ : \VÏfl 22,
1957
ÔVi*ˆKD ÔMiÔA´D ®[≈ tÔ ∂w˛B ÂÔ´›Á> ÔMiÔÏ
WÏ\VË›>VÏ. ∏[™Ï ÿ√≠VkVÏ ®[Æ ∂§B©√|D AÚ≠A´D>V[
∂kÚÁ¶B >ÁÈÂÔ´D.
˛.∏. 87 ÷_ ÔMiÔÚ¬z º>k A›´ ®[≈ √‚¶D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
A›>\>›Á>© √´©√ º\uÿÔVı¶ √ËÔÁ·¬ ÔÚ›]_ÿÔVı|
ÔMiÔÏ ÷´ı¶VD ∂ºƒVÔ[ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. ∂kÁ´
A›>\>›]uz ÷‚| ÿƒ[≈kÏ ∂¸kºÔV≠Ï.
19.ƒ>kVÔ™Ï
>¬ÔV›]KD \›]B ÷Õ]BVsKD ÿ\·ˆBÏÔÁ·› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
ƒ>kVÔ™Ï √>sl_ ∂\ÏÕ>™Ï. A´V∫Ôπ_ z§©∏¶©√|D gÕ›´Ï
>V[ ƒ>kVÔ™Ï ®[≈ ÔÚ›mD cı|.
20.z©>© º√´´∑
˛.∏. 335-455 kÁ´ k¶ ÷Õ]BVÁk Œº´ ÂV¶VÔ WÏk˛›>m z©>
º√´´ºƒ. ÷Õ]B k´ÈVu§_ ÿ√VuÔVÈ\VÔ s·∫˛BmD z©>ÏÔπ[
ÔVÈÔ‚¶º\. z©> kDƒ›Á> WÆsBkÏ p z©>Ï. ÷kÁ´ ∂|›m
g‚E¬z kÕ>kÏ Ôº¶V›Ôƒ[.
21.ƒÕ]´ z©>Ï (˛.∏. 314-339)
z©> º√´É[ cıÁ\BV™ WÆk™Ï x>ÈVD ƒÕ]´z©>º´. >V[
∂ˆBÁ ∞§BÁ>ÿBV‚Ω z©> kÚ¶D ®[≈ ŒÚ A]B kÚ≠›Á>
g´D∏›>VÏ. \ÔV ´V¤V]´V¤ ®[≈ ∂Á¶ÿ\VaÁB•D >[ ÿ√Bº´V|
ºƒÏ›m¬ÿÔVı¶VÏ.
22.ƒx›´z©>[ (˛.∏.330-380)
z©> ∂´ƒ √´D√Á´l_ tÔ© ∏´√ÈV\™kÏ. ∂ÈÔ√V]K^· ŒÚ
∂ºƒVÔ ¸#∏l_ 33 kˆÔπ_ ƒx›´z©>M[ √Á¶√ÈD √u§B
sk´∫Ô^ ƒ\¸˛Ú> ÿ\Vwl_ ÿ√V§¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬˛[≈™.
÷kÏ ÷Õ]B ÿÂ©º√VoB[ ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈VÏ.
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23.÷´ı¶VD ƒÕ]´z©>[ (380-412)
z©> º√´É[ Œπ\B\V™ ÔVÈÔ‚¶D. ]Ú\ c≈°Ô·VKD,
√Á¶Ôπ[ g]¬Ô∫Ô·VKD ÷kÏ ÂV‚Ω[ √´©Á√ s¸>ˆ›>VÏ.
÷´ı¶VD ƒÕ]´z©>–¬z s¬´\V]›>[ ®[≈ √‚¶D
kw∫Ô©√‚¶m. ÷kÏ cÎ¤lMÁB >™m ÷´ı¶Vkm
>ÁÈÂÔ´V¬˛™VÏ.÷k´m ÔVÈ›]_>V[ Ê™ BV›]ZÔÏ √V˛BV[ (399-
411) ÷Õ]BV°¬z s¤BD ÿƒF>VÏ.
s¬´\V]›>–¬z© ∏≈z z\V´z©>[, ¸ÔÕ> z©>[, AÚz©>[,
Â´LD« z©>[, ÷´ı¶VD z\V´z©>[, A›> z©>[, >>VÔ> z©√[,
√VÈV]›B[ º√V[º≈VÏ g‚E Â¶›]™Ï.
÷¸ÈVtBÏ g‚E
24.÷¸ÈVtBÏ
ÂV| ∏Ω©√º>V| ÷Õ]BVs[ ÿƒV›m¬ÔÁ·fl ÛÁ≈BV¶ ºkı|D
®[√º> √ÁwB ÔVÈ ÷¸ÈVtB© √Á¶ÿB|©∏[ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD.
8ágD ±u≈VıΩ[ mk¬Ô›]_ EÕm© √z]l_ Ô¶_ ÿÔV^Á·BÏ
√_ºkÆ ∂´V∏B¬ Ô©√_ÔÁ·¬ ÁÔ©√u§™Ï. ÷Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÂm √V´ÊÔ
ÔkÏ™Ï ∂_ «¤VÎ xÔD\m ∏[ ÔVEÁ\ EÕm© √z]¬z
∂–©∏™VÏ.
EÕm Â]¬ ÔÁ´l_ ÔVExD, EÕm ∂´ƒ™V™ >VˇÏ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™
´V¤A›]´ ºƒÁ™•D º\V]¬ÿÔVı¶m. ´VkÏ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ (712 ÷_)
´VˇÁ´¬ ÿÔV[Æ s‚| ÔVED EÕmÁk¬ ÁÔ©√u§™VÏ.
∂º´∏Bˆ[ EÕm √Á¶ÿB|©A ŒÚ ÿku§ ®[Æ Ì≈
xΩBVs‚¶VKD ÷Õ]B¬ ÔÈVflƒV´›Á>•D ®ı∫ÔÁ·•D ÿkπ
cÈz¬z¬ ÿÔVı| k´ ∂º´∏BÏ ka kz›>™Ï. ÷Õ]BVs[ ®ıÔ^,
ØÎBD, >ƒVDƒ xÁ≈ º√V[≈kuÁ≈ cÈÿÔ∫zD √´©∏™Ï.
25.xÔ\m Ô˜M
˛.∏.1000á¬zD 1020á¬zD ÷Á¶ºB xÔD\m Ô˜M 17 xÁ≈
÷Õ]BV *m √Á¶ÿB|›>VÏ. 1018á_ Ô[º™V˜KD, 1025 ÷_
ºƒV\ÂV›]KD tÔ©√B∫Ô´\V™ >V¬z>_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. Ô[º™VÎ
√Á¶ÿB|©∏[ ÷Á¶ºB \m´VÁk•D ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›m
WÏJÈ\V¬˛™VÏ. z¤´V›]_ ºƒV\ÂV› gÈB›Á> ∂Á¶Õ> Ô˜M
∂∫z^· ´V¤A›]´ÏÔÁ· s´‚Ωs‚| ºÔVlÁÈ¬ ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›>VÏ.
√fiƒV∏_ ¤V‚\¬Ôº·V| ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m>V[ Ô˜Ml[ ÷Æ]©
√Á¶ÿB|©A.
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AÔµÿ√u≈ ∂§QÏÔ^ √ÈÏ Ô˜Ml[ ∂´ı\Á™l_

÷ÚÕ>™Ï. c›∏, c[`ˆ, ∂_AÚM, √V´ÊÔ º«V\Ï ®[Æ
AÔw©√‚¶ ∏Ï>VL º√V[≈kÏ Ô˜Ml[ ∂´ƒÁkÁB
∂È∫Ôˆ›>™Ï.
26.xÔD\m ºÔVˆ
xÔD\m ºÔVˆl[ \uÿ≈VÚ ÿ√BÏ xl¸`y[ xÔD\m
∏[vV ®[√>VzD. 1175 ÷_ x_›>VÁ™•D √ﬁƒVÁ√•D
ÁÔ©√u§B ºÔVˆl[ √VÏÁk ]_oÁB ºÂV¬˛› ]ÚD∏Bm.
´V¤A›]´ T´ÏÔ^ ]_olKD, gÎ*ˆKD \[™[ ∏ˆ›]s´VÎ
ÿƒ·«V[ >ÁÈÁ\l_ Œ[Æ ºƒÏÕ>™Ï. 1191 ÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈
º√Vˆ_ ´V¤A›]´ÏÔ^ ÿk[≈™Ï. g™V_ tÔys´›m¶[ ºÔVˆ
Â¶›]B ÷´ı¶VD >Á´[ º√Vˆ_ (1192) ∏ˆ›s´VÎ ÁÔm ÿƒFB©√‚|
∏[™Ï ÿÔVÁÈ ÿƒFB©√‚¶VÏ.
27.∑_>V[Ôπ[ g‚E
1206 x>_ 1526 kÁ´BV™ ÔVÈÔ‚¶D nÕm ∂´ƒ kDƒ∫ÔπÈV™
32 ∑_>V[Ô^ ÷¬ÔVÈ›]_ g‚E ÿƒF>™Ï.
28.∂ΩÁ\ kDƒD (1206-1210)
xÔD\m ºÔVˆl[ \´›m¬z©∏[ ∂kÏ ÁÔ©√u§B ÷Õ]B©
√z]Ôπ[ ∂]√]BVÔ z›Ay[ n√¬ √>sºBu≈VÏ. ÷Õ]BVs[
x>_ x¸‹D g‚EBV·´V™ z›Ay[ ∞u√|›]Bm>V[ ∂ΩÁ\
kDƒD.
29.÷_|‚ti (1210-35)
nÿ√¬˛[ \´›m¬z© ∏[ ÷_›mti ]_o ∑_>V™VÔ
∂ˆBÁºB§™VÏ. z›Ay[ ÁÔ©√u§B √z]ÔÁ· Œ[§Á›m
ŒÚ \›]B ∂]ÔV´›][ ÿ√VÆ©∏[ ÿÔVı| kÕ>kÏ ÷_›mtº≠.
z›Ay[ ÔVÈ›_ ÿ>V¶∫˛B zm©t™VÏ Ô‚|D √ËÁB xΩ›m
Ák›>mD\ ÷_›mti>V[. z›Ay[ √¬]BVÏ ÔV¬˛ ®[≈ Û∏
ºBV˛l[ WÁ™kVÔ ÷‚¶ ÿ√Bº´ zm©t™VÏ.
x>_ ÿ√ı \ÔV´VË ´LBV
÷_›mt≠M[ \´›m¬z© ∏[ ∂k´m ÔÁ¶E sÚ©√©√Ω
´LBV (1236-39) g‚E¬z kÕ>V^. ]_o ∂ˆBÁl_ ∂\ÏÕ>
Œº´ ÿ√ı\Ë.
30.√V_√[ (1266á86)
x[™V^ ∂ΩÁ\BV™ ˛BV`y[ √V_√[ 40 gı|ÔVÈD
]_ol_ g‚E AˆÕ>VÏ. x>_ ÷Ú√m kÚ¶∫Ô^ \[™[

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

133

ÂLÚyM[ x¬˛B ∂Á\ﬂƒ´VÔ°D, ∂|›> 20 kÚ¶D

ƒ¬Ô´kÏ›]BVÔ°D √V_√[ g‚E AˆÕ>VÏ. √V_√M[ W¤©ÿ√BÏ
cK¬ÔV[.
]_o ∑_>V[Ôπ[ k·ÏﬂE¬zD g‚E xÁ≈Ô”¬zD x¬˛B
Eu∏BVÔ ]ÔµÕ>kÏ √V_√º™.
31.˛_˜ kDƒD (1290-1320)
√V_√–¬z© ∏[ kÕ>kÏÔÁ· A≈Õ>^πs‚| ¤ÈVKy[ ˛_˜
(1290-96) ˛_˜ kDƒ›Á> ¸>V∏›>VÏ.
32.∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜ (1296-1316)
ÿ>[MÕ]BV c‚√¶ ÷Õ]BVs[ ÿ√ÚD √z]ÁB•D >[
kƒ©√|›]B x>_ x¸‹D \[™[ ∂ÈV°yº™. >V[ ÿkπl‚¶
ÂVB∫Ôπ_ ÷´ı¶VD ∂ÿÈ¬vVı¶Ï ®[º≈ >[Á™¬
z§©∏‚ΩÚÕ>VÏ.
33.m¬·¬ kDƒD
ÔVL \Vo¬ >™m ÿ√BÁ´ ˛BV`y[ m¬·¬ ®[Æ
\Vu§¬ÿÔVı| m¬·¬ kDƒ›Á> mk¬˛™VÏ. ]_o¬z ∂ÚºÔ
m¬·¬√V› ®[≈ ÂÔÁ´ cÚkV¬˛Bm ∂kº´. 1325 ÷_ ˛BV`y[
ÔVÈ\V™mD ÷·k´ƒ[ ˝™VÔV[ xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬ ®[≈
ÿ√Bˆ_ ∑_>V™VÔ >[Á™© ∏´Ô¶™©√|›]¬ÿÔVı¶VÏ.
34.xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬ (1325-1351)
√>sºBu≈mD m¬·¬ ÿƒF> x>_ ÊÏ]Ú›>D >ÁÈÂÔÁ´
]_oloÚÕm º>k˛¬z \Vu§Bm>V[. (º>k˛ˆ ®[√m ∏[™V_
ÿ>·ÈV√V› ®[Æ \Vu≈©√‚¶m) 700 ˛.* ¿ı¶ >ÁÈÂÔÏ \Vu≈
BV›]Á´ º>V_sl_ xΩÕ>m. ®™ºk >ÁÈÂÔÏ *ı|D ]_o¬z
\Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.
35.Á>Jˆ[ √Á¶ÿB|©A
1396 ÷_ ƒ\ÏÔı‚ \[™[ Á>JÏ √V´ÊÔD, g©ÔVM¸>V[,
ÿ\v©√º¶VtBV ®[≈ ÷¶∫Ô”¬z© √Á¶ÿB|›>VÏ.
36.ºÈVΩ kDƒD (1451-1526)
ºÈVΩ kDƒ›][ tÔ°D ∏´√È\V™kÏ E¬ÔÕ>Ï ºÈVΩ. ÷k´m
ÔVÈ›]_>V[ g¬´V ÂÔ´D ÷´ı¶Vkm >ÁÈÂÔ´\VÔ
cBÏ›>©√‚¶m. ºÈVΩ kDƒ›m ÔÁ¶E ∑_>V[ ÷©´V˛D ºÈVΩ. 1526
÷_ Â¶Õ> √VM©√‚ •›>›]_ ÷kÁ´› º>VuÔΩ›> √V√Ï, ÿ\VÔÈVB
kDƒ›Á> g´D∏›>VÏ.

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37.ÿ\VÔÈVB© º√´´∑
ÂLÚ›][ xÔD\m ®[–D √V√Ï 1526 ∞©´_ 20á÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈
x>_ √VM©√‚ º√Vˆ_, ]_ol[ ÔÁ¶E ∑_>V™V™ ÷©´V˛D
ºÈVΩÁB º>VuÔΩ›m ÿ\VÔÈVB ƒVD´VÎB›Á> WÆs™VÏ. ÷m ŒÚ
A]B ÔVÈÔ‚¶›][ mk¬ÔD.
38.√V√Ï (1526á30)
ÿƒ∫˛¸ÔV[ á Á>JÏ kDƒ›Á>fl ºƒÏÕ>kÏ √V√Ï. √V√Ï ®[≈V_
E∫ÔD ∂_Èm \VT´[ ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^. √VM√‚ º√Vˆ[ JÈD √V√Ï
]_oÁB•D g¬´VÁk•D ÁÔ©√u§™VÏ.
39.⁄\VR[ (1530á40, 1555á56)
ÿ\VÔÈVB ƒ¬´kÏ›]BVÔ ⁄\V•[ √>s ∞uzDº√Vm ∂kÚ¬z
kBm 23. g©ÔVMBÏÔÁ·•D, z¤´V›]_ √Ô#Ï ≠VÁk•D
º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ. 1599 ÷_ √¬vˆ[ ∂Ú˛K^· ÿƒ·[vl_, g©Ô[
√Á¶›>·√] º≠ÏÔV[ ⁄\V•º™V| ƒıÁ¶l‚¶VÏ.
1540 º\ 17 ÷_ ÿ\VÔÈVBÚD g©ÔVMBÚD Ô[º™V˜[ ∂ÚºÔ
*ı|D º\V]™Ï. Ô∫ÔVº√VÏ ®[ÆD ∏_˛´VD º√VÏ ®[ÆD Ì≈©√|D
Ô[º™VÎ •›>›]_ º≠ÏÔV[ ÿku§ ÿ√u≈VÏ.
º≠ÏÔV[ (1540á45)
1486 ÷_ ∏≈Õ> º≠ÏÔV[ (÷Buÿ√BÏ √Z›) ÿ\VÔÈVB \[™Ï
⁄\VRÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›m >™m g]¬Ô›Á> WÁÈÂV‚Ω™VÏ. `Ï
kDƒ›Á>› º>VuÆs›> ÷kÏ >™m 54ágD kB]_ xΩ Û‚Ω¬
ÿÔVı¶VÏ. 1522á÷_ ¨ÔVÏ \[™Ï √ÔÏÔVº™ ÷kÚ¬z º≠ÏÔV[ ®[≈
√‚¶›Á> ∂π›>kÏ.
xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬˛uz© ∏[ k¶ ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ© √´Õ>
ƒVD´VÎB›Á> WÆsBÏ º≠ÏÔVº™.
º\uz EÕm Â] x>_ k∫ÔV·›][ ºƒV™VÏÔVÀ kÁ´BV™ ˛´V[‚
‚´∫¬ ƒVÁÈ ∂Á\›>kÏ ÿ≠Ï≠V ®™©√|D º≠ÏÔVº™.
40.∂¬√Ï (1556á1605)
∂¬√Ï √>s¬z kÚD º√Vm ∂kÚ¬z kBm 13. ∂¬√ˆ[ g‚E
®_ÁÈ g©ÔVM¸>V[ x>_ k∫ÔV·D kÁ´•D, ÔVi*Ï x>_
ºÔV>Vkˆ kÁ´•D √´Õ]ÚÕ>m.
∂¬√Ï 1562 ÷_ ´V¤A›´ ÷·kÉ º¤V>V√VÁB ]Ú\D ÿƒFm
ÿÔVı¶VÏ. ÷kÚ¬z© ∏≈Õ> \Ôº™ ¤«V∫ˇÏ. ∂¬√ÚÁ¶B ÔVÈ›]_
¨ÔVˆ\_, √Ôk[>V¸, \V[E∫ º√V[≈ √È ´V¤A›´ÏÔ^ cBÏ√>sl_
∂\Ï›>©√‚ΩÚÕ>™Ï.
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WÈkˆ kÛ_ kw¬Ô›Á> xu§KD ¿¬˛Bm>V[ ∂¬√ˆ[ tÔfl
E≈Õ> ÊÏ]Ú›>D. W] ∂Á\flƒ´VÔlÚÕ> ´V¤V º>V¶Ï\VºÈ ÷>[
x¬˛B Eu∏. >ƒk_ƒ´ ØWz] ÀBk¸> ®[√m ÷Õ>› ]‚¶›][ ÿ√BÏ.
s>ÁkÔπ[ xø ƒD\>t_ÈV\_ ƒ] º\uÿÔV^”>_ Ì¶Vm
®[≈ ƒ‚¶›Á>¬ ÿÔVı| kÕ>VÏ. ]Ú\ kBÁ>•D ÿ√ıÔ”¬z 14,
gıÔ”¬z 16 WÏl›>VÏ. ÷>™V_ √V_B skVÔD >Á¶
ÿƒFB©√‚¶m. ¤LBV ®[≈ kˆÁB•D ´›m ÿƒF>VÏ.
∂¬√ˆ[ ƒÁ√l_ ∂Ø_ √v_ \uÆD ∂kÏ ƒºÔV>´Ï ∂A_ Á√L
÷ÚkÚD x¬˛B cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ ÷ÚÕ>™Ï.
√V´ÊÔ ÿ\Val_ √v_ ®ø]B ±_ ∂¬√Ï ÂV\. ÷>[ J[≈VD
√VÔD ∂FM ∂¬√ˆ. \ÔV√V´›Á> √V´ÊÔ ÿ\Val_ Á√L ÿ\Va
ÿ√BÏ›>VÏ. ´V\ƒˆ>\V™¸ ®ø]B m·E>VvÏ, ƒ∫ˇ> QVMBV™
>V[ºƒ[ ÷ÚkÚD ÷¬ÔVÈ›Á>fl ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔº·.
∂¬√ˆ[ ÿÂÚ∫˛B Âı√ÚD ÂD∏¬ÁÔ¬z cˆBkÚ\VlÚÕ>kÏ
´V¤V ¨Ï√V_. ÷k´m ÷Buÿ√BÏ \ºÔi>V¸.
∂¬√Ï cÚkV¬˛B A]B >ÁÈÂÔ´D √º>ØÏ E¬ˆ. ∂Á™›m \>∫Ôπ[
x¬˛B ÿÔV^ÁÔÔÁ·•D ÷Á›m ][ ÷ÈVN ®[≈ ŒÚ A]B
\>›Á> cÚkV¬˛™VÏ.
41.¤«V∫ˇÏ (1605-1627)
∂¬√ˆ[ \Á≈ÁkB|›m ∂k´m J›> \Ô[ ƒ‹D >™m 36 gD
kB]_ cÈÔ ÿku§BV·[ ®™ ÿ√VÚ^√|D ¤«V∫ˇÏ ®[–D √‚¶©
ÿ√BÚ¶[ ∂ˆBÁ ∞§™VÏ.
÷k´m ÔVÈ›]_>V[ g∫˛È ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√Ml[
#>ÏÔ·V™ ÔV©¶[ «V¬˛[¸, ƒÏ>V\¸ º´V g˛ºBVÏ ÿ\VÔÈVB
∂´ƒÁk¬z s¤BD ÿƒF>™Ï. ƒ¬´kÏ›]l¶tÚÕm EÈ ƒV>Ô\V™
∂Dƒ∫ÔÁ·© ÿ√Æk]_ ƒÏ>V\¸ º´V ÿku§ ÿ√u≈VÏ. p ÂÔˆ[
∂ÚºÔ ¤«V∫ˇÏ cÚkV¬˛B ≠Vo\VÏ, W≠V›√V¬ ®[–D
ØÕº>V‚¶∫Ô^ tÔ© ∏´√È\V™Ák.
42.≠V¤«V[ (1627-58)
>¬ÔV ÿku§ÁB› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm >™m \Ô[ ÷·k´ƒ[ z´Vx¬z
cÈ˛[ \[™[ ®™© ÿ√VÚ^√|D ≠V¤«V[ ®[© ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω™VÏ
ƒ¬´kÏ›] ¤«V∫ˇÏ >ÕÁ>ÁB© º√VÈºk ≠V¤«V–D ŒÚ ´V¤A›´
>Vl[ A>_kº™. ∏ÿ´fi∑© √BËÔ^ ÿ√ÏMBÏ \uÆD ¶ºkMÏ,
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÷›>VoB© √BË \˚¬˛ g˛ºBVÏ ≠V¤«V[ ÔVÈ›]_
÷Õ]BV°¬z kÕ>™Ï.
43.Œ·´∫ÔÊ© (1658-1707)
≠V¤«V[áxD>VÎ >D√]Ôπ[ A>_k[. y´tzÕ> ÿ\VÔ_
ƒ¬´kÏ›]Ôπ[ ÷Æ] \[™´VÔ ÔÚ>©√|˛≈VÏ. gÈDˇÏ (cÈÔ T´[)
®–D √‚¶© ÿ√BÚ¶[ Œ·´∫ÔÊ© ∂ˆBÁ ∞§™VÏ.
44.s¤BÂÔ´D (1336-1565)
«ˆ«´[, A¬Ô[ ®[≈ ƒºÔV>´ÏÔº· s¤B ÂÔ´ ƒVD´VÎB›Á>
WÆsBÏÔ^. ∂ÕÂV‚Ôπ_ ∏´√È\VlÚÕ> ∏´V\ ƒ[MBVE \V>k
s›BV´ıB[ \uÆD ∂k´m ƒºÔV>´[ ºk> √ıΩ>™V™ vB[
®[√kÏÔπ[ gE•¶[ WÆk©√‚¶m s¤BÂÔ´D. 1336 ÷_
«ˆ«´[ xΩÛ‚¶©√‚¶VÏ.
45.˛Úiº>k ´VBÏ (1509-29)
m”k kDƒ›Á>fl ºƒÏÕ> ˛Úiº>k´VBº´ AÔµÿ√u≈ s¤BÂÔ´
\[™Ï. √VtM º√´´∑¬z ®]´VÔ© º√V´VΩB ˛Úi º>k´VBÏ
´VF©ØÏ ÂÔ´›Á>fl ∑u§•^· ÿƒa©A^· √z]ÔÁ·
ÁÔkƒ©√|›]Bm ∂kÚÁ¶B x¬˛B\V™ ÿku§ ®™¬ ÔÚ>©√|˛≈m.
ÿ>K∫˛_ gx¬> \_B>V ®[≈ ÷Ú ÔVsB∫ÔÁ·© √Á¶›>VÏ.
®‚|© AÈkÏÔ^ WÁ≈Õ> ∂k´m ƒÁ√ ∂i¶]¬Ô¤∫Ô^ ®[Æ
º√Vu≈©√‚¶m.
46.>π¬ºÔV‚Á¶© º√VÏ
1565 ÷_ ∏¤©ØÏ, ºÔV_ÿÔVı¶V, ∂Ô\›ÂÔÏ ®–D J[Æ
÷¸ÈVtB ∂´∑Ô^ Œ[Æ ºƒÏÕm s¤BÂÔ´›Á>¬ >V¬˛™.
>π¬ºÔV‚Á¶¬z ∂ÚºÔ•^· √ıË«‚¶ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈
º√Vˆ_ s¤BÂÔ´D √|º>V_sBÁ¶Õ>m >π¬ºÔV‚Á¶© º√VÏ ®[ÆD
´V≥ƒ >∫˛Ω ®[ÆD ÷m z§©∏¶©√|˛≈m. ÷Õ> •›>›]_ ´V\´VB[
ÿÔV_È©√‚¶VÏ. s¤BÂÔ´D ÿÔV^Á·BΩ¬Ô©√‚| ∂ΩºBV|
∂a¬Ô©√‚¶m.
47.√VtM º√´´∑ (1347-1526)
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ŒÚ ÷¸ÈVtB© º√´´∑. xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬ g‚E
ÔVÈ›]_ ∂k´m ∂]ÔV´›m¬z ƒkV_ s|k>VÔ ÷m ∂Á\Õ]ÚÕ>m.
∂ÈV°y[ √„\[≠V z§©∏¶›>¬Ô √VtM kDƒ \[™Ï.

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48.÷Õ]BVs_ ∏ˆ‚œ≠VÏ
1. 1600 : g∫˛È ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M¬ÔV™ ´VB_ ƒVÏ‚¶Ï.
2. 1612 : º\u˛Õ]BVs[ Û´›]_ x>_ g∫˛È› ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ.
3. 1613 :ÿ\VÔÈVBfl ƒ¬Ô´kÏ›] ¤«V∫ˇÏ g∫˛È ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬
4. ÔDÿ√M¬z ÷Õ]BVs_ sBV√V´D ÿƒFk>uÔV™ ∂–\]
kw∫˛™VÏ.
5. 1616 : ÿ\VÔ_ ∂´ƒÁk¬z ƒÏ >V\¸ º´V s¤BD.
6. 1618 : ÿ\VÔ_ ∂´∑ g∫˛È¬ ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M¬z º\KD
√È √z]Ôπ_ sBV√V´D ÿƒFB ∂–\] kw∫˛Bm.
7. 1639 : ÿ\‚´VL_ AM> ¤VÏÎ ºÔV‚Á¶¬z ∂Ω¬Ô_
ÂV‚¶©√‚¶m.
8. 1651 : ˛w¬˛Õ]BVs[ ⁄¬πl_ g∫˛ºÈB ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ
WÆ°>_.
9. 1698 : ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M¬z Ô_Ô›>V, ∑>V˚],
ºÔVsÕ›ØÏ g˛B ˛w¬˛Õ]B© √z]Ôπ_ WÈ cˆÁ\ ˛Á¶›>m.
49. x>_ ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1746 á 48)
1740 ÷_ nº´V©√Vs_ ∞u√‚¶ g¸]ˆB kVˆ∑ˆÁ\©
º√Vˆ[ >V¬ÔD ÷Õ]BVsKD ®]ÿ´Vo›>m. 1746 ÷_
√VıΩflºƒˆloÚÕ> ∏ÿ´fi∑ g”ÂÏ ΩR©º· g∫˛ºÈBÏ *m
º√VÏ ÿ>V|›>VÏ. ÷mºk x>_ ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√Vˆ[ mk¬ÔD.
g∫˛ºÈBÏ ÔÏÂV¶Ô ÂkV© ∂[kVÚyM¶D c>s ºÔV´,
∏ÿ´fi∑¬ÔV´ÏÔ^ ∂k´m º√V‚ΩBV·Ï ƒÕ>VÔVEA¶[
c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ ÿƒFm ÿÔVı¶™Ï. ÿƒ[Á™¬ÔÚ˛_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈
∂Á¶BVuÆ© º√Vˆ_ g∫˛ºÈBÏ ÿku§ÿ√u≈™Ï.
50. 2ágD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1749 á 1754)
Á«]´V√V› W¤VD √>s¬z k´sÚD∏B xv√Ï ¤∫
®[√kÁ´ ΩR©º· g>ˆ›>VÏ. guÔV| ∂ˆBÁÁB sÚD∏B
ƒÕ>VƒV˛A¶[ ΩR©º· ∞uÔ™ºk Â‚A ØıΩÚÕ>VÏ. ÷DJkˆ[
√Á¶Ô”D 1749á÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ gDØÏ º√Vˆ_ ∂[kVÚyÁ™
(x>_ ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√Vˆ_ g∫˛ºÈBÚ¬z c>sBkÏ) ÿÔV[Æ
ÿku§kVÁÔ ÛΩ™VÏÔ^. ÿ>V¶ÏÕm xv√Ï
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138
¤∫ Á«]´V√V› W¤V\VÔ°D, ƒÕ>V ƒV˛© guÔV| ÂkV©
√>slKD ∂\ÏÕ>™Ï.
∏u√V| ∏ˆ‚œi >·√] ´V√Ï‚ ˛Á·À guÔV‚Á¶¬
ÔV©√Vu§™VÏ. ÔVºkˆ© √V¬ÔD º√Vˆ_ ∏ÿ´fi∑© √Á¶Ô^
x§BΩ¬Ô©√‚¶™. ƒÕ>V ƒV˛© ∏Ω¬Ô©√‚| >fiƒV∆ˆ_
E´flºƒ>D ÿƒFB©√‚¶VÏ. 1754 √VıΩflºƒˆ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ©√Ω
÷´ı¶VD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ xΩ°¬z kÕ>m.
51.J[≈VD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1758 á 1763)
nº´V©√Vs_ ∞wVı| º√VÏ (1756 á 1763) ÿkΩ›>º√Vm,
÷Õ]BVs_ J[≈VD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ mk∫˛Bm. 1760 ÷_
∏ÿ´fi∑©√Á¶› >ÁÈkÏ Ô°ı‚ ΩÈVo ®[√kÁ´ kÕ>kVE©
º√Vˆ_ ∏ˆ‚œi >·√] ƒÏ ∂BÏÌ‚ x§BΩ›>VÏ. 1761 ÷_
√VıΩflºƒˆ•D ÁÔ©√u≈©√‚¶m.
1763 √Vˆ¸ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ©√Ω √VıΩflºƒˆ, ÔVÁ´¬ÔV_,
\VN, ∞™VD √z]Ôπ_ \‚|D ∏ÿ´fi∑¬ÔV´ÏÔ^ >\m
Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔÁ· \‚|©√|›]¬ ÿÔV^· Œ©A¬ÿÔVı¶™Ï.
52.∏·VE© º√VÏ
k∫ÔV· ÂkV© E´VÎ c›ÿ>·ÈV°¬zD, g∫˛È©
√Á¶Ô”¬zD ÷Á¶lÈV™ º√VÏ 1757 …[ ÷_ ŒÚ xΩ°¬z
kÕ>m. g∫˛ºÈBˆ[ ÷Õ> ÿku§ ÷Õ]BVs[ g∫˛È
g‚El[ ŒÚ z§X¶VÔºk ∂Á\Õ>m.
53.√¬ƒÏ º√VÏ
∂ºBV›] ÂkV©, ÿ\VÔÈVB© º√´´ƒÏ, k∫ÔV· ÂkV©
g˛ºBVˆ[ Ì‚|© √Á¶ÔÁ· g∫˛ºÈBÏ x§BΩ›>™Ï
(1764). ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ∂ÈÔV√V› c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ, ÷>[√Ω g∫˛È¬
˛w¬˛Õ]B kËÔ¬ zø°¬z ÿ\VÔÈVB© º√´´ƒÏ ]kVM
cˆÁ\ÔÁ· kw∫˛™VÏ.

1. 1756 : k∫ÔV· ÂkV© g∫˛ºÈBˆ¶tÚÕm Ô_Ô›>VÁk¬

ÁÔ©√§™VÏ.

2. 1757 : ∏·VE© º√VÏ. k∫ÔV·›]uz A]B ÂkV© ´V√Ï‚

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3.1764 á 65 : √¬ƒÏ º√VÏ. ¨ÔVÏ, k∫ÔV·D, ŒˆƒV º√V[≈

÷¶∫Ôπ_ ]kVM cˆÁ\ ÔDÿ√M¬z¬ ˛Á¶›>m. ´V√Ï‚
˛Á·À ÷´ı¶VD xÁ≈BVÔ k∫ÔV· ÔkÏ™Ï.
4.1767 á 69 : Œ[≈VD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ.
5.1772 : k∫ÔV· ÔkÏ™´VÔ kV´[º«¸ Ω∫¸ WB\™D.
6.1773 : Œø∫z xÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶D ÂVÏ› ∏Á >ÁÈÁ\l_
ƒ‚¶\V™m. ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ ÷Õ]B© √z]Ô”¬ÔVÔ ÿÔVı| kÕ>
x>_ ƒ‚¶D ÷m.
7.1774 :Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶©√Ω kV´[º«¸ Ω∫¸ ÔkÏ™Ï
ÿ¤™´ÈV™VÏ. Ô_Ô›>Vs_ cflƒ ¿]\[≈D WÆk©√‚¶m.
8.1775 á 82 : x>_ g∫˛È á \´V‚ΩB© º√VÏ.
9.1783 : ÷Õ]BVs_ ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M WÏkVÔ›Á>
Œø∫z√|›mD ‡º√V¬v¸ ÷Õ]BV \ºƒV>V.
10.1784 : ∏‚¸ ÷Õ]BV \ºƒV>V.
11.1790 á 91 : J[≈VD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ.
12.1793 : ÔV´[kVo¸ k∫ÔV·›]_ ƒV∑k> WÈkˆÁB
∂\_√|›]™VÏ.
13.1799 : ÂV[ÔVD (÷Æ]) Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ.
14.1803 á 05 : 2ágD g∫˛È á \´V‚ΩB º√VÏ.
15.1814 á 16 : g∫˛È á ÌÏÔV º√VÏ.
16.1817 á 19 : 3ágD g∫˛È á \´V‚ΩB© º√VÏ.
17.1829 : c¶[Ô‚Á¶ºBÆD ƒ] ∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\VÔ› >Á¶
ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.
18.1833 : ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√Ml[ ƒVÏ‚¶Ï Am©∏¬Ô©√‚¶m.
19. ÔDÿ√Ml[ ÷Õ]B sBV√V´¬ z›>ÁÔ xΩ°¬z kÕ>m.
20.1839 á 42 : x>_ g∫˛È á g©Ô[ º√VÏ.
21.1845 á 46 : x>_ g∫˛È á Ê¬˛B© º√VÏ.
22.1853 : √D√VF á >Vº™ ÷´l_√VÁ> ]≈Õm

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

140

23.1857 : Œ[≈VD ∑>Õ]´©º√VÏ ®™©√|D E©√VF ÔÈÔD.

24.1858 : ∏ˆ‚œi ÷Õ]BVs_ ∏ˆ‚œi ∂É[ WÏkVÔD.
25.1859 : ¿È©A´‚E (÷ıΩºÔV)
26.1861 : ÷Õ]B Ô°[L_¸ ƒ‚¶D.
27.1876 á 77 :]_o >Ï√VÏ. s¬º¶VˆBV \ÔV´VË
÷Õ]BVs[ \ÔV´VËBVÔ°D ∏´Ô¶™©√|›>©√‚>VÏ.
28.1878 : ÷´ı¶VD g∫˛È á g©Ô[ º√VÏ. ÷Õ]B ÿ\Va©
√›]ˆÁÔÔπ[ ∂∏ˆt>\V™ ∑>Õ]´›Á>› >Á¶ ÿƒF•D
ÿkÏ™VzÈÏ ∏´¸ ƒ‚¶D.
29.1883 : ÷_√Ï‚ \ºƒV>V ƒÏflÁƒ.
30.1856 : ÷Õ]B º>EB¬ ÔV∫˛´¸ c>BD.
31.1891 : ]Ú\ kBÁ> Wflƒl¬zD ∞Î g‡© Ô[v[‚
\ºƒV>V.
32.1893 : ÷Õm á ÷¸ÈVtB¬ ÔÈk´D.
33.1905 : k∫ÔV·© ∏ˆsÁ™. ∑º>E ÷B¬ÔD.
34.1906 : ∂˛È ÷Õ]B x¸‹D ‹¬ c>BD.
35.1909 : t[º¶V á \VÏo ƒ‚¶D.
36.1911 : k∫ÔV·© ∏ˆsÁ™ ÁÔs¶©√‚¶m.
37.1912 : ∏ˆ‚œi ÷Õ]BVs[ >ÁÈÂÔÏ Ô_Ô›>VsoÚÕm
]_o¬z \Vu≈©√‚¶m.
38.1915 : ÔVÕ]˜ ÿ>[™V©∏ˆ¬ÔVsoÚÕm ÷Õ]BV
]ÚDA>_.
39.1916 : ÔV∫˛´¸ á x¸‹D ‹¬ ÷Á¶ºBBV™ È¬º™V
c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ. º«VD‘_ ÷B¬ÔD.
40.1919 : \Vıº¶z á ÿƒD¸º√VÏ| WÏkVÔfl ÊÏ]Ú›>fl ƒ‚¶D.
ÿ´·È‚ ƒ‚¶›m¬z ®]´VÔ ÔVÕ]˜ >ÁÈÁ\l_ º√V´V‚¶D.
√fiƒV∏[ ¤VoB[ kVÈV√V¬ √|ÿÔVÁÈ.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

141

43.1923 : ∑B´VÎB Ô‚E ºk‚√V·ÏÔ^ º>Ï>o_

º√V‚Ωl‚¶™Ï. ÷]_ ÿku§ ÿ√u≈kÏÔ^ ∂ÉB_ WÏB
ƒÁ√l_ cÆ©∏™´V™VÏÔ^.
44.1928 : Áƒ\[ Ôt≠[ ÷Õ]BV kÚÁÔ. ÷Õ]BVs[
®]ÏÔVÈ ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á>› ÿ>π°√|›mD º\V]ÈV_
ºÂÚ ∂§¬ÁÔ.
45.1929 : Ø´ ∑>Õ]´D ®–D ∏´Ô¶™D ÈVÌÏ ÔV∫˛´¸
\ÔVÂV‚Ω_ ŒÚ\™>VÔ WÁ≈ºku≈©√‚¶m.
46.1930 : ÔVÕ]˜ >ÁÈÁ\l_ ƒ‚¶ \Æ©A ÷B¬ÔD (c©A
ƒ›]BV˛´ÔD). ÷Èı¶M_ Œ[≈VD k‚¶º\Áƒ \ÔVÂV‚Ω_
ÔV∫˛´¸ √∫ºÔu≈m.
47.1931 : ÔVÕ] á ÷Ïs[ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ. ƒ‚¶ \Æ©A
÷B¬Ô›Á> ÔVÕ]˜ sÈ¬˛¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ. ÷´ı¶VD
k‚¶º\Áƒ \ÔVÂV|.
48.1932 : ÔV∫˛´¸ ÷B¬Ô›Á> ∂´∑ >Á¶ ÿƒF>m. ƒ‚¶
\Æ©A ÷B¬Ô›][ ÷´ı¶VD Ô‚¶D mk∫˛Bm. Ø™V
c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ. J[≈VD k‚¶º\Áƒ \ÔVÂV|.
49.1934 : ƒ‚¶ \Æ©A ÷B¬ÔD sÈ¬˛¬ ÿÔV^·©√‚¶m.
50.1935 : ÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D 1935
51.1937 : A]B ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›]™Ω©√Á¶lÈV™ x>_
º>Ï>_.
52.1940 : ÷Õ]BV°¬z ÿ¶VtMB[ >z] kw∫zD
gÔ¸‚ ƒKÁÔ.
53.1942 : ˛ˆ©¸ t≠[. ÿk^Á·Bº™ ÿkπºBÆ
º√V´V‚¶D.
54.1944 : ÔVÕ]˜ á ˜[™V º√fl∑ kVÏ›Á>Ô^.
55.1945 : ÷Õ]B s|>ÁÈ©√Á¶ (n®[n) ÁÔ]Ô^
sƒV´Á.
56.1946 : ´VB_ ÷Õ]B[ ºÂsl_ ÔÈk´D ÔV∏ÿ™‚

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

142

57.1947 á 1948 : ∂]ÔV´ ÁÔ\Vu≈D ÿ>V¶Ï√VÔ

∏ˆ‚œi ∏´>\Ï ˛·\[‚ g‚ol[ ∂§¬ÁÔ.
÷Õ]BVÁk•D, √V˛¸>VÁ™•D ÷´ı| >M›>M
ÂV|Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬zD ÿ\·[‚ º√‚¶[ ∏´As[ …[ ]‚¶D.

54.÷Õ]B k´ÈVÆ 1757 á 1947 ÔVÈ kˆÁƒ©

√‚ΩB_
1757 ∏·VE© º√VÏ
1758 ÿ√¶Vs_ ¶fl∑¬ÔV´Ï º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√¶_
1760 kÕ>kVE© º√VÏ
1761 J[≈VD √VM©√‚ º√VÏ
1764 √¬ƒVÏ º√VÏ
1765 ∂ÈÔV√V› c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
1766 k¶ƒÏ¬ÔVÏ g∫˛ºÈBÏ kƒ\V>_
1767á1769 x>_ Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ
1772 g”ÂÏ kV´[º«¸Ω∫¸
1773 Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶D
1774 º´V˛_ÈV© º√VÏ
g”ÂÏ >ÁÈkÏ kV´[º«¸Ω∫¸
Ô_Ô›>Vs_ >ÁÈÁ\ ¿]\[≈D
1775 ÂÕ>z\VÏ sƒV´Á
1775á1782 x>_ \´V›]B º√VÏ
1776 A´Õ>Ï c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
1779 kV‚ÔV[ \VÂV|
1780á1784 ÷´ı¶VD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ
1781 Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D
1782 ∂ºBV›] ¨ÔDÔ^ skÔV´D
ƒV_Á√ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
1784 \∫ÔjÏ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
∏‚ ÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶D
1786 >ÁÈÁ\ g”ÂÏ ÔV´[kVo¸

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

143

1792 p´∫Ô©√‚¶D c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ

1793 k∫ÔV· WÁÈBV™ WÈkˆ› ]‚¶D
1795 ÔÏ>V© º√VÏ
1798 >ÁÈÁ\ g”ÂÏ \VÏM∫¶[
1799 ÂV[ÔVD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ
1800 s_oBD ºÔV‚Á¶¬ Ô_Ÿˆ
1800á1801 ÿ>[MÕ]B¬ ˛·ÏﬂE
1802 √VÊ[ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
1803á1805 ÷´ı¶VD \´V›]B© º√VÏ
1806 ºkŸÏ¬ ˛·ÏﬂE
1809 ∂tÏ>ƒ´¸ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
1813 ÔDÿ√M √‚¶BD Am©∏¬Ô©√¶_
1814á1816 ÌÏ¬ÔV© º√VÏ
1817á1818 ∏ı¶VˆÔ^ º√VÏ
1817á1819 J[≈VD \´V›]B© º√VÏ
1824á1826 x>_ √ÏtB© º√VÏ
1828 >ÁÈÁ\ g”ÂÏ s_oBD ÿ√ıΩ∫
1829 c¶[Ô‚Á¶ ∞≈_ (ƒ]) >Á¶ÿƒFB©√¶_
1829á1837 >¬ÔÏÔ^ Œa©A
1831 Á\ÛÏ WÏkVÔ›Á>¬ ÔDÿ√M ∞u≈_
1833 ÔDÿ√M √‚¶BD Am©∏¬Ô©√¶_
1835 ÿ\¬ÔVºÈ Ô_s yÏ\V™D
1839á1842 x>_ g©ÔVMB© º√VÏ
1843 EÕm ÁÔ©√u≈©√¶_
1845á1846 x>_ Ê¬˛B© º√VÏ
1848 >ÁÈÁ\ g”ÂÏ ¶_ÿ«VE
1848á1849 ÷´ı¶VD Ê¬˛B© º√VÏ
1852 ÷´ı¶VD √ÏtB© º√VÏ
1853 √D√VF á >VV ÷Ú©A© √VÁ>
ÔDÿ√M √‚¶BD Am©∏¬Ô©√¶_
1854 ƒÏ ƒVÏÈ¸ c‚ Ô_s ∂§¬ÁÔ

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

144

1855 ƒVÕ>V_ ˛·ÏﬂE

1856 ∂ºBV›] ÷Á©A
√_ÔÁÈ¬ ÔwÔfl ƒ‚¶D
1857á1858 ÿ√Ú∫˛·ÏflE
1858 ∏ˆ‚Ωi º√´É s¬º¶VˆBV ∏´Ô¶™D
∏ˆ‚Ωi g‚El[ˇµ ÷Õ]BV
ÁkE´VF ÔÏM∫
1861 ÷Õ]B \[≈∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D
÷Õ]B cBÏ¿]\[≈∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D
1862 cBÏ¿] \[≈∫Ô^ ∂Á\¬Ô©√¶_
ÁkE´VF ®_˜[
1864 kV>V∏Ô^ ˛·ÏflE
ÁkE´VF ¤V[ÈV´[¸
1864á1865 Ø‚¶V[ º√VÏ
1869 ÁkE´VF º\ºBV
1872 ÁkE´VF ÂVÏ›A‘¬
1873 EDÈV \VÂV|
1874 ¨ÔVÏ √fiƒD
1876 ÁkE´VF o[¶[
∂´ƒV∫Ô© √‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D
1877 ÿ¶_o >Ï√VÏ
1878 ÷´ı¶VD g©ÔVMB© º√VÏ
1880 ÔVÕ>\¬ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
1878 >VFÿ\Va √›]ˆÁÔ ƒ‚¶D
º√VÏ›>·kV¶∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D
1880 ÁkE´VF ˆ©√[
√fiƒ¬ Ôt≠[
1881 ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ ƒ‚¶D
Á\ÛÏ g‚E \[™ˆ¶D Œ©√Á¶¬Ô©√¶_
1882 «[¶Ï Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[
1883 ˛_√Ï‚ \ºƒV>V

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

145

1884 ÁkE´VF ¶©ˆ[

1885 ÷Õ]B º>EB ÔV∫˛´¸ mk¬Ô©√¶_
J[≈VD √ÏtB© º√VÏ
1888 ÁkE´VF ÈV[¸ÿ¶·[
1889 ºk_¸ ÷·k´ƒÏ kÚÁÔ
1891 ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ ƒ‚¶D
1892 ÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D
1893 m´VÕm c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
1894 ÁkE´VF ®_˜[
1895 E›´V_ ˛·ÏflE
1896 \V©∏^Á·Ô^ ˛·ÏflE
1899 ÁkE´VF ÔÏƒV[
1900 √fiƒ¬ Ôt≠[
1904 √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔfl ƒ‚¶D
Ì‚|≈° ƒ∫Ô∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D
1905 k∫ÔV·© ∏ˆsÁ™
ÁkE´VF t[º¶V
1905á1908 ∑º>E ÷B¬ÔD
1906 x¸‹D ‹¬ mk¬Ô©√¶_
1908 ÿƒF]› >V^Ô^ ƒ‚¶D
1909 \VÏoát[º¶V ÊÏ]Ú›>D
1910 ÁkE´VF «VÏΩfi
1911 ÿ¶_o >Ï√VÏ
\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A
1912 >ÁÈÂÔÏ Ô_Ô›>VsoÚÕm ÿ¶_o¬z
\Vu≈©√¶_
÷¸o∫¶[ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[
1913 Ô_s¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ yÏ\V™D
1914á1918 x>_ cÈÔ© º√VÏ
1915 ÷Õ]B √VmÔV©Afl ƒ‚¶D

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

146

1916 ƒV‚ÈÏ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[

ÁkE´VF ÿƒD¸º√VÏ|
È¬º™V c¶[√V|
1919 \V[º¶záÿƒD¸º√VÏ| ÊÏ]Ú›>D
1920 ˛ÈV√› ÷B¬ÔD
Œ›mÁwBVÁ\ ÷B¬ÔD
1921 ÁkE´VF ZΩ∫
ºk_¸ ÷·k´ƒÏ kÚÁÔ A≈¬ÔË©A
\V©∏^Á·Ô^ ˛·ÏﬂE
\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A
1923 ∑BV‚E¬ Ô‚E
‹ Ôt≠[
ÔV©A kˆ¬ ÔwÔD
1926 ÁkE´VF ÷Ïs[
1927 ÷Õ]B Ô©√u√Á¶ ƒ‚¶D
1928 º\V]ÈV_ ºÂÚ ∂§¬ÁÔ
1929 ƒ‚¶ \Æ©A ÷B¬ÔD
ƒVÏ>V ƒ‚¶D á «VÏº¶V¬ Ô_s¬zø
∂§¬ÁÔ
1930 x>_ k‚¶ º\Áƒ \VÂV|
1931 ÔVÕ] á ÷Ïs[ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
ÁkE´VF s_o∫¶[
÷´ı¶VD k‚¶º\Áƒ \VÂV|
\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A á s‚ºÈ
Ôt≠[ ∂§¬ÁÔ
1932 J[≈Vkm k‚¶º\Áƒ \VÂV|
1933 ÿk^Á· ∂§¬ÁÔ ÿkπl¶©√¶_
1935 ÷Õ]B ∂´ƒV∫Ôﬂ ƒ‚¶D
1936 ÁkE´VF s[o›ºÔV
1937 \VÔV ∑BV‚E
1939 ÷´ı¶VD cÈÔ©º√VÏ mk¬ÔD

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

147

1942 ˛ˆ©¸ #m¬zø

ÿk^Á·Bº™ ÿkπºBÆ ÷B¬ÔD
1943 ÁkE´VF ºkk_
k∫ÔV·© √fiƒD
1944 ´V¤V˜ ]‚¶D
1945 ºkk_ ]‚¶D
EDÈV á \VÂV|
ÿ√Vm› º>Ï>_
1946 Ô¶u√Á¶¬ ˛·ÏflE
∂Á\flƒ´Ák› #m¬zø
ºÂ´Ω Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔ ÂV^
÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ ∂´ƒV∫ÔD
1947 ÁkE´VF \°[‚º√‚¶[
∂‚o ∂§s©A
\°[‚º√‚¶[ ]‚¶D
÷Õ]B s|>ÁÈfl ƒ‚¶D
∏ˆsÁ™ºBV| s|>ÁÈ

55.÷Õ]BVs[ EÈ x¬˛B º√VÏÔ^

˛.x 326 ∂ÿÈ¬vVı¶Ï Á«¶V¸√¸ º√Vˆ_ º√V´¸
\[™Á™› º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
261 Ôo∫Ô©º√VÏ, ∂ºƒVÔÏ, Ôo∫Ô \[™Á™ ÿk[≈VÏ.
˛.∏. 712 xÔ\m ∏[ ÔVED EÕm *m √Á¶ÿB|›>VÏ.
1191 x>_ >Á´[º√VÏ, ∏ˆ›s´VÎ, xÔ\m ºÔVˆÁB
º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1192 ÷´ı¶VD >Á´[ º√VÏ, xÔ\m ºÔVˆ ∏ˆ›s´VÁ¤
º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1194 ƒÕ>ÏkVÏ º√VÏ, xÔ\m ºÔVˆ Ô[º™V˜[
ÿ¤BﬂƒÕ]´Á™ º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1526 x>ÈVD √VM©√‚ º√VÏ. √V√Ï ÷©´VND ºÈVΩÁB
º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

148

1527 Ô[kV º√VÏ. √V√Ï ´VV ƒ∫ÔVÁk º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.

1539 ÿƒ·ƒV º√VÏ. ÿ≠Ï≠V Ûˆ ⁄\VRÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1540 Ô[º™VÎ/∏_˛´VD º√VÏ. ÿ≠Ï≠V Ûˆ ⁄\V
RÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1556 ÷´ı¶VD √VM©√‚ º√VÏ. ∂¬√ˆ[ ∏´]W]BVÔ
Á√´DÔV[ ÿ«xÁk› º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1565 >ÁÈ¬ºÔV‚Á¶ º√VÏ. s¤BÂÔ´© º√´´∑¬zD,
>¬ÔV ∑_>V[Ô”¬zD (∂«\m ÂÔÏ, ¨ÔVÏ,
∏¤©ØÏ, ºÔV_ÿÔVı¶V, ∏¶VÏ) ÷Á¶ºB ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m.
s¤BÂÔ´ ƒVD´VÎBD xΩ°u≈m.
1576 «V_ΩÔVΩ º√VÏ. ∂¬√Ï \ÔV´VV ∏´>V© E∫ÁÔ
º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1615 º\kVÏ º√VÏ. º\kVÏ ÿ\VÔÈVBÏ kƒD
Œ©√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m. ¤«V∫ˇÏ \uÆD º\kVˆ[ ´VV
ÁÔÿBø›>V™m.
1658 >VÏ\› \uÆD ƒxÔÏ º√VÏ, ¡´∫ÔÊ© >V´V
∑¬ºÔVÁk º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1665 ´V¤V ÿ¤FE∫ EkV˜ÁB º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ. A´Õ>Ï
Œ©√Õ>D ÁÔÿBø›>V™m.
1708 ºÔ‚ º√VÏ. ƒVz >V´V√VÁB º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1737 º√V√V_ º√VÏ. √V˜´VÀ xÔ\m≠VÁk
º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1739 ÔÏ™_ º√VÏ ÂVyÏ≠V. xÔ\mÁk º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
11757 ∏·VE© º√VÏ. ´V√Ï‚ ˛Á·À >ÁÈÁ\l_ g∫˛È©
√Á¶Ô^ k∫ÔV· ÂkV©E´VÎ c›ÿ>·ÈVÁk º>VuÔΩ›>™.
1760 kÕ>kVE© º√VÏ. g∫˛È©√Á¶ ∏ÿ´ﬁ∑© √Á¶ÁB›
º>VuÔΩ›>m.
1764 √¬ƒÏ º√VÏ, g∫˛È©√Á¶ k∫ÔV· ÂkV© *Ï ÔVED,
∂kV› ÂkV© c›ÿ>·ÈV, ÿ\VÔÈVB º√´´ƒÏ ≠V gÈD

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149

1770 c>B˛ˆ º√VÏ. \´V›]BÏÔ^ W¤VÁ\ º>VuÔΩ›>™Ï.

1766á69 x>_ g∫˛ºÈVá\´V›>V º√VÏ, g∫˛ºÈBÏÔ^
º>VuÔΩ›>™Ï.
1780á84 ÷´ı¶Vkm g∫˛ºÈBÏáÁ\ÛÏ º√VÏ. Á«>Ï
∂o º√Vˆ[ º√Vm (1782) ÿÔV_È©√‚¶VÏ. º√VÏ ∏[™Ï
∂k´m \Ô[ ]©A ∑_>V™V_ Â¶›>©√‚¶m. ÷©º√VÏ
\∫ÔjÏ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ•¶[ xΩ°¬z kÕ>m (1784).
1789á92 J[≈VD g∫˛ºÈVáÁ\ÛÏ º√VÏ. ]©A∑_>V[
º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. p´∫Ô©√‚Ω™ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ ∞u√‚¶m.
1799 ÂV[ÔVD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ. ]©A∑_>V[ ÿÔV_È©√‚¶VÏ.
1803á06 ÷´ı¶VD g∫˛È \´V›>V º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi √Á¶Ô^
\´V›]BÏÔÁ· º>VuÔΩ›>m.
1817á19 J[≈VD g∫˛ºÈV \´V›]B© º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi
√Á¶Ô^ \´V›]BÏÔÁ· º>VuÔΩ›>m.
1824á26 x>ÈVD g∫˛È √ÏtB© º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi √Á¶Ô^
√ÏtBÏÔÁ· º>VuÔΩ›>m.
1839á42 x>ÈVD g∫˛È g©ÔVMB º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi
√Á¶Ô^ g©ÔVMB ∂´ƒ[ º>Viy xÔ\mÁk º>VuÔΩ›>m.
1845á46 x>ÈVD g∫˛ºÈB Ê¬˛B© º√VÏ. Ê¬˛BÏÔ^
º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï. ∂›m¶[ √ﬁƒV© ∏ˆ‚œi
ƒVD´VÎB›m¶[ ÷Á¬Ô©√‚¶m.
1852 ÷´ı¶VD g∫˛ºÈV √ÏtB© º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi √Á¶Ô^
ÿku§ ÿ√u≈™.
1865 J[≈VD g∫˛ºÈV √ÏtB©º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚¶[ ÿku§
ÿ√u≈m. ÿ>V¶ÏÕm √Ï\VÁk ÷Á›>m.
1868á80 ÷´ı¶VD g∫˛ºÈV g©Ô[ º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi
√Á¶Ô”¬z √È›> ∏[™Á¶°.

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150
56.√w∫ÔVÈ ÷Õ]BV
1. cÚk ka√V| g´D∏›> ÔVÈD á EÕm ƒ\ÿkπ ÔVÈD.
2. EÕmƒ\ÿkπ ÂVÔZÔD √u§ ∂§B c>°√Ák á
∂ÔµkV´VFﬂE ƒV[ÆÔ^.
3. ˆ¬ºk>›]_ ∂]ÔD z§©∏¶©√|D Ô¶°^ á ÷Õ]´[.
4. ÂVÈÕ>V √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ›Á> º>VuÆs›>kÏ á x>ÈVD
z\V´ z©>Ï.
5. ÿkıÔÈ Â¶´V¤Ï EÁÈ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ÔVÈÔ‚¶D á
ºƒVwÏ ÔVÈD.
6. ÷´V¤˛ÚÔD ®[–D A]B ÂÔÁ´ cÚkV¬˛BkÏ á
∏D∏ƒV´Ï.
7. ÷´ViΩ´Ì¶ÏÔπ[ >ÁÈÂÔ´D á \VMB WºÔ>D.
8. c√W¶>∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ á 108.
9. ÷´ı¶Vkm ƒ\ ƒ\B¬Ì‚¶›m¬z >ÁÈÁ\
>V∫˛BkÏ á º>k›] ºƒ\ ƒÏ\™V.
10. cÈÔD cÚıÁ¶ kΩk\V™m ®™ x>o_ Ì§B
÷Õ]BÏ á kVÔ√‚¶Ï.

57.÷Õ]BV : mk¬Ô ÔVÈD

1. ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ ƒVD´VÎBD á \Ô> ƒVD´VÎBD.
2. g≈VD ±u≈VıΩ_ WÈsoÚÕ> \ÔV¤™√>∫Ô^ á
√]™VÆ.
3. ƒÕ]´z©>™V_ º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶ ∂ÿÈ¬ƒVı¶ˆ[
>·√] á ÿƒ_R¬Ô_ WºÔV¶Ï.
4. º>k™VD√ˆB ®[–D ÿ√Bˆ_ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶ \[™Ï á
∂ºƒVÔÏ.
5. ÿÔ·Ω_Bˆ[ ∂Ï›>ƒV¸]´›Á> g∫˛È›]_
ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›>kÏ á EBV\V

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151
7. z©> ÔVÈ›]_ kVµÕ]ÚÕ> g•Ïºk> gﬂƒVˆBÏ á
>[kÕ]ˆ.
8. ÷Õ]BVs_ x>[x>ÈVÔ >∫Ô ÂVB∫ÔÁ·
∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏÔ^ á ÷Õº>V ˛º´¬ÔÏ.
9. «Ï≠Ï ®ø]B x¬˛B ±_Ô^ : ∏ˆB>ÏEÔV, ´›™Vko,
ÂVÔVÕ>D.
10. Ê™©√BË •kV[ ∑kV∫ ÷Õ]BV s¤BD ÿƒF>
ÔVÈÔ‚¶D á «Ï≠Ï ÔVÈÔ‚¶D.

58.÷Õ]BV : ÷Á¶¬ÔVÈD
1. ´ViΩ´Ì¶ ƒVD´VÎB›Á> cÚkV¬˛BkÏ á >Õ] ±_Ô^.
2. ƒV”¬˛BÏÔπ[ >ÁÈÂÔ´D á kV>V∏.
3. √_ÈkÏ ÔVÈ Ek™ΩBVÏÔ^ á ∂©√Ï, ∑Õ>´Ï.
4. ƒV>kVÔ™ kDƒ›Á> WÆsBkÏ á ExÔ[.
5. ˛Úi º>k´VBˆ[ ∂Á\ﬂƒ´Ák ∂i¶]¬Ô¤∫Ô^.
6. EkV˜l[ g[tÔ zÚ á ´VD>V¸.
7. ÷Õ]BVÁk >V¬˛B x>_ ∂[MB √Á¶ÿB|©√V·Ï á
\ÔV ∂ÿÈ¬ƒVı¶Ï.
8. xÔ\m Ô˜l[ x>_ ÷Õ]B© √Á¶ÿB|©A á ˛.∏. 1000.
9. Œ[≈VD >Á´[ º√Vˆ_ xÔ\m ºÔVˆÁB º>VuÔΩ›>kÏ
á ∏Ú›s´VÎ ÿƒ·ÔV[.
10. ÷Õ]BVs_ x¸‹D g‚E¬z kakz›> º√VÏ á
÷´ı¶VD >Á´[ º√VÏ.

59.∂ΩÁ\, m¬·¬ kDƒ∫Ô^

1. ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ x¸‹D ´V¤kDƒD ∂ΩÁ\ kDƒD.
2. ∂ΩÁ\ kDƒ›Á> WÆsBkÏ á z›Ay[ n√¬.
3. √V´ÊÔ √ıΩÁÔBV™ ÿÂ·º´VÁƒ ÷Õ]BVs_
∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏ á √V_√[.
4. ÂVB∫Ôπ_ >[Á™ ÷´ı¶VD ∂ÿÈ¬ƒVı¶Ï ®[Æ
ÿ√V§›m¬ ÿÔVı¶ ˛_˜l[ >·√] á ∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
152
5. ÿ>[MÕ]BVÁk g¬˛´t›> ∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜l[
>·√] á \Vo¬ÔVØÏ.
6. ∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜ ∂Á\ﬂƒ´Ák ÔsQÏ á ∂*Ï z¸Ú.
7. xÔ\m ∏[ m¬·¬˛[ ÷Buÿ√BÏ á h™V ÔV[.
8. ÷´Vbk T´ÏÔ”¬z ∂[√π©√VÔ WÈ›Á> √‚¶V
º√V‚|¬ ÿÔV|¬zD xÁ≈ÁB› ÿ>V¶∫˛ Ák›> \[™Ï
á ‡∏º´V¸ ≠V m¬·¬.
9. √VtM kDƒD cÚkVÔ¬ ÔV´\VÔ ÷ÚÕ> ÔÈÔD á
>¬ÔV ÔÈÔD.
10. ]_oÁB gı¶ ÔÁ¶E ∑_>V[ kDƒD á ºÔVÈΩ kDƒD.

60.ÿ\VÔÈVBÏ
1. ÿ\VÔÈVB ´V¤kDƒD g‚E ÿƒF> ÔVÈ Ô‚¶D á
1526á1857.
2. √V√ˆ[ xø©ÿ√BÏ á v˛Ú›y[ xÔ\m √V√Ï.
3. ÷Õ]BV *m √Á¶ÿB|¬Ô √V√Ú¬z ∂Áw©A
s|›>kÏÔ^ á gÈDÔV[, ÿ>·›ÔV[.
4. ¯\VRM[ kVµ¬ÁÔ k´ÈVÆ á ¯\VR[ ÂV\V.
5. z¤´V›Á> ÿk[≈>[ WÁ™kVÔ ∂¬√Ï Ô‚ΩB
WÁ™s¶D á AÈÕ› >ÏkVvV.
6. y[ ÷ÈVN ®[√>[ ÿ√VÚ^ á Ô¶°π[ \>D.
7. ∂¬√ˆ[ ∂ÁkÁB ∂È∫Ôˆ›> ÷Áƒ¬ ÔÁÈQÏ á
>V[ºƒ[.
8. ¤«V∫ˇÏ ÔVÈ›]_ ÷Õ]BVs_ ∂≈xÔ©√|›>©√‚¶
º√VÁ>©ÿ√VÚ^ á AÁÔlÁÈ .
9. ¡´∫ÔÊ©A¶[ º\V]B \´V‚ΩB \[™Ï á EkV˜.
10. ÿ\VÔÈVBÏÔπ[ ∂´ƒÁk ÿ\Va á √V´ÊÔD.

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k´ÈVÆ - II
61.>twÔ k´ÈVÆ
÷È¬˛BD, Ô_ÿk‚|Ô^, ÂVB∫Ô^ \uÆD
AÁ>ÿ√VÚ^ ƒV[ÆÔ^ ∂B_ÂV‚¶kˆ[ √B¬z§©AÔ^
º√V[≈Ák √ıÁ¶› >twÔ k´ÈVuÁ≈ ∂§B c>°D x¬˛B
g>V´∫Ô^.
1.ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD, ®‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ ±_Ô^, √›m©√V‚|
±_Ô^, nDÿ√Ú∫ÔV©∏B∫Ô^ ... º√V[≈Ák √wÕ>tµ
k´ÈVuÁ≈ ∂§B›>ÚD x¬˛B ÷È¬Ô, ÷È¬˛B∫Ô^.
2.ÿ\Ô¸>ÃL[ ÷ıΩÔV, >VÈtl[ cÈÔ kÁ´√¶D,
Ê™©√BË •kV[ ∑kV∫˛[ EáRá˛ º√V[≈Ák >twÔ
k´ÈVuÁ≈ ®|>m¬ÔV‚|D x¬˛B ∂B_ÂV‚¶kÏ z§©AÔ^.
3.ƒ∫Ô ÔVÈ \[™ÏÔ^ ºƒ´, ºƒVw, √VıΩB \´Á√fl
ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔπ_ ºƒ´[ ÿƒ∫z‚|k[, ÔˆÔV_ ºƒVw[,
gˆB© √Á¶ Ô¶Õ> ÿÂ|fiÿƒaB[, >ÁÈBV™∫ÔV™›m
ÿƒÚÿk[≈ ÿÂ|fiÿƒaB[ g˛ºBVÏ z§©∏¶›>¬ÔkÏÔ^.
ÔVsˆ gu§[ zÆ¬ºÔ ÔˆÔVÈ[ Ô‚ΩB Ô_ÈÁ √Vƒ™
skƒVB›Á>© ∏[√u§B ƒx>VB›Á> c^·¶¬˛B>VÔ ºƒVw
∂´∑ ÿƒB_√‚¶Á> cÏ›m˛≈m. ºƒVwˆ[ >ÁÈÂÔÏ cÁ≈RÏ.
4.ºƒ´[ ÿƒ∫z‚|k[ kfiEÁB› >ÁÈÂÔ´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı|
∑\VÏ 50 gı|Ô”¬z º\_ g‚E ÿƒF>kÏ.
5.ºƒ´ á ºƒVw©√Á¶ÔÁ· >ÁÈBVÈ∫ÔV™D (>fiƒV∆Ï
\Vk‚¶D) ∂Ú˛_ º>VuÔΩ›>>V_ √VıΩB[ ÿÂ|fiÿƒaB[
>ÁÈBVÈ∫ÔV™›mfl ÿƒÚÿk[≈ √VıΩB[ ®™°D
∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶V[. >ÁÈÂÔÏ \mÁ´.
6.√Vˆ, ÔVˆ, {ˆ, Â_o, º√Ô[, gF, ∂]B\V[
º√V[º≈VÏ ƒ∫Ô ÔVÈ zÆWÈ \[™ÏÔ^.
7.ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ›]_ ∏´V\Ï, ≥›]ˆBÏ, kËÔÏ, ºk·V·Ï
®[Æ ÂV[z kÁÔ kÚ∫Ô^ ÷ÚÕ>>VÔ ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD
ÿ>ˆs¬˛≈m.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
154
8.xE§, ÿ>VıΩ, ØDAÔVÏ, ÿÔVuÁÔ x¬˛B
mÁ≈xÔ∫Ô^.

62.Ô·©∏´Ï ÔVÈD
ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ JºkÕ>ÏÔπ[ TµﬂE¬z© ∏[∑\VÏ 300
gı|Ô”¬ÔV™ k´ÈVÆ ÿ>πkVÔ ÷_ÁÈ. ÷¬ÔVÈ›Á>
Ô·©∏´Ï ÔVÈD ®[ÆD, ÷Úı¶ ÔVÈD ®[ÆD, ∂§QÏÔ^
kÚË¬˛[≈™Ï.

63.√_ÈkÏ ÔVÈD
ÿ>VıÁ¶ \ı¶È›][ ÔVﬁÊA´›Á>› >ÁÈÂÔ´VÔ¬
ÿÔVı| gı¶kÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔπ_ ∏´V˛Ú> ÿ\Val_
ƒVƒ™∫Ô^ ÿkπl‚¶kÏÔ^. ƒ\¸˛Ú> ÿ\Val[ ƒVƒ™∫ÔÁ·
ÿkπl‚¶kÏÔ^ ®™ ÷´ı| ∏ˆs™ÏÔπÚÕ>™Ï. Ek
¸ÔÕ>kÏ\–D, s¤B ¸ÔÕ>kÏ\–D ∏´V˛Ú> ÿ\Va© ∏ˆÁkﬂ
ºƒÏÕ> AÔµÿ√u≈ \[™ÏÔ^.
ƒ\¸˛Ú> ÿ\Val_ ƒVƒ™D ÿkπl‚¶kÏÔπ_
(ÂV[ÔVD ±u≈VıΩ[ ∏u√z]) z§©∏¶›>¬ÔkÏ sib
z©>[.

64.x>ÈVD \ºÔÕ]´kÏ\[ (˛.∏. 600 á 630)

E›]´ÔV´©Ao, sE›]´ E›>[ ®[–D √‚¶© ÿ√BÏÔπ_
∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶ AÔµÿ√u≈ √_Èk \[™[. ƒV”¬˛B \[™[
÷´ı¶VD AoºÔEl¶D º>Vu≈kÏ. ∂©√ˆ[ ÿƒ_kV¬ÔV_ ƒ\
\>›Á>› m≈Õm Áƒk \>›Á>› >øsB \ºÔÕ]´kÏ\[,
k_ÈD, >Èk˚Ï g˛B ÷¶∫Ôπ_ zÁ¶kÁ´¬ ºÔVl_Ô^
®ø©∏™VÏ. \›>sÈVƒ© ∏´ÔVƒ™D ÷kÏ ®ø]B AÔµ t¬Ô ±_.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
155
65.Â´ED\kÏ\[ (˛.∏. 630 á 668)
\ºÔÕ]´ kÏ\M[ \Ô[. ƒV”¬˛B ÂV‚Ω[ *m
√Á¶ÿB|›m ÷´ı¶VD AoºÔEÁB› º>VuÔΩ›>>V_ kV>V∏
ÿÔVı¶V[ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. \ÔV√oA´›Á>
cÚkV¬˛BkÏ. ÷k´m ÔVÈ›]_ Ê™© √BË •kV[ ∑kV∫ (˛.∏.
640) ÔVﬁEA´D kÕ>VÏ.

√_ÈkÏÔVÈD ÷Õm ƒ\B \Æ\ÈÏﬂE ÔVÈD ®™ÈVD.

Áƒk ÂVB[\VÚD, Ákk gµkVÏÔ”D √¬]
÷B¬Ô∫ÔÁ·•D, ÷È¬˛B∫ÔÁ·•D ÷¬ÔVÈ›]_ √Á¶›>™Ï.

66.∏uÔVÈ© √VıΩBÏ (˛.∏.550 á950)

ºk^s¬zΩ ÿƒ©º√|Ôπ[ √Ω √VıΩB kDƒ›][
(x>ÈVD √VıΩBÏ) x>_ \[™Ï Ô|∫ºÔV[ √VıΩB[.
÷kÁ´B|›m g‚E¬z kÕ>kÏÔ^ : \V≈kÏ\[ ∂kM
Û·V\Ë, ºƒÕ>[ ÿƒaB[, ∂ˆºÔƒˆ (Ì[ √VıΩB[),
√´V∫zƒ[, \V≈kÏ\[ ´V¤ED\[ á 1 \uÆD √´VÕ>Ô
ÿÂ|ﬁÿƒaB[.
÷kÏÔÁ·B|›m ∂ˆBÁ ∞§B p\V≈ pk_È√[
(815 á 862) ÿ>^·VuÆ© º√Vˆ_ J[≈VD ÂÕ]kÏ\ √_Èk™V_
º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ.
˛.∏.880á÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ ]Ú©A≈D∏BD º√VÁ´B|›m
√VıΩB ∂´∑ TµﬂEBÁ¶Õ>m.

67.∏uÔVÈﬂ ºƒVwÏ (˛.∏.850 á 1279)

cÁ≈RÏ ºƒVw[ s¤BVÈM[ kVˆƒV™ x>ÈVD
g]›>[ (871 á 907) ]Ú©A≈D∏B›]_ Â¶Õ> º√Vˆ_ √_Èk
\[™[ ∂√´V˜>Á™› º>VuÔΩ›m ºƒVw© º√´´Áƒ
koÁ\√|›]™V[.
÷k´m \Ô[ x>ÈVD √´VÕ>Ôﬂ ºƒVw[, \mÁ´
ÿÔVı¶V[, ~wD ÿÔVı¶V[ ®[Æ E≈©∏¬Ô©√‚¶kÏ.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
156
ºƒVwÏÔVÈ ª´V‚E WÏkVÔD √u§ √´VÕ>Ôﬂ ºƒVwM[
c›]´º\‘Ï Ô_ÿk‚|¬ z§©AÔ^ sˆkVÔ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈™.
E>D√´D Â¶´V¤Ï ºÔVsK¬z ÿ√V[ÌÁ´ ºkFÕ>kÏ.

68.x>ÈVD ÷´V¤ ´V¤ ºƒVw[ (˛.∏.985 á 1012)

∑Õ>´ ºƒVw[ á kV™k[ \ÔVº>s >D√]l™ˆ[
A>_k[. ÔVÕ>jÏ ƒVÁÈl_ ºƒ´ \[™M[ Ô©√u√Á¶ÁB
∂a›>m. ÷È∫ÁÔ, \VÈ›y° º√V[≈ Ô¶_ Ô¶Õ> ÂV|ÔÁ·
ÿk[≈m. √VıΩB ÂV‚Ω_ ºƒVwÏ g]¬Ô›Á> kKkVÔ
WÁÈWÆ›]Bm º√V[≈Ák ÷k´m z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ÿku§Ô^.

xDxΩﬂ ºƒVw[, ∂Úıÿ\VakÏ\[, ´V¤ºÔƒˆ,

ÔVÕ>jÏﬂƒVÁÈ ÔÈ\Æ›>kÏ ®[Æ √_ºkÆ √‚¶©ÿ√BÏÔ·V_
E≈©∏¬Ô©√‚¶kÏ. ]ÚkVÈV∫ÔV‚| ÿƒ©A© √‚¶B∫Ô^ ÷k´m
g‚EÁB© √u§ ÿ>ˆs¬˛[≈™. ˛´V\ WÏkVÔ›m¬ÔVÔ
z¶ºkVÁÈ xÁ≈ º>Ï>_, WÈ ∂·T| º√V[≈Ák ÷k´m
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ƒV>Á™Ô^. >ﬁÁƒ© ÿ√Ú°Á¶BVÏ ºÔVsÁÈ¬
Ô‚ΩBkÏ (ÿ√ˆBºÔVs_).

69.÷´Vº¤Õ]´ºƒVw[ (1012 á 1044)

xΩÿÔVı¶V[, Ô∫ÁÔÿÔVı¶V[, Ô¶V´D ÿÔVı¶V[
º√V[≈Ák ÷´Vº¤Õ]´ºƒVw[ ÛΩ¬ ÿÔVı¶ EÈ √‚¶∫Ô^.
>ÁÈÂÔÁ´ >fiƒV∆ôÚÕm Ô∫ÁÔ ÿÔVı¶
ºƒVwA´›m¬z \Vu§™V[. ºƒVw Ô∫ÔD ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√‚¶
\Vÿ√ÚD ∞ˆÁB¬ Ô‚Ω™VÏ.
÷kÚ¬z© ∏[ x>ÈVD ÷´V¤V] ´V¤[, ÷´ı¶VD
÷´Vº¤Õ]´[, x>ÈVD T´ ÷´Vº¤Õ]´[ º√V[º≈VÏ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
ŒÚkÏ ∏[ ŒÚk´VÔ ˛.∏. 1067 kÁ´ ∂´ƒVı¶™Ï.
T´ ÷´Vº¤Õ]´[ \Ô[ g] ÷´Vº¤Õ]´[ g‚EºBV|
s¤BVÈB[ ka kÕ> ºƒVwÏ g‚E xΩ°¬z kÕ>m.
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70.zºÈV›m∫Ôfl ºƒVw[ (˛.∏. 1070 á 1120)
ƒV”¬˛BÏ á ºƒVwÏ ÔÈ©A ktƒ kal_ kÕ> ºƒVwÏ
g‚El[ mk¬ÔD.
Ê™ ∂´ƒÁk¬z #>ÏÔÁ· ∂–©∏BkÏ.
∑∫Ô kˆÁB ¿¬˛B>V_ ∑∫ÔD >sÏ›> ºƒVw[ ®™fl
E≈©∏¬Ô©√|˛≈VÏ. zºÈV›m∫Ôfl ºƒVw[ ∏^Á·› >tµ,
s¬˛´\fl ºƒVw[ cÈV ÷k´m ÿ√ÚÁ\ÔÁ· ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈™.

71.∏uÔVÈ© √VıΩBÏ (˛.∏. 1190 á 1310)

√VıΩB[ ƒÁ¶BkÏ\[ p k_È√[, 1090á_ √VıΩBÏ
g‚EÁB WÆs™VÏ. ÷kÁ´B|›m g‚E¬z kÕ>kÏÔ^
ƒÁ¶BkÏ\[ zÈºƒÔ´ √VıΩB[ (1190 á 1218), \V≈kÏ\[
∑Õ>´√VıΩB[ (1216 á 1238), ÷´ı¶VD \V≈kÏ\[
∑Õ>´√VıΩB[ (1238 á 1255), ¤¶VkÏ\[ ∑Õ>´ √VıΩB[
(1251).
÷Æ] \Vÿ√ÚD √VıΩB \[™[ \V≈kÏ\[ x>ÈVD
zÈºƒÔ´ √VıΩB[ (1268 á 1311).
ƒ∫Ô ÔVÈ›]oÚÕm ÿ>V¶ÏﬂEBVÔ >twÔ›Á> gı¶
\[™[ √´D√Á´ √VıΩBÏ √´D√Á´ºB.
ÿkM¸ ÂÔ´© √BË \VÏ¬ºÔV º√VºÈVs[ z§©AÔ^
√VıΩBÏ g‚EÁB©√u§ ÿ>ˆs¬˛[≈™.

72.\mÁ´ ∑_>V[ g‚E

\V≈kÏ\[ zÈºƒÔ´© √VıΩBM[ \Ô[Ô·V™
∑Õ>´√VıΩB–D, T´ √VıΩB–D \Vo¬ÔØˆ[ ÿ>[™Ô©
√Á¶ÿB|©∏[º√Vm kVˆ∑ˆÁ\fl ƒıÁ¶l_ ~|√‚ΩÚÕ>™Ï.
∑Õ>´ √VıΩBº™ >ÕÁ>l[ ∂[∏uzˆBk™VÔ ÷ÚÕ>V[.
T´√VıΩBÁ™› >[ kVˆƒV¬Ô WÁ™›> >ÕÁ>l[ ]‚¶›Á>¬
ºÔ‚| g›]´xu≈ ∑Õ>´ √VıΩB[ >ÕÁ>ÁB¬ ÿÔVÁÈ
ÿƒFms‚|, ∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜l¶D ƒ´Á¶Õ>>VÔ°D, ∑_>V[
∂©º√Vm >¬ÔV© √Á¶ÿB|©∏_ ÷ÚÕ> \Vo¬ÔVØÁ´
∑Õ>´√VıΩB–¬z g>´kVÔ \mÁ´ ÿƒ_K\VÆ
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√Ë›>>VÔ°D ƒ\ÔVÈ gk∫Ô^ ÿ>ˆs¬˛[≈™. \Vo¬
ÔVØˆ[ kÚÁÔÁB¬ ºÔ^s•u≈ T´√VıΩB[ >ÁÈ
\Á≈kV™V[. \mÁ´ kÕ> \Vo¬ÔVØÏ ÿƒV¬ÔÂV>Ï ºÔVsÁÈ
y¬˛Á´BV¬˛ ∂∫˛ÚÕ> ÿƒ_k∫ÔÁ· ∂^πfl ÿƒ[≈V[.
∏[™Ï ÷´Vº\¸k´D kÁ´ ÿƒ[Æ ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›m ]_o
]ÚD∏B (1311) \Vo¬ ÔVØÏ, \mÁ´l_ ŒÚ W´Õ>´ xÔ\]BÏ
√Á¶ÁB s‚|fl ÿƒ[≈V[. ÷mºk \mÁ´l_ ∑_>VMBÏ
g‚E¬z (1310) s›]‚¶m.
1318á÷_ x√V´¬ ˛_˜, z¸ÚÔVÁ™ \mÁ´¬z ∂–©∏
\mÁ´, ]_o ∑_>VMB›][ ŒÚ √z] ®[Æ ∂§s›>VÏ.
˛BV∑y[ m¬·¬˛[ \Ô[ cŸÔV[ √´V¬˛´\
√VıΩBÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›m \mÁ´ ∑_>VMB›Á> sˆ°
√|›]™V[.

73.>twÔ›]_ s¤BÂÔ´© º√´´∑

ÿ>[™Ô›]_ ]_o ∑_>VMB©√Á¶l[
ª|Úk_ÔÁ·› >|¬zD ºÂV¬z¶[ m∫Ô√›]´V Â]¬ÔÁ´l_
cÚkV˛B ∂´ºƒ s¤BÂÔ´ ∂´∑. ÷©º√´É[ g]¬ÔD x>o_
k¶ >twÔ›]_ ƒÕ]´˛ˆÁBfl ∑u§B √z]Ôπ_>V[
∞u√|›>©√‚¶m. ∂>[∏[ ƒDAk´VBM[ guÔV‚|© √z]Ôπ_
WÁÈ ÂV‚¶©√‚¶m.
x>ÈVD A¬Ôˆ[ \Ô–D, ÷´ı¶VD «ˆÔ´M[
ƒºÔV>´–\V™ z\V´ ÔD√ıVs[ √Á¶› >·√]BV™
\∫zº>k[ s¤B ÂÔ´© º√´É[ >twÔ ÿku§Ô”¬z›
>ÁÈÁ\ >V∫˛™VÏ. ƒKk ÂÉD\[ 1485 x>_ ÷©√z]¬z©
ÿ√VÆ©º√uÆ¬ ÿÔVı¶V[.
1378á÷_ s¤BÂÔ´© º√´É[ ÷´ı¶VD A¬ÔÏ
\mÁ´ÁB ÿk[≈VÏ. ÷Á>B|›m \mÁ´ s¤BÂÔ´© º√´É[
g‚El[ ˇµ kÕ>m.
÷ÕWÁÈl_ √VtM ∑_>V[Ô^ \uÆD ∂kÏÔ·m
∂]ÔVˆÔπ[ ∂¶¬zxÁ≈¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔl™V_ √V]¬Ô©√‚|
ÿ>K∫z \Vk‚¶∫Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕm ÿkπºB§B skƒVlÔ”D,
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kËÔÏÔ”D s¤BÂÔ´© √Á¶T´ÏÔ^ mÁ•¶[ >twÔ›]_
zΩºB≈› ÿ>V¶∫˛™Ï.
s¤BÂÔÏ \[™ÏÔπ[ ÂD∏¬ÁÔÁB© ÿ√uÆ g∫ÔV∫z
g‚E© ÿ√VÆ©º√u≈kÏÔ^. ƒÕ>Ï©√D ˛Á¶›> º√Vm >∫Ô^
g]¬Ô›Á> WÁÈ ÂV‚¶ xB[≈™Ï.
ÂVÔ\ ÂVB¬Ô[ s¤BÂÔ´© º√´É[ √VmÔV©∏_ ÷ÚÕ>
√VıΩB ÂV‚Á¶¬ ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›> T´ºƒÔ´ ºƒVw–¬z ®]´VÔ
∂–©√©√‚¶k[. ºƒVwÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›> ÂVÔ\ ÂVB¬Ô[ >™m
ÿƒVÕ> ∂´Áƒ ∂Á\¬Ô› ]‚¶t‚¶V[. g™V_ ∂k™m \Ô[
s∑k ÂV> ÂVB¬Ô[ ∂>uz Œ›mÁw©A Â_Ôs_ÁÈ. >ÕÁ>ÁB
\[™Ï ˛Úi º>k´VBˆ¶D Œ©√Á¶›>V[. ÷flÿƒBK¬ÔVÔ
s∑kÂV>[ \mÁ´ g”Â´VÔ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶V[.

74.ÂVB¬ÔÏÔ^
˛Úi º>k´VBÏ g‚E¬ÔVÈ›]_ >tµÂV| \mÁ´,
ÿƒfiE, >fiƒV∆Ï ®[–D J[Æ √z]Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ>™.
÷ku§[ WÏkVÔD ÂVB¬ÔÏÔ^ ®™©√|D g”ÂÏÔπ¶D
Œ©√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m.
s¤BÂÔ´ \[™ÏÔ·V_ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶ g”ÂÏÔ”D,
>twÔ zÆWÈ \[™ÏÔ”D, √VıΩB \uÆD ]ÚkV∫ÌÏ
∂´ƒÏÔπ[ c>s ÿ√uÆ >∫Ô^ g]¬Ô›Á> WÁÈWÆ›>
xB[≈ º√Vÿ>_ÈVD s¤BÂÔ´© º√´´ƒÏ >twÔ›]uz›
ÿ>V¶ÏÕm √Á¶ÿB|¬Ô ºkıΩlÚÕ>m. ÷mºk s¤BÂÔ´©
º√´É[ TµflE¬z kakz›>m.
]Ú\ÁÈ ÂVB¬ÔÚ¬z ∂|›m ∂k´m J›> \Ô[
˛Úi©√ ÂVB¬ÔÚD, ∂|›m º√´[ T´©√ÂVB¬ÔÚD
√>sºBu≈VÏÔ^.

75.√ıÁ¶B >twÔD
1. ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ› >twÔD ÷Õm ƒ\B›]uz kw∫˛B
÷Á≈ka√V| á xÚÔka√V|.
2. ºƒ´ÏÔπ[ \VÁÈ á √™D Ø\VÁÈ.
3. ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ›]_ ºkπÏÔ^ ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√‚¶kÏÔ^ á
zÆWÈ \[™ÏÔ^.
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4. >tµ¬Ì¶_ ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂÔ´D á \mÁ´.
5. ƒ∫Ô ÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ_ ˛º´¬ÔÏÔ^ ÷ÀkVÆ
∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï á Bk™ÏÔ^.
6. \lK¬z º√VÏÁk ∂π›> k^·_ á º√Ô[.
7. ØDAÔVˆ_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ kËÔD z§›m z§©∏|D ±_ á
√‚Ω™©√VÁÈ.
8. ºƒ´ \´Á√© √u§ ÌÆD ±_ á √]uÆ©√›m.
9. ºƒVwÏÔπ[ ˛´V\ WÏkVÔD √u§ z§©∏|D Ô_ÿk‚| á
c›]´º\‘Ï Ô_ÿk‚|.
10. ÿÔV_o\ÁÈ©√z]ÁB gı¶ \[™[ á {ˆ.
76.>twÔ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^
1. ÿ>[MÕ]BVs[ ÔVE á ÷´Vº\¸k´D.
2. ˛w¬˛[ Ω´VF ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D >twÔ ÂÔ´D á
ÿƒfiE¬ºÔV‚Á¶.
3. ÷BuÁÔ ´©√Ï cu√›] ÿƒF•D Œº´ \Vk‚¶D á
Ô[MBVz\ˆ.
4. ÔVÕ]BΩÔ·V_ Ô>Ï >ÁÈÂÔ´D ®[Æ E≈©∏¬Ô©√‚¶
ÂÔ´D á ]Ú©ØÏ.
5. ÷Õ]BVs[ ÷´ı¶Vkm ÿ√ˆB c©A cu√›] Á\BD á
#›m¬zΩ.
6. ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BV°¶[ ÷ÁÕ> x>_ ƒ\¸>V™D
Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶.
7. ÿ>[MÕ]B g¬¸º√VÏ| ®™fl E≈©∏¬Ô©√|km á
]ÚÿÂ_ºko \Vk‚¶D.
8. >twÔ ∂É[ ∂]ÔV´ØÏk x›]Á´ á ps_o©A›#Ï
gı¶V^ ºÔVs_ ºÔVA´D.
9. ÿk§ ÂVF¬ÔΩ¬ÔV™ \ÚÕm >BVˆ¬zD √V¸¶Ï
÷[¸ΩR‚ g© ÷Õ]BV ∂Á\Õm^· ÷¶D á ¿È˛ˆ.
10. ÷Õ]B WR‚ˆº™V gF° Á\BD ∂Á\Õm^· ÷¶D á
º>M \Vk‚¶D º\Ô \ÁÈ.

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xÁ™kÏ.A.∂x>V
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ
ÿ√Vm WÏkVÔ mÁ≈
∂ıV g>Ïi Ô_Ÿˆ, ∂ıVÂÔÏ, ÿƒ[Á™-40
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D
1. ÿ√VÚπB_ ®[√m \M> sÚ©√∫ÔÁ· √u§•D, ∂Ák WÁ≈°
ÿƒFB©√|D √u§•D g´V•D ŒÚ ƒJÔ ∂§sB_ gzD.
2. ∂´∑ ŒÚ ƒx>VB›]uz ∂]Ô ÂÈD ˛Á¶¬Ôfl ÿƒFB ºkı|D.
∂Ák ∂ÉB_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®™©√|D.
3. ÿ√VÚπB_ ŒÚ sÁÈ› yÏ\V™D √u§B ∂§sB_, ÂT™
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ŒÚ √sB_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D. sÁÈÔ^ √\VÔfl
ÿƒK›>©√|˛[≈™.
4. ÿ√VÚπBo[ ÷È¬Ô›Á> kÁ´BÆ›>kÏ / ÿ√VÚπB_
ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ·•D xÁ≈BVÔ ŒÚ∫˛Á›>kÏ / ∂ÉB_
ÿ√VÚπBo[ >ÕÁ> ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶kÏ á g¶D ¸t›.
5. ÿƒ_k›Á> ∂Á¶k]KD, ∂>Á™ √B[√|›mk]KD ∞u√|D
∏´flƒÁÔ^ √u§ ∂§kº> ÿ√VÚπB_ ®[≈kÏ á g¶D ¸t›.
6. ÂV|Ôπ[ ÿƒ_kD (An Enquiry into the nature and causes of wealth of
Nations) ®[≈ A›>Ô›Á> g>D ¸t› ®ø]•^·VÏ.
7. g_‡∏´| \VÏ≠_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ºÔV‚√V|Ô^ ®[≈ ±o_ ∂kÏ
\M>–Á¶B kVµ¬ÁÔl[ ∂[≈V¶ Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔÁ·© √u§
ÿ√VÚπB_ g´VFÕm ÌÆ˛≈m ®[√Á> kÁ´BÆ›>VÏ.
8. g_‡∏´| \VÏ≠o[ ÂÈ ÷È¬ÔD (Weltare Economics)
E≈Õ>>VÔ s·∫˛Bm.
9. g_‡∏´| ÿƒ_k›Á>© √u§ \‚|º\ g´VF˛≈m ®[√Á>
∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·s_ÁÈ. ÿƒ_k›Á>© √u§ g´VFkÁ>s¶
\M>Á™© √u§ g´VFkº> ÷[§BÁ\BV>m ®[≈ ÔÚ›Á>
x>[Á\©√|›]™VÏ.
10. ÂT™ ÿ√VÚπB_ ÷È¬ÔD / ˛Á¶©√ÚÁ\ / √u≈V¬zÁ≈
÷È¬ÔD ®[√m ÷ÈB™¸ ÷´V∏[ƒ[.
11. ÷ÈB[¸ ÷´V∏[ƒ[ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂§sBo[ ÷B_AD ∂>[
E≈©AD √u§B ŒÚ Ô‚|Á´ÁB >\m ±o_ ÷È¬Ô\VÔ
>Õm^·VÏ.
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12. ÷ÈB[¸ ÷´V∏[ƒM[ ÿ√VÚπB_ EÕ>Á™BV™m
sÚ©√∫Ôº·V|D, ˛Á¶©√ÚÁ\•^·, \Vu≈ kaÔπ_
√B[√¶›>¬Ô ƒV>™∫Ôº·V|D ÿ>V¶ÏA^· \M> Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔ
ÔÁ·© √u§
13.ƒVxºk_ƒM[ ÷È¬ÔD ®[√m ÂT™ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ÷È¬ÔD
gzD.
14. \VuÆ© √B[√V|Á¶B √u≈V¬zÁ≈BV™ k·∫ÔÁ·©
√B[√|›] ƒx>VBD ®ÀkVÆ º>ÏÕÿ>|¬˛≈m ®[√m √u§•D,
√ı¶∫ÔÁ·•D √ËÔÁ·•D >uÔVÈ, ®]ÏÔVÈ OÔÏ°¬ÔVÔ
®ÀkVÆ cu√›] ÿƒF˛[≈m ®[√m √u§•D √lKD ŒÚ ƒJÔ
∂§sBºÈ ÿ√VÚπBÈVzD.
15. ÿ√VÚπBo_ 4 ∏ˆ°Ô^ cı|. ∂Ák 1.OÔÏ°, 2.cu√›],
3. √ˆ\Vu≈D 4. √˛Ï°.
16. ÂT™ ÔVÈ›]_ ÿ√VÚπB_ ∂§QÏÔ^ ÿ√VmW] ®[≈ A]B
∏ˆÁk•D ºƒÏ›m^·™Ï. ÷ÁkÔ^ Œ[º≈V| Œ[Æ
ƒVÏÕm^·™.
17. \M> sÚ©√∫ÔÁ· WÁ≈° ÿƒFkm OÔÏ° (Comsumptiion)
®™©√|D.
18. ÿƒ_k›Á> cÚkV¬z>_ ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^√|D ÷m √B[√V‚Ω[
g¬ÔD ®[ÆD ÿ√VÚ^√|D. √B[√V| ®[m sÚ©√›Á> WÁ≈°
ÿƒF•D √ı¶›][ gu≈_ gzD. ÷ÁkºB cu√›]
(Production)
19. √B[√V| J[Æ kÁÔ©√|D ∂Ák kΩk √B[√V| (Form utility)
÷¶©√B[√V| (Place Utility) ÔVÈ©√B[√V| (Time Utility).
20.√ˆ\Vu≈D (Exchange) √ı¶∫Ô^ \u≈ √ı¶∫Ô”¬ÔVÔºkV
∂_Èm √›]uÔVºkV \Vu§¬ ÿÔV^·©√|˛[≈™. √ı¶\VuÆ
xÁ≈l_ √ı¶∫Ô^ √ı¶∫Ô”¬ÔVÔ √ˆ\Vu§¬
ÿÔV^·©√|˛[≈™.
21.√˛Ï° (Distribution) ®[√m WÈD, cÁw©A, JÈ>™D,
ÿ>Va_xÁ™° g˛B cu√›] ÔV´ËÔÁ·© √B[√|›]
ÿƒ_kD cu√›] ÿƒFB©√|˛≈m. ÂV[z cu√›] ÔV´ËÔ”D
ÿkÀºkÆ √ËÔÁ· º\uÿÔV^k>V_ ∂ku§uz ÔV´Ë ª]BD
kw∫Ô©√|˛≈m.
22.ÿƒ_k\V™m ÔV´ËÔ”¬zˆB ª]B\V™ kV´D, Ìo, k‚Ω,
÷ÈV√D g˛Bku§uz© √˛ÏÕ>π¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
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23.ÿ√VmW] ®[√m ∂É[ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´© √ËÔÁ·© √u§Bm
(∂É[ k´°áÿƒÈ° gzD) kˆs]©A, ÿ√VmflÿƒÈ°,
ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[ º√V[≈kuÁ≈ c^·¶¬˛Bm.
24.√T¬ÔD (Inflation) ®[√m ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ sÁÈ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
cBÏÕm ÿÔVıº¶ º√Vkm>V[ √T¬ÔD ®[Æ
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ( ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ cu√›]ÁB s¶ √
∂·° ºkÔ\VÔ cBÚº\BV™V_ ∂∫z √T¬ÔD ∞u√|D)
25. ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ ( Reserve Bank of India )
√›Á> ∂flE‚| ÿkπl|kÁ>ºBV ∂_Èm k∫˛Ô^
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD Ô¶[ ∂·Ák¬ Ô‚|©√|›>V\_ ÷ÚÕ>VºÈV.
√©Aw¬ÔD ÿ√VÚ^ cu√›]ÁB s¶ ºkÔ\VÔ cBÏÕm
√T¬ÔD ∞u√|D.
26.ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ÿ√VÚ^ cu√›] ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ºkÔ\VÔ cBÚD
ƒ\B›]_, \¬Ôπ¶xD kV∫zD ƒ¬] ∂]Ô\VÔ ÷Ú¬zDº√VmD
√T¬ÔD ∞u√|D.
27.√kV‚¶D (Deflation) ®[√m ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ sÁÈ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
zÁ≈Õm ÿÔVıº¶ º√VkÁ>›>V[ √kV‚¶D ®[Æ
∂Áw¬˛º≈VD.
28.ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ√VÚ^ cu√›] zÁ≈•Dº√Vm \¬Ô^
ºkÁÈkVFÁ√ ÷w©√Ï. ÷>™V_ ∂kÏÔπ[ kV∫zD ƒ¬]
zÁ≈Õm ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ º>Ák•D zÁ≈•D. \¬Ôπ[ º>Ák
zÁ≈•D º√Vm ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ sÁÈÔ”D zÁ≈•D ÷Ák
√kV‚¶D ∞u√¶ ÔV´\VÔ ∂Á\˛≈m.
29.º>¬ÔWÁÈ (Stagflation) ®[√m ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ TµflE•D,
√T¬ÔxD ºƒÏÕº> kÕ>V_ ∂>uz
30.k·ÚD ÂV|Ôπ_ cu√›]ÁB cBÏ›mD ºÂV¬Ô›]_ √
∂π©Á√ cBÏ›] g™V_ ∂>uºÔu√ ÿ√VÚ^ cu√›]
cB´s_ÁÈ ®[≈V_ ∂>uz
31. kÚkVF Ô¬z (Revenue account) ®[√m ∂É[ √‚ÿ¤‚
÷´ı| ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. ∂ku§_ 1. kÚkVF
Ô¬z, 2. x>_ Ô¬z (Capital Account) kÚkVF Ô¬˛_
∂É[ kÚkVFÔ”D ÿƒÈ°Ô”D ÷Ú¬˛≈m.
32. ∂É[ kÚkVF Ô¬˛_ J[Æ ∏ˆ°Ô^ c^·™. ∂Ák
1.kˆkÚkVF 2.kˆl_ÈV> kÚkVF 3. ∂´∑ ÿ√ÚD ÿÔVÁ¶Ô^
(Grants) .
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33.kˆkÚkVF ®[√m kÚ\V™kˆ, cu√›]kˆ, ∑∫Ôkˆ,
c^π‚¶Ák gzD.
34. kˆl_ÈV> kÚkVF ®[√m ∂´∑ WÆk™∫Ôπ[ ÈV√D ∂´∑
√ËÔ”¬z ÿ√≈©√|D sÁÈ, ∂´∑ mÁ≈Ô^ s]¬Ô©√|D
∂√´V>D.
35.∂´∑ ÿ√ÚD ÿÔVÁ¶Ô^ ®[√m ÷›>ÁÔB kÚkVFÔ^ ®_ÈVD
∂´∑¬z ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ˛Á¶›m¬ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú¬zD. ÷Ák
∂Á™›mD ∂É[ ÿƒVÕ> kÚkVFÔ^ gzD.
36.∂É[ ÿƒÈ°Ô^ ®[√m ÂV[z kÁÔBVÔ ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD ∂Ák.
1.∂´∑ ªaBÏÔπ[ ƒD√·D, {F∆]BD 2. \VMBD
3. Ô¶–¬z ÿƒK›mD k‚Ω 3. √VmÔV©A ÿƒÈ°Ô^ c^π‚¶
÷[–D √È
37. ∂´∑ >[–Á¶B ÿƒVÕ> kÚkVÁB¬ ÿÔVı| ∂´∑ >[
ÿƒÈ°ÔÁ· ÿƒFmÿÔVı¶V_ √u≈V¬zÁ≈ ÷_ÁÈ ®[≈
∂Ï›>›Á> ÿÔVı¶m.
38. kÚkVÁB s¶ ÿƒÈ° ∂]Ô\VÔ ÷Ú¬zD √‚ƒ›]_ ÷Õ> kÚkVF
Ô¬z √u≈V¬zÁ≈ (Revenue ideficit) ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D.
39. x>_ Ô¬z (Capital Account) ®[√m ∂É[
√‚ÿ¤‚Ω_ ŒÚ √z] x>_ Ô¬ÔVzD. x>_Ô¬˛_ ÷´ı|
∏ˆ°Ô^ c^·™. ∂Ák, 1.kÚkVF, 2.ÿƒÈ° gzD.
40.\VWÈ ∂´∑Ô”¬z ∂´∑ WÆk™∫Ô”¬z ∂_Èm ∂´∑
ªaBÏÔ”¬z¬ ÿÔV|›> Ô¶[ÿ>VÁÔ ]ÚD√© ÿ√ÆkÁ> x>_
Ô¬˛_ kÚkVBVÔ Ák¬Ô©√|D.
41.∂´∑ ÿ√ÆD ∂Á™›m¬ Ô¶[Ô”D (c^ÂV‚| \uÆD ÿkπÂV‚|
Ô¶[Ô^) x>_ Ô¬˛_ kÚkVBVÔ ÷Ú¬zD.
42. x>_ Ô¬˛_ c^· ÿƒÈ° ∂´∑¬z ∞>Vkm kÚ\V™›Á>ºBV
∂_Èm ÿƒV›Á>ºBV ~‚Ω›>´ºkı|D.
43. ÿ√Vm W]l_ (Public Finance) ®[√m >M\M>–¬zD ∂´∑¬zD
c^· ∂ÉB_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ÿ>V¶ÏA √u§B skV>D gzD.
44.ÿ√Vm›mÁ≈ ÿ√VÚπB_ (Public Sector Economics) ∂_Èm
ÿ√Vm© ÿ√VÚπB_ (Public Economics) ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D.
45.ÿ√Vm W]l_ ∂É[ ÿƒB_√V|ÔÁ· ÂV[z kÁÔ
ºÂV¬Ô∫Ôπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD. 1.k·∫ÔÁ·
]≈Á\BVÔ √B[√|›> >MBVÏ á ÿ√Vm› mÁ≈Ô”¬z Œm¬ˇ|
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ÿƒFkm (Allocation of Resources) 2. k·ÏflEl[ √È[
∂Á™kÚ¬zD ˛Á¶›>_ (Distribution of benefits).
3. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∞u≈ ÷≈¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ƒ\Vπ›m ŒÚ
WÁÈ>[Á\lÁ™ ∂Á¶>_ ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB kz©√m (Stablility of
the Economic) 4.>MBVÏ mÁ≈ ÿ√Vm ÂÈ–¬z √V]©∏_ÈV>
Ûw_ÔÁ·•D WÆk™ ∂Á\©AÔÁ· cÚkV¬z>_ (Regulatory
Function).
46.W]¬ÿÔV^ÁÔ (Fiscal Policy) ®[√m ∏[kÚ\VÆ c^·™ ∂Ák.
1.ÿ√VmflÿƒÈ° 2. ÿ√VmkÚkVF 3.ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[ 4. W]
WÚkVÔD \uÆD 5. Ì‚¶V‚E xÁ≈ (\›]Bá\VWÈ W] c≈°Ô^).
47. ÿ√Vm W]l[ c^·¶¬Ô∫Ô·VÔ ÷Ú©√Ák nÕmkÁÔBVÔ
c^·™. ∂Ák, 1.ÿ√VmflÿƒÈ° 2.ÿ√VmkÚkVF 3.ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[
4.W] WÚkVÔD \uÆD 5. Ì‚¶VflE xÁ≈ (\›]Bá\VWÈ W]
c≈°Ô^).
48. ÿ√Vmfl ÿƒÈ° ®[√m ÂT™ ∂´∑ ŒÚ ÂÈ ∂´∑ ∂É[
∂Ω©√Á¶¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔBV™m ∂É[ W] g>V´∫ÔÁ· √_ºkÆ
k·ÏflE √ËÔ”¬ÔVÔfl ÿƒÈ° ÿƒFkº>BVzD.
49.ÿ√VmkÚkVF ®[√m ∂´∑ ÿ√Æ˛[≈ kÚkVF gzD. ∂É[
kÚkVF kÚ\V™›Á> ÿ√ÚÔfl ÿƒFkmD, kˆs]©∏[
ÿÔV^ÁÔÔÁ·© √u§•D ∂>º™V| ƒD\Õ>©√‚
∏´flƒÁ™ÔÁ·•D ƒVÏÕ>>VÔ ÿÔVı¶m. ÿ√VmkÚkVBV™m
kˆkÚkVF, kˆ ∂_ÈV> kÚkVBVÔ ÿÔVı¶m.
50.ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[ ®[√m ÿ√Vm \¬Ôπ¶tÚÕm ∂´∑ ÿ√ÆD
Ô¶[Ô”¬z© ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[ ®[Æ ÌÆkÏ.
51. ∂É[ kÚkVBV™m ∂É[ ÿƒÈÁk¬ ÔV‚ΩÈD zÁ≈kVÔºk
c^·m. ÷>™V_ ∂´∑ c^ÂV‚| \uÆD ÿkπÂV‚| Ô¶[Ô^
kV∫zk>uz cÕ>©√|˛≈m.
52. c^ÂV‚| Ô¶[ ®[√m ∂´∑ ÿ√Vm \¬Ôπ¶tÚÕmD, kËÔ
k∫˛Ôπ¶tÚÕmD, Á\B k∫˛Ôπ¶tÚÕmD Ô¶[ ÿ√Æk>VzD.
53. ÿkπÂV‚|¬ Ô¶[ ®[√m cÈÔ k∫˛, √[™V‚| W] WÆk™D
\uÆD ∂B_ ÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ÿ√Æ˛[≈ Ô¶™VzD.
54. W] WÏkVÔD ®[√m k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶∫ÔÁ· kΩkÁ\›>_,
cÚkV¬z>_, Œ©√π›>_ \uÆD √V´V”\[≈D,
ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ôπ_ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒF>_, >Ë¬ÁÔ ÿƒF>_ ∏[™Ï
ÂÁ¶xÁ≈©√|›m>_ gzD.
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56.Ì‚¶V‚E W] ®[√m ÿ√VmW]l[ ŒÚ c‚∏ˆºk Ì‚¶V‚E
W]BVÔ c^·m.
57. Ì‚¶V‚E ∂Á\©∏_ c^· \›]B, \VWÈ \uÆD c^”Ï ∂´∑Ô^
ŒÚ∫˛ÁÕm ÿƒB_√|˛[≈ W] c≈° xÁ≈Ô^ √u§
ÌÆ˛≈m.
58.kˆ (Tax) ®[√m kˆÔ^ JÈD ÿ√≈©√|˛[≈ kÚ\V™º\
ÿ√Vm kÚkVl[ x¬˛B kÚ\V™\VzD.
59.ŒÚ zΩ\Ô[ (∂_Èm) ŒÚ WÆk™D ∂´∑¬z¬ Ô‚¶VB\VÔfl
ÿƒK›>¬ ÌΩB ŒÚ ÿƒK›mÁÔºB kˆ ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D.
60. kˆÔ^ ÂV[z kÁÔ©√|D ∂Ák, 1. ºÂÏxÔ \uÆD \Á≈xÔ
kˆÔ^, 2.s˛> kˆs]©A xÁ≈, k·ÏT>xÁ≈, º>FT>xÁ≈,
*>k·ÏT> xÁ≈, 3. \]©A¬Ì‚| kˆ (VAT) 4. Œ[Æ ∂_Èm
√È>´©√‚¶ kˆÔ^ ºÂÏxÔ \uÆD \Á≈xÔ kˆÔ^ ®[√m ºÂÏxÔ
kˆ ®[√m BVÏ *m kˆ s]¬Ô©√‚¶º>V ∂kº´ kˆ
ÿƒK›mk>VzD.
61.ºÂÏxÔ kˆ¬ÔV™ ÂV[z kˆÔ^ c^·™. ∂Ák 1. kÚ\V™kˆ,
2. ÿƒV›mkˆ 3.ÿkz\]kˆ 4. yÏÁk kˆ
62. \Á≈xÔ kˆ ®[√m ŒÚkÏ *m kˆs]¬Ô©√‚| \uÿ≈VÚkÏ
√z]BVÔºkV (∂_Èm) ºkÆkˆfl ∑Á\ÁBfl ∑\©√k´VÔ c^·™Ï
63. \Á≈xÔkˆ¬ÔV™ kˆÔ^ ®[√m 1. su√Á™kˆ 2.∑∫Ôkˆ.
64. \›]B \uÆD \VWÈ ∂´∑Ôπ[ kˆÔ^ ®[√m ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_
∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][√Ω \›]B \VWÈ ∂´∑Ô”¬z kˆÔ^ s]›m
kÛo¬zD cˆÁ\Ô^ kw∫Ô©√‚|^·™.
65.\›]B ∂´∑¬z¬ ÷ÚxÁ≈Ôπ_ kÚ\V™D ˛Á¶¬˛≈m. ∂Ák
1.kˆ ƒVÏÕ> kÚ\V™D 2.kˆ ƒV´V> kÚ\V™D gzD.
66.kˆƒVÏÕ> kÚ\V™D ®[√m ºk·VıÁ\ kÚ\V™D >sÏ›m ∏≈
kÚ\V™∫Ôπ[ *>V™ kˆÔ^, WÆk™∫Ôπ[ *>V™ kˆÔ^,
ÿƒÈT™∫Ô^ *>V™ kˆÔ^, ÿƒV›m¬Ô^ *>V™ kˆÔ^,
∂[√π©A kˆÔ^, ÿƒ_k kˆÔ^, JÈ>™›][ *>V™ kˆÔ^,
gB›yÏÁk kˆÔ^, ∑∫Ô›yÏ°Ô^ (∞uÆ\], ÷≈¬z\] kˆÔ^).
66. \›]B kˆƒV´V kÚkVFÔ^ ®[√Ák W]ƒVÏ √ËÔ^, k‚Ω
kÚkVFÔ^, ÷ÈV√ √∫zÔ^, ÿ√Vm©√B[, √ËÔ^, ƒJÔ
ƒx>VB© √ËÔ^ \uÆD ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ √B[ √ËÔ^.
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68. \VWÈ ∂É[ JÈD s]¬Ô©√|D kˆÔ^ 1.WÈkÚkVF,
2.x›]Á´›>V^ kˆÔ^, ¿]\[≈ Ô‚¶D \uÆD √]°¬
Ô‚¶∫Ô^, 3. gB›yÏÁkÔ^ º√V[≈ √_ºkÆ kˆÔ^ c^·™.
69. s˛> kˆs]©A ÂV[z xÁ≈Ô^ c^·™. ∂Ák, 1. s˛> kˆ
s]©A xÁ≈ (Proportional Tax) 2. k·ÏT> kˆs]©A xÁ≈
(Progressive Tax) 3. º>F° T> kˆs]©A xÁ≈ (Degressive Tax)
4. t> k·ÏT> kˆs]©A xÁ≈ (Regressive Tax).
70. s˛> kˆ s]©A (Proportional Tax) xÁ≈ ®[√m kÚ\V™D
∂]Ô\V™VKD zÁ≈Õ>VKD kˆs]©∏_ \Vu≈D ∞u√¶Vm.
(∂Á™kÚ¬zD Œº´ \V]ˆBV™ kˆs˛>D s]¬Ô©√|D)
71. k·ÏT> kˆs]©A xÁ≈ (Progressive Tax) ®[√m kˆl[
∂Ω©√Á¶ >·D ∂]Ôˆ¬zDº√Vm, kˆ s˛>xD ∂]Ôˆ¬˛[≈m.
kÚ\V™D cBÏk>V_ kˆs˛>xD ∂]Ôˆ¬zD.
72. º>F° T> kˆs]©A xÁ≈ (Regressive Tax) ®[√m kÚ\V™D
cBÚDº√Vm ÿƒK›>ºkıΩB kˆ s˛>D zÁ≈Õ>V_ ∂m º>F°
T> kˆ ®™©√|D.
73.t> k·ÏT> kˆs]©AxÁ≈ (Degressive Tax) ®[√m s˛>xÁ≈
kˆ s]©A k·ÏT> kˆs]©A g˛B ÷´ı|D ºƒÏÕ> ÔÈÁkºB
t> k·ÏT> kˆs]©√VzD.
74.k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D ÷´ı| kÁÔ©√|D ∂Ák. 1. ƒ\WÁÈ
k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D 2. ƒ\™u≈ k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D g˛B™.
75.ƒ\WÁÈ k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D (Balanced Budget) ®™©√|D. ∂É[
]‚¶t¶©√‚¶ ÿƒÈ°Ô”D kÚkV•D ƒ\\VÔ ÷Ú©∏[ ∂m
ƒ\WÁÈ k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D ®™©√|D.
76.ƒ\™u≈ k´° ÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D (un-Balanced Budget) ∂É[
kÚkVF ÿƒÈÁks¶¬ ÌΩ™VKD (∂_Èm) ∂É[ ÿƒÈ°
kÚkVÁB s¶ ∂]Ô\V™VºÈV ÷´ı|º\ ƒ\™u≈ k´° ÿƒÈ°›
]‚¶D ®™©√|D (√u≈V¬zÁ≈ k´° ÿƒÈ° ]‚¶D)
77. ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D (National Income) ÷Õ]BVs_ \›]B A^πlB_
∂Á\©A Ô¬˛|˛≈m.
78. ÂV‚Ω_ {´VıΩ_ cu√›] ÿƒFB©√|D ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ \uÆD
√ËÔπ[ ÿ\V›> \]©A ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D gzD.
79. ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ√VÚπB_ ÿƒB_√V|Ô^ ÂV‚Ω[ kÚ\V™›Á>
∂·°ºÔVÈVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.
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80.ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›] (Gross National Product, GNP) ®[√m ŒÚ
ÂV‚| \¬Ô·V_ c^ÂV‚ΩKD ÿkπÂV‚ΩKD cu√›]
ÿƒFB©√|D ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ ÿ\V›> \]©A.
81. ∂ÕÂV‚| \¬Ô·V_ ŒÚ kÚ¶›]_ (~‚ΩB kÚ\V™D) cu√›]
ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÿkπX|Ôπ[ (√ı¶∫Ô^ + √ËÔ^) \]©Á√¬
z§©√m ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›]BVzD.
82. ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] ®[√m c^ÂV‚Ω[ cu√›]
ÿƒFB©√|D ({´VıΩ_ ) ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ ÿ\V›> \]©A
gzD.
83. ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] ÿ\V›> cu√›] áÿkπÂV‚ΩoÚÕm
~‚¶©√‚¶ WÔ´ kÚ\V™D gzD.
84. WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›] loÚÕm º>F\V™D
º√V[≈ EÈkuÁ≈ ¿¬˛B ∏[ ˛Á¶¬zD √ \]©A WÔ´ ÂV‚|
cu√›]BVzD.
85. WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›] á º>F\V™D.
86. WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] ®[√m ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›]loÚÕm
º>F\V™D º√V[≈ EÈkuÁ≈ ¿¬˛B ∏[ ˛Á¶¬zD √ \]©A
c^ÂV‚| cu√›]BVzD.
87. WÔ´ c^ÂV‚| cu√›] = ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] á º>F\V™D.
88. >ÈV kÚ\V™D ∂_Èm >M Â√ˆ[ ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›]
®[√Á> \¬Ôπ[ kVµ¬ÁÔ >´›Á> cÏ›mD ŒÚ ÔÚsBVzD (>ÈV
kÚ\V™D ®[√m ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚¶ cu√›]ÁB ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ
ÁB¬kz›m ˛Á©√>VzD).
89. ∂É[ √‚ÿ¤‚ ƒˆBVÔ WÏk˛¬Ô©√|Ô˛≈>V ®[√Á> >Ë¬ÁÔ
∂]ÔVˆ (E ∞. ˜)
90. ∂É[ √‚ÿ¤‚ √V´V”\[≈D Œ©A ÿÔV^”D º√Vm ∂´∑ kˆ
kÚkVF ~‚|D ∂]ÔV´›Á> W] ƒ‚¶D ®[ÆD ÿƒÈ° ÿƒF•D
∂]ÔV´›Á> >™>V¬˛¬ÿÔV^ ƒ‚¶D ®[≈ ƒ‚¶\VÔ \Vu§¬zΩB´∑
>ÁÈkÏ Œ©A>K¬z ∏≈z ∂´∑¬Ôz ∂–©√©√|D.
91. W] ƒ‚¶D. ÿƒÈ° ÿƒF•D ∂]ÔV´V>›Á> ƒˆBVÔ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈
√|›>©√|˛≈>V ®[√Á> ÔıÔVË©√m >V[ >ÁÈÁ\ Ô¬z
>Ë¬ÁÔ ∂]ÔVˆ ( ∞ E ∞ ˜)
92. ∂É[ W] WÏkVÔD ÿ√Vm Ô¬z zøs[ √ˆÊÈÁ™¬z ∏[
xΩkÁ¶•D.
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93. ÿ√VmÔ¬z zøsuz \¬Ô·ÁkloÚÕm 15
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ”¬zD \VWÈ∫Ô·ÁkloÚÕm 7 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ”D
º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô√|kVÏÔ^.
94. ÿ√VmkVÔ ®]Ï¬ Ô‚EloÚÕm ŒÚkÏ ÿ√VmÔ¬z¬ zøsuz›
>ÁÈk´VÔ WBt¬Ô©√|kÏ.
95. ÿ√Vm¬ Ô¬z zøs[ √>s ÔVÈD{Ï gı¶VzD.
96. \›]B ∂É¶D c^· ∂]Ô W] kÚkVloÚÕm ÷ÚÕ> \VWÈ
∂´∑¬z º>ÁkBV™ W]ÔÁ· kw∫Ô √ˆÕmÁ´ ÿƒFkm>V[
W]¬zøkVzD.
97 \›]B ∂É[ W]ÁB \VWÈ∫Ô”¬˛Á¶ºB ∏ˆ›m¬ ÿÔV|¬zD W]
zøkVzD.
98. \VWÈ∫Ô”¬z Œm¬Ô©√‚¶ W] 29 \VWÈ∫Ô”¬z ®ÀkVÆ ∏ˆ›m
ÿÔV|¬Ô √‚¶ ºkı|D ®[≈ √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ kw∫zkm W] zøs[
x¬˛B Ô¶Á\BVzD.
99. W]zø nÕm gı|Ô”¬z ŒÚxÁ≈ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈk´V_
Wt¬Ô©√|D. (÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A Ì‚¶›>Ω[ s] 280)
100 W]¬zø› >ÁÈkÏÔ^
W]¬zø gı| >ÁÈkÏ ÿƒB_√V‚| ÔVÈD
x>_ 1951 ºÔ.E.WºBV˛ 1952á1957
÷´ı¶Vkm 1956 ºÔ.ƒÕ>V™D 1957á1962
J[≈Vkm 1960 ∂ºƒV¬ z\VÏ 1962á1966
ÂV[ÔVkm 1964 ∏.s. ´VÎ\[™VÏ 1966á1969
nÕ>Vkm 1968 \ÔVTÏ ]BV˛ 1969á1974
g≈Vkm 1972 ºÔ.∏´D\V™Õ>ÿ´‚Ω 1974á1979
∞wVkm 1977 º¤.®D ÿƒÈ‚ 1979á1984
®‚¶Vkm 1983 ŒF.∏.ƒkV[ 1984á1989
Œ[√>Vkm 1987 ®[.ºÔ,∏ƒV_ºk 1989á1995
√›>Vkm 1992 ºÔ.E.√Õ› 1995á2000
√]º™V´Vkm 1998 ∞.®D.z¸‘ 2000á2005
√[M´ı¶Vkm 2003 E.´∫Ô´V¤[ 2005á2010
√]J[≈Vkm 2007 s¤F ®È ºÔ[vÏ 2010á2013
√]™V[ÔVkm 2012 ºkbºÔV√V_ 2015á2020

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101. k∫˛Ô^ ÔV©¨| WÆk™∫Ô^ k·ÏflE W] WÆk™∫Ô^
x>‹‚| WÆk™∫Ô^ >´ ƒV[Æ WÆk™∫Ô^ √´¸√´ W]Ô^ √È
k∫˛l_ÈV> WÆk™∫Ô^ ®™ √È WÆk™∫Ô^ c^·™.
102. W] ƒÕÁ>l_ √fl ƒÕÁ> ®[ÆD ƒÕÁ>Ô^ c^·™.
ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ ƒÕÁ>Ô^ º√V_ ÷Ák ŒÚ ÷¶›>oÚÕm ÷B∫z√Ák
gzD.
103. W] WÆk™∫Ô^ √›]´∫Ô^ W] ƒÕÁ>Ô^ Œø∫z xÁ≈
∂Á\©AÔ^ ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ ®™ ÷ÁkBV°D W] ∂Á\©AÔ^ gzD.
104. ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ\V›> º>EB kÚ\V™D ∂ÕÂV‚| \¬Ôπ¶D ®©√Ω
√˛ÏÕ>π¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬˛[≈m ®[√Á> ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›][ kÚkVF
√˛Ï° ®[˛º≈VD.
105. kÚkVF ∞u≈›>Vµ°ÔÁ· ÂV‚ΩK^· kÆÁ\l[ ∂·°
√_ºkÆ ∏ˆ° \¬Ô”¬˛Á¶l_ c^· kÚ\V™ ∞u≈›>VµsÁ™
∂·° √È xÁ≈l_ Ô¬˛ÈVD.
106. ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ √ \]©Á√ \uÿ≈VÚ ÂV‚Ω[ √›][ ∂·s_
ÌÆkm ∂[MBfl ÿƒÈkVË \VuÆ s˛>D
107. kVµ¬ÁÔl[ tÔ zÁ≈Õ>√‚ƒ ∂Ω©√Á¶ ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ· ¬Ì¶
kV∫Ô ÌΩB º√V]B kÚ\V™D ÷_ÈV> WÁÈ kÆÁ\BVzD
108. ∂´∑¬ÔVÔ ÷Õ]BVs[ kÆÁ\lÁ™ \]©∏|D
109. ŒÚ ÂVÁ·¬z 2250 ÔºÈVˆ c° ÿ√≈› º>ÁkBV™ ÿƒÈ°›
ÿ>VÁÔlÁ™ kÆÁ\¬ºÔV| ®™ x>o[ kÁ´BÆ›]ÚÕ>™Ï.
110. kÆÁ\¬ºÔV| ®[√Á> ]‚¶¬zø ÂÔÏA≈›m¬z 2400 ÔºÈVˆ
˛´V\ A≈›m¬z 2100 ÔºÈVˆ ®™ 1973á74 \Vu§BÁ\›>m.
111. ]‚¶¬zø >[–Á¶B k_KÂÏ zø¬Ô§[ √ˆÕmÁ´l[
∂Ω©√Á¶l[ nÕ>Vı|¬ÿÔVÚxÁ≈ [ OÔÏºkVÏ ÿƒÈs™©A^π
sk´›Á> ÿÔVı| kÆÁ\l_ c^º·VÁ´ ®ıË¬ÁÔlKD >ÁÈ
®ıË¬ÁÔ s˛>›]KD Ô¬˛¶©√|˛[≈m.
112. ]‚¶¬zø \VÏfl 15. 1950 cÚkV¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
113. ]‚¶¬zø ÂV‚Ω[ nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫ÔÁ· ÷BuÆD ŒÚ
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ WÆk™ ∂Á\©A.
114. ÂV‚Ω[ Œ‚| ÿ\V›> ƒJÔ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ º\D√V‚ΩÁ™ ∂Á¶km
º√V[≈Ák ]‚¶¬zøs[ ºÂV¬Ô∫Ô·VzD,
115. ∏´>\Ï ]‚¶¬zøs[ >ÁÈk´VÔ°D ºÔ∏™‚ ∂Á\flƒÏ
∂Õ>¸][ ŒÚ mÁ›>ÁÈkÚD E≈Õ> ÿ√VÚπB_ ∂§QÏÔ^
ƒJÔ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE¬z ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B \Vu≈ mÁ≈Ôπ[
∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ°D ÷Ú©√Ï.
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116. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE (Economic Growth)
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE ®[√m ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ÔVÈ©º√V¬˛_
cu√›]BVzD √ı¶∫Ô^, √ËÔπ[ cBÏÁk•D ∂>[ sÁ·kVÔ
ÂV‚| kÚ\V™›]KD, >ÈV kÚ\V™›]KD ∞u√|D cBÏÁkfl ∑‚Ω¬
ÔV‚|D.
117. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ x[º™u≈D (Economic Development)
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ x[º™u≈D ®[√m cu√›] ∂Á\©∏KD
√_ºkÆ mÁ≈Ô”¬z c^C|ÔÁ· Œm¬ˇ| ÿƒFk]KD ∞u√|D
\Vu≈∫ÔÁ· cÏ›mk>VzD. (˛ıΩ_ ÿ√ÏÔÏ)
ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ÿ\FkÚ\V™›]_ Â_È ∞u≈›Á> ∞u√|›>¬ÌΩB
ŒÚ ÿƒB_ WÔµflEºB ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ x[º™u≈\VzD.
118. kÆÁ\ á kÆÁ\ºÔV| (Poverty-line)
ŒÚ \M>[ clÏ kVµk>uz ∂k–¬z ŒÚ ÂVÁ·¬z
ƒ´VƒˆBVÔ 2400 ÔºÈVˆ c°D, ÂÔÏA´∫Ôπ_ 2100 ÔºÈVˆ
∂·°^· c°D, º>Ák©√|˛≈m. ÷Õ> ∂·° c°
˛Á¶¬ÔV>kÁ™ kÆÁ\l_ ÷Ú¬˛≈V[ ®[ÆD, kÆÁ\¬ ºÔV‚Ωuz¬
ˇµ ÷Ú¬˛≈V[ ®[ÆD ÌÆ˛º≈VD.
119. ƒÕÁ>© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D (Market Economy)
ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ®[™ ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB ºkı|D.
®ÀkVÆ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB ºkı|D ®[√Á> ƒÕÁ>l[ º>Ák,
∂π©A g˛BkuÁ≈ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| yÏ\VM¬zD
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂Á\©Á√ ƒÕÁ>© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®™ ∂Áw¬˛º≈VD.
120. √© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D (Money Economy)
ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂Á\©∏_ ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁ·
\]©∏|k>uzD, kV∫zk>uzD, su√>uzD, Ô¶[ kV∫zk>uzD,
Ô¶[ ∂π©√>uzD, √D x¬˛B √∫z k˛¬zº\BV™V_
∂©ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D √© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®™©√|D.
121. ∏≈©A T>D (Birth Rate)
{´Vı| ÔVÈ›]_ gl´D Â√ÏÔ”¬z ®›>Á™ zwÕÁ>Ô^
∏≈¬˛[≈™ ®[√Á>¬ z§©√m ∏≈©A T>D gzD.
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122. ÷≈©A T>D (Death Rate or Mortality)
{´Vı| ÔVÈ›]_ gl´D Â√ÏÔ”¬z ®›>Á™º√Ï
÷≈¬˛[≈™Ï ®[√Á>¬ z§©√m ÷≈©A T>D.
123. \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ∂¶Ï›] (Density of Population)
ŒÚ ƒm´ ˛ºÈV*‚¶Ï WÈ©√´©∏_ kE¬zD \¬Ôπ[
®ıË¬ÁÔÁB \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ∂¶Ï›] ®[˛º≈VD.
124. √V_ s˛>D (Sex Ratio)
ŒÚ √z]l_ 1000 gıÔ”¬z ®›>Á™ ÿ√ıÔ^
÷Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^ ®[–D s˛>D √V_ s˛>\VzD.
125. kBm √Vz√V| (Age Compostiion)
ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔl_ √È>´©√‚¶ kBmÁ¶ºBVˆ[
∏ˆ°ÔÁ·›>V[ kBm √Vz√V| ®™¬ z§©∏|˛º≈VD.
126. ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] (GDP-Gross Domestic Product)
ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ®_ÁÈ© √´©A¬z^ ŒÚ Ô¬ˇ‚| gıΩ_
cu√›] ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÷Æ]© √ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ √\]©º√
∂ÕÂV‚| ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] ®™©√|D.
127. WÔ´ c^ÂV‚| cu√›] (NDP)
WÔ´ c^ÂV‚| cu√›] ®[√m ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ®_ÁÈ¬z^ {Ï
gı| ÔVÈ›]_ cu√›] ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÷Æ]© √ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD
√ËÔπ[ \]©∏oÚÕm º>F\V™ \]©Á√ ¿¬˛B∏[ ˛Á¶¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD
√ \]©√VzD.
128. ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›]
ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›] ∂_Èm ÿ\V›> ∂·s¶©√|D ÿ\V›>
\]©A gzD. ÷]_ ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ~‚¶©√|D WÔ´¬ ÔV´Ë
kÚ\V™xD ∂¶∫zD.
129. WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] (N.N.P)
WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] ®[√m ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ {Ï
gı|ÔVÈ›]_ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÷Æ]© √ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD
√ËÔπ[ \]©∏oÚÕm º>F\V™ \]©Á√ ¿¬˛B ∏[ ˛Á¶¬Ô©
ÿ√ÆD √\]©√VzD.
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130. ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D
ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D ®[√m ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ŒÚ kÚ¶ ÔVÈ›]_
cu√›]BVzD ®_ÈV© √ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ ÿ\V›>
\]©√VzD. ∂>Vkm ÔV´ËÔπ[ \]©∏_ Ô¬˛¶©√‚¶ WÔ´ ÂV‚|
cu√›]ºB (N.N.P. at factor cost) ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D ®™ ÿ√VmkVÔ
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
131. ÷ÚmÁ≈© ÿ√VÚ·V>´D
ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ OÔÏ°›mÁ≈, cu√›]› mÁ≈ g˛B
÷´ı| mÁ≈Ô^ \‚|º\ ÷B∫z\Vl[ ∂©ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›Á>
÷ÚmÁ≈© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®[˛º≈VD.
132. ÂV[z mÁ≈© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D
ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ OÔÏ°, cu√›], ∂´∑ \uÆD
∂B_ÂV‚| kVËÔD g˛B ÂV[z mÁ≈Ô”º\ ÷B∫z\Vl[
∂©ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›Á> ÂV[z mÁ≈© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®[˛º≈VD.
133. WÔ´ ∂B_ ÂV‚| ÔV´Ë kÚ\V™D
ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ÂVD ÿ√ÆD ÔV´Ë kÚkVF¬zD, ÂVD
ÿkπ ÂV|Ô”¬z ÿÔV|¬Ô ºkıΩB ÔV´Ë kÚkVF¬zD c^·
ºkÆ√Vº¶ ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ~‚¶©√|D WÔ´ ÔV´Ë kÚ\V™D
∂_Èm WÔ´ ∂B_ÂV‚| ÔV´Ë kÚ\V™D gzD.
134. >M \M> kÚ\V™D (Personal Income)
>MBVÏ kÚ\V™D á ÿ>Va_ WÆk™∫Ôπ[ kÚ\V™kˆ á
>MBVÏ mÁ≈ ºƒt©A á ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm WÆ›] Ák¬Ô©√‚¶ WÔ´
kÚ\V™D.
135. >MBVÏ kÚ\V™D (Private Income)
>MBVÏ mÁ≈ kÚ\V™›m¶[ 1. ÂV‚| Ô¶[ k‚Ω, 2.ÿkπ
ÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ~‚¶©√|D WÔ´ ÔV´Ë kÚ\V™D 3.∂´∑
WÚkVÔ›]¶tÚÕm ÿ√ÆD Â¶©A \VuÆ kÚ\V™D \uÆD
4.ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ÿ√ÆD Â¶©A \uÆD kÚ\V™D g˛BkuÁ≈fl
ºƒÏ›>V_ ˛Á¶©√m >MBVÏ kÚ\V™D gzD.
136. WÔ´ \Á≈xÔ kˆ
ŒÚ √ı¶›][ *m s]¬Ô©√‚¶ kˆloÚÕm ∂>uz ∂´∑
∂π›> √ c>sÁB Ôa›>V_ ∂©√ı¶›][ sÁÈl[ WÔ´
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cBÏÁk¬ Ôı¶§BÈVD. ÷ÀsÁÈl[ WÔ´ ∂]Ôˆ©º√ WÔ´ \Á≈xÔ
kˆ ®™©√|˛≈m.
ŒÚ WÆk™D ÿƒK›m˛[≈ \Á≈xÔkˆ¬zD WÆk™D ÿ√u≈
√ c>s¬zD c^· ºkÆ√Vº¶ WÔ´ \Á≈xÔ kˆBVzD.
137. WÁÈBV™ sÁÈl_ ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D (National Income at
constant price)
{Ï gı| ÔVÈ›]_ ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB©√‚¶
√ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ \]©Á√ ∂Ω©√Á¶ gıΩ_ WÈsB
sÁÈÁB¬ ÿÔVı| Ô¬ˇ| ÿƒF>V_ ˛Á¶¬Ô© ÿ√ÆD \]©A
WÁÈBV™ sÁÈl_ ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D ®™©√|D.
138. Â¶©A sÁÈl_ ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D (National Income at
current price)
{Ï gı| ÔVÈ›]_ ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB©√‚¶
√ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ \]©Á√ ∂∫ÔVΩl_ ∂ÀkVıΩ_
WÈ°D sÁÈl[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ Ô¬ˇ| ÿƒFm ˛Á¶¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD
\]©A Â¶©A sÁÈl_ ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D ®™©√|˛≈m.
139. >ÈV kÚ\V™D (Per Capital Income)
ŒÚ ÂV‚ΩK^· ƒ´Vƒˆ \M>M[ ƒ´Vƒˆ gı| kÚ\V™D
∂ÕÂV‚Ω[ >ÈV kÚ\V™D ®™©√|D.

ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ z§©∏‚¶ gıΩ[ ÿ\V›> kÚ\V™›Á>

∂ÕÂV‚Ω[ ∂ÀkVıΩ[ ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔl[
®ıË¬ÁÔBV_ kz¬Ô¬ ˛Á¶¬zD ÿ>VÁÔºB >ÈV kÚ\V™D ®™
∂Áw¬˛º≈VD.
ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ\V›> gı| kÚ\V™D
>ÈV kÚ\V™D =
ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ\V›> \¬Ô‚ÿ>VÁÔ
140. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ]‚¶t|>_ (Economic Planning)
{Ï ∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\V™ ∂Á\©A, ∂Á¶B ºkıΩB
z§¬ºÔV^Ô^ BVÁk ®[√Á> ∂Æ]l‚| kÁ´BÆ›m ÿ>π°√|›],
∂¬z§¬ ºÔV^ÔÁ· ®Fmk>uÔV™ ka xÁ≈ÔÁ· kÁÔ©√|›]¬
ÌÆkm ÿ√VÚ·V>V´› ]‚¶t|>_ gzD.
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141. ºƒt©A (Savings)
kÚ∫ÔVÈ ÿƒÈsuÔVÔ°D kÚ∫ÔVÈ º>ÁkÁB WÁ≈°
ÿƒFk>uzD kÚ\V™›]_ ŒÚ √z]ÁB ®|›m Ák©√º> ºƒt©A
gzD.
142. x>‹| (Investmet)
ºƒt©A ÿƒFB©√‚¶ kÚ\V™© √z]ÁB ŒÚ ÿ>VaÁÈ
g´D∏¬ÔºkV, ÷Ú¬˛[≈ ÿ>VaÁÈ sˆkÁ¶Bfl ÿƒFBºkV ∂_Èm
cu√›] Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔÁ· º\uÿÔV^·ºkV √B[√|›]™V_
∂flºƒt©A x>‹| gzD.
143. x>uÔÚs© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ (∂_Èm) cu√›]© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ (Capi-
tal goods or Investment goods)
\u≈ ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ cu√›]¬z¬ ÔV´\VÔ s·∫zD ∂_Èm
c>sBVÔ ÷Ú¬zD ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ x>u ÔÚs© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ ∂_Èm
cu√›]© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ ®™©√|D. (c>V´D ÷BÕ]´∫Ô^, ÔÚsÔ^)
÷BÕ]´∫Ô”D ÔÚsÔ”D \u≈ ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁ· cu√›]fl ÿƒFB©
√B[√|˛[≈™.
144.º>F\V™D (Depreciation)
cu√›] Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ”¬ÔVÔ WÁÈBV™ JÈ>™›]_ ŒÚ
√z] ÿƒÈs¶©√|˛≈m. EÈ WÁÈBV™ cu√›]¬ ÔÚsÔ^ º>FÕm
√B™u≈>V˛ s|D. ÿ>Va_ O‚√ xÁ≈ \VÆ>_Ôπ™V_ EÈ ÔÚsÔ^
√ÁwB™kV˛ √B™u≈>V˛ s|D ÷kuÁ≈ºB º>F\V™D ®[˛º≈VD.
145. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE T>D (Rate of Economic Growth)
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE T>D ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ º>EB kÚ\V™›]_
∞u√|D \VÆ>_ T>\VÔ ÿ√VmkVÔ ƒ>T>›]_ z§¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
º>EB kÚ\V™›]_ \VÆ>_ ∂·°
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE = $100 T>D
º>EB kÚ\V™D
146. √∑Á\© A´‚E (Green Revolution)
ƒ*√ ÔVÈ›]_ (1960 Ôπ_) ÷Õ]B ºk·VıÁ\ cu√›]l_
∞u√‚¶ ÿ√ÚD \Vu≈∫Ô^ √∑Á\© A´‚E ®™©√|˛≈m.
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147. A^πlB_ (Statistics)
A^πlB_ ®[√m sk´∫ÔÁ· ºƒÔˆ›>_, kÁÔ©√|›m>_,
s·¬ÔD >Ú>_, √z›>VF° ÿƒF>_ g˛B™ √u§B ∂§sBÈVzD.
(˛´V¬¸¶[ & ÿÔ·¶[).
148. ÷Á¶WÁÈ (Median)
ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆK^· cÆ©AÔ^ ∂>[ >[Á\¬ºÔu√
kˆÁƒ©√|›>©√‚¶V_ ∂>[ Á\B √z]l_, ∂>[ ÿ√BÚ¬ºÔu√
∂Á\Õ]Ú©√m ÷Á¶WÁÈ ®™©√|˛≈m. (R K[ ÿƒ·).
149. √z] \]©AÔ^
÷Á¶WÁÈºBV| ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ÔV_\∫Ô^ √][\∫Ô^,
±uÆ\∫Ô^ g˛BÁk √z] \]©AÔ^ ®™©√|˛[≈™.
150. √][\∫Ô^
ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆK^· cÆ©AÔ^ ∂>[ >[Á\¬ºÔu√
kˆÁƒ©√|›>©√‚| √›m √VÔ∫Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ŒÀÿkVÚ
√VÔ›][ \]©AD ÷Á¶WÁÈ º√V[º≈ \]©∏¶©√|>_ √][\∫Ô^
gzD.
151. ±uÆ\∫Ô^
ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆK^· cÆ©AÔ^ ∂>[ >[Á\¬ºÔu√
kˆÁƒ©√|›>©√‚| ±Æ √VÔ∫Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ŒÀÿkVÚ
√VÔ›][ \]©AD ÷Á¶WÁÈ º√V[º≈ \]©∏¶©√|D ±uÆ\∫Ô^
gzD.
152.nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^
]‚¶¬ Ôt≠[ (Planning Commission) z§›m ÷Õ]B
∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›]_ z§©AÔ^ ®m°D ÷_ÁÈ. \›]B ∂Á\flƒ´Ák
yÏ\V™›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ‚¶xÁ≈ ƒV´V ŒÚ
∂Á\©º√ (Exta Constitutional and Non-Statutory Body) ]‚¶¬
Ôt≠[.
1.1950á÷_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ]‚¶¬Ôt≠M[ >ÁÈkÏ ∏´>\º´.
]‚¶¬ Ôt≠M[ mÁ› >ÁÈk´VÔ°D, ∏≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ·•D
\›]B ∂Á\flƒ´Ák WBt¬˛≈m.
2.÷Õ]BVs_ nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^, x[™V^ ºƒVsB›
RMBM[ \V]ˆlºÈºB (Model) cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™.
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3.‘÷Õ]B ]‚¶t¶o[ >ÕÁ>’ (Father of Indian Planning)
®[Æ E≈©∏¬Ô©√|√kÏ ®D.s¸ºk¸k´FBV. Planned Economy
for India ÷k´m AÔµÿ√u≈ ±_.
1. x>ÈVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1951 á 56)
1. ¿Ï©√Vƒ™ kƒ], ¿Ït[ ]‚¶∫Ô^ º√V[≈ skƒVBD ƒVÏÕ>
]‚¶∫Ô”¬z x¬˛B›mkD ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2. √¬´V, N´Vz‚, º\‚˘Ï ∂Á¬Ô‚|Ôπ[ Ô‚|\V™D
÷›]‚¶ ÔVÈ›]ºÈºB mk∫Ô©√‚¶™.
2.÷´ı¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1956 á 61)
º>EB kÚkVÁB 25 ƒ>s˛>D cBÏ›mkº> ÷›]‚¶›][
x¬˛B ÷È¬z. ∂Ω©√Á¶ \uÆD Ô™´Ô› ÿ>Va_Ô^ k·ÏflE¬z
x¬˛B›mkD kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
∏ÈVF, mÏÔVØÏ, ‘ÏºÔÈV ÷ÚDA ®‡z ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔ^
\uÆD ÿ√´DØÏ ÷´l_ ÿ√‚Ω› ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ g˛BÁk
÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]ºÈºB cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™.
3.J[≈VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1961 á 66)
‘∑B º>Ák ØÏ›]’ ®[√>uz x[–ˆÁ\ kw∫˛Bm. c°
>VMB cu√›]l_ >[MÁ≈° ∂Á¶>_ ÷]_ x¬˛B ÷¶D ÿ√u≈m.
1. 1962á÷_ Ê™V°¶[ ∞u√‚¶ º√V´V_ ]‚¶D º>V_s
∂Á¶Õ>m.
2. ‘>VMB∫ÔÁ· √VmÔV©º√VD’ ]‚¶D ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶m (1965).
3. ‘√∑Á\© A´‚E’ ∂§xÔ\V™m (1965).
4.{´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (1966 á 69)
1965á÷_ √V˛¸>V–¶[ ∞u√‚¶ º\V>_ \uÆD √Úk¬ ÔVuÆ
ÿ√VF›>>V_ ∞u√‚¶ k≈‚E, ‘√Vl[ \]©A TµflE, sÁÈkVE cBÏ°
º√V[≈ ÔV´∫Ô·V_ z§©∏‚¶ ÔVÈ ®_ÁÈ¬z^ ÂV[ÔVD ]‚¶›Á>
mk∫Ô ÷BÈV\_ º√V™m. ÷Á>B|›m 1966 x>_ 1969 kÁ´lÈV™
ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]_ J[Æ kÚ¶› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (Three Annual Plans)
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™.
sÁÈkVE zÁ≈Õ>m. {´Vı|› ]‚¶ ÔVÈ∫Ôπ_ √∑Á\©
A´‚El[ sÁ·kVÔ ºk·Vı A´‚E ∞u√‚| c°© ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[
cu√›] ∂]Ôˆ›>m.
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5.ÂV[ÔVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1969 á 74)
kVµ¬ÁÔ >´›Á> cBÏ›m>_, ƒJÔ ¿]•¶[ ÌΩB k·ÏflE
º√V[≈kuÆ¬z x[–ˆÁ\ kw∫Ô©√‚¶m. kÚ¶ k·ÏflE ÷È¬z 5.7
ƒ>s˛>\VÔ WÏl¬Ô©√‚¶m.
1. s¤B ÂÔ´D, ºƒÈD, sƒVÔ©√‚Ω™D ÷ÚDA ®‡z
ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔ^ WÆk©√‚¶™.
2. ÷Õ]Bá√V˛¸>V[ º√VÏ (1971), k∫˛Ô^ º>EB\B\V¬ÔD
(1969), x>_ ∂bzı| ºƒV>Á™ º√V™≈Ák
÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]ºÈºB WÔµÕ>™.
6.nÕ>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1974 á 79)
kÆÁ\ Œa©A, ÿ>Va_ k·ÏflE º√V[≈kuÆ¬z
x¬˛B›mkD ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m. º>EB kÚkVF k·ÏflE 5.5 ƒ>s˛>D
®[Æ ÷È¬z WÏl¬Ô©√‚¶m.
1. ÷Ú√m ∂Dƒ› ]‚¶D (1975) ∂§xÔ©√|›>© √‚¶m.
2. 1978á÷_ ÿ\V´VÏ˜ º>ƒVF >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ ¤™>V ∂´ƒV_
]‚¶D WÆ›>©√‚¶m.
3. cÚ·_ ]‚¶D (1978á80) (Rolling Plan) ¤™>V ∂´ƒV_
ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶m. º>EB¬ ˛´V\©A≈ ÷Á·QÏÔ”¬ÔV™
ºkÁÈkVF©A √luE› ]‚¶D ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶m. (1979).
7.g≈VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1980 á 85)
kÆÁ\ Œa©A¬ÔVÔ ∂]´Ω Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔÁ· º\uÿÔV^”>_
÷>[ x¬˛B ÷È¬z.
1. º>EB ª´Ô ºkÁÈkVF©A› ]‚¶D, ŒÚ∫˛ÁÕ> ª´Ô
k·ÏflE› ]‚¶D (1980), ºkÁÈ kVF©A cÆ]› ]‚¶D g˛BÁk
ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶™.
8.∞wVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1985 á 90)
tÔ ºkÔ\V™ c° >VMB cu√›] k·ÏflE, ºkÁÈkVFÁ√
∂]Ô©√|›m>_ º√V[≈Ák ∞wVD ]‚¶›][ x¬˛B ÷È¬zÔ^.
1. ‘¤k«Ï º´VÎÔVÏ ºBVÎ™V’ (1989) ÿƒB_ √|›>©√‚¶m.
2. ‘ºkÁÈ¬z c°› ]‚¶D’ ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶m.
9.{´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (1990 á 92)
\›]l_ ∞u√‚¶ WÁÈBu≈ ∂ÉB_ ÛµWÁÈBV_ z§©∏‚¶
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ÔVÈ¬ ÿÔ|°¬z^ ®‚¶VD ]‚¶›Á> mk∫Ô ÷BÈs_ÁÈ. ®™ºk
1990á91, 1991á92 ÔVÈ Ô‚¶∫Ôπ_ ÷´ı| {´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^
ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶™. ÷Ákl´ı|º\ ®‚¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶›][
kÁ´BÁ≈¬z‚√‚º¶ ∂Á\Õ]ÚÕ>™. A]B ÿ√VÚ·V>V´¬
ÿÔV^ÁÔ ÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]_ >V[ ∂§xÔD ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.
10.®‚¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1992 á 97)
ÿ>Va_mÁ≈ÁB ÂT™©√|›m>_ ÷›]‚¶›][ x¬˛B
÷È¬z. ÷Õ]BVs_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE ∂]ºkÔ ÂÁ¶º√V‚¶m.
11.Œ[√>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1997 á 2002)
÷Õ]B ∑>Õ]´›][ 50ágD kÚ¶›]_ Œ[√>VD ]‚¶D
ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶m. ∑›>\V™ zΩ¿Ï kw∫Ô_, ∂Ω©√Á¶ ∑ÔV>V´ kƒ]ÁB
º\D√|›m>_, mk¬ÔWÁÈ¬ Ô_sÁB sˆ°√|›m>_, ∞ÁwÔ”¬z
T‚|kƒ] c>s, zwÕÁ>Ô”¬z ƒ›m° kw∫Ô_, ˛´V\∫ÔÁ·
x¬˛B WÁÈÔ”¶[ ÷Á›>_, ÿ√Vmkw∫Ô_ ∂Á\©Á√
∞ÁwÔ”¬z º\KD √B[√|D s>›]_ \Vu§BÁ\›>_ ®[Æ ‘∞ø
∂Ω©√Á¶ s≠B∫Ô”¬z’ (Seven Basic Minimum Services)
]‚¶D x[–ˆÁ\ kw∫˛Bm.
12.√›>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2002 á 07)
kÚ¶ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE ®‚| ƒ>s˛>›Á> ®‚|>_ ®[√m
x¬˛B ÷È¬z. ÷Õ> ÷È¬z ®‚¶©√¶s_ÁÈ ®[≈VKD 7.8 ƒ>s˛>D
kÁ´ k·ÏflE s˛>D ∂Á\Õ>m. ÷mkÁ´lÈV™ ∂Á™›m
]‚¶∫Ô”¶[ Œ©A ºÂV¬zDº√Vm tÔ ∂]Ô ˜Ω∏ k·ÏflE
÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]ºÈºB ®‚¶©√‚¶m.
Am©∏¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷Ú√m ∂Dƒ› ]‚¶D ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶m.
13. 11ágD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2007 á 12)
∂Á™›m mÁ≈ÔÁ·•D c^·¶¬˛B k·ÏflEºB x¬˛B
÷È¬z.
1. c^ÂV‚| cu√›] k·ÏflE s˛>D 9 ƒ>s˛>\VÔ ∂]Ôˆ›>_.
2. >M Â√Ï kÚ\V™›Á> 2016á17¬z^ ÷´‚Ω©√V¬z>_.
3. ºk·VıÁ\ k·ÏflE s˛>›Á> ÂV[z ƒ>s˛>\VÔ
cBÏ›m>_.
4. 7 ºÔVΩ ºkÁÈkVF©AÔÁ· cÚkV¬z>_.
5. zwÕÁ> ÷≈©A s˛>›Á> gl´›m¬z Œ[Æ ®[≈
s˛>›]_ zÁ≈›>_.
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6. ∂Á™›m ˛´V\∫Ô”¬zD t[ kƒ], ƒVÁÈ kƒ],
ÿ>VÁÈº√E kƒ] ∞u√|›m>_.
14.12ágD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2012 á 17)
tÔ ºkÔ\VÔ k·ÏflE, ∂Á™›Á>•D c‚√|›]B k·ÏflE,
WÁÈ›> º\D√V| (Faster Growth, Inclusive Growth, Sustainable
Growth) º√V[≈ÁkºB ÷›]‚¶›][ x¬˛B ÷È‚EB∫Ô^.
1. 12ágD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D Œ[√m ƒ>s˛> ÿ√VÚ·V>V´
k·ÏflEÁB ÷È¬ÔVÔ ÿÔVı|^·m.
2. 12ágD ]‚¶ ÔVÈ›]_ 9 ƒ>s˛> k·ÏflEÁB ®‚¶
ºkı|\V™V_ ∂>uz ŒÀÿkVÚ mÁ≈•D ƒˆBV™ k·ÏflE
ƒ>s˛>xD, ƒJÔ›mÁ≈ 8 ƒ>s˛>xD, k·ÏflE ÷È¬ÁÔ ∂Á¶B
ºkı|D ®[≈V_ ∏[kÚ\VÆ ∂§BÈVD.
12ágD ]‚¶¬ÔVÈ ÷È¬zD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D
mÁ≈ √[Mÿ´ı|
skƒVBD, k™D, *[k·D 4.0
∑´∫ÔD 8.0
cu√›], t[ƒV´D, ®ˆkV• 9.8
¿Ï√˛Ï\V™D 8.5
Ô‚|\V™D 10.0
kVË√D, º√V¬zk´›m, >Ôk_ÿ>V¶ÏA 11.0
W], ÷[Û´[¸ 10.0
ƒJÔD, ƒJÔºƒÁk 8.0
ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| kÚkVF 9.0
ÿ>Va_ 9.6
ºƒÁk›mÁ≈ 10.0
153.nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^
1. 11ágkm nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶›][ ÔVÈ ∂·° :
2007á2012.
2. nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫ÔÁ· cÚkV¬zkm ]‚¶¬zø.
3. ]‚¶¬zøs[ x>_ mÁ›>ÁÈkÏ z_ƒVˆÈV_ ÂÕ>V.
4. nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫ÔÁ· x>[ x>ÈVÔ ÿƒB_√|›]B
ÂV| á íBV.
5. ]‚¶¬zø cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ gı| á 1950 \VÏfl 15.
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6. 5ágkm nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶›][ E≈©A z§©∏‚¶
ÔVÈ›]uz {´Vı|¬z x[º√ xΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
7. ®‚¶Vkm nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶›][ ÔVÈD 1992 á 1997.
8. ÷´ı¶Vkm nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶›][ ∏[√u≈©√‚¶
∂bzxÁ≈ á ‘\ÔÈ ºÂV∏¸ ∂bz xÁ≈’.
9. ÷Õ]BVs_, ]‚¶t|>_ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD á ƒJÔ ¿]•¶[
ÌΩB k·ÏflE.
10. kÆÁ\ Œa©A¬z x¬˛B›mkD ∂π›> nÕ>Vı|›
]‚¶D á nÕ>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D.
154.\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ
÷Õ]BVs[ ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ á 121,05,69,573
º√Ï. ÷]_ gıÔ^ á 62,31,21,843 º√Ï;
ÿ√ıÔ^á58,74,47,730 º√Ï.
1. ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ ∂]ÔD \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ \VWÈD:
c›]´© ∏´º>ƒD á 19,98,12,341.
2. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ \VWÈD : E¬˛D á
6,10,577.
3. tÔ ∂]ÔD \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ \›]B g‚E© √z] :
]_o á 1,67,87,947.
4. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ \›]B g‚E©
√z] : ÷È‚ƒ› y° á 64,473 º√Ï.
155.\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ √´k_
\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ© √´kÁÈ© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´l_ ÿ\V›> \¬Ôπ_
∑\VÏ 68.8 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ˛´V\∫ÔπKD, 31.2 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï
ÂÔ´∫ÔπKD kE¬˛[≈™Ï.
1. gıÔπ_ ∑\VÏ 68.6 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ˛´V\∫ÔπKD,
31.4 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ÂÔ´∫ÔπKD kE¬˛[≈™Ï.
2. ÿ√ıÔπ_ 69.1 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ˛´V\∫ÔπKD, 30.9
ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ÂÔ´∫ÔπKD kE¬˛[≈™Ï.
156.gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D
÷Õ]BVs[ gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D gl´D gıÔ”¬z
943 ÿ√ıÔ^.
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1. gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ \VWÈD : ºÔ´·D.
÷∫ºÔ 1000 gıÔ”¬z 1,084 ÿ√ıÔ^ c^·™Ï.
2. gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D tÔ¬ zÁ≈kV™ \VWÈD :
«ˆBV™V (879/1000).
3. gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ \›]B g‚E© √z] :
Amflºƒˆ (1037/1000).
4. gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D tÔ¬ zÁ≈kV™ \›]B g‚E©√z]
: ¶V\[ á Á¶R (618/1000).
157.\¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD
÷Õ]BVs_ \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD ƒ.˛.*.¬z 382 º√Ï.
1. ÷Õ]BVs_ \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD tÔ∂]Ô\V™ \VWÈD :
¨ÔVÏ. ÷∫ºÔ ŒÚ ƒ.˛.*.¬z 1,106 º√Ï kE¬˛[≈™Ï.
2. \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> \VWÈD : ∂ÚVflƒÈ©
∏´º>ƒD (17/ŒÚ ƒ.˛.*.)
3. ÷Õ]BVs_ \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ \›]B
g‚E© √z] : Am]_o (11,320/ŒÚ ƒ.˛.*.)
4. \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> \›]B g‚E© √z] :
∂Õ>\V[ WºÔV√Ï (461/ŒÚ ƒ.˛.*.)
158.®ø›>§°
÷Õ]BVs_ ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ \¬Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ :
76,34,98,517 (73 ƒ>s˛>D). ÷]_ gıÔ^ : 48,26,53,540 (80
ƒ>s˛>D); ÿ√ıÔ^ : 28,08,44,977 (64.6 ƒ>s˛>D).
1. ®ø›>§° ÿ√uº≈VÏ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ c^· \VWÈD ;
ºÔ´·D. 94 ƒ>s˛>D.
2. ®ø›>§° ÿ√uº≈VÏ tÔ¬ zÁ≈kVÔ c^· \VWÈD :
¨ÔVÏ. (61.8 ƒ>s˛>D).
3. ®ø›>§° ÿ√uº≈VÏ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ c^· \›]B g‚E©
√z] : ¶V\[áÁ¶R (87.1 ƒ>s˛>D).
4. ®ø›>§° ÿ√uº≈VÏ tÔ¬ zÁ≈kVÔ c^· \›]B g‚E©
√z] : Amflºƒˆ. (85.8 ƒ>s˛>D).
159.gıÔ^
tÔ ∂]Ô ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ gıÔ^ c^· \VWÈD : ºÔ´·D.
(96.01 ƒ>s˛>D).
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1. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ gıÔ^ c^· \VWÈD:
¨ÔVÏ (71.2 ƒ>s˛>D).
2. tÔ ∂]Ô ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ gıÔ^ c^· \›]B g‚E©
√z] : ¶V\[ Á¶• (91.5 ƒ>s˛>D).
160.ÿ√ıÔ^
tÔ ∂]Ô ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ ÿ√ıÔ^ c^· \VWÈD : ºÔ´·D
(92.01 ƒ>s˛>D).
1. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ ÿ√ıÔ^ c^· \VWÈD:
¨ÔVÏ. (51.5 ƒ>s˛>D).
2. tÔ ∂]Ô ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ ÿ√ıÔ^ c^· \›]B g‚E©
√z] : ∂Õ>\V[ á WºÔV√Ï y°Ô^ (82.4 ƒ>s˛>D).
161.2011 ÿƒ[ƒ¸ >´kˆÁƒl_ \VWÈ∫Ô^
>´kˆÁƒ \¬Ô^ÿ>VÁÔ √´©A \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD ®ø›>§°
1. c›]´© ∏´º>ƒD 1.´V¤¸>V[ 1.¨ÔVÏ 1.ºÔ´·D
2. \ÔV´ViΩ´D 2.\›]B© ∏´º>ƒD 2.º\.k∫ÔV·D 2.tºƒV´D
3. ¨ÔVÏ 3.\ÔV´ViΩ´D 3.ºÔ´·D 3.]Â´V
4. º\.k∫ÔV·D 4.gÕ]´D 4.c.∏. 4.ºÔVkV
5. gÕ]´D 5.c›]´© ∏´º>ƒD 5.«ˆBV™V 5.N\Vflƒ_
6. \›]B© ∏´º>ƒD 6.¤Dx & ÔVi*Ï 6.>tµÂV| 6.\ÔV´ViΩ´D
7. >tµÂV|7.z¤´V› 7.E¬˛D
11. >tµÂV| 8. >tµÂV|
162.ÿƒ[ƒ¸ ÷Õ]BV
1. 2011 ÿƒ[ƒL[ x›]Á´fl ÿƒV_ Â\m ÿƒ[ƒ¸. Â\m
®]ÏÔVÈD (Our Census, Our Future) ®[√>VzD.
2. ∏©´kˆ 9ágD º>] ÷Õ]BVs_ ÿƒ[ƒ¸ ]™D.
163.ÿƒ[ƒ¸ ÷Õ]BV á 2011
1. ÷Õ]BVs[ ®ø›>§° á 73%.
2. ÷Õ]BVs[ \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD á ƒ.˛.*.¬z 382 Â√ÏÔ^.
3. ÷Õ]BVs[ gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D á 943%.
4. \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD zÁ≈Õ> \VWÈD ∂ÚVƒÈ©∏´º>ƒD
(17 º√Ï).
5. ÷Õ]BVs[ √›>Vı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ k·ÏflE á 17.7%
(2001 á 2011).

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6. tÔ¬ zÁ≈kV™ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ k·ÏflE ÿÔVı¶ \VWÈD á
ÂVÔÈVÕm á 0.6%.
7. ∂]Ô\V™ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ k·ÏflE ÿÔVı¶ \VWÈD á
º\ÔVÈBV á 27.9%.
8. ®ø›>§° ∂]Ôx^· \›]B g‚E© √z] á ÷È‚ƒ›y° á
91.8%.
9. 2011 ÿƒ[ƒL[ x›]Á´fl ÿƒV_ á ‘Â\m ÿƒ[ƒ¸, Â\m
®]ÏÔVÈD’.
10. 2011 ÷_ Â¶›>©√‚¶ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A á
15ágkm \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A.
164.k∫˛Ô^
÷Õ]BÏ ŒÚk´V_ WÏk˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ k∫˛,
‘∂°› kVË√ k∫˛’. ÷m 1881á÷_ ÿƒB_√¶ g´D∏›>m. 1894á÷_
√fiƒV© ºÂ≠™_ √V∫¬ cÚk™m. 1906á÷_ mk∫˛B ∑º>E ÷B¬ÔD
∞´V·\V™ kVË√ k∫˛Ô^ cÚkVÔ ª¬Ô\π›>m.

1. 1920á÷_ k∫ÔV·D, √D√VF, ÿ\‚´V¸ ®–D J[Æ \VÔV

k∫˛Ô”D Œ[§Á¬Ô©√‚| 1921 ÷_ ÷D¨ˆB_ k∫˛
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2. ÷Õ> ÷D¨ˆB_ k∫˛ºB 1955 ÷_ ¸º¶‚ √V∫¬ g‡©
÷Â]BVkVÔ \V§Bm.
1.÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛
1934 ÷[ ˆƒÏÀ √V∫¬ g‡© ÷Õ]BV ƒ‚¶©√Ω (1920 ÷D¨ˆB_
k∫˛fl ƒ‚¶›]_ ]Ú›>∫Ô^ ÿƒFB©√‚| 1934 ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛fl
ƒ‚¶D cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m) 1935 ∞©´_ Œ[≈VD º>] ˆƒÏÀ √V∫¬ g‡©
÷Õ]BV ∂]ÔV´›]_ kÕ>m. ÷Õ]BVs_ Ô´[E ºÂV‚|Ô^ ∂flƒΩ¬zD
∂]ÔV´›Á>© ÿ√uÆ^· Œº´ k∫˛ ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ºB.
1. 1949 ¤™kˆ Œ[≈VD º>] ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛
º>EB\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2. ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛l[ x>_ ÔkÏ™Ï Œ.®.¸t›. ÷Õ]B´V™ x>_
ÔkÏ™Ï L.Ω.º>ix¬.
3. 1959 ÷_ ∞ø ƒ©EΩ k∫˛Ô^ º>EB \B\V¬Ô©√‚¶™. 1969
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…ÁÈ 19 ÷_ º\KD √]™V[z k∫˛Ô^ º>EB
\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶™. ∏[™Ï 1980á÷_ º\KD ∞ø k∫˛Ô^
º>EB\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶™.
4. k∫˛Ô^, ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛l_ x>‹| ÿƒFm^· W]¬z
(Cash Reserve) kw∫Ô©√|D k‚ΩºB ‘ˆkÏ¸
ˆ©º√Vº´‚’.
5. ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ ∂´∑¬z kw∫zD Ô¶–>sl[ ÿ√BÏ Ways and
Means Advance.
2.>MBVÏ k∫˛Ô^
÷Õ]BVs_ 1920á¬z© ∏≈z>V[ √È >MBVÏ k∫˛Ô^
∏´√È\Vl™. ∂©º√Vm √V∫¬ g‡© ÿ√∫ÔV_, √V∫¬¸ g‡© √VDº√,
√V∫¬ g‡© ÿ\‚´V¸ ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_ >MBVÏ k∫˛Ô^ ÿƒB_√‚|
kÕ>™. ∏[™Ï ÷ÁkBÁ™›mD ŒÚ∫˛Á¬Ô©√‚| ÷D¨ˆB_
k∫˛BVÔ ÿƒB_√¶› ÿ>V¶∫˛™.

ÂV‚Ω_ ÷©º√Vm ÿƒB_√‚| kÚD EÈ >MBVÏ k∫˛Ô^,

º>EB\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶ k∫˛Ô”¬z WÔ´VÔ kVΩ¬ÁÔBV·ÏÔÁ·¬
ÿÔVı|^·™.
3.k∫˛Ô^
1. 1921á÷_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷D¨ˆB_ k∫˛l[ >uº√VÁ>B
ÿ√BÏ á ¸º¶‚ √V∫¬ g‡© ÷Õ]BV.
2. k∫˛Ô^ º>EB \B\V¬Ô_ : 1969 …ÁÈ 19á÷_ 14
k∫˛Ô”D, 1980á÷_ ∞ø k∫˛Ô”D º>EB
\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶™.
3. k∫˛Ô^, ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛l_ x>‹| ÿƒFm^· W]¬z
kw∫Ô©√|D k‚Ω á ˆkÏ¸ ÿ´©º√V º´‚ (Reverse
Reporate).
4. ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂV^ á 1935 ∞©´_ 1.
5. ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ º>EB\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂV^ á 1949
¤™kˆ 1.
6. ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛l[ x>_ ÷Õ]B ÔkÏ™Ï á L.Ω.º>ix¬.
7. ÷Õ]BVs_ x>[ x>o_ ∞Ω®D kƒ]ÁB
∂§xÔ©√|›]Bm k∫˛ á®fl.®¸.∏.E. k∫˛ (1987).
8. ÷Õ]B Ú√VFÔπ[ ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X‚Á¶ cÚkV¬˛BkÏ á
c>Bz\VÏ.
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9. √›]uÔV™ >M ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X‚Á¶¬ ÿÔVı¶
ÂV|Ôπ[ kˆÁƒl_ ÷Õ]BVs[ ÷¶D á nÕm.
10. ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ k∫˛ á 1770á÷_ Ô_Ô›>Vs_
mk∫Ô©√‚¶ ] √V∫¬ g‡© ÷Õm¸>V[ k∫˛.
1. 1770 ÷_ Ô_Ô›>Vs_ mk∫Ô©√‚¶ ‘> √V∫¬ g‡©
NÕm¸>V[’ ®[√º> ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ k∫˛.
2. ÷Õ]BVs_ x>[ x>ÈVÔ ∞.Ω.®D. kƒ]ÁB ∂§xÔD
ÿƒF>m ®fl.®¸.∏.L. k∫˛ºB (xDÁ√, 1987).
11. ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ© ÿ√ÚD kVË√ k∫˛ ¸º¶‚ √V∫¬
g‡© ÷Õ]BV.
12. ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ© ÿ√ˆB >MBVÏ k∫˛ ICICI k∫˛.
165.÷Õ]B ‘√VF
÷Õ]BVs_ ŒÚ ‘√VF Ô´[E >s´ ∞Á™B ∂Á™›m¬
Ô´[EÔ”D, ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛BV_ ∂flƒΩ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. 1996 ÷oÚÕm
ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ \ÔV›\V ÔVÕ] ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ· ÿkπl¶
g´D∏›>m. ÷©º√Vm 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 ‘√VF
ºÂV‚|Ô^ ÷Õ>› ÿ>V¶ÏkˆÁƒl_ ÿkπl¶©√‚| kÚ˛≈m.
nÕm ‘√VF x>_ ∞Á™B ∂Á™›m¬ Ô´[EÔπKD ∂ÉB_
ƒ‚¶›][ ®‚¶Vkm ∂‚¶kÁl_ ÷¶Dÿ√u≈ 17 º>EB ÿ\VaÔπ_
∂>[ \]©A ∂flƒΩ¬Ô©√‚|^·m. Ô´[El[ ÷¶m √¬Ô √V™o_
∂ƒVt, k∫ÔVπ, z¤´V›], Ô[™¶D, ÔVi*ˆ, ÿÔV∫ÔM, \ÁÈBV·D,
\´V›], ºÂ√Vπ, ŒˆBV, √fiƒV∏, ƒ\¸˛Ú>D, >tµ, ÿ>K∫z, cÚm
®[–D kˆÁƒl_ 15 ÿ\VaÔ”D, Ô´[El[ ∏≈ √z]Ôπ_ g∫˛ÈD
\uÆD ÷Õ] ÿ\VaÔπKD \]©A z§©∏¶©√|˛≈m.
1. ÷Õ]BVs_ ‘√VF ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ· ∂flƒΩ›> mk¬ÔÔVÈ
√V∫zÔ^ : √V∫¬ g‡© NÕm¸>V[ (1770 á 1832),
ÿ¤™´_ √V∫¬ ÷[ ÿ√∫ÔV_ ∂[‚ ¨ÔVÏ (1773 á 1775),
ÿ√∫ÔV_ √V∫¬ (1784 á 1791).
2. 1861 ÔV˛> ÂVBfl ƒ‚¶›][ JÈD Ô´[E ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ·
∂flƒΩ›m ÿkπl|D ∂]ÔV´D ÿ√Æ˛≈m ÷Õ]B ∂´∑.
3. ŒÚ ‘√VF ºÂV‚| >sÏÕ> ∞Á™B ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ· ∂flE|km
÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ºB. ºÂV‚|¬Ôπ_ ÁÔÿBV©√D ÷|kmD
ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ ÔkÏ™º´.
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4. ŒÚ ‘√VF ºÂV‚| ÷Õ]B ∂´ƒV_ ∂flƒΩ¬Ô©√|km. ÷]_
W]fl ÿƒBÈÏ ÁÔÿBø›]|˛≈VÏ.
5. ÷Õ]BVs_ ÂV[z ÂVB kVÏ©√¶fl ƒVÁÈÔ^ (Mint),
÷´ı| k∫˛ ºÂV‚| ∂flƒÔ∫Ô^, ÷´ı| ÿƒ¬Rˆ‚Ω ÔV˛>
gÁÈÔ^ ÿƒB_√‚| kÚ˛[≈™.
6. ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ ÂVB kVÏ√¶fl ƒVÁÈ, xDÁ√ : ÷Õ]BVs[
tÔ© √wÁ\BV™ ÂVB kVÏ©√Ô∫ÔπÿÈV[Æ, 1829á÷_
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷∫ºÔ ÂVB∫Ô”¶[ √>¬Ô∫Ô”D
kVÏ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.
7. ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ kVÏ©√¶fl ƒVÁÈ, ÿÔV_Ô›>V: 18ágD
±u≈VıΩ_ Ô_Ô›>Vs_ ÂVB kVÏ©∏¶∫Ô^ √È
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™. ÷ku§_ Œ[Á≈ ÂT™©√|›] ∂o©ØÏ
t[‚ ®[–D ÿ√Bˆ_ 1952 ÷_ ŒÚ ÂVB kVÏ©∏¶D
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ∏u√V| ÷m ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ t[‚ ÿÔV_Ô›>V
®™© ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.
8. ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ kVÏ©√¶fl ƒVÁÈ, Á«]´V√V› : 1903 ÷_
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ]BVs[ ∂] ÂT™ ÂVB kVÏ©∏¶D
÷m.
9. ‘√VF ºÂV‚| ∂flƒÔD ÂVE¬, \ÔV´ViΩ´D : 1928 ÷_
ÿƒB_√¶ g´D∏›>m. √_ºkÆ \]©AÁ¶B ‘√VF
ºÂV‚|¬Ô^ ÷∫ºÔ ∂flE¶©√|˛[≈™.
10. ÿƒ¬Rˆ‚Ω ÔV˛> gÁÈ, º«Vƒ∫ÔV√V›, \›]B© ∏´º>ƒD:
√È kÁÔ©√‚¶ ÿƒ¬Rˆ‚Ω gk∫ÔÁ· ∂flƒΩ¬zD
÷ÕWÆk™D 1968á÷_ ÿƒB_√¶› mk∫˛Bm.
11. ºÂV‚ x›>´ı o‚ : ∂]Ôˆ›m kÚD k∫˛ ºÂV‚|Ôπ[
√B[√V‚|¬z c>°D kÁÔl_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷´ı| A]B
∂flƒÔ∫Ô^. ÔÏÂV¶Ô \VWÈD Á\ÛÏ, º\uz k∫ÔV· \VWÈD
ƒ_º√VM g˛B ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ∂Á\Õm^· ÷Às´ı|
∂flƒÔ∫Ô”D, ‘√VýB ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ ºÂV‚ x›>´ı otÿ¶‚’
®–D ∂Á\©∏[ Ô‚|©√V‚Ω[ ˇµ ÿƒB_√‚| kÚ˛≈m.
‘√VF
1. ‘Ú∏BV’ ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_ ÷Õ]BVs_ x>[ x>ÈVÔ
ÂVB›Á> ∂§xÔD ÿƒF>kÏ á ÿ≠Ï≠V.
2. ‘Ú∏BV’ ŒÚ ÿk^π ÂVBD.
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3. ÿ≠Ï≠V ÔVÈ›]_ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ >∫Ô ÂVBD á ‘ÿ\V«Ï’.
4. Ô´[E ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ· ÿkπl|D ∂]ÔV´›Á> ∂´∑¬z
kw∫˛B ∏ˆ‚œi ƒ‚¶D á ÔV˛> ÂVBfl ƒ‚¶D (1861).
5. ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BVs_ A]B ÂVB ∂Á\©A ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_
kÕ> ÂV^ á 1950, gÔ¸‚ 15.
6. k∫˛ ºÂV‚Ω_ ÁÔÿBV©√t‚¶ x>_ ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ ÔkÏ™Ï á
º¤D¸ ÿ¶FÈÏ.
7. ÷Õ]BVs_ ÂVB∫ÔÁ· ÿkπl|D ∂]ÔV´D √Á¶›>m
á \›]B ∂´∑.
8. ÷Õ]BVs_ k∫˛ ºÂV‚|ÔÁ· ÿkπl|D ∂]ÔV´D
√Á¶›>m á ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛.
‘√VF¬z A]B ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X|
9.∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔV (¶VÈÏ), ∏ˆ‚¶[ (√°ı‚), nº´V©∏B RMB[
ÂV|Ô^ (Rº´V), ¤©√V[ (ÿB[) º√V[≈ ÂV‚| ÂVB∫Ô”¬ÿÔ_ÈVD
(Currency) >M›>M ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X|Ô^ cı|. ∂Õ>
kˆÁƒl_ ÷©º√Vm ÷Õ]B ‘√VF¬zD A]B ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X‚Á¶
\›]B ∂´∑ ∂§xÔ©√|›]•^·m. ÷›m¶[ ÂVB›]uÔVÔ >M
∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X| ÿÔVı|^· cÈ˛[ nÕ>Vkm ÂVBD ®[≈
E≈©Á√ ÷Õ]B ‘√VF ÿ√uÆ^·m.
10.xDÁ√ n.n.Ω. ÁBfl ºƒÏÕ> c>Bz\VÏ (÷kÏ >twÔ›Á>¬
ºƒÏÕ>kÏ) ®[√k´V_ kΩkÁ\¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷Õ> ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X‚Á¶,
2010, …ÁÈ 15ágD º>] \›]B ∂Á\flƒ´Ák ∂∫ˇÔˆ›>m.
166.√∫zfl ƒÕÁ>
÷Õ]BVs_ ÷Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√MÔ^ ƒ‚¶D 1850á÷_
∂§xÔ©√|›>©√‚¶m. ÷Á>B|›m ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ √∫zfl
ƒÕÁ>BV™ √D√VF √∫zfl ƒÕÁ> 1875á÷_ cÚkV™m (gEBVs[
x>_ √∫zflƒÕÁ> ®[≈ E≈©AD ÷>uzı|). ÷Á>B|›m 1894á÷_
∂Ô\>V√V› √∫zfl ƒÕÁ>•D, 1908 ÷_ ÿÔV_Ô›>V √∫Ôfl ƒÕÁ>•D
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™. º>EB© √∫zfl ƒÕÁ> (National Stock Ex-
change - NSE) 1992 ÂkD√ˆ_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
1. 1875 ÷_ The Native Share and Stock Brokers Asso-
ciation ®[–D ÿ√BˆºÈºB ÷m ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. 1956á÷_ >V[
÷>uz WÁÈBV™ ∂∫ˇÔV´D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
189
Ω.®¸. ∏Á>V¸ ∂[‚ ÔDÿ√MºB (DSP) √D√VF √∫zfl ƒÕÁ>l_
√‚ΩBo¶©√‚¶ x>_ ÔDÿ√M.
2. √D√VF √∫zfl ƒÕÁ>l[ x¬˛B √∫z z§X‚ÿ¶ı ∏®¸÷
(BSE) ÿƒ[ÿƒ¬¸. ∂>Vkm Bombay Stock Exchange Sensitive
Index ®[√>[ ∑Ú¬ÔD. >uº√Vm 30 ÔDÿ√MÔ^ ∏®¸÷
ÿƒ[ÿƒ¬L_ √‚ΩBo¶©√‚|^·™.
3. √∫zfl ƒÕÁ> WAÏ y√¬ ÿ\Vº«VMºB ‘ÿƒ[ÿƒ¬¸’ ®[≈
ÿƒV_ÁÈ x>[x>ÈVÔ √ˆÕmÁ´ ÿƒF>kÏ. cÈ˛[ √›>Vkm ÿ√ˆB
√∫zflƒÕÁ> √D√VF √∫zfl ƒÕÁ>.
1.ÿƒ∏

÷Õ]B© √∫z ƒÕÁ>ÔÁ·¬ Ô‚|©√|›mD ∂Á\©A.

Securities and Exchange Board of India ®[√>[ ∑Ú¬Ôº\ ÿƒ∏
(SEBI). ÷m 1992 ∞©´_ 12á÷_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. >ÁÈÁ\BÔD :
xDÁ√.
2.W‡©Ω

º>EB© √∫zﬂ ƒÕÁ>l[ x¬˛B √∫z z§X|>V™ W‡©Ω

(SEPCNX Nifty).nD√m ÔDÿ√MÔ^ W‡©Ωl_ √‚ΩBo¶©√‚|^·™.
167.∂[MB x>‹|

A]B ÿ√VÚ·V>V´¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔl[ ŒÚ √z]BVÔ ÷Õ]BVs_

∂ÕWB x>‹| ºkÔ\VÔ ∂]Ôˆ›m kÚ˛≈m. ∂[MB x>‹|
÷Õ]BVsuz^ kÚD ÷´ı| x¬˛B WÁÈÔ^: 1.ºÂ´Ω ∂[MB x>‹|
(Foreign Direct Investment) 2.W] WÆk™∫Ô^ kaBV™ x>‹|
(Investment through Financial Institution).
1. ∂[MB x>‹‚Á¶ ~Ï©√>uÔVÔ 2003 ∏©´kˆ 18á÷_
∂[MB x>‹‚| ª¬zs©A ∂Á\©A (Foreign Investment Pro-
motion Board) cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2. ÷Õ]BVsuz kÚD ºÂ´Ω ∂[MB x>‹‚Ω[ ÿ√ÚD √z]•D
ÔD©R‚¶Ï ƒV‡©‚ºkÏ, t[™b© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ c‚√‚¶ ®È¬‚ˆÔ_
ÿ√VÚ^ >BVˆ©A› mÁ≈ÔÁ· Á\Bt‚º¶ kÚ˛≈m. ÷>uÔ|›m
kÚkm ÿ>VÁÈ› ÿ>V¶ÏA› mÁ≈.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
190
1.x>‹‚| gÁBD
x>‹‚| WÆk™∫Ô”¬z gº´V¬˛B\V™ ÛµWÁÈÁB
∞u√|›mD ºÂV¬Ô›m¶[ 2004 ΩƒD√ˆ_ x>‹‚| gÁBD
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ> J[Æ cÆ©∏™Ï gÁBD
W]BÁ\flƒÔ›][ ˇµ ÿƒB_√‚| kÚ˛≈m.
2.∑>Õ]´ kVË√© √z]
kVË√fl ÿƒB_√V|Ô^ ƒV>V´\VÔ ƒÕ]¬zD >Á¶ÔÁ·
sÈ¬˛ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶ kVË√© √z]. ÷Ák Export Processing
Zone ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ EPZ √z]
z¤´V›][ Ôı‚ÈVs_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. 1965 ÷_ mk∫Ô©√‚¶
Ôı‚ÈV ∑>Õ]´ kVË√ Á\BD gEBVsºÈºB x>_ Á\BD.
3.E≈©A© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ \ı¶ÈD
∞uÆ\] ª¬zs©A, c^ÂV‚|, ∂B_ÂV‚| x>‹|ÔÁ·
ª¬zs›>_, ∂Ω©√Á¶ Ô‚¶Á\©A º\D√V|, ºkÁÈ kVF©AÔÁ·
∂]Ôˆ©√m º√V[≈kuÁ≈ ºÂV¬Ô\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m
>V[ Special Economic Zone.
1.÷Õ]BVs_ 2000 gı| ∞©ó_ E≈©A© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´
\ı¶È¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ ∂§s¬Ô©√‚¶m. 2005 …M_ E≈©A©
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ \ı¶Èfl ƒ‚¶D >Mfl ƒ‚¶\V™m.
2.E≈©A© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ \ı¶È∫Ô^ ∂Á\©√>uÔV™
sı©√∫Ô^ ƒD√Õ>©√‚¶ \VWÈ ∂É¶D ƒ\Ï©∏¬Ô©√‚¶
ºkı|D.
3.÷Õ]BVs_ gÕ]´© ∏´º>ƒ›]_ tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ E≈©A©
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ \ı¶È∫Ô^ c^·™.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

191

G. >tµkV[
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, Ô_sB_ mÁ≈
ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD, k_ÈD >ﬁƒV∆Ï

5. AslB_
1.ÛˆB \ı¶ÈD
ÛˆB–D ÛˆBÁ™ﬂ ∑u§kÚD ®‚| ºÔV^Ô”D (A>[,
ÿk^π, Øt, ÿƒÀkVF, sBVw[, ƒM, •º´™¸, ÿÂ©ΩR[,)
∂kuÁ≈ﬂ ∑u§kÚD mÁ¬ ºÔV^Ô”D ∂¶∫˛Bº> ÛˆB \ı¶ÈD.
÷kuÆ¶[ ±uÆ¬Ô¬ÔV™ kV_ Â‚ƒ›]´∫Ô”D, gl´¬Ô¬ÔV™
Â‚ƒ›]´∫Ô”D ÔV©√|˛[≈™. √V_ kπ \ı¶È›]oÚÕm 3000
x>_ 33,000 Œπ kÚ¶ ÿ>VÁÈs_ ÛˆB \ı¶ÈD ∂Á\Õm^·m.

1.(2006á÷_ Aj‚º¶V ºÔV^ >z]ÁB ÷w©√>uz x[AkÁ´

ÛˆB \ı¶È›]_ Œ[√m ºÔV^Ô^ ÷ÚÕ>™.)
2.s‚¶D : 13,84,000 ˛.*. Øtl[ s‚¶›Á>© º√V_ 109 \¶∫z

3.kBm : 450 ºÔVΩ gı|Ô^ ÿ\V›> g•‚ ÔVÈD : 1000 ºÔVΩ

gı|Ô^.

4.®ˆBVu≈_ ÿkπ©√V| : ÿ\V›>D : 4$10 KW . Øt¬z kÚkm :

kV•\ı¶ÈD ÷_ÁÈÿBM_ : 1,400 W/m2 kV• \ı¶È›Á>¬ Ô¶Õ>
∏[ : 240 W/m2

5.ÿk©√WÁÈ : c^Á\B›]_ 1.5 ºÔVΩ 0K. AÈ™VzD √´©∏_ (Œπ¬

ºÔVƒD) : 5770 0K Ô]´k Œπk‚¶D : 15 ÷È‚ƒD 0K

6.ÛˆB–¬z ∂Ú˛_ c^· ºÔV^Ô·V™ A>[, ÿk^π, As \uÆD

ÿƒÀkVF g˛B™ tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ ÿk©√ WÁÈloÚÕm zπÏÕm
cÚkV™Ák. ÷>™V_ ÷Ák ]¶¬ ºÔV·∫Ô·VÔ¬ ÔV©√|˛[≈™.
÷ku§_ Eo¬ÔV[, ÷ÚDA º√V[≈ >Vm¬Ô^ ÔV©√|˛[≈™.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
192
ÛˆBMoÚÕm ÿ>VÁÈs_ c^· ºÔV^Ô^
cBÏÿk©√WÁÈÁB ∂Á¶BVm zπÏÕ> kV• WÁÈlºÈºB ∑w[Æ
kÚ˛[≈™. ÷Ák ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÍoBD, Á«Ω´¤[ g˛B kV•›
>M\∫ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ÁkBVÔ¬ ÔV©√|˛[≈™.

2.A>[ (Mercury)
1.ÛˆB–¬z tÔ ∂Ú˛K^· ºÔV^.
2.s‚¶D : 4,880 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 3,302,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : ÷_ÁÈ
5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 58,6462 ÂV‚Ô^
6.ÛˆBÁ™ ŒÚ xÁ≈ﬂ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 87,469 ÂV‚Ô^
7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 57,909,175 ˛.*.
8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : +166.850 C
9.\Ë¬z 1,76,000 ˛.*. ºkÔ›]_ ÛˆBÁ™ﬂ ∑u§kÚk>V_ 10.÷m
ºkÔD tzÕ> ºÔV^ ®™ ∂§B©√|˛≈m.

3.ÿk^π (Venus)
1.Øt¬z tÔ ∂Ú˛_ c^· ºÔV^.
2.s‚¶D : 12,103.6 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 48,690,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : ÷_ÁÈ
5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 246.16 ÂV‚Ô^
6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™ﬂ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 243.0187 ÂV‚Ô^
7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 10,82,08,930 ˛.*.
8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : +456.850 C
9.∂·sKD, ®Á¶lKD ØtÁB© º√V[§Ú©√>V_ ÷m Øtl[
10.÷´‚Á¶ ˛´ÔD ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

4.Øt (Earth)
1.kˆÁƒxÁ≈l_ ÛˆBMoÚÕm J[≈Vk>VÔ ∂Á\Õm^·m.
2.s‚¶D : 6,794 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 59,720,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : Œ[Æ
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
193
5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 23 \Ë, 56 6.Wt¶D
4.091 sÂVΩÔ^
7.ÛˆBÁ™ ŒÚ xÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 365 ÂV‚Ô^, 8 \Ë, 8.48
Wt¶D, 45.51 sÂVΩ.
9.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 14,96,00,000 ˛.*.
10.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : 150 C
11.Øt >[Á™›>Vº™ ∑uÆk>V_ √ÔKD, ÷´°D, ÛˆBÁ™fl 12.∑uÆD
∑wuEBV_ √Úk ÔVÈ∫Ô”D ∞u√|˛[≈™.
13.Øtl[ ∂fl∑>ı| 231/3 0 ƒˆÕm^·m.
14.Øt º\u˛oÚÕm ˛w¬z xÔ\VÔ ∂>[ ∂fl∑› >ıΩ_ ∑w_˛≈m.

5.ÿƒÀkVF (Mars)
1.EÔ©A¬ ºÔV^ ®™©√|˛≈m.
2.s‚¶D : 6,794 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 6,421,900,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : ÷´ı|
5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ƒ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 1.025957 ÂV^, 25.1
sÂVΩ.
6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™ﬂ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 686,98 ÂV‚Ô^
7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 22,79,40,000 ˛.*.
8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : á166.850 0 C
9.ØtÁB© º√VÈºk ÿƒÀkVl[ √Ô_ á ÷´°Ô”¬zD Œº´ ÔVÈ
∂·°>V[.

6.sBVw[ (Jupiter)
1.®Á¶ tzÕ> ºÔV^
2.s‚¶D : 1,42,984 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 18,986,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : 63
5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ƒ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : Œ[√m \Ë, nD√m
Wt¶D, x©√m sÂVΩ
6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™ﬂ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 11 kÚ¶D, 314 ÂV‚Ô^
7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 77,28,00,000 ˛.*.
8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : +19.860 C

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

194
9.tÔ© ÿ√ˆB EÔ©A ∂Á¶BV·∫Ô^ (Great Red Spot) ÿÔVı¶
˛´ÔD.
10.÷m º¤VsB[ ˛´ÔD ®[ÆD (Jovian) ∂§B©√|˛≈m.

7.ƒM (Saturn)
1.tÔ°D ∂¶Ï›] zÁ≈Õ> ˛´ÔD
2.s‚¶D : 1,20,536 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 5,684,600,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : 34
5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 10 \Ë 34 Wt¶D
6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™ﬂ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 29 kÚ¶D 168 ÂV^
7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 26,725,400 ˛.*.
8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : á139.50 C
9.tÔ©ÿ√ˆB mÁ¬ºÔV^ Á¶‚¶V[
10.ÛˆB \ı¶È›][ kπ\ı¶ÈD ÿÔVı¶ Œº´ mÁ¬ºÔV^
ƒMl[ Á¶‚¶V[.
11.÷>Á™ﬂ ∑u§ kÁ·B∫Ô^ c^·™ ®[Æ Ôı|∏Ω›>kÏ
12.ÔooºBV. ‡©º´t¸‘¸, Á¶‚¶V[, ΩºBVı, º>Õ]¸,
13.÷BV¨‚¶¸, Í©, W\V¸, √Vıº¶V´V, ÔV_©ºvV, √V[, ∂‚È¸,
ˆBV, ÿ«È[ º√V[≈ ˛º´¬Ô A´V¬ Ô>V√V›]´∫Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏÔº·
ƒMl[ mÁ¬ ºÔV^Ô”¬z ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^·m.

8.•º´™¸ (Uranus)
1.÷>Á™ kπ\ı¶È›][ *Á>[ kV• c^·m.
2.s‚¶D : 51.118 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 868,320,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : 27
5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 17 \Ë 17 Wt¶D
6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 84 kÚ¶D 4 ÂV‚Ô^
7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 2,87,09,72,200 ˛.*.
8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : á197.15 0 C
9.1781 ÷_ ƒÏ s_oBD «VÏ≠_ ÷Á> Ôı| ∏Ω›>VÏ.
10•º´™L_ 98 ƒ>T>xD Á«‚´¤–D, ÍoBxD >V[.
11.÷>[ ∂fl∑ >ı| 98 0 ƒˆÕ]Ú©√>V_ ÷m ∑w_˛[≈ (Rolling)
∂_Èm ƒVFÕ]Ú¬zD (Lying) ºÔV^ ®™°D ∂§B©√|˛≈m.
÷]_ *Á>M[ ∂]Ô\VÔ ÷Ú©√>V_ ÷m √flÁƒ•D, ¿ÈxD ÔÈÕ>
W≈›]_ c^·m.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

195
9.ÿÂ©ΩR[ (Neptune)
1.¿È W≈¬ ºÔV^.
2.s‚¶D : 49,522 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 1,024,700,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : 13
5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 16 \Ë 7 Wt¶D
ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™ﬂ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 164 kÚ¶D 298 ÂV‚Ô^
ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 4,49,82,52,900 t.o. ˛.*.
6.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : 200.50 C
7.1846 ÷_ ¤V[ ÔVo ®[√kº´ ÷Á>¬ Ôı|∏Ω›>kÏ
8.÷Á> ÿkÆ∫ÔıV_ ÔV ÷BÈVm.

10.ºÔV^Ô^
1.ÛˆBM[ ÔVÕ>©AÈ›]oÚÕm sÈ˛ ÛˆBÁ™ﬂ ∑u§¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD kV[ cÚıÁ¶Ôº· ºÔV^Ô^. ÷Ák ®‚|. ÷Ák
WÈÿkπ ºÔV^Ô^ (Terrestrial Planets) \uÆD kV• ºÔV^Ô^
(Gaseous Planets) ®™ ÷´ı¶VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.
WÈÿkπ ºÔV^Ô^ : A>[, ÿk^π, Øt, ÿƒÀkVF.
kV• ºÔV^Ô^ : sBVw[, ƒM, ÿÂ©ΩR[, •º´™¸.
2.mÁ¬ ºÔV^Ô^ : A>[ \uÆD ÿk^π¬z \‚|D mÁ¬
ºÔV^Ô^ ÷_ÁÈ. Øt á 1, ÿƒÀkVF á 2, sBVw[ á 60, •º´™¸á27,
ÿÂ©ΩR[ á 13 ®[Æ mÁ¬ ºÔV^Ô^ ∂Á\Õm^·™.

11.ÛˆB¬ z|D√D
1. ÛˆB¬ z|D√›][ ÿ\V›> ºÔV^Ô^ 8 (2006á÷_
Aj‚º¶V ÷Õ> √‚ΩBo_ ÷ÚÕm ÿkπºBu≈©√‚¶m).
2. Ek©A ºÔV^ ®™©√|km á ÿƒÀkVF.
3. Øt¬z tÔ ∂Ú˛K^· Â‚ƒ›]´D á ÛˆB[
4. ƒÕ]´MoÚÕm Œπ ØtÁB kÕ>Á¶B gzD ÔVÈD á
1.3 s™VΩÔ^
5. ÛˆB Œπ ØtÁB kÕ>Á¶B gzD ÔVÈD á 8.2 Wt¶D
6. ÛˆB \ı¶È›][ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ºÔV^ á sBVw[
7. tÔ¬ zπ´V™ ºÔV^ á •º´™¸
8. tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ mÁ¬ºÔV^ÔÁ· ÿ√uÆ^· ºÔV^ á
sBVw[
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9. ÛˆB Œπl_ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ ∏´]√o¬zD ºÔV^ á
∑¬˛´[
10. ÔΩÔV´ ]Áƒl_ ÛˆBÁ™ﬂ ∑uÆD ºÔV^ á T™¸.

12.∏´√fiƒD
1. ∏´√fiƒ c≈√›] z§›> x¬˛B E›>VÕ>D á ÿ√ÚÿkΩ©A
ÿÔV^ÁÔ
2. ∏´√fiƒ›]_ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ ∂¶∫˛•^· JÈ©ÿ√VÚ^ á
Á«‚´¤[
3. ÛˆB¬z|D√>Á> c‚√|›]B Â‚ƒ›]´ \ı¶ÈD á √V_ÿkπ
T]
4. √V_ÿkπ T]¬z tÔ ∂Ú˛K^· Â‚ƒ›]´ \ı¶ÈD á
g[‚º´V*¶V
5. Øt•D, ∞Á™B ºÔV^Ô”D ÛˆBÁ™ ∑u§ kÚ˛[≈™
®[Æ x>[ x>ÈVÔ ÔÚ›m ÿkπl‚¶kÏ á ºÔV©√Ï W¬Ô¸
6. √V_ÿkπl_ ÛˆB[ ÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^· √z] á ŒˆB[ ÁÔ
7. ∏´√fiƒ›]_ ÷mkÁ´ Ôı| ∏Ω¬Ô©√‚¶kuÆ^ tÔ
ÿ>VÁÈs_ c^· ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ á zkVƒÏÔ^
8. kVMB_ ∂§QÏ ¸œ√[ «V¬˛[L[ ∏´√È A›>ÔD á ∞
©Z© N¸¶ˆ g© Á¶D
9. ÛˆBÁ™© º√V[≈ Â‚ƒ›]´∫Ôπ[ ®ˆÿ√VÚ^ ®ˆÕ> ∏[
~Ï©A sÁƒBV_ ∑Ú∫zkº> á Ek©A¬ ºÔV·D
10. ÂT™ ∏´√fiƒ ∂§sBo[ >ÕÁ> ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ á
ÔooºBV Ôoo.

13.As© √Vz√V|Ô^
1.Asl[ º\u√´©A ÂV[z ºÔV·∫Ô·VÔ √z¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
∂Ák :
2.√VÁ≈¬ºÔV·D (Litho sphere) : Øtl[ º\u√´©∏_ ÔV©√|D
WÈ©√z]Ô^ \‚|\_ÈVm Ô¶o[ ∂Ω©√|ÁÔÔ”D ∂¶∫˛Bm.
3.¿Ï¬ºÔV·D (Hydrosphere) : Ô¶_Ô^, Â]Ô^, ∞ˆÔ^ x>ÈV™
¿Ï©√´©AÔ^ ∂¶∫˛B √z].
4.kπ\ı¶ÈD (Atmosphere) : WÈ ¿Ï√´©AÔÁ·© º√VÏ›] As
ÛµÕm WuzD ÔVuÆ \ı¶ÈD.
5.clÏ¬ºÔV·D (Bioshere) : º\u ÿƒV[™ x>_ J[Æ ºÔV·©
√z]Ôπ_ clˆ™∫Ô^ kVøD √z]ÔÁ· c^·¶¬˛Bm.
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14.√VÁ≈¬ ºÔV·D
√VÁ≈Ô^ #·VÔ© ÿ√VΩÕ]¶ kVMÁÈ (Weather), ÔVÈWÁÈ
(Climate), ~´©√>D (Humidity), ÷|¬zÔπ_ ºkÏ OÁw›m© √´°D
>Vk´∫Ôπ[ k·ÏflE º√V[≈ √È ∂Dƒ∫Ô^ cıÿ¶[≈VKD
kVMÁÈ© √Úk \Vu≈∫Ôπ[ √∫z \Ô›>V™m. ºÔVÁ¶ ÿklo_
Û¶V™ √VÁ≈Ô^ ]œÏ \Áwl_, ]œÿ´™¬ zπÏs¬Ô©√|D º√Vm
ÿkΩ©A søÕm ˇ§s|˛[≈™. gl´¬Ô¬ÔV™ gı|Ô^
÷ÕWÁÈ ¿Ω›>V_ ∂Ák ÿÂVÆ∫˛fl EÆ mÔ^Ô·VzD. ∂ÀkVº≈
√VÁ≈Ô”¬z Â|s_, ÷|¬zÔπ_ º>∫˛ WuzD >ıßÏ zπÏ
ÔVÈ›]_ cÁ≈Õm √M¬Ô‚ΩÔ·V˛ sˆkÁ¶•D º√VmD √VÁ≈Ôπ_
ˇ≈_ ÿkΩ©A søD. ÷©√Ω Œ[Æ¬ÿÔV[Æ ÿ\flƒ\V™ EÁ>°Ô·V_
\ı WÁ≈Õ> WÈ©√´©A cÚkV™m.
√VÁ≈¬ºÔV·›][ c^·Á\©Á√ J[≈VÔ kÁÔ©√|›>ÈVD.

1.Ô™u √VÁ≈Ô^ (Igneous Rocks) - Asl[ c^

√z]loÚÕm cÚ˛B “\V¬\V” √VÁ≈¬ zwDAÔ^ ÿkπBV˛
cÁ≈k>V_ Ô™u √VÁ≈Ô^ º>V[§™. Asl[ A≈Ël_ ∑\VÏ 95
sø¬ÔV|D ÷ÀkÁÔ© √VÁ≈Ô^ >VD. ÷ku§KD J[Æ ∏ˆ°ÔÁ·¬
ÔVÈVD. ˛´VÁ™‚ (Granite) ®–D ÔÚ∫Ô_; “ÿ√ƒV_‚” (Besalt)
®–D tÚm©√VÁ≈, ®ˆ\ÁÈ© √VÁ≈ ®[√™ ∂Ák. ®_ÈV¬
Ôı¶∫ÔπKD ∏´>V™\VÔ› ÿ>[√|km ÔÚ∫Ô_ √VÁ≈Ôº·. Ô¶_
∂Ω›>·›]_ c^·Ák ÿ√ÚD√VKD “√ƒV_‚” kÁÔ. ®ˆ\ÁÈ©
√VÁ≈Ô^, zxÆD ®ˆ\ÁÈ ¨ﬂE ÿkπ›>^π© √VÁ≈¬ zwDAÔ·V_
cÚkVl™.
2.√Ωk© √VÁ≈Ô^ (Sedimentary Rocks) - Ô¶_
∂Ω›>·∫Ôπ_ ÔV©√|D ∂|¬Ô|¬ÔV™ √Ωk∫Ô·V_ g™Ák
√Ωk© √VÁ≈Ô^. ÷Ák Øt º\_ÿ√VÚ¬˛_ ∑\VÏ 5 sø¬ÔVº¶
∂¶∫˛lÚ©∏–D, WÈ©√´©∏[ x¬ÔV_ √VÔxD √´Õm ˛¶¬˛≈m.
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∂]Ô x¬˛BD kVFÕ>Ák ÷Õ>©
√Ωk©√VÁ≈Ô^. WÈ¬Ôˆ, ®ıÿF \uÆD sÁÈºB§B
ÔM\∫Ôπ[ sÁ· WÈD.
3.cÚ\Vu≈© √VÁ≈Ô^ (Metamorphic Rocks) -
√VÁ≈Ô^ º>V[ÆD Ô›]ºÈºB ÿkDÁ\, cBÏ ∂ø›>D ∂_Èm
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ºk]B_ sÁ™›]≈[ ÷ku≈V_ cÚ›]ˆÕm cı¶V™ √VÁ≈ÔÁ·
cÚ\Vu≈© √VÁ≈Ô^ ®[˛º≈VD. ƒV[Æ ∑ıVDA¬Ô_ (Lime
Stone).

15.\ÁÈÔ^
º>Vu≈›Á> ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| \ÁÈÔÁ· ÂV[z
kÁÔÔ·VÔ© ∏ˆ©√mı|. ∂Ák ;
1.\Ω©A \ÁÈÔ^ (Fold Mountains) - ∂ø›>›]™V_
kÁ·Õm \ΩÕm cÚkV™Ák. cÈ˛[ cB´\V™ \ÁÈÔ^
∂Á™›mº\ ÷›>ÁÔB sÁ·kV_ WtÏÕ>ÁkºB.
2.>|©A \ÁÈÔ^ (Block Mountains) - As© √´©∏_
søÕ> sˆƒ_ ∂_Èm ˇ≈_ÔÁ· Œ‚ΩB √z]Ô^ ÿƒ∫z›>VÔ
cBÏÂÿ>øk>[ sÁ·kVÔ º>V[§BÁk. ÷Ú √¬ÔxD >VµÕ>
∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^ ÿÔVı|. \›]l_ ÿÂΩBm cBÚD ÂÈ© √z]ºB >|©A
\ÁÈBV˛≈m. √VÏ©√>uzfl ƒˆs[§fl ÿƒ∫z›>VÔfl ÿƒm¬˛B ∑kÏ
\V]ˆ ÷Ú¬zD.
3.®ˆ\ÁÈÔ^ (Volcanic Mountains) - zx§ ÿkΩ¬zD
c‚√VÁ≈¬ zwDAÔ^ kaÕm ∑uÆ©A≈∫Ôπ_ √ΩÂmBÏÕm
ÿÔ‚ΩBVk>V_ ®ˆ\ÁÈ¬ z[ÆÔ^ ®ø˛[≈™. ∂ku§[ ÌD∏B
cflEl_ kVFº√V_ k‚¶¬za° Œ[ÆD ÔV©√|D.
4.EÁ>Õ> \ÁÈÔ^ (Residual Mountains) - EÈ \ÁÈÔ^
√Úk \Vu≈∫Ôπ™V_ EÁ>Õm, gÆÔπ™V_ ∂ˆ¬Ô©√‚| º>FÕm
ÿkÆD º\‚| WÈ\VÔ \‚|D ÔV©√|D. ÷kuÁ≈ºB EÁ>° \ÁÈÔ^
®[˛º≈VD.

16.y°Ô^
cÈÔ› y°Ô^ ∂Á™›Á>•D J[Æ ÿ√ÚD ∏ˆ°Ô”^
∂¶¬ÔÈVD. ∂Ák:
Ôı¶›y°Ô^ (Continental Islands) - ®[√™ ∏ˆ‚Ωi
y°¬ Ì‚¶∫Ô^ ∂_Èm W• ‡ÿ√·ı‚ÈVÕm º√VÈ Ôı¶∫Ôπ[
∂Úzfl ∑uÆk‚¶V´›]uz^ ∂Á\Õ>Ák. ÷›y°Ô^
∂ıÁ¶lK^· Ôı¶∫Ôπ[ WÈsB_ Ô‚¶Á\©∏Á™©
ÿ√u§Ú¬zD.
Ô¶uy°Ô^ (Oceanic Islands) - Ô¶_Ôπ[ \VÏ∏_
xÁ·›>Ák. ÷kuÆ¬z© √¬Ô›m¬ Ô¶uÔÁ´l[ WÈ© √ıAÔ^
∂≈ºk ˛Á¶BVm. ÿ√ÚD√VKD Ô¶o[ ∂Ω\ÁÈÔ^ ∂_Èm Ô¶o[
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∂Ω ®ˆ\ÁÈÔπ[ cflƒ WÈ©√´©AÔº· cBÏÕm ¿Ï \‚¶›]uz º\_
÷ÀkÁÔ› y°Ô·V·Ô› ÿ>ˆ˛[≈™.
√k·› y°Ô^ (Coral Islands) √k·©ØflEÔ^ (Coral Pol-
yps) ®–D ŒÚ kÁÔ¬ Ô¶_ OıblˆÔ·V_ cÚkV™Ák.
÷À°lˆÔ^ Ì‚¶∫ Ì‚¶\VÔºk zΩlÚ¬zD. ÷Õ> OıblˆÔ^
÷≈Õ>mD ÷ku§[ ƒ¶È∫Ô^ AuÆÔ^ º√V_ ÿ√Ú∫ ÿÔV›mÔ·VÔ©
√¶ÚD. ÷Ák Ô¶_ \‚¶›]uz º\ÿÈøÕm cBÚD º√Vm y°Ô·VÔ
cÚ\VÆ˛[≈™.

17.√VÁÈk™∫Ô^
√VÁÈk™∫Ô^ J[Æ kÁÔBVÔ© ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD. ∂Ák :
ÿk©√© √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ (Hot deserts) : ÷Ák ÿk©√ \ı¶È›]_
ÔV©√|D √VÁÈk™∫Ô^. g©∏ˆ¬ÔVs_ ∂º´∏B[, Â*©,
ÔVÈ«Vˆ √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ ÷>uz c>V´∫Ô·VzD.
zπÏ √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ (Cold deserts) : ÷Ák ÿk©√
\ı¶È›]_ Ô¶_ \‚¶›]oÚÕm ∂]Ô cB´›]_ ÷Ú©√Ák. \ÁÈ›
ÿ>V¶ÏÔπ[ ∂ΩkV´∫Ôπ_ ÷mº√V[≈ √VÁÈk™∫Ô^
cÚkVkmı|. √Ôo_ ∂]Ô ÿk©√D ÔV©√‚¶VKD ÷´s_ Â_È
zπÏ kV‚|D. gıΩ_ 25 ÿƒ.*.¬zD zÁ≈kV™ \Áw ÿ√F•D. ÷Õ>
s> ÔVÈWÁÈ ÔV´\VÔ ∞´V·\V™ ÿƒΩ ÿÔVΩÔ^ ÷∫ºÔ
k·Ï˛[≈™. \›]B gEBVs_ ºÔV∏, ÿ>[ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVs_
√‚¶ºÔVMB[ º√V[≈Ák EÈ zπÏ √VÁÈk™∫Ô^.
mÚk √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ (Polar deserts) : ∂ı¶VÏΩÔV,
Rº´iBV, k¶ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVs[ k¶√z], ˛Z[ÈVÕm º√V[≈ ÷¶∫Ôπ_
c^· √M WÁ≈Õ> √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ ÷Õ> ÷™›Á>ﬂ ºƒÏÕ>Ák.
÷∫ºÔ kÚ¶›]uz 38 ÿƒ.*. ¬zD zÁ≈kVÔºk \Áw ÿ√F˛≈m. ∞º>V
√M ÿ√Fkm º√VoÚ¬zD. ÿk©√© √VÁÈk™∫ÔÁ·© º√VÈ \_
∂]Ô ∂·s_ ÔV©√¶Vs‚¶VKD √VÁ≈Ô^ ÷Ú¬zD. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ>
∂·s_ clˆ™∫Ô”D ÔV©√|D. cÈ˛_ ƒÔV´V √VÁÈk™›Á>
s¶°D k≈ı¶ √z]ºB ∂ı¶VÏΩÔV.

18.√VÁÈk™∫Ôπ_ ÔVÈWÁÈ
cBÏÕ> √‚ƒ ÿk©√WÁÈ 58 Ω˛ˆ ÿƒ_¥B¸ kÁ´fl ÿƒ_KD.
zπÏ Á\™¸ 88 Ω˛ˆ ∂_Èm ∂>uzD ˇºw ÿƒ[Æs|D.
√VÁÈk™∫Ôπ_ 259 t.*.¬z º\_ \Áw ÿ√Fk]_ÁÈ.
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19.Ô¶_Ô^
Øt©√´©∏[ 70.8 sø¬ÔV| Ô¶_Ô^. ÷ku§_ 144.5 ºÔVΩ
Ô™ ˛.*. ¿Ï WÁ≈Õm^·m. ÷]_ 97.3% ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_ÔπKD,
kÁ·z¶V¬ÔπKD, *] 2.7% √M©∏´º>ƒ∫ÔπKD, ∞ˆÔπKD,
Â]ÔπKD, Øt¬ ÔΩlK\VÔ W´D∏•^·™.
Øt k´ÈVu§[ g´D√›]oÚÕº> ¿ˆ[ ∂·° ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
\Vu≈D ®m°D ÷_ÈV\_ ÷ÚÕm kÚ˛≈m. g™V_ ÔVÈWÁÈÔπ_
∞u√|D \Vu≈∫Ô”¬z ∞u√ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_ÔπKD ∞ˆÔπKD ¿ˆ[
∂·° Ì¶ºkV zÁ≈BºkV ÿƒF•D. zπÏ ÔVÈ∫Ôπ_ Ô¶_ ¿Ï √M©
∏´º>ƒ∫Ô”¬zfl ÿƒ_˛≈m. ∂©º√Vm √M©√z]Ô^ ∞ˆÔ^
º√V[≈ku§_ ¿ˆ[ ∂·° ∂]Ôˆ¬˛≈m. WÈD ÿk©√\Á¶•Dº√Vm
√M© ∏´º>ƒ∫ÔπoÚÕm cÚzD ¿Ï Ô¶ÁÈ ∂Á¶˛≈m.
Ô¶_ ¿ˆ_ 3.5% c©A ÔÈÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ∂›m¶[ zº·Vˆ[,
ºƒVΩBD, ÿ\¬Ã¥BD, ÔÕ>ÔD, ÔV_EBD, ÿ√V‚¶VEBD, Aº´Vt[,
¸º¶VMBD, ÿ√V´V[ ®[√Ák•D ÔÈÕ]Ú¬˛[≈™. E§B ∂·s_
ÔVÏ√[, Eo¬ÔV[, ∂KtMBD, Ajˆ[, ∂ºBVΩ[ º√V[≈Ák•D
ÔÈÕm^·™.
√E∏¬, ∂‚ÈVıΩ¬, ÷Õ]BV, gÏΩ¬ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_Ô·VÔ©
∏ˆ›m^·™Ï. ÷Õ>© ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_Ôπ_ Ô¶_Ô^ (Seas), sˆz¶V¬Ô^
(Bays), kÁ·z¶V¬Ô^ (Gulfs) \uÆD ÷>´ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_ c‚Az
xÔ∫Ô^ (Inlets) g˛B™ ∂¶∫zD.
√E∏¬ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶ºÈ cÈ˛_ tÔ©ÿ√ˆBmD ÿ>V[Á\
kVFÕ>m\VzD. cÈ˛ºÈºB gwD ÌΩB (11,516 *‚¶Ï) (Mindanao
Deep) tı¶Vº™V gw©√z] ÷∫z^·m. cÈ˛ºÈºB ∂]Ô
®ıË¬ÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ y°¬Ì‚¶∫Ô^ ÿƒ§Õm ÔV©√|kmD
÷∫z>V[.
÷´ı¶Vk>VÔ ∂·su ÿ√ˆBm 20.9 sø¬ÔV|
As©√´©√·Ák¬ ÿÔVı¶ ∂‚ÈVıΩ¬ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_.
J[≈Vkm tÔ© ÿ√ˆB Ô¶_ ÷Õ]B© ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_. ÷m
Ô[MBVz\ˆ x>_ ÿ>[mÚk›]_ ∂ı¶VÏΩ¬ Ô¶_ kÁ´
sˆÕm^·m.
gÏΩ¬ ®[√m ∂ÁÈT∑D ƒx›]´º\ ÷_ÁÈ ®™ÈVD. k¶
mÚk›Á>fl ∑u§© √¶ÏÕ> ÷©√z]l_ zπÏÔVÈ›]_ >ıßÏ
cÁ≈Õm √M¬Ô‚ΩBV˛s|D.
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20.gÆÔ^
cÈ˛[ tÔ ¿·\V™ ÷´ı| gÆÔ^ ÿ>[ ∂‚ÈVıΩ¬
ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶o_ ºƒÚD ∂º\ƒV[ \uÆD \›]B >Á´¬Ô¶o_ ÔÈ¬zD
ÁÂ_ gzD.

21.kπ\ı¶ÈD
AsÁB© √VmÔV¬zD Ôkƒ© º√VÏÁk kπ\ı¶Èº\. ÛˆB
ÿkDÁ\ÁB•D ŒπÁB•D t>©√|›] As¬z^ ∂–©∏ Ák©√]_
kπ\ı¶È›][ √∫z z§©∏¶›>¬Ôm. ÷]K^· {ºƒV[ (Ozone)
√¶ÈD ÛˆBMoÚÕm kÚD ∂√VBÔ´\V™ A≈ª>V¬ Ô]Ï© √z]ÔÁ·
c§ﬁE cÈ˛[ clˆ™∫Ô^ ∂aBV\_ √VmÔV¬˛≈m.
ÔVu≈ø›>D ®[√m Asl[ ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ A^πl[ º\_
ÔVu§[ xø ®Á¶•D ª‚|D ∂ø›>º\.
kπ\ı¶ÈD ÿkÀºkÆ kπ\∫Ô·VKD (Gases)
¿´Vsl™VKD WÁ≈Õm^·m.
As¬z º\_ 50 ˛.*. cB´D kÁ´lÈV™ kπ\ı¶È›]_
∑\VÏ 78% ÁÂ‚´¤–D, 21% g¬E¤–D, tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> ∂·°Ôπ_
gÏÔV[, ÔVÏ√[áÁ¶ág¬Áƒ| WBV[, ÍoBD, *›º>[ º√V[≈
kπ\∫Ô”D ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒl_ ∂¶∫˛lÚ¬˛[≈™.

22.º\Ô∫Ô^
º\Ô∫ÔÁ· ∂ku§[ º>Vu≈ kΩsuºÔu√© √ÈkV≈VÔ©
∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD.
“E´¸” (Cirrus) º\Ô∫Ô^ kÁ·B_ ØﬂEÔ^ º√V[Æ
∑Úı¶Ák. ∑\VÏ 12 ˛.*‚¶Ï cB´D kÁ´ √´s WuzD.
“zxÈ¸” (Cumulus) ÷™D k‚¶kΩk¬ zsB_Ô·VF
cÚı| ]´ı¶Ák.
“¸¶´V¶¸” (Stratus) º\Ô∫Ô^ gÔVB›]_ E>§¬˛¶¬zD
√ﬁ∑ x˛o™∫Ô^.
WD√¸ (Nimbus) ÔVÏº\Ô∫Ô^ >V[ √B∫Ô´ ÷Ω\Áwl[
JÈ¬ÔÚ¬Ô^.

23.kπ\ı¶ÈD
‚º´Vº√V¸‡∏BÏ (Troposphere) ®–D ÿk©√D >Ë°ÆD
]Ú©√ \ı¶ÈxD ∂>[ º\_ ‚º´Vº√V√V¸ (Tropopause) ®–D
]Ú©√ ÷Á¶© √z]•D ∂¶∫˛Bm.

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¸‚º´Vº¶V¸‡∏BÏ (Stratosphere) ®–D ÿk©√ﬂÊ´|¬z
\ı¶ÈxD ∂>[ º\_ ¸‚´Vº¶V√V¸ (Stratopause) ®–D ∂|¬z
÷Á¶©√z]•D ÿÔVı¶m.
ÿ\ºƒV ¸‡∏BÏ (Meso phere) ®–D ÷Á¶ \ı¶ÈxD
∂>[ º\_ ÿ\ºƒV√V¸ (Mesopause) ®–D ÷Á¶© √z]•D
∂¶∫˛Bm.
∂B™ \ı¶ÈD (Ionosphere) ∂_Èm ÿk©√ \ı¶ÈD
(Thermosphere).
A≈\ı¶È›]uz (Exosphere) ∂©√V_ s·∫zkm
ÔVÕ>\ı¶ÈD (Magnestosphere) ÷>[ ®_ÁÈBVÔ› ]Ôµkm
ÔVÕ> ÷Á¶©√z] (Magnetopause). kπ \ı¶È›]uz ÿkπºB
c^· ÔVÕ> \ı¶Èº\ Asl[ ºkoBVzD.

24.>tµÂV| ÔVÈWÁÈ (Climate)

1. kVMÁÈ (Weather) : ŒÚ ÷¶›]_ ŒÚ ÂV^ WÈ°D
>‚√ÿk©√ WÁÈ √u§ sk´∫Ô^ (ÿk©√WÁÈ, ∂ø›>D, ~´©√>D,
\Áw ∂·°) g˛BÁk √u§B sk´∫Ô·VzD.
2. ÔVÈWÁÈ (Climate) : ∞≈¬zÁ≈B 30 kÚ¶D x>_ 150
kÚ¶D kÁ´lÈV™ ŒÚ ÷¶›][ ƒ´Vƒˆ kVMÁÈ ∂Õ> ÷¶›][
ÔVÈWÁÈ ®[˛º≈VD.
3. >tµÂV‚Ω[ Â‚ÔV‚Ω©√Ω ŒÚ kÚ¶›][ ÂV[z √Úk∫Ô^.
1. ƒ™kˆ á \VÏﬂ á k≈ı¶ kVMÁÈ / ÔVÈWÁÈ
2. ∞©´_ á º\ á ÿk©√ kVMÁÈ / ÔVÈWÁÈ
3. h[ á ÿƒ©¶D√Ï á ÿ>[º\uz© √ÚkÔVÈD.
4. ∂¬º¶V√Ï á ΩƒD√Ï á k¶˛w¬z© √ÚkÔVÈD.

25.\Áw ƒVÏÕ> \ÁÈ© ∏ˆ°Ô^

1. 1948áKD, 1953áKD >tµ \VWÈD \ÁwÁB Ák›m
k‚¶V´∫Ô·VÔ© √Vz√|›>©√‚¶m. ∂>uz© ∏≈z
√Vz√|›>©√¶s_ÁÈ.
2. k¶˛w¬z √Úk∫Ôπ_ (North East mansoon) ÿ√F•D
\Áw Ô¶uÔÁ´ \Vk‚¶∫Ôπ_ kÚ¶VÕ]´ \ÁwB·s_ 60%
c^ \Vk‚¶∫Ôπ_ 40% ÔË›m^·™Ï.
3. ÿ√ÚkVˆBV™ \Áw ∂¬º¶V√Ï á ÂkD√ˆ_ ÿ√F˛[≈m.

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4. c^ \Vk‚¶∫Ôπ_ ∂¬º¶V√ˆ_ Â_È \Áw ÿ√Va˛[≈m.
5. Ô¶uÔÁ´ \Vk‚¶∫ÔπºÈV ÂkD√ˆ_ >V[ Â_È \Áw
ÿ√Va˛[≈m.

26.>twÔ›]_ \Áw©∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ 5 √z]ÔÁ·© ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD

1. k¶¬z¬ Ô¶uÔÁ´ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^
ÿƒ[Á™, ºkŸÏ, ÔVﬁEA´D, sø©A´D, ]ÚkıV\ÁÈ,
Ô¶ŸÏ, >ﬁƒV∆Ï, ÂVÔ©√‚Ω™D, ]ÚkV‘Ï, Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶, ƒ´Vƒˆ
\ÁwB·° á 635 t.*.

2. ÿ>uz Ô¶uÔÁ´ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^

EkÔ∫ÁÔ, ´V\ÂV>A´D, #›m¬zΩ, ]ÚÿÂ_ºko,
Ô[MBVz\ˆ á ƒ´Vƒˆ \ÁwB·° á 457 t.*.

3. c^ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^
\mÁ´, º>Ã, sÚmÂÔÏ, ]ı|¬Ô_, ]ÚﬂE´V©√^π, Ô‘Ï,
ÿ√´D√ŸÏ á ƒ´Vƒˆ \ÁwB·° á 381 t.*.

4. A≈\ÁÈ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^
ÂV\¬Ô_, ºƒÈD, >Ú\Aˆ, ~º´V|, ºÔVBDA›#Ï ƒ´Vƒˆ
\ÁwB·° á 280 t.*.

5. ¿È˛ˆ \ÁÈ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^

1.ƒ´Vƒˆ \ÁwB·° á 507 t.*.
2.tÔ ∂]Ô ÿk©√WÁÈ ÿÔVı¶ ºkMuÔVÈxD tÔ¬
zÁ≈Õ> ÿk©√WÁÈ ÿÔVı¶ zπÏÔVÈxD Øtl_ WÈk¬ÔV´D
(Reason for hot summer & cold winter).
As >™m ∂flE_ 231/2 ƒVFÕ> kıD ∑w_˛[≈m.
º\KD {Ï gıΩ_ \VÏfl, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï \V>∫Ôπ_ AslÁ¶¬
ºÔV‚Ω[ *mD …[ \V>D k¶ ∂‚ƒ\V™ (Tropic of cancer) (231/2
k¶¬z) *mD ΩƒD√Ï \V>xD, ÿ>[ ∂‚ƒ\V™ \Ô´ ºÔV‚Ω[ (Tropic
of capricorn) (231/2 ÿ>uz) *mD ÛˆBM[ Ô]ÏÔ^ ÿƒ∫z›>VÔ
sø˛[≈™.
®™ºk \VÏfl x>_ ÿƒ©¶D√Ï kÁ´ ∞≈¬zÁ≈B {Ï gıΩ_ 7
\V>∫Ô^.
1. ÿk©√ kVMÁÈ¬ ÔVÈD á \VE á ÁkÔVE

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2. ÿ>[º\uz© √ÚkÔVÈDá gË á A´‚¶VE
3. ]Ú©A© √ÚkÔVÈD á n©√E á ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ
4. zπÏ kVMÁÈ¬ ÔVÈD á \VÏÔa á Á>

27.>twˆ[ gÆ √Úk∫Ô^
>twÏÔ^ ∂Ô©ÿ√VÚ^ WÔµﬂE¬zˆB ÿ√Vø]Á™
÷ÚkÁÔBVÔ© ∏ˆ›>™Ï. ∂Ák ÿ√ÚD ÿ√Vøm (®) EÆ ÿ√Vøm.
ÿ√ÚDÿ√Vøm ®[√m {Ï gıΩ[ 6 √Úk∫Ô^.
EÆÿ√Vøm ®[√m {Ï ÂVπ[ 6 ÌÆ√V|Ô^.
1. ÔVÏ¬ÔVÈD á gkË, A´‚¶VE
(gÔ¸| á ∂¬º¶V√Ï)
2. zπÏ ÔVÈD á n©√E, ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ
(Ì]Ï) (∂¬º¶V√Ï á ΩƒD√Ï)
3. x[√M¬ÔVÈD á \VÏÔa, Á>
(ΩƒD√Ï á∏©´kˆ)
4. ∏[ √M¬ÔVÈD á \VE, √∫zM
(∏©´kˆ á ∞©´_)
5. ÷·ºkMuÔVÈD á E›]Á´, ÁkÔVE
(∞©´_ á …[)
6. xm ºkMuÔVÈD á gM, gΩ
(…[ á gÔ¸|)

28.>tµÂV‚Ω[ \ık·D
1. kı¶_ \ı (Alluvial soil)
2. Ôˆƒ_ \ı (Black soil)
3. ÿƒD\ı (Red soil)
4. mÚ¬Ô_ \ı (Laterite soil)
5. ckÏ\ı (Saline soil)

29. kı¶È \ı
1. ÔV©√|D ÷¶D >ﬁƒV∆Ï, ]ÚkV‘Ï, ÂVÔ©√‚ΩD,
sø©A´D, Ô¶ŸÏ, ]ÚÿÂ_ºko \uÆD Ô[MBVz\ˆ
\Vk‚¶∫Ô^. (\uÆD Ô¶ºÈV´© √z]Ôπ_ ÿ¶_¶V √z]Ô”D
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ÔV©√|˛≈m) Write it from
2. ÔV©√|D ƒ›m¬Ô^ : ∑ıVDA, ÿ√V‚¶VEBD,
ÿ\¬ÃEBD zÁ≈kV™ ÁÂ‚´¤[, √V¸√´ ∂tÈD
3. √lˆ¶©√|D √lÏÔ^ : √lÏÔ^ ÿÂ_, ÔÚDA, kVÁw, \ﬁƒ^.

30. Ôˆƒ_ \ı
1. ÔV©√|D ÷¶D : ºÔVBDA›#Ï, ÷´V\ÂV>A´D, ]ÚflE,
Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶ \uÆD >fiƒV∆Ï \Vk‚¶∫Ô^.
2. ‡˜©ƒD ÔÈÕ> ÔÚ©A \ı ÔV©√|D ÷¶D : √^·¶D,
ÿ√V^·VflE, c|\ÁÈ©º√‚Á¶ k‚¶∫Ôπ_
3. ÔV©√|D ƒ›m¬Ô^ : ∂KtMBD, ∑ıVDA, \¬ÃEBD,
ÿ√V‚¶VEBD
4. zÁ≈kV™ ƒ›m : ÁÂ‚´¤[
5. √lÏÔ^ : √Ú›], ºƒV·D, ÔV_ÂÁ¶ c°, (Fodder) ÔDA

31.ÿƒD\ı
1. ÔV©√|D \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ : \›]B \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ cBÏflƒ›mD,
ª‚¶flƒ›mD zÁ≈kV™ c^·™.
2. ÷D\ı ¿Á´ ºkÔ\VÔ c§fi∑D >[Á\ cÁ¶Bm. g™V_
~´©√>›Á>› >¬Ô Ák›m¬ÿÔV^”D >[Á\ zÁ≈°.
3. ÔV©√|D ƒ›m¬Ô^ : ∑ıVDA ƒ›m E§>·°
4. zÁ≈kV™ ƒ›m : \¬ÃEBD, √V¸√´¸.

32. mÚ¬Ô_ \ı
1. ÔV©√|D \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ : ]Úk^jÏ, ÔVﬁEA´D, >ﬁƒV∆Ï.
2. ƒ›m¬Ô^ : ÷ÚDA g¬Áƒ| ÔÈÕm ÔV©√|˛≈m.
3. cÚkVzD ÷¶D : ∂]Ô \Áw ÿ√Va•D k≈ı¶
ÿk©√ÔVÈxD c^· cBÏÕ> √z]Ôπ_ cÚkV˛[≈m.
- Leaching ¬z c^·V¬z˛≈m. (ƒ›m zÁ≈>_)

36.\´∫Ô^
1. ƒÕ>™ \´∫Ô^ : >Ï\Aˆ, ºƒÈD, ºkŸÏ
2. ÔΩ™ \´∫Ô^ : ºÔVBx›#Ï, ¿È˛ˆ, Ô[MBVz\ˆ
3. ®ˆÿ√VÚ·VÔ© √B[√|D \´∫Ô^ : \mÁ´, ºÔVBx›#Ï,
]ÚÿÂ_ºko.
4. ÷´©√Ï º>V‚¶∫Ô^ Ô[MBVz\ˆ \Vk‚¶D.
5. ÔuØ´, Á>È \´∫Ô^ : ¿È˛ˆ \Vk‚¶D.
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6. ]ÚÿÂ_ºko, sÚmÂÔÏ \uÆD º\uz› ÿ>V¶ÏflE
\ÁÈl[ ˇµflƒˆ°Ô^ á y¬zflE ÿƒFB c>°D \´∫Ô^.
7. ∂]Ô ¿Á´ ºƒt¬zD \´∫Ô^ : ∂´ƒ\´D, ÂVk_\´D,
√ÈV\´D, ÿÂ_o\´D.

37.Ôı¶∫Ô^
1. cÈ˛[ tÔ© ÿ√ˆB Ôı¶D á gEBV
2. cÈ˛[ tÔfl E§B Ôı¶D á g¸]ºóBV
3. ÷Úı¶ Ôı¶D ®™©√|km á g©∏ˆ¬ÔV
4. √VÁÈk™∫Ôº· ÷_ÈV> Ôı¶D á nº´V©√V
5. ÂV|Ôº· ÷_ÈV> Ôı¶D á ∂ı¶VÏΩ¬ÔV
6. tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ Ôı¶D á gEBV
7. tÔ¬zπ´V™ Ôı¶D á ∂ı¶VÏΩ¬ÔV
8. Øtl[ OÁ´X´_ ®™©√|D ∂º\ƒV[ gÆ ∂Á\Õm^·
Ôı¶D á ÿ>[™V©∏ˆ¬ÔV
9. nº´V©√V, gEBV g˛B ÷ÚÔı¶∫ÔπÈVÔ √´s•^· ÂV|
á íBV
10. cÈ˛[ ∏´√È\V™ ƒ\B∫Ô^ √Èku§[ >VBÔD á gEBV.

38.¤ÈƒÕ]Ô^
1. ÷Õ]BVÁk•D, ÷È∫ÁÔÁB•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á √V¬
¤ÈƒÕ]
2. ÿ\‚´V¸ \VÔV ∏ˆ‚œi ÔkÏ™Ï ƒÏ.´V√Ï‚ √V¬˛[ ÿ√Bº´
√V¬ ¤ÈƒÕ]¬z Û‚¶©√‚|^·m.
3. ´V\Ï √VÈD (g¶D¸ ∏ˆ‚Î) >tµ ÂV‚Ω[ >–iºÔVΩ¬zD á
÷È∫ÁÔl[ >ÁÈ\[™VÚ¬zD ÷Á¶l_ ∂Á\Õm^·m.
4. ÿ>[ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVÁk•D, ∂ı¶VÏΩÔVÁk•D ∏ˆ¬zD tÔ©
ÿ√ˆB ¤ÈƒÕ] á ‚º´¬ √VºvÎ
5. Ô™¶VÁk•D, ˛Z[ÈVÕÁ>•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á º¶s‚
¤ÈƒÕ]
6. Ôıßˆ[ OÁwkVl_ ®™©√|D ¤ÈƒÕ] á
√V©.®_.\V[ÿ¶©
7. ´iBVÁk•D ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVÁk•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á ÿ√ˆ∫
¤ÈƒÕ]
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8. ÷Õ]B© ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶ÁÈ•D, ∂´∏¬Ô¶ÁÈ•D ÷Á¬zD
¤ÈƒÕ] á \ÈV ¤ÈƒÕ]
9. ∏ˆ‚¶Á™•D, ∏´V[Áv•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á º¶VkÏ
¤ÈƒÕ]
10. g©∏ˆ¬ÔVÁk•D, nº´V©√VÁk•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á
˜©´V_¶Ï ¤ÈƒÕ].

39.√VÁÈk™∫Ô^
1. cÈ˛[ tÔ k≈ı¶ Øt á ∂‚¶ÔV\V √VÁÈk™D
2. kÚ¶›m¬z 250 t.*¬zD zÁ≈kVÔ \Áw ÿ√Va•D
√z]Ô^ á √VÁÈk™∫Ô^
3. Øtl[ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB √VÁÈk™\VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|D Ôı¶D á
∂ı¶VÏΩÔV
4. cÈ˛[ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ÿk©√ √VÁÈk™D á ƒ«V´V
5. √VÁÈk™∫ÔÁ·© √u§B √Ω©A á Eremology
6. cÈ˛[ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ÛˆB t[ƒV´›]‚¶D á ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVs[
ÿ\V¤VÀ √VÁÈk™›]_ ÿƒB_√|˛≈m
7. gEB¬ Ôı¶›][ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB √VÁÈk™D á ∂º´∏B
√VÁÈk™D
8. tÔ ∂]Ô ÂV|ÔπÈVÔ √´Õm ˛¶¬zD √VÁÈk™D á ƒ«V´V
9. >VÏ √VÁÈk™D ÷¶Dÿ√u≈ ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ô^ á ´V¤¸>V[,
√ﬁƒV©, «ˆBV™V, z¤´V›
10. ∏´√È\V™ ¿ÈD √VÁÈk™D ∂Á\Õm^· ÂV| á ®˛©m

40.c°© A´‚EÔ^
1. √∑Á\© A´‚E á ºk·VıÁ\
2. ÿkıÁ\© A´‚E á √V_ ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^
3. ƒVD√_ A´‚E á x‚Á¶
4. ÿ√V[ A´‚E á √w∫Ô^
5. \ﬁƒ^ A´‚E á ®ıÿF s›m¬Ô^
6. ¿È©A´‚E á Ô¶_ ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
7. ∏∫¬ A´‚E á \VtƒD
8. ∏ÿ´·[ A´‚E á \´AƒV´V ®ˆƒ¬]
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9. ‘√∑Á\© A´‚E’ ®[≈ √>›Á> cÚkV¬˛BkÏ á s_oBD
ÔVıº¶
10. √∑Á\© √´‚EÁB x>[ x>ÈVÔ ∂§xÔ© √|›]B ÂV| á
ÿ\¬EºÔV.

41.÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ô^
1. ÷Õ]BVs_ Ô¶uÔÁ´ºBV´\VÔ ∂Á\Õm^· \VWÈ∫Ôπ[
®ıË¬ÁÔ á Œ[√m.
2. ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ º>lÁÈ cu√›] ÿƒF•D \VWÈD
á ∂ƒVD.
3. ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ ∂]Ô ÔVÈD ÔVÈM g]¬Ô›]uz
g‚√‚ΩÚÕ> \VWÈD á ºÔVkV.
4. g∫˛È›Á> \‚|º\ ∂KkÈÔ ÿ\VaBVÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ Œº´
÷Õ]B \VWÈD á ÂVÔVÈVÕm.
5. cÚkV™ ÂVπoÚÕm ÷[ÆkÁ´ \msÈ¬z ∂\o_
÷Ú¬zD \VWÈD á z¤´V›.
6. ¤Dx á ÔVi*Ï \VWÈ›][ ∂Kk_ ÿ\Va á cÚm.
7. ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫ÔπºÈºB c^jÏ kw¬z ÿ\VaÔ^ tÔ
∂]Ô ∂·s_ º√ƒ©√|D \VWÈD á ∂ÚVﬂƒÈ© ∏´º>ƒD.
8. ∂]Ô\V™ \VWÈ∫Ô”¶[ ®_ÁÈ© √˛ÏÕm ÿÔV^”D
\VWÈD á c›]´© ∏´º>ƒD.
9. ÷Ú>ÁÈ ÂÔ´x^· Œº´ ÷Õ]B \VWÈD á ¤Dx á ÔVi*Ï.
10. J[Æ √z]Ô”¬z (÷´ı| \VWÈD + ŒÚ \›]B
g‚E©√z]) ÿ√VmkV™ >ÁÈÂÔ´D á ƒıΩÔÏ.

42.\›]B g‚E© √z]Ô^

1. √VıΩﬂºƒˆ RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ›][ √z]Ô^ √´s•^·
\VWÈ∫Ô^ á >tµÂV|, gÕ]´V, ºÔ´·D.
2. ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ¬ zÁ≈kV™ kV¬ÔV·ÏÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√› ÿ>Vz] á ÷È‚ƒ›y°.
3. ÷Õ]BVs[ ÿ>[ºÔVΩBV™ ÷Õ]´V xÁ™ ∂Á\Õm^·
y° á ∂Õ>\V[ W¬ºÔV√Ï.
4. ƒıΩÔÏ ÂÔ´›Á> ]‚¶t‚| kΩkÁ\›>kÏ á ∏ÿ´ﬁ∑ Ô‚Ω¶
kΩkÁ\©√V·Ï á ‹ ÔVÏØEBÏ.

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5. ]_o¬z º>EB >ÁÈÂÔ´©√z] ∂Õ>¸m kw∫˛B ∂ÉB_
ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D á 69ágD ]Ú›>D.
6. ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ© ÿ√ˆB \›]B g‚E© √z] á ∂Õ>\V[
W¬ºÔV√Ï.
7. ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔfl E§B \›]B g‚E© √z] á ÷È‚ƒ›y°.
8. ®ø›>§° ∂]Ôx^· \›]B g‚E© √z] á ÷È‚ƒ›y°.
9. ÷Õ]BVs[ \´Ô>›y° á ∂Õ>\V[ W¬ºÔV√Ï y°Ô^.
10. ƒ‚¶© º√´Ák ÿÔVı¶ Œº´ \›]B g‚E©√z] á Amflºƒˆ.

43.Ô_s
g∫˛ºÈBÏ ÷Õ]BVs_ >D g‚EÁB sˆ°√|›]B ÔVÈ
Ô‚¶›]_, ÷Õ]B¬ Ô_s ®[√m ÿƒDÿ\VaÔÁ·© √l_km
®[√>VÔºk ÷ÚÕ>m.
1. 1781 ÷_ kV´[º«¸Ω∫Ô_ Ô_Ô›>Vs_ ŒÚ \>´«V
∂Á\›>VÏ. ÷∫z ÿ√ÏEB[ \uÆD ∂´∏ ÿ\VaÔ^
Ôu∏¬Ô©√‚¶™.
2. √™VÉ_ 1791 ÷_ ŒÚ ƒ\¸˛Ú> Ô_Ÿˆ mk∫Ô©√‚¶m.
3. ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M¬z º>ÁkBV™ Es_
√ËBV·ÏÔ”¬z© √luEBπ¬zD ‡º√VÏ‚ s_oBD
√luE¬ Ô_Ÿˆ 1800 ÷_ ÿk_ÿÈ¸o ∏ÁkV_
mk∫Ô©√‚¶m.
4. ÿ\¬ÔVºÈ ∏Ás[ √ˆÕmÁ´Ôπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ 1835
\VÏfl ∞wVD º>] g∫˛ÈD ÷Õ]BVs[ ∂KkÈÔ ÿ\VaBVÔ
∂§s¬Ô©√‚¶m.

1.ƒVÏ‚¶Ï ƒ‚¶D (1813)

÷Õ]BVs_ ÂT™ Ô_sxÁ≈¬z ŒÚ kΩkD ÿÔV|›>m.

2.«ı¶Ï Ôt≠[ (1882)

ˆ©√[ ∏´A ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]_ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ Ô_s Ôt≠[
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. Ôt≠[ >ÁÈkÏ ƒÏ s_oBD «ı¶Ï. ÿƒÔı¶ˆ
√Ω©AÔÁ·¬ z§›>º> Ôt≠M[ x¬˛B E√Vˆ∑Ô^. ∂Ω©√Á¶¬
Ô_sl[ ÿ√VÆ©Á√ ∂´ºƒ ∞uÿ≈|¬Ô ºkı|D, ˛´V\©A≈¬
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Ô_sÁB x¬˛B Ô_s ¿º´V‚¶›m¬z ÿÔVı| kÚ>_, ÿ√ı Ô_s¬z
x¬˛B›mkD kw∫z>_ º√V[≈Ák•D ÷]_ ko•Æ›>©√‚¶™.

3.÷Õ]B© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔﬂ ƒ‚¶D (1904)

1. ÂV‚| WÏkVÔ›Á> \‚|t[§, Ô_s ∂Á\©Á√•D ∂É[
Ô‚|©√V‚Ω_ ÿÔVı| k´ºkı|D ®™ sÚD∏B ÔÏv[ ∏Á 1901 ÷_
EDÈV \ÔVÂV‚Á¶¬ Ì‚Ω™VÏ. ÷]_ ∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶
\ºƒV>V¬Ôπ_ √È°D (150) √È›> ®]Ï©Á√ ƒÕ]›>Á>B|›m 1902
÷_ ƒÏ >V\¸ ´Vo (Raleigh) >ÁÈÁ\l_ ŒÚ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[
∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2. ÷]_ ÁƒBm ⁄Áv[ ∏_˛´L, zÚ>V¸ √V™Ï˜ ®–D
÷´ı| ÷Õ]B cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÷¶D ÿ√u≈™Ï.
3. ÷¬Ôt‚Ωl[ √ˆÕmÁ´ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ 1904 ÷_ ÷Õ]B©
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔfl ƒ‚¶›Á> ∂§s›>VÏ ÔÏv[ ∏Á.
4. √Ω©A \uÆD gF°Ô”¬z x¬˛B›mkD ÿÔV|›>_;
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫Ôπ[ k´Dÿ√_ÁÈÁB WÏl©√]_ ∂´∑ ÿ√ÚD
√∫z k˛›>_; >MBVÏ Ô_ŸˆÔ”D ∂É[ Ô|Á\BV™
Ô‚|©√V‚Ωuz^ kÚ>_ º√V[≈Ák ÷>[ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ôπ_ EÈ.

4.∏©´kˆ \ºƒV>V (1913)

÷Õ]BVs_ ®ø›>§s[Á\ÁB ∂ÔuÆD ÿÔV^ÁÔ
kz¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D ®[√Á> ÿÔV^ÁÔ ∂·s_ ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑
∞uÆ¬ÿÔVı¶m.

5.vV‚ÈÏ Ôt≠[
cBÏÔ_s¬z x¬˛B›mkD ∂π›> ÷¬Ôt≠[ 1917á19
ÔVÈÔ‚¶∫Ôπ_ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶m.
1. ƒÏ ∂∑º>Vi xÔÏ˜, ¶V¬¶Ï EBV°y[ ∂«\m ®–D ÷´ı|
÷Õ]B© ∏´]W]Ô^.
2. 12 kÚ¶∫Ô^ ÿ>V¶ÚD ÿ\‚ˆzºÈ≠[ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
÷[¶Ï*ΩB‚, ∏[A √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ Ô_s ®[–D ∂Á\©A; √_ÔÁÈ¬
Ô_s¬ÔV™ √Ω©AÔÁ· J[Æ kÚ¶∫Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ›>_; √V¸ ºÔVÏ¸,
«V™Ï¸ ºÔVÏ¸ ®[≈ √Vz√V|; ÿ√ıÔ^ Ô_s¬ÔVÔ >M ∂Á\©Á√
cÚkV¬z>_ º√V[≈Ák ÷>[ x¬˛B √ˆÕmÁ´ gzD.
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6.«VÏº¶V¬ Ôt‚Ω 1929
1919 ƒ‚¶©√Ω Ô_s›mÁ≈ *>V™ >™m Ô‚|©√V‚Á¶ ÁÔ
ÔøsB \›]B ∂´∑, ∂Á> \VÔV ∂´E[ ÿ√VÆ©A¬z ÁÔ\Vu§Bm.
\VÔV ∂´∑Ô^ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô Ô_s xBuEÔ^ ®Á>•D ÿƒFBV>
º√V]KD, >MBVÏ gÏk›>V_ √^πÔ^, Ô_ŸˆÔ^ ®Ë¬ÁÔ
ÿ√Ú˛™.
1. ÷m z§›m g´VFk>uÔVÔ 1929 ÷_ ƒÏ ∏o© «VÏº¶V¬
>ÁÈÁ\l_ ŒÚ Ôt‚Ω ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2. mk¬Ô Ô_s¬z ∂]Ô x¬˛B›mkD, E≈Õ> \VkÏÔÁ·
\‚|D cBÏWÁÈ© √^π¬z ∂–©√ ºkı|D º√V[≈Ák Ôt‚Ωl[
x¬˛B √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ gzD.í

7.º>EB¬ Ô_s
1937 ÷_ ¶V¬¶Ï vVˇÏ⁄Áƒ[ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ ÷¬Ôt‚Ω.
‘ÁÂ >VoD’ ®™© √´kÈVÔ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô_s z§›>
√V¶›]‚¶∫ÔÁ· kÁ´BÁ≈ ÿƒFB ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
(÷Õ]B ∑>Õ]´›]uz© ∏[ (1947) ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô_s z§›>
÷Õ>› ]‚¶D \›]B, \VWÈ ∂´∑Ô·V_ ∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶m.

8.ƒVÏÿ¤[‚ ∂§¬ÁÔ 1944

ƒÏ ¤V[ ƒVÏÿ¤[‚ >ÁÈÁ\l_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷›]‚¶D
÷∫˛ÈVÕ]_ ∂Á¶B©√‚¶ Ô_s x[º™u≈∫Ô^ ÂVu√m
kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z^ ÷Õ]BVsKD ∂Á¶B©√¶ ºkı|D ®[√Á>
ko•Æ›m˛≈m.

1. g´D√ mk¬Ô Ô_s 3 á 6 kBm zwÕÁ>Ô”¬z :

2. gÆ x>_ á 14 kBm kÁ´lÈV™ ∂Á™›m¬
zwÕÁ>Ô”¬zD ÷Èkƒ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô_s.
3. 11 á 17 kB]uz‚√‚¶, º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶ \VkÏÔ”¬z gÆ
kÚ¶ cBÏWÁÈ© √^π¬ Ô_s.
4. º\MÁÈ© √Ω©A xΩÕm, º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶
\VkÏÔ”¬z J[Æ kÚ¶ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ¬ Ô_s á
º√V[≈Ák ÷>[ x¬˛B √ˆÕmÁ´Ôπ_ EÈ.
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9.√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[Ô^
¶V¬¶Ï.®¸.´V>V˛Úi[ >ÁÈÁ\l_ 1948á÷_
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ
√Ω©AÔπ[ √_ºkÆ ∂Dƒ∫ÔÁ·•D ∂ÈE g´VFÕm, º>Ák©√|D
\Vu≈∫ÔÁ· √ˆÕmÁ´©√º> ÷¬Ôt‚Ωl[ ºÂV¬ÔD.

10.Ôt≠[ √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^
1. ÷Õ]BVs_ ƒJÔ, ∂ÉB_ k´ÈVu§[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_
Ô_sl[ ÷È¬zÔ^ WÏl¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D.
2. gEˆBÏÔπ[ >´›Á> º\D√|›> >M kz©AÔ^ Â¶›>©√¶
ºkı|D; ºkÁÈ ƒD√·D ÔVÈ›]uºÔu√ \Vu≈©√¶ ºkı|D;
g´VFflEÔÁ· ª¬zs¬Ô ŒÀÿkVÚ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ›]KD
g´VFflE¬ÿÔ™ >M ‡ÿ√ºÈV¥©AÔ^ ∞u√|›>©√¶ ºkı|D.
ÿ>VauÔ_s¬z ∂]Ô x¬˛B›mkD ÷Õ]BVs[ ∂Á™›m©
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫ÔÁ·•D º\u√VÏÁkl¶°D, º>Ák©√|D W] c>s
kw∫Ô°D √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ \VMB¬ zø cÚkV¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D.

11.x>oBVÏ Ôt≠[ (1952)

ÿƒÔı¶ˆ Ô_s xÁ≈√u§ g´VFÕm ∂§¬ÁÔ >´,
WBt¬Ô©√‚¶ Ôt≠[. ÷>[ >ÁÈkÏ ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ
mÁºkÕ>´VÔ ÷ÚÕ> ¶V¬¶Ï.∞.ÿÈ’\∑kVt x>oBVÏ. 1953
÷_ Ôt≠[ >™m ∂§¬ÁÔÁB ƒ\Ï©∏›>m.

12.ºÔV›>Vˆ Ôt≠[ (1964)

÷>[ >ÁÈkÏ L.®¸.ºÔV›>Vˆ, ŒÚ º>EB Ô_s¬
ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB kz›>π›>_, √_ºkÆ √Ω©AÔπ[ √Ω©√ΩBV™
º\D√V‚Ωuz º>ÁkBV™ √ˆÕmÁ´ÔÁ· ∂´∑¬z kw∫zkm
º√V[≈Ák ÷>[ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD. 1966÷_ Ôt≠[ ∂§¬ÁÔ >V¬Ô_
ÿƒF>m.

13.º>EB¬ Ô_s¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ

1985 ÷_ \›]B ∂´E[ EÕ>Á™l_ cÚ©ÿ√u≈
÷¬ÔÚ›>V¬Ô›m¬z 1986 ÷_ √V´V”\[≈D Œ©A>Èπ›>m.
]≈Õ>WÁÈ, ÿ>VÁÈWÁÈ¬ Ô_s; 10+2+3 √Ω©A xÁ≈ÁB ÂV|
xøÁ\•D ∂§xÔ©√|›]Bm.
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14.ºÂ≠™_ Ô°[E_ g‡© ‘´_ ÷[¸‚ΩR‚
ÔVÕ]˜l[ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô_s (ÁÂ>VoD) ®–D ÔÚ›>V¬Ôº\
÷¬Ôt≠[ cÚkV¬Ô›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶. xÁ≈ƒV´V Ô_s kaBVÔ
>[MÁ≈° ÿ√u≈ ŒÚ ƒJÔº\ ÷>[ ∂Ω©√Á¶ ºÂV¬ÔD.
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[ >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï.®¸.´V>V˛ÚiM[
√ˆÕmÁ´›>√Ω 1949 ÷_ x>_ ∏ˆ° mk∫˛Bm. NCRT ÷[
>ÁÈÁ\BÔD Á«]´V√V›..

15.√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ \VMB¬ zø
÷Õ]B© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ¬ Ô_sÁB º\D√|›mD ºÂV¬Ô›]_
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m.
1953 ΩƒD√Ï 25 ÷_ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ Ô_s ∂Á\ﬂƒ´VÔ
÷ÚÕ> ÿ\·ÈV™V ∂A_ ÔÈVD gvV› ÷Á>› mk¬˛ Ák›>VÏ. 1956
÷_ ∂]ÔV´ ØÏk\VÔ WÈs_ kÕ>m.
•˜L (UGC) ŒÚ >[™V‚E ∂Á\©A. ŒÚ >ÁÈkÏ, mÁ›
>ÁÈkÏ, √›m cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶ WÏkVÔ ∂Á\©Á√ WBt©√m
\›]B ∂´ºƒ. ∂´∑ √>sl_ ÷_ÈV> ŒÚkº´ ÷>[ >ÁÈk´VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô
ºkı|D ®[√m WB]. >ÁÈkˆ[ √>s¬ÔVÈD nÕm kÚ¶∫Ô^;
mÁ› >ÁÈkÏ \uÆD cÆ©∏™ÏÔ”¬z J[Æ kÚ¶∫Ô^.
•˜Lál[ >ÁÈÁ\l_ WÆk©√‚¶ ]_o ‘WR¬πBÏ
ƒl[¸ Á\BD’ (1984) ÂV‚Ω[ x>_ ÷[¶Ï RMkÏE‚Ω Á\BD.
÷[¶Ï RMkÏE‚Ω ÿƒ[¶Ï ‡√VÏ ∂¸¶´Vt ∂[‚
∂¸‚º´V∏E¬¸, Ø™V; ÷[¶Ï RMkÏE‚Ω ÿƒ[¶Ï ‡√VÏ
÷[¶ÏºÂ≠™_ ¸¶œ¸, Á«]´V√V› º√V[≈Ák ∏≈ ÷[¶Ï
RMkÏE‚Ω Á\B∫Ô^.
1. •.˜.L.¬z Á«]´V√V›, Ø™V, º√V√V_, ÿÔV_Ô›>V,
ÿÔ·ÔV›], ÿ√∫ÔjÚ ®–D gÆ ÷¶∫Ôπ_ k‚¶V´¬
˛Á·Ô”ı|.
2. ÷Õ]BVs_ 20 \›]B© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫Ô”D, 215 \VWÈ
√_ÔÁÈ¬Ôw∫Ô”D, 100 >[™V‚E
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫Ô”D c^·™.
3. 17,000 Ô_ŸˆÔ^ \uÆD 1,800 ÿ√ıÔ^ Ô_ŸˆÔ^
÷ku§[ ˇµ ÷B∫˛ kÚ˛[≈™.
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4. •˜Ll[ x>_ >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï ƒVÕ] ¸k‘© √‚ÂVÔÏ
(1953 á 55).
5. xø √>s¬ÔVÈ›Á>•D ØÏ›]BV¬˛B x>_ >ÁÈkÏ
E.Ω.º>ix¬
¶V¬¶Ï.\[º\VÔ[ E∫ºÔ •.˜.L. >ÁÈk´VÔ ÷ÚÕm ÂV‚Ω[
∏´>\´V™ x>_ Â√Ï gkVÏ.

16.÷Õ]B[ ÷[Û‚R‚ g© ÿ¶¬™VÈ˜ (n.n.Ω.¬Ô^)

∂§sB_ ÿ>Va_O‚√ gF°›>·›]_ ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ
c[™> Ô_s WÆk™∫Ôº· ÷Õ]B[ ÷[¸‚R‚ g‡© ÿ¶¬™VÈ˜
®™©√|D n.n.Ω. WÆk©√‚¶m.
1. ®[.gÏ. ƒÏ¬ÔVÏ Ôt‚Ω √ˆÕmÁ´Ôº· n.n.Ω. cÚkV¬Ô›][
∂Ω©√Á¶. 1950 ÷_ º\uz k∫ÔV·›][ Ô´¬Øˆ_ ÂV‚Ω[
x>_ n.n.Ω. WÆk©√‚¶m.
2. n.n.Ω. ®[–D ÿ√BÁ´ √ˆÕmÁ´›>kÏ ÿ\·ÈV™V ∂A_
ÔÈVD gvV›.

17.÷Õ]B[ ÷[¸ΩR‚ g© º\º™VÎÿ\[‚ n.n.®D.

WÏkVÔsB_ √Ω©AÔ”¬ÔV™ ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ c[™> Ô_s
WÁÈB∫Ô^. ÷Õ]B[ ÷[¸ΩR‚ g‡© º\º™Îÿ\[‚ ®™©√|D
n.n.®D. Ô^.
1. ∂«\>V√V› (1961), Ô_Ô›>V (1961), ÿ√∫ÔjÏ (1973),
È¬º™V, ÷Õ#Ï (1998), ºÔVa¬ºÔV| (1998) ®–t¶›]_
n.n.®D.Ô^ c^·™.
2. ÷Ák \›]B \M>k· º\D√V| ∂Á\ﬂƒÔ›][ ÿƒÔı¶ˆ
∂[‚ «BÏ ®…ºÔ≠[ mÁ≈l[ ºÂ´Ω¬
Ô‚|©√V‚Ωuz‚√‚¶Ák.

18.¤k«Ï ÂºkV>BV s›BVÈBD

1986á_ A]B Ô_s¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔl[ ŒÚ √z]BVÔ mk∫Ô©√‚¶
Ô_s› ]‚¶D.
1. ÂV‚Ω[ ∂Á™›m \Vk‚¶∫ÔπKx^· ]≈[ tzÕ>
\VkÏÔÁ· ÷™D Ôı| ∂kÏÔ”¬z cBÏÕ> Ô_s
kw∫zkº> ÷>[ ºÂV¬ÔD.
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19.]≈Õ> WÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD
1970 Ôπ_ ]_o ¤k«ÏÈV_ ºÂÚ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ
mÁºkÕ>Ï ˜. √VÏ›>ƒV´]l[ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[
>BV´V¬˛B ∂§¬ÁÔºB ]≈Õ>WÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ›]uz ka
ºÔVoBm.
1. 1982 ÷_ gÕ]´V \VWÈ›]_ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ ]≈Õ> WÁÈ©
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD WÈs_ kÕ>m.

20.÷Õ]´V ÔVÕ] º>EB ]≈Õ> WÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD (IGNOU)

1985 ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 20 gD º>] ]_oÁB >ÁÈÁ\l¶\VÔ¬
ÿÔVı| mk∫Ô©√‚¶m.
ÿ>VÁÈ#´ √Ω©AÔ”¬z x¬˛B›mkD >ÚD ‘÷¬º™V’
cÈ˛[ ÷´ı¶Vkm tÔ© ÿ√ˆB ]≈Õ> WÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD.

º>EB ®ø›>§°¬ ÔwÔD

1986á÷_ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ º>EB Ô_s¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔl[ ŒÚ
√z]BVÔ ‘º>EB ®ø›>§°¬ÔwÔD’ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. √]Á™Õm x>_
x©√›Á>Õm kB]uz‚√‚¶ ®ø›>§kuº≈VÚ¬z ®ø›>§∆‚|kº>
÷>[ ºÂV¬ÔD.

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R. gÆxÔD
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ÔË>› mÁ≈
ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD,
k_ÈD, >ﬁƒV∆Ï.

A^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©A

(Collection of data)
®|›m¬ ÿÔVı¶ sƒV´Á¬z ∞u≈ A^π sk´∫ÔÁ·
ºƒÔˆ›>_ A^πlB_ gFs[ x>u√ΩBVzD. ÿ√VmkVÔ A^π
sk´∫Ô^ ºƒÔˆ©√>uz Â¶›>©√|D gFsuz tzÕ>© √ﬂ
ÿƒÈ°D, ¿ı¶ ÔVÈxD, √Èˆ[ cÁw©AD º>Ák©√|˛≈m. ®™ºk
A^π sk´∫Ô^ ºƒÔˆ¬zD º√Vm W>V™\VÔ°D ÿ>πkV™
ÿÔV^ÁÔ•¶[ ÿƒB_√¶ ºkı|D.

A^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©A xÁ≈Ô^

(Methods of Collection of data)

A^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©A xÁ≈Ô^ x>_ WÁÈ© A^π sk´D

\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ¬z Ô¬ÿÔ|©A zøs™´V_

ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈ sk´∫Ô^ ∂¬zøsuz x>_ WÁÈ©A^π
sk´∫Ô^ gzD. ∂Àsk´∫ÔÁ· \u≈kÏÔ^ √B[√|›]™V_
∂Ák ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô·V˛[≈™.

x>_WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^: (Primary data)

ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ gFsuÔVÔ gFkV·´V_ ∂_Èm ∂k´m

√ËBV·ÏÔ·V_ x>[ x>ÈVÔ ºÂ´ΩBVÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈ A^π
sk´∫Ô^ x>_WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^ gzD.

c>V´\VÔ :

\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A zøkV_ (Population Census

Committee) \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|km x>_ >´© A^π
sk´∫Ô^ gzD.

÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^ : (Secondary data)

x[º√ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚| ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ ∂_Èm

ÿkπl¶©√¶V> A^π sk´∫Ô^ ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π
sk´∫Ô^ gzD. ÷©A^π sk´∫Ô^ {Ï gFs[ JÈD
ÿkπkÚk>V_ ÷´ı¶VD >´\VÔ (Second hand) ∂Á\˛[≈m.
÷ÁkÔÁ·© √B[√|›mDº√Vm tzÕ> Ôk™D º>Ák©√|˛[≈m.

÷´ı¶VD >´ A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ g>V´∫Ô^ :

(Sources of Secondary data)

÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ g>V´∫ÔÁ·

÷ÚkÁÔÔ·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.
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∂Ák ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ (Published Sources) g>V´∫Ô^
ÿkπl©√¶V> g>V´∫Ô^ (Unpublished Sources)
®™©√|˛[≈™.

ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ g>V´∫Ô^ : (Published Sources)

ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^:

1. ∂´ƒV_ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶Ák (Official Publication)

2. ∂´∑D >M Â√ÚD ºƒÏÕ> WÆk™∫Ô^ (Semi- Official)

3. >M Â√´V_ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶Ák ®[Æ J[Æ kÁÔl_

∂Á\˛[≈™.

∂´E[ ÿkπX|Ô^ (Official Publications)

∂´∑ ÔÈ©AÁ¶B WÆk™∫Ôπ[ ÿkπX|Ô^:

ÿkπl¶©√¶V> g>V´∫Ô^ : (Unpublished Sources)

®_ÈV© A^π sk´∫Ô”D ÿkπl¶©√|k]_ÁÈ.

ÿkπl¶©√¶V> A^π sk´∫Ô^ c^·™. ∂´∑ \uÆD >M
∂]ÔVˆÔ^ Ák›]Ú¬zD √]ºk|Ô^ g´VFﬂE ∂Á\©AÔπ[
gF°Ô^, ÿ>Vauƒ∫Ô∫Ôπ[ z§©AÔ^ º√V[≈Ák ÷]_
∂¶∫z˛[≈™.

c>V´\VÔ : ŒÚ kz©∏_ √Ω¬zD \VkÏÔÁ· kB][

∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∂_Èm \]©ÿ√ı ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∏ˆ©√Á>¬
Ì≈ÈVD.

kÁÔ©√|›m>o[ kÁÔÔ^ : (Types of Classification)

kÁÔ©√|›m>_ ∏[kÚD kÁÔÔπ_ ∂Á\˛[≈m,

1. ÷¶D ∂_Èm AslB_ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ kÁÔ©√|›m>_

(Spatial or Geographical Classification)

2. ÔVÈkVˆBVÔ kÁÔ©√|›m>_ (Chronological

Classification)

3. √ıAÔπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ kÁÔ©√|›m>_ (Qualitative

Classification)

∂‚¶kÁl|>_ : (Tabulation)

ºƒˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^ ∞º>–D ŒÚ kÁÔl_

A^π sk´ ∂‚¶kÁ (Statistical Tables) ®[√m A^π

sk´∫ÔÁ· ºÂÏ kˆÁƒBVÔ°D (Rows) WÁ´ kˆÁƒBVÔ°D
(Colums) Œø∫ÔVÔ ∂Á\¬zD ∂Á\©√VzD.
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A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂ku§[ √ıAÔ”¬zD,
∂·°Ô”¬zD ∞u≈kVÆ √_ºkÆ kz©AÔ·VÔ √Vz√V|
ÿƒF>∏[, ŒÀÿkVÚ kz©∏uzD ŒÀÿkVÚ W´_ (Colums)
÷Ú¬z\VÆ √‚ΩB_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√|˛[≈m, √_ºkÆ kz©AÔÁ·
ƒVÏÕ> ®ıË¬ÁÔÔ^ ∂>uzˆB E§B Ô‚¶∫Ôπ_
®ø>©√|˛[≈™.

∂‚¶kÁl[ kÁÔÔ^ : (Types of tables)

∂‚¶kÁ ∂ku§[ >[Á\Ô”¬zD, √B[√V| Ô”¬zD

∞u≈ kÁÔl_ ÷Ús>\VÔ kÁÔ©√|›>©√|˛[≈™.

ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ (General Purpose Table)

ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ®[√m tÔ°D sˆkV™√‚ΩBÈVzD.

gF°¬ÔVÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚|^· sk´∫Ô^ BV°D xøÁ\BVÔ
÷Àk‚¶kÁl_ z§©∏¶©√|˛[≈m. ÷m ®ı sk´∫ÔÁ·¬

ÿÔVı¶ ŒÚ √‚ΩBÈVÔ ∂Á\˛[≈m. ÷]oÚÕm gFsuÔV™

s·¬Ô›Á> ®π]_ ÿ√≈ xΩBVm.

2. >M ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ∂_Èm ∑Ú¬Ô©√‚ΩB_ (Special

Purpose Table or Summary Table)

ŒÚ >M©√‚¶ ºÂV¬Ô›]uÔVÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√|˛[≈ √‚ΩB_

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÷©√‚ΩBo_ Œ©∏¶ √¶ ºkıΩB √ıAÔ^ ∂|›>|›m
z§©∏¶©√|k>V_ ∂kuÁ≈ ®π]_ Œ©∏‚| ∂§B xΩ˛[≈m.

∂‚¶kÁl[ cÚk kÁÔÔ^: (Forms of Table)

∂‚¶kÁÔ^ ∂>[ cÚk›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_

∏[kÚ\VÆ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.

®πB ∂‚¶kÁ: (SimplehTable) A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ŒÚ

√ı∏[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ kÁÔ©√|›] ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›mkm ®πB
∂‚¶kÁ gzD. ÷m sk´ √ıA WÁÈ ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_
gzD (Descriptive Table).

c>V´\VÔ:

ŒÚ ªˆK^· \¬ÔÁ· gı, ÿ√ı ®[≈ ÷Ú

kÁÔÔ·VÔ© ∏ˆ›m ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_ ®πB ∂‚¶kÁ
gzD.

2. ÔÈ©A ∂‚¶kÁ : (Complex Table)

÷´ıΩuz º\u√‚¶ √ıAÔπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∂‚¶kÁ

∂Á\©√m ÔÈ©A ∂‚¶kÁBVzD. ÔÈÁk ∂‚¶kÁ ÷Ú ka
∂‚¶kÁÔ·VºkV (Two Way Table), xÀka
∂‚¶kÁÔ·VºkV (Three Way Table), √_ka
∂‚¶kÁÔ·VºkV (Main Fold Table) ∂Á\˛[≈m.
ÿ√VmkVÔ kÁÔ©√|›mk]_ ∂¶∫˛•^· √ıAÔπ[
®ıË¬Á¬z ∞u≈kVÆ ∂‚¶kÁ ∂Á\˛[≈m.
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ŒÚ √_ka ∂‚¶kÁ ∏[kÚD kÁÔl_ ÷Ú¬zD.
÷Àk‚¶kÁl_ ys√›m √u§B sk´∫Ô^ ÔV‚¶©√‚|^·™.

√_ka ∂‚¶kÁ (Manifold table)

y s√›m sk´∫ÔÁ· ÔV‚|D ÿkuÆ ∂‚¶kÁ:

∂‚¶kÁl[ √z]Ô^ : (Parts of table)

ÿ√VmkVÔ ®_ÈV ∂‚¶kÁ¬zD ®ıË¬ÁÔ ∂·sÈV™

sk´∫ÔÁ· ºÂÏkˆÁƒ \uÆD WÁ´kˆÁƒ xÁ≈l_
kÁÔ©√|›>©√‚¶>VÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. A^π sk´ ∂‚¶kÁ
∏[kÚD x¬˛B\V™ √z]ÔÁ· ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈m.

®ı. (Table number)

1. ∂‚¶kÁ kˆÁƒ ®ı

ŒÀÿkVÚ ∂‚¶kÁ¬zD kˆÁƒ ®ıÔ^ ÿÔV|¬Ô©√¶

ºkı|D. ∂‚¶kÁ¬ÔV™ ®ı kˆÁÔBVÔ ∂Á\Õ>>VF ÷Ú¬Ô
ºkı|D.

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2. ∂‚¶kÁ¬ÔV™ ÿ√BÏ: (Title of the Table)

ŒÀÿkVÚ ∂‚¶kÁ¬zD ŒÚ >ÁÈ©A ÷Ú¬Ô

ºkı|D. ∂‚¶kÁl[ >ÁÈ©A ∑Ú¬Ô\VÔ°D ∂º> ƒ\B›]_
s·¬Ô\VÔ°D ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D. ®π]_ ∂Á¶BV·D Ôı|
ÿÔV^k>uÔVÔ ∂‚¶kÁ¬z› >ÁÈ©A >´©√|˛[≈m.

3. >ÁÈ©A : (Caption)

>ÁÈ©A ®[√m WÁ´kˆÁƒl[ ÿ√BÁ´¬ z§¬˛[≈m.

WÁ´ kˆÁƒ¬z› mÁ >ÁÈ©AÔ”D >´ ºkı|D.

4. ºÂÏkˆÁƒl[ >ÁÈ©AD ∂Á\©AD: (Stub)

A^π sk´∫Ôπ[ >[Á\ÔÁ·© ÿ√VÆ›m ∂Ák

ºÂÏkˆÁƒlKD, ∂Ô´ kˆÁƒlKD ∂_Èm ∂·° kˆÁƒlKD
∂Á\›m¬ ÿÔV^·ÈVD. ºÂÏkˆÁƒ¬zˆB >ÁÈ©AÔ”D ºkı|D.

5. c¶_√z] (Body)

∂‚¶kÁl[ c¶_ √z]l_ ®ıÔ^ z§¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬zD.

÷m ∂‚¶kÁl[ x¬˛B© √z]BVzD.

6. ∂Ω¬z§©A: (Footnote)

A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ JÈ g>V´D ∂Ω¬z§©∏_

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D.

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”D kÁ´√¶∫Ô”D (Diagrams and Graphs)

A^πlBo[ x¬˛B© √Ë E¬ÔÈV™ A^π sk´›Á> ®πB

kÁÔl_ ∂π©√>VzD. A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· kÁÔ©√|›m>_
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\uÆD ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_ g˛BkÁk ÷ku§uÔVÔ
ÁÔBV·©√|˛[≈m.

A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ®π]_ Œ©∏¶°D s·¬Ô°D

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”D (Diagrams), kÁ´√¶∫Ô”D (Graphs)
c>°˛[≈™.

A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂π›>_: (Presentation of

Data)ddddddddddddddd
ddddddddddddddd

ÿ√VmkVÔ, s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ √V\´ \¬ÔÁ·•D √Ω›>kÏÔÁ·•D

®π]_ ÔkÚD >[Á\•Á¶B™. tÔ E¬ÔÈV™ A^π
sk´∫ÔÁ·•D s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ ®π>V¬˛ ƒV>V´ \M>[Ì¶
∂kuÁ≈ AˆÕm ÿÔV^·ﬂ ÿƒF˛[≈m. ÷¬ÔV´›>V_
s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ \uÆD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ JÈD A^π sk´∫ÔÁ·
∂π©√m (Presentation of data) E≈©∏¶D ÿ√Æ˛[≈m.

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^: (Types of diagrams)

A^π sk´ gF°Ô”¬z ∞u√ √È kÁÔBV™

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™.

∂ÁkÔπ_ x¬˛B\V™ÁkÔ^,

1. √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Bar diagrams)

2. ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Rectangular diagrams)

3. ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Square diagrams)

4. k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Pie diagrams)

5. cÚkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Pictograms or

cartograms)
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1. √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Bar Diagrams)

A^π sk´ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^

ÿ√ÚD ∂·s_ √B[√|›>©√|˛[≈™.

÷Ák kÁ´k>uz ®π>V™Ák. ®›>ÁÔB sk´›Á>•D √‚Á¶

s·¬Ô©√¶›][ JÈD z§©∏¶xΩ•D.

®M–D, A^π sk´∫Ôπ[ >[Á\¬z ∞u√ ÷ÀkÁ´√¶∫Ô^

kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™.

√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^

( ∂ ) >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
( g) Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
( ÷ ) ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
( ~ ) ƒ>T>©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
®[≈ ÂV[z kÁÔÔπ_ c^·™.

√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^:

(Types of Bar diagrams)

∂. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D (Simple Bar Diagram)

A^πlB_ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ_ >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

tÔ°D ®π>V™>VzD. ŒÚ \V§lÁ™ ÔV‚¶ (Variable) ÷m
√B[√|˛≈m. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ ˛Á¶©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
(Horizontal Diagram) ®[≈ kÁÔlKD ÿƒ∫z›m© √‚Á¶
s·¬Ô©√¶D (Vertical Bar diagram) ®[≈ kÁÔlKD
∂Á\BÈVD.
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÷Às·¬Ô© √¶›]_ ƒ\ ∂ÔÈ›m¶[ ÌΩB √È √‚Á¶Ô^
ÔV©√|˛[≈™. ÷©√‚Á¶Ôπ[ ¿·∫Ô^ ∂Ák z§¬˛[≈
\V§Ôπ[ \]©A¬z ƒ\\VÔ ÷Ú¬zD. ®_ÈV© √‚Á¶Ô”D ƒ\
÷Á¶ÿkπl_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬zD.
>M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: s·¬ÔD (Illustration of Simple bar
diagram)
∏[kÚD ∂‚¶kÁl_ EÈ ÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ÷≈¬z\]
ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ \]©AÔ^ >´©√‚|^·™. ÷©A^π
sk´∫ÔÁ· >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶›]_ kÁ´Ô.

g. Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: (Multiple Bar Diagram)

Œ[Æ¬z º\u√‚¶ sk´∫ÔÁ· Œ©∏¶ ºkıΩB ÷¶∫Ôπ_

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√‚Á¶Ô^ JÈD z§¬˛[≈ s·¬Ô©√¶›]uz x©√‚Á¶
s·¬Ô©√¶D ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÿ√VmkVÔ ÷>uz Ì‚|©√‚Á¶
s·¬Ô©√¶D (Compound Diagram or Multiple
BarhDiagram)h®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÷ÀkÁÔ s·¬Ô©√¶›][ JÈD
tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ sk´∫ÔÁ· z§©∏¶ xΩ˛[≈m.
Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D s·¬ÔD : (Illustration of Multiple
bar diagram)
∏[kÚD ∂‚¶kÁl_ ÔV‚¶©√‚¶ sk´∫Ô”¬z
Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´Ô.

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÷. ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D (Component Bar Diagram (or)
Subdivided Bar Diagram)
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ \V§Ôπ[ \]©AÔ^ √È ÌÆÔ·VÔ ∂_Èm
√z]Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ©∏[ ∂>uz kÁ´B©√|D s·¬Ô©√¶D
ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶\VzD. ÷Às·¬Ô© √¶›][ √‚Á¶Ô^
√_ºkÆ ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. c>V´\VÔ, ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[
ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔl_ gı, ÿ√ı ®[≈ ÷ÚÌÆÔ^
c^·™. ÷kuÁ≈ s·¬Ô ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´BÈVD.
c>V´D
c>V´D: ∏[kÚD sk´∫ÔÁ· ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶›][
JÈD ÔV‚|>_

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(~~) ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D : (Percentage)
ŒÀÿkVÚ \V§l[ √_ºkÆ ÌÆÔπ[ \]©AÔ^ ƒ>T>
∂·kVÔ ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ>V_ ƒ>T>© √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
kÁ´B©√¶ ºkı|D. ®_ÈV \V§Ô”¬zD cˆB √‚Á¶Ô^ ƒ\
¿·x^·ÁkBVÔ kÁ´B©√¶ ºkı|D. ŒÀÿkVÚ \V§lKD
c^· ÌÆÔ”¬ºÔu√ ∂>uzˆB© √‚Á¶Ô”D √È ÌÆÔ·VÔ©
∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ÷›>ÁÔB© √¶∫ÔπoKÚÕm √_ºkÆ
ÌÆÔπ[ Œ©AÁ\ \]©Á√ (Relative Value) ∂§Õm ÿÔV^·
xΩ˛≈m.
ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D á s·¬ÔD: (Illustration of
Percentage Bar Diagram)
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· s·¬Ô© √¶›]_ kÁ´Ô.

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÷Ú √ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^: (Two Dimensional Diagram)

√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶›]_ ¿·D (Length) \‚|D

ÔV‚¶©√|˛[≈m. ∂ÔÈD (Width) Œº´ ∂·kVÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
÷>uz \V≈VÔ ¿·xD ∂ÔÈxD s·¬Ô©√¶›]_ ÔV‚¶©√|˛[≈™.
÷m ÷Ú √ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Two-Dimensional) ∂_Èm
√´©√·° s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Area Diagrams) ®™©√|˛[≈™. ÷Ú
√ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ_ x¬˛B\V™ÁkÔ·VÔ,

1. ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^
2. ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^
3. k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ c^·™.

ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D: (Rectangular Diagram)

ŒÚ ÿƒÀkÔD ¿·D, ∂ÔÈD ®[≈ ÷Ú √¬Ô∫ÔÁ·¬

ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô© √¶›][ s·¬ÔD: (Illustration Of

Rectangular Diagram)

ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´k>uz ÷Ú kÁÔBV™ A^π

÷Ú z|D√∫Ôπ[ k´° ÿƒÈ° ]‚¶ \]©AÔÁ·¬ ÔV‚|D ÿƒÀkÔ

s·¬Ô©√¶D.

ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D (Square Diagram)

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ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D á s·¬ÔD (Illustration of Square Diagram )

∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´Ô.

Ô_KVˆ Á\BD º>Ï° ®ø]BkÏÔ^

]ÚﬂE, >ﬁÁƒ, AmÁÔ 400, 625, 900

÷>uÔV™ kÏ¬ÔJÈ∫Ô^ xÁ≈ºB 20, 25, 30 gzD.

÷Ák ƒm´∫Ôπ[ √¬Ô ∂·kVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| ƒm´∫Ô^ kÁ´B©√¶
ºkı|D. ƒm´∫ÔÁ· kÁ´km tÔ°D ÔΩ™\V™>VÁÔBVKD
÷´ı| ƒm´∫Ôπ[ √´©√·°ÔÁ· ƒˆBVÔ Œ©∏¶ xΩBV>>VKD
ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D √B[√|›mk]_ÁÈ.

k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Pie Diagram or Circular Diagram)

\V§ÔÁ· (Variables) √‚Á¶Ô·VÔ kÁ´Õm ÔV‚|kÁ> s¶

\V§Ôπ[ ∂·°¬z› >zÕ> √´©AÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ k‚¶∫ÔÁ·
kÁ´Õm ÔV‚|km ®π>VÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈m. k‚¶∫Ô·VÔ kÁ´B©√|D
s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”¬z k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÷Ú
√ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ_ (TwofDimensionsfDiagrams) ∂]Ô
x¬˛B›mkD kVFÕ>m k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ gzD. ÿÔV|¬Ô©
√‚|^· \V§Ô^ ŒÀÿkV[ÆD ŒÚ k‚¶›][ JÈD z§©∏¶©
√|˛[≈m. k‚¶∫Ôπ[ √´©√·°Ô^ \V§Ôπ[ ÿ\V›>
\]©AÔπ[ s˛>∫Ôπ_ ÷Ú¬Ôºkı|D. \V§Ôπ[
c‚ÌÆÔÁ· (Subdivision) k‚¶©√z]¬z^ z§©∏¶ ºkı|D.
√È \V§ÔÁ· z§©∏|˛[≈ k‚¶∫Ô^ ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒl_
kÁ´B©√¶ ºkı|D. k‚¶›]_ k‚¶ ºÔV©√z]l_ ŒÀÿkV[ÆD
ŒÚ \V§ÁB¬ z§¬˛[≈m.

k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”¬ÿÔ™ >Mﬂ E≈©A ÷Ú¬˛[≈m. √È

z§©√VÔ k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ JÈD z§©∏¶©√|˛[≈ W]

√u§B sk´∫Ô^ \¬Ô^ \™]_ gw\VÔ √]Õms|˛[≈™.
®M–D k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫ÔÁ· kÁ´kmD k‚¶ √z]l[
√´©AÔÁ· Œ©∏|kmD ƒuÆ ÔΩ™\V™ ÿƒBÈVzD.

k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´>_: (Pie Digram)

ŒÚ k‚¶D ∂>–Á¶B Á\B›]_ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈

\V]ˆ:

∏[kÚD A^π sk´›]uzˆB ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ s·¬Ô©√¶D

kÁ´Ô.

c° 63%, ºƒV©A -19% , kV¶ÁÔ -12% ,

ÿ√Vømº√V¬z 6%
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ÿƒFxÁ≈:

c° 63% , 63/100 360 = 227 Ω˛ˆ

ºƒV©A -19%, 19/100 360 = 68 Ω˛ˆ

kV¶ÁÔ - 12%, 12/100 360 = 43 Ω˛ˆ

ÿ√Vømº√V¬z -6%, 6/100 360 = 22 Ω˛ˆ

cÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^ : (Pictograms)

EÈkÁÔ© A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· EÈ E§B √¶∫Ôπ[ JÈD

kÁ´Õm s·¬zkm cÚkÔ© √¶∫Ô^ gzD.

c>V´\VÔ:

t]kıΩÔ^, ¸Ì‚¶Ï º√V[≈ku§[ cu√›] ∂·Ák

t]kıΩÔ^, ¸Ì‚¶Ï g˛B √¶∫ÔÁ· kÁ´Õm s·¬ÔÈVD.
cÚkÔ© √¶∫Ôπ[ JÈD ÔV‚¶©√|˛[≈ √¶ s·¬Ô›]uz cÚkÔ
s·¬Ô©√¶D ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. \V§Ôπ[ \]©A¬z› >¬ÔkVÆ
∂ku§[ cÚkD kÁ´Õm ÔV‚¶©√|˛[≈m. cÚkÔ© √¶∫Ôπ[
JÈD º>V´VB \]©AÔÁ·ºB ÿ√≈ xΩ˛≈m.
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ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ s·¬Ô©√¶›Á> º>ÏÕÿ>|›>_ (Choice Of A
Suitable Diagram)
s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ_ √ÈkÁÔBV™ÁkÔ^ c^·™. ÷ku§_
®Á> º>ÏÕÿ>|©√m ®[Æ A^π sk´›][ >[Á\ÁB•D,
BVÚ¬ÔVÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´B©√|˛[≈ ÿ>[√Á>•D ÿ√VÆ›m
∂Á\˛[≈m.
1. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
s·¬Ô©√¶D: ÿ\V›>›]_ c^· \VÆ>_ÔÁ· ÔV‚¶
√B[√|›>©√¶ÈVD.

c>V´\VÔ,

1. ÷Õ]BVs_ √È \VWÈ∫Ôπ[ ºÔVmÁ\ cu√›]ÁB

ÔV‚¶ ÷ÀkÁÔBV™ √¶D kÁ´B©√¶ÈVD.

2. ÿ\V›>›Á>•D ÌÆÔπ[ ∂·°ÔÁ·•D, (Component)

ÔV‚¶ ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D √B[√|›>ÈVD.

3. ÌÆÔπ[ \]©∏_ c^· ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ ÔV‚¶ ∂º>

ƒ\B›]_ ÿ\V›>D x¬˛B›mkD ÿ√≈V> WÁÈl_ Ì‚|©√‚Á¶
s·¬Ô©√¶D (Multiple Bar) √B[√|›>©√¶ÈVD.

4. ÌÆÔπ[ Œ©AÁ\ \]©∏_ (RelativeValue) c^·

ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ s·¬Ô ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D ÿ√VÚ›>
\V™>VÔ ∂Á\˛≈m.
5. ÌÆÔ^ ∂]Ô ®ıË¬ÁÔloÚ¬˛[≈ º√Vm k‚¶
s·¬Ô©√¶D tÔ°D ÿ√VÚ›>\V™m.
ÿ\V›>›Á>•D Œ©AÁ\ s˛>›Á>•D ÔV‚¶ k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
∂]ÔD √B™π¬ÔÌΩB>VzD.
\u≈ kÁÔBV™ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ ∂]Ô\VÔ
√B[√|›>©√¶Vs‚¶VKD EÈ z§©∏‚¶ >[Á\ÔÁ·
s·¬zk>uÔVÔ cÚkÔ© √¶∫Ô^, A^π sk´©√¶∫Ô^,

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(Cartogram) ƒm´∫Ô^,
ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ô^ º√V[≈
s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”D {´·suz √B[√|˛[≈™.

kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ (Graphs)

A^πlB_ gFs_ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ kÁ´km º√VÈ

kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™. kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ A^πlB_
sk´∫ÔÁ· ƒˆBVÔ, \uÆD ÿ>πkVÔ ÔV‚|˛[≈™. kÁ´√¶∫Ô^
kÁ´km ®πm. gF°¬zD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ ∂]Ô\VÔ
√B[√|›>©√|˛[≈™. ÔVÈD ƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ (Time Series)
\uÆD ∂ÁÈÿkı √´k_ (Frequency distribution)
g˛BÁkÔπ[ ÷B_AÔÁ·© √u§ ∂§k>uz kÁ´√¶∫Ô^
tÔ°D c>sBVÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™.

kÁ´√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^ : (Types of Graphs)

kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ ÔVÈDƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒl[ (Timefseries)

÷B_AÔÁ· s·¬zk>uzD WÔµÿkı √´k_ÔÁ·
s·¬zk>uzD kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™.

1. ÔVÈD ƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ kÁ´√¶D : (Time Series Graph)

ÔVÈD ƒVÏ ÿ>V¶ÏkˆÁƒl[ ÷B_AÔÁ· s·¬zk>uz

∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ kÁ´√¶D Œ[Æ

kÁ´√¶›>Vπ_ (Graph Paper) kÁ´Ô.
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kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ JÈD Œ[Æ¬z º\u√‚¶ \V§Ôπ[ \]©AÔÁ·

z§©∏‚| kÁ´Õm Œ©∏‚|© √VÏ¬ÔÈVD. c>V´\VÔ, ÷Ú
gı|Ôπ_ ºÔVmÁ\ cu√›]lÁ™ z§›m kÁ´√¶D
kÁ´Õm ÷´ıÁ¶•D Œ©∏‚| ∂§BÈVD.
2. ∂ÁÈÿkı √´kÁÈ s·¬zD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^: (Frequency
Graph)
{Ï ∂ÁÈÿkı √´kÁÈ (FrequencygDistribution)
s·¬Ô© √¶\VÔ z§©∏|D xÁ≈¬z ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ´√¶D
®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÷ku§_ ÂV[z kÁÔÔ^ c^·™. ∂Ák,
1. ºÔV‚|Úk© √¶D (Line Graph)
2. √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ô^ (Histograms)
3. ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD (Frequency Polygon)
4. ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV| (Frequency Curve)
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1. ºÔV‚|Úk© √¶D (Line Graph)
ºÔV‚|Úk©√¶D ÿ>V¶ÏﬂEBV™ √È ºÔV|ÔÁ·¬
ÿÔVı¶m. ÷¬ºÔV|Ô^ ŒÀÿkV[§[ ¿·xD ŒÀÿkVÚ
∏ˆsKD c^· ∂ÁÈÿkıËuz ƒ\\VÔ ∂Á\•D. ºÔV|Ô^
(Line) ∏ˆs[ Â|©A^πloÚÕm ÿƒ∫z›>VÔ kÁ´B©√|˛[≈m.
ºÔV‚|Úk© √¶Dás·¬ÔD (Illustration of Line Graph)
∏[kÚD ∂‚¶kÁ¬ÔV™ ºÔV‚|Úk© √¶D kÁ´Ô.

2. √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔD (Histograms) :

∂ÁÈÿkı √´k_Ôπ[ kÁ´√¶ kÁÔÔ^ √´k_
ÿƒÀkÔD ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ √´kÈVÔ© √B[√|›>©√|˛[≈m.
∏ˆ° ÷Á¶ÿkπl_ º\_ kÁ´B©√|D ÿƒÀkÔ© √‚Á¶Ô·V_
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g™ √¶D ÿƒÀkÔ© √¶D gzD. ÷]_, ∂ÁÈÿkı
√´ko[ ∏ˆ° ®_ÁÈÔ^ (ClassgBoundries) BV°D kˆÁƒBVÔ
˛Á¶BﬂE[º\_ (Xpaxis) z§¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ∏ˆ° ÷Á¶ÿkπÔπ[
º\_ (Classkintervals) ŒÀÿkVÚ ∏ˆ°Ôπ[ ∂ÁÈÿkıÔ”¬z
ƒ\\V™ √´©AÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ô^ kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™.
÷ÀkVÆ kÁ´B©√|˛[≈ ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ô^ ∂¶∫˛B kÁ´√¶›]uz
√´k_ ÿƒÀkÔD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
√´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ© √¶D s·¬ÔD: (Illustration of Histogram)
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^· ∂ÁÈÿkı √´kK¬ÔV™ √´k_
ÿƒÀkÔD kÁ´Ô. (ºÂÏ ºÔV‚|Úk© √¶›]uÔV™ A^π sk´›Á>
ÿÔVı| √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ©√¶D kÁ´B©√‚|^·m.

3. ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD : (Frequency Polygon):

√´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ© (FrequencyhPolygon) √¶›][ ŒÀÿkVÚ
ÿƒÀkÔ›][ º\_A≈›][ Â|©A^πÔÁ· ºÂÏºÔV|Ô·V_
÷Á›>V_ ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD ˛Á¶¬˛[≈m. ÷>[
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∂Ω©√Á¶¬ ÔÚ›m ŒÚ ∏ˆsK^· ®_ÈV Â√ÏÔπ[ \]©AD
∂©∏ˆs[ Á\B ∂·Ákﬂ ∑u§ zsÕ]Ú¬zD ®[√º> gzD.
÷›>ÁÔB √È √¬Ô∫ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ©√>V_ √È √¬Ô
cÚkÔ∫Ô^ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ÷Õ> cÚk∫Ô^
∂ÁÈÿkıÔÁ· z§©√>V_ ∂m ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD ®™°D
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
√´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ∫ÔÁ·¬ ÔV‚ΩKD ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔV∫Ôπ[
ÈD Œ[Æ¬z º\u√‚¶ ∂ÁÈÿkı √´k_ÔÁ· ÿ>πkVÔ Œ©∏‚|
∂§B xΩ•D. (x[ >´©√‚|^· A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™
∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ· ºÔV| ∏[kÚ\VÆ ∂Á\˛≈m).

4. ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV| (Frequency Curve)

√_ºÔV ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ôπ[ Á\B©A^πÔÁ·
ºÂÏºÔV|Ô·V_ ÷Á©√>uz √]ÈVÔ ®πBº>VÏ Œø∫ÔV™
ºÔV‚Ω™V_ ÷Á›>V_ {Ï kÁ·ºÔV| ˛Á¶¬zD. ÷ÀkÁ· ºÔV|
∂ÁÈÿkıÁ¬ z§©√>V_ ÷m ∂ÁÈÿkıkÁ·ºÔV|
®[≈Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈m.

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Á\B© √z]ÁB ÷Á¬˛[≈º√Vm ∂ÁÈÿkı
√_ºÔV›][ √´©Á√•D ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV‚Ω[ √´©√·°D
ƒ\\VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D. ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV‚Á¶ ÿƒÀkÔ©√¶D
kÁ´Õm ∂>[ *m kÁ´BÈVD ∂_Èm ºÂ´ΩBVÔ°D kÁ´BÈVD.

∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV‚Ω[ JÈD ∂ÁÈÿkı √´ko[

xÔ‚¶·Ák \]©∏¶ÈVD. ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ´√¶D ÔË>©
A^πlBo_ E≈Õ>ÿ>VÚ √∫z k˛¬˛[≈m. ∂ÁÈÿkı
kÁ·¬ºÔV|Ô^ ƒ\ﬂÊ´VÔ ∂Á\•D º√Vm ∂m ƒ\ﬂÊÏ
kÁ·ºÔV|Ô^ (Normal Curve) ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

x[ >´©√‚|^· A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ kÁ·ºÔV|

∏[kÚ\VÆ ∂Á\˛≈m.

\V]ˆs™VsÁ¶:
1. gFkV·´V_ ºÂ´ΩBVÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|D A^π sk´∫Ô^ ®ÀkVÆ
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m?

(A) x>_ WÁÈ© A^π sk´D.

(B) ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D

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(C) J[≈VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D

(D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.

sÁ¶: (A)x>_
x>_ WÁÈ©A^π sk´D

2. x[º√ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚| ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^ ®ÀkVÆ

∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈m?

(A) x>_ WÁÈ© A^π sk´D

(B) ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D

(C) \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A

(D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.

sÁ¶: (B) ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D

3. ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂ku§[ √_ºkÆ kÁÔBV™

>[Á\ºÔu√ √È ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ √Vz√V| ÿƒF•D xÁ≈¬z ®[™
ÿ√BÏ?

(A) ∂‚¶kÁl|>_ (B) kÁÔ©√|›m>_

(C) s·¬Ô©√¶D (D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.

sÁ¶: (B) kÁÔ©√|›m>_

4. gF°¬ÔVÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚|^· sk´∫Ô^ ∂Á™›mD

xøÁ\BVÔ z§©∏¶©√|km ®m?

(A) >MºÂV¬z©√‚ΩB_ (B) ÔÈ©A ∂‚¶kÁ

(C) ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ (D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ

sÁ¶: ( C) ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_

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5. Œ[Æ¬z º\u√‚¶ sk´∫ÔÁ· Œ©∏¶ √B[√|D s·¬Ô©√¶D
®m?

(A) >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

(B) Ì‚|© √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

(C) ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

(D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ

sÁ¶: (B) Ì‚|© √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

6. A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· E§B √¶∫Ôπ[ JÈD s·¬zk>uz ®[™

ÿ√BÏ?

(A)k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D (B) ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D

(C) cÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^ (D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.

sÁ¶: (C) cÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^

7. Œ[Æ¬z º\u√‚¶ ∂ÁÈÿkı √´k_ÔÁ· ÿ>πkVÔ Œ©∏¶

c>°km ®m?

(A) ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD (B) √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔD

8. ÷Ú z|D√∫Ôπ[ k´° ÿƒÈ° ]‚¶ \]©AÔÁ· ÔV‚¶ c>°km

®m?

(A) ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D (B) k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

(C) ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D (D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.
sÁ¶: (C) ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D
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Á\B WÁÈ© º√V¬z ∂·ÁkÔ^:
(Measures of Central Tendency or Averages):

tÔ© ÿ√ˆB ∂·s_ ºƒÔˆ›> A^π sk´∫Ô^

A^πlB_ gFs[ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD ÿ√ÚD ÿ>Vz]BV™

A^π sk´∫Ôπ[ c‚ÔÚ›Á> ∂·Õm ÌÆ›>¬Ô ŒÚ >M
\]©Á√ Ôı|∏Ω©√m gzD. ÷ÀkVÆ ŒÚ ÿ>Vz]l[
Á\B¬ÔÚ›Á> ∂_Èm Á\B WÁÈ©º√V¬˛Á™ ∂·Õm Ì≈›>¬Ô
{Ï ∂·Ák Á\B WÁÈ©º√V¬z ∂·Ák ∂_Èm ƒ´Vƒˆ (Average)
®™ÈVD.

ƒ´Vƒˆl[ kÁÔÔ^ : (Types of Average)

ƒ´Vƒˆ √_ºkÆ xÁ≈Ôπ_ Ô¬˛¶©√|˛[≈m.

∂©√_ºkÆ xÁ≈Ô”¬zºÔu√ √_ºkÆ kÁÔBV™ ƒ´VƒˆÔ^
c^·™. ÷kuÆ^ A^π sk´ gF°¬z ÿ√ˆmD √B[√¶¬
ÌΩB>VÔ ∏[kÚD kÁÔÔ^ ∂Á\˛[≈™.

1. Ì‚|ﬂƒ´Vƒˆ (Arithmetic Mean)

2. ÷Á¶WÁÈB·° (Median)
3. xÔ‚¶·° (Mode)
4. ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ (Geometric Mean)
5. ÷Áƒﬂƒ´Vƒˆ (Harmonic Mean)
6. WÁ≈l‚¶ ƒ´Vƒˆ (Weighted Average)
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1. Ì‚|ﬂƒ´Vƒˆ (Arithmetic Mean)::

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^· \]©AÔπ[ ÿ\V›>¬ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔÁB

∂D\]©AÔπ[ ÿ\V›> ®ıË¬ÁÔBV_ kz›m ˛Á¶¬zD \]©A
Ì‚|ﬂƒ´Vƒˆ gzD.

Ì‚|ﬂƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : (Calculation of Arithmetic

Mean):

A^π sk´› ÿ>V¶Ú¬z ∞u≈√Ω ƒ´Vƒˆ Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.

ÿ√VmkVÔ,

1. √z¬Ô©√¶V> A^π sk´∫Ô^ (Rawfdata)

2. ÿ>V¶Ï√u≈ ∂ÁÈÿkı √´k_ (Discrete Frequency

Distribution)

3. ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ∂ÁÈÿkı √´k_ (ContinuousfFrequency

Distribution) ®[≈ √ÈkuÆ¬zD ƒ´VƒˆÁB Ô¬˛¶ÈVD.
ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|km ºÂ´Ω xÁ≈ \uÆD ∑Ú¬Ô\V™
kaxÁ≈ g˛B ÷ÚkÁÔÔπ_ ÿƒFB©√|˛≈m.

1. √z¬Ô©√¶V> A^π sk´›]uÔV™ Ì‚|ﬂ ƒ´Vƒˆ ∂_Èm >M

cÆ©A› ÿ>Vz] (Mean for ungrouped data or Individual
Observation)

Û›]´D (Formula):

x=
x1 + x2 + ...... + xn
∂_Èm x=
∑x
N N
x = Ì‚|ﬂ ƒ´Vƒˆ

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N= ÿ\V›> cÆ©AÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

∑ x = ÿ\V›> \]©AÔ^
ºÂ´Ω xÁ≈ (Direct Method)

1. \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z:

ŒÚ kz©∏K^· nÕm \VkÏÔπ[ \]©ÿ√ıÔ^

xÁ≈ºB 100, 90, 80, 70, 60 ÷ku§uÔV™ ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ıÔÁ·
Ô¬˛|Ô.

yÏ° :

kz©∏[ ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ı =

= = 80

Ì‚|ﬂƒ´Vƒˆ = 80

∑Ú¬Ô\V™ ka xÁ≈ : (Short - cut Method)

Û›]´D : (Formula) :

x = A+
∑d
N
x = Ì‚|ﬂƒ´Vƒˆ

A = ªÔﬂ ƒ´Vƒˆ (Assumed mean)

∑d =
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^· \]©∏uzD ªÔﬂ ƒ´Vƒˆ¬zD ÷Á¶ºB
c^· sÈ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ (Deviations).
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\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z :
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ Ì‚|ﬂƒ´VƒˆÁB Ô¬˛|Ô.

yÏ°:

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Û›]´D (Formula)

x = A+
∑d
N
10
= 60 + = 61
10
Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ = 61
2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ Ì‚|flƒ´VƒˆÁB Ô¬˛|>_
(Calculation of Arithmetic mean for Discrete Series)
ºÂ´Ω xÁ≈ (Direct method)
Û›]´D (Formula)

x = A+
∑ fx
N

f = ∂ÁÈÿkı
N = ∂ÁÈÿkıË[ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ

∑ fx \uÆD [ ÿ√Ú¬z› ÿ>VÁÔl[

Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 2
∏[kÚD sk´∫Ô”¬z Ì‚|ﬂƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|Ô.

\]©ÿ√ı 20 25 30 35 40

\VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 05 10 12 08 05

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yÏ°:

\VkÏÔπ[ fx
\]©ÿ√ı (x)
®ıË¬ÁÔ (f)
20 05 100
25 10 250
30 12 360
35 08 280
40 05 200
N = 40 ∑ fx = 1190

Ì¶|ﬂƒ´Vƒˆ = x =
∑ fx = 1190 = 29.75
N 40
÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°: (Median)

A^πlBo_ ƒ´Vƒˆ¬z ∂|›>√ΩBVÔ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°

x¬˛B›mkD kVFÕ> Œ[≈VzD. ŒÚ ÿ>Vz]l_ c^·
cÆ©AÔÁ· ∞ÆkˆÁƒBVÔºkV ∂_Èm ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒBVÔºkV
®ø]™V_, ∂]_ \›]l_ c^· cÆ©A ÷Á¶WÁÈ gzD.

÷Á¶WÁÈÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : (Calculation of Median)

ƒ´VƒˆÁB© º√V[Æ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°D ÿƒ©√M¶V A^π

sk´∫Ô”D (Rawhdata), ÿ>V¶ÏﬂEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ÏÔ”¬zD
(Discrete series), ÿ>V¶ÏﬂEBV™ ÿ>V¶ÏÔ”¬zD
Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.

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1. >M›ÿ>V¶Ú¬z ∂_Èm ÿƒ©√M¶V A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z
÷Á¶WÁÈ Ô¬˛|>_ (Computation of Median for
individual series or Raw data)
Û›]´D:

 N + 1  km
÷Á¶WÁÈ =   cÆ©∏[ \]©A
 2 

N = ÿ\V›> cÆ©AÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

®Á¶ (˛.˛´VD) 150 130 125 160 100 120 140

yÏ°:

cÆ©AÔ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
®Á¶ 150 130 125 160 100 120 140

∞ÆkˆÁƒ 100 120 125 130 140 150 160

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 N + 1  km
÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° = Md =   cÆ©∏[ \]©A
 2 

 7 + 1  km
Md =   cÆ©∏[ \]©A
 2 

÷Á¶WÁÈ = 4 km \]©A = 130

2. ÿ>V¶ÏﬂEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ (Median for Discrete
series)

 N +1 km
Û›]´D Md =   cÆ©∏[ \]©A
 2 

N = ∂ÁÈÿkıË[ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 2
∏[kÚD 46 Â√ÏÔ”Á¶B ®Á¶l[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·Ák
Ô¬˛|Ô.

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 N + 1  km
÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° : Md =  2  cÆ©∏[ \]©A
 

 46 + 1  km
Md =  2  cÆ©∏[ \]©A
 

= 23.5 km cÆ©∏[ \]©A

÷Á¶WÁÈ = 23.5 km cÆ©∏[ \]©A = 130

3. ÿ>V¶ÏﬂEBV™ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ (Median for

Continuous series)
Ô¬˛|D xÁ≈:
1) zs° ∂ÁÈÿkı Ô¬˛¶ ºkı|D (c.f)
2) ®Õ> z§©∏‚¶ √´ko_ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° ÷Ú¬zD ®[√Á>
N
  ®[≈ Û›]´›][ JÈD Ô¬˛¶ ºkı|D.
2

3) Û›]´›Á>© √B[√|›] ÷Á¶WÁÈ \]©Á√ Ô¬˛¶

ºkı|D.
Û›]´D: (Formula)

N − c. f
÷Á¶WÁÈ = l + 2 xc
f

= ÷Á¶WÁÈ© ∏ˆs[ ˇµ ®_ÁÈ

N = ÿ\V›> cÆ©AÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

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c.f = ÷Á¶WÁÈ© ∏ˆ°¬z xÕÁ>B ∏ˆs[ zs°

∂ÁÈÿkı
= ÷Á¶WÁÈ© ∏ˆs[∂ÁÈÿkı
c = ÷Á¶WÁÈ© ∏ˆs[ ÷Á¶ÿkπ
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 3
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÷Á¶WÁÈ \]©Á√ Ô¬˛|Ô.

\]©ÿ√ı 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

\VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 4 6 10 15 8 7

yÏ°:

N − c. f
÷Á¶WÁÈ = l + 2 xc
f

25 km cÆ©A

÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° = 40á50 ∏ˆs_ c^·m.

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gÔºk,

÷Á¶WÁÈ =

= 43.33
xÔ| (Mode)
xÔ| A^πsk´ gF°Ôπ_ √B[√|˛[≈ ŒÚ Á\B©
º√V¬z ∂·kVzD. ∂Ω¬ÔΩ º>V[≈¬ÌΩB ∂·°
(Freqently)b®[Æ ÷Á>¬ Ì≈ÈVD. xÔ| tÔ ∂]Ô ∂·°
∂ÁÈÿkı (Frequency) ÿÔVı¶ ∂·Ák¬ z§©√>VzD.
xÔ‚Á¶ Ô¬˛¶_: (Calculation of Mode)
\u≈ ƒ´VƒˆÔÁ·© º√VÈ √z¬Ô©√¶V> A^π sk´∫Ô”D
(Ungroupedfdata) ∂_Èm >M› ÿ>Vz]¬zD (Individual
Series) ÿ>V¶Ï√u≈ ÿ>Vz]¬zD ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ÿ>Vz]¬zD xÔ|
Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 1
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ xÔ‚¶·Ák Ô¬˛|Ô.
Ìo (‘√Vl_): 100, 150, 120, 100, 120, 130, 120, 110, 120.
yÏ°:
÷]_ 120 ∂]Ô >¶ÁkÔ^ kÕ]Ú©√>V_ xÔ‚¶·° 120
gÔ Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m. ÷´ı| ∂_Èm ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ \]©AÔ^
Œº´ ®ıË¬ÁÔl_ ]ÚD√› ]ÚD√ kÕ>V_ ÷´ı| ∂_Èm
∂>uz º\u√‚¶ xÔ|Ô^ ˛Á¶¬˛[≈™.

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1. ÿ>V¶ÏﬂEBu≈ ÿ>V¶Ú¬ÔV™ xÔ|: (Mode for Discrete

series) :
ÿ>V¶ÏﬂEBu≈ ∂ÁÈÿkı √´ko_ √VÏ›> ∂·sºÈºB ∂]Ô
∂ÁÈÿkıÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı|^· ÷™D ∂>[ xÔ‚¶·kVzD.
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 2
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z xÔ| ÔVıÔ.

yÏ°:
÷]_ ∂]Ô ∂ÁÈÿkı cÁ¶Bm 15, ∂Õ> cÆ©∏[ \]©A
14. ®™ºk, xÔ| 14 ®™ Ô¬˛¶©√|˛[≈m.
ÿ>V¶ÏﬂEBu≈ ÿ>V¶Ú¬z xÔ| Ô¬˛|>_ :
(Determination of Mode for Continuous Series)
Û›]´D:

xÔ| =

÷]_, = xÔ|© ∏ˆs[ ˇµ ®_ÁÈ

= xÔ|©∏ˆs[ ∂ÁÈÿkı

= xÔ|© ∏ˆ°¬z ∂|›>© ∏ˆs[ ∂ÁÈÿkı

= xÔ|© ∏ˆ°¬z xÕÁ>B ∏ˆs[ ∂ÁÈÿkı

c = xÔ|© ∏ˆs[ ∏ˆ° ÷Á¶ÿkπ

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\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 3
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ xÔ| ÔVıÔ.

yÏ°:
xÔ|© ∏ˆ° : 20-30

xÔ| = =

= 25.714

ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ (Geometric Mean)

‘n’ cÆ©AÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ ®[√m
∂›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ c^· ®_ÈV cÆ©AÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ôu√È[ n km
kÏ¬Ô JÈ\VzD (Root).
Û›]´D:

G.M = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ

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(i.e) G.M = Antilog of

ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : (Calculation of Geometric

Mean)
>M›ÿ>Vz] (Individual Series)
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 1
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|Ô.
nÕm Â√ÏÔπ[ ®Á¶: 100, 120, 140, 85, 110 (˛.˛)
yÏ°:

GM = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ

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= ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ

= ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ ( 2.0392 )

GM = 109.4
2. ÿ>V¶ÏﬂEBu≈ ÿ>Vz]l[ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB Ô¬˛|>_:
(Calculation of Geometric mean for discrete series) ;
Û›]´D:

GM = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ

\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 2
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|Ô.

yÏ°:

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ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ

= ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ = 23.93

ÿ>V¶ÏﬂEBV™ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ : (Geometric mean for

continuous series)

Û›]´D:

GM = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ

\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 3
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB ÔVıÔ.

yÏ°:

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 ∑ f log x 
ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ = Anti log  
 N 

GM = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ =

ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ = 23.9247

÷Áƒﬂƒ´Vƒˆ (Harmonic Mean)

÷Áƒﬂƒ´Vƒˆ ®[√m ŒÚ √´ko_ c^· \]©AÔπ[ >ÁÈˇµ
\]©AÔπ[ ƒ´Vƒˆl[ >ÁÈˇµ \]©√VzD. ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^·
\]©AÔ^ (a, b, c, d,…….n) ®[≈V_, ÷>[

N
÷Áƒﬂƒ´Vƒˆ = 1 1 1
+ + ..... +
a b n

1. >M›ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒﬂ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_

(Computation of Harmonic Mean for Individual Series)

Û›]´D:

N
H .M =
1 1 1
+ + ..... +
a b n
(∂_Èm)

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\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z 1 :
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÷Áƒﬂƒ´VƒˆÁB ÔVıÔ.

20, 25, 40, 30, 35.

yÏ°:

÷Áƒﬂ ƒ´Vƒˆ (H.M)

÷Áƒﬂ ƒ´Vƒˆ 28.25

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2. ÿ>V¶ÏﬂEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒﬂ ƒ´Vƒˆ Ô¬˛¶_

(Calculation of H.M. for Discrete Series)
Û›]´D
Û›]´D::

\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 2
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÷Áƒﬂƒ´VƒˆÁB ÔVıÔ.

yÏ°:

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÷Áƒﬂ ƒ´Vƒˆ

÷Áƒﬂ ƒ´Vƒˆ = 20.33

3. ÿ>V¶ÏﬂEBV™ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒﬂƒ´Vƒˆ (Calculation of

Harmonic Mean for Continuous Series)

Û›]´D:

÷Áƒﬂ ƒ´Vƒˆ =

\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 3
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÷Áƒﬂƒ´VƒˆÁB ÔVıÔ.

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yÏ°:

H.M = =

H.M = 20.33

500 + 400 + 600

ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿ>VÁÔ = ááááááááááááááááá = 500
3
ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿ>VÁÔ = ‘. 500

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®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2
ŒÚ \Vk[ nÕm √V¶∫Ôπ_ ÿ√u≈ \]©ÿ√ıÔ^
xÁ≈ºB 50, 40, 60, 80 \u≈D 55. ®™ºk, ∂Õ> \VkM[
ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ı ®[™?
\]©ÿ√ıÔπ[ Ì|>_ 50 + 40 + 60 + 80 + 55
ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ı = ááááááááááááááááááá = --ááááááááááááááááááááá
√V¶∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 5
= 57

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 3
ŒÚ kz©∏_ c^· \VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 65.
∂kÏÔ^ ÔË>©√V¶›]_ \‚|D ÿ√u≈ ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ı 50 ®M_,
∂kÏÔ^ ÔË>© √V¶›]_ ÿ√u≈ ÿ\V›> \]©ÿ√ı ®[™?
yÏ°:
ÿ\V›> \]©ÿ√ıÔ^
ƒ´Vƒˆ = ááááááááááááááááááááááááááá
\VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

ÿ\V›> \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ = ƒ´Vƒˆ $ \VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

= 50 $ 65
= 3250
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 4
ŒÚ \Vk[ ÂV[z √V¶∫Ôπ_ ÿ√u≈ \]©ÿ√ıÔ^
xÁ≈ºB 50,ï60, 62 \uÆD 48. ®™ºk, ∂kM[ ƒ´Vƒˆ
\]©ÿ√ı 55 gzD. gEˆBÏ ∂Õ> \VkM[ ÂV[z √V¶›]KD
xÁ≈ºB 10 \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ ∂]ÔD º√V‚¶V_ ∂Õ> \VkM[ A]B
ƒ´Vƒˆ ®[™?

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yÏ°: Ì‚¶©√‚¶ \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ xÁ≈ºB 60, 70, 72, \uÆD 58.

Ì‚¶©√‚¶ \]©ÿ√ıÔπ[ Ì|>_ 60 + 70 + 72 + 58
ƒ´Vƒˆ = ááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá = ááááááááááááááááá
√V¶∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 4
= 65

®™ºk, ŒÀÿkVÚ \]©ÿ√ıb¶[ 10 \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ Ì‚Ω™V_

40 \VkÏÔ”¶[ gEˆBÁ´¬ Ì‚Ω™V_ ®ıË¬ÁÔ = 41.

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 6
ŒÚkÏ >fiÁƒloÚÕm ]ÚflE¬z \Ë¬z 50 ˛.*
ºkÔ›]_ ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ. ∂kÏ ]ÚD√°D \Ë¬z 30 ˛. * ºkÔ›]_
>fiÁƒÁB ∂Á¶˛[≈VÏ ®M_, ∂kˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ ºkÔD (Average
Speed) ®[™?

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yÏ°
yÏ°:

ƒ´Vƒˆ ºkÔD =

ƒ´Vƒˆ ºkÔD = = 37.5 km/hr

∂kˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ ºkÔD = 37.5 km/hr

÷Á¶WÁÈ = = 14.5

gÔºk, ÷Á¶WÁÈ = 14.5.

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®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 11

ˇºw ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^· ®ıÔ”¬z ÿ√Ú¬zﬂ ƒ´Vƒˆ ÔVıÔ.

2, 4, 16 \uÆD 32.

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yÏ°:

Û›]´D:

G.M = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ

®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ =

= 7.999 ≅ 8.0

÷Áƒﬂƒ´Vƒˆ:
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 12
ˇºw c^· ®ıÔ”¬z ÷Áﬂƒ´Vƒˆ ÔVıÔ.
8, 3, 4, 5 \uÆD 2.

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yÏ°:

Û›]´D:
1
2 H.M =

H.M = = 3.551

z§©A : (x¬˛B
x¬˛B Û›]´∫Ô^ Important Formula)

1. ƒ´Vƒˆ = (3 ÷Á¶WÁÈ á xÔ|).

2. ƒ´Vƒˆ á xÔ| = 3 (ƒ´Vƒˆ á ÷Á¶WÁÈ).

2
3. ÷Á¶WÁÈ = xÔ| + (ƒ´Vƒˆ á xÔ|).
3

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4. xÔ| = ƒ´Vƒˆ á 3 (ƒ´Vƒˆ á ÷Á¶WÁÈ).

\VÆ√V‚|¬ ÿÔø ÔVbD kVF√V|.

÷]_, , x ®[√Ák >´©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ôπ[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD

\uÆD ƒ´Vƒˆ gzD.
\VÆ√V‚|¬ ÿÔøÁk ƒVÏA› ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ®™°D ∂Áw¬ÔÈVD.

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 1
ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ \VÆ√V‚|¬ÿÔø 60 % \uÆD ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD 15
gzD. ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ ÔVıÔ.
yÏ°:

\VÆ√V‚|¬ÿÔø =

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60 = 100

x = 100

= 25

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2
100 º√Ï ÿÔVı¶ zøs[ ƒ´Vƒˆ cB´D 165 ÿƒ.* \uÆD
\VÆ√V‚|¬ÿÔø 3.5%. ∂kÏÔ^ cB´›][ ]‚¶sÈ¬ÔD ®[™?
yÏ°

®™ºk, ∂kÏÔ^ cB´›][ ]‚¶sÈ¬ÔD = 5.775.

E>≈_ ∂·ÁkÔ^ (Measures of Dispersion)
E>≈_ ∂·Ák á s·¬ÔD:
ƒ´VƒˆÁB ∑u§ cÆ©AÔπ[ E>≈_ >[Á\ÁB© √u§B
∂·Ák E>≈_ ∂·ÁkBVzD. ∂>Vkm {Ï √´ko[ ƒ´VƒˆÁB

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∑u§ ∂©√´ko[ cÆ©AÔ^ E>§¬ ˛¶¬zD >[Á\ E>≈_ ∂_Èm

√´°ÁÔ (Dispersion) ®™©√|˛[≈m. ÷Á> E>≈_ >[Á\ (Degree
of Scatter) ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬ÔÈVD.

E>≈_ ∂·Ákl[ kÁÔÔ^: (Different Measures of

Dispersion)
E>≈_ ∂·ÁkÔ^ √È c^·™. ∂ku§_
x¬˛B\V™ÁkÔ·Vk™,
1. Tfl∑ (Range)
2. ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD (Quartile Deviation)
3. ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD ( Mean Deviation)
4. >´sÈ¬ÔD ∂_Èm ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD g˛B™
x¬˛B\V™ÁkÔ·VzD.
1. Tfl∑: (Range)
E>≈_ ∂·°Ôπ_ ÔË©√>uz tÔ ®πÁ\BV™m.
tÔ©ÿ√ˆB cÆ©A¬zD (Largestgitems) tÔfl E§B cÆ©A¬zD
(Smallest items) ÷Á¶ºB c^· ºkÆ√V‚Ωuz Tfl∑ ®_ÁÈ ®[Æ
ÿ√BÏ.
tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ®ı á tÔfl E§B ®ı
Tfl∑¬ÿÔø = áááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá
tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ®ı + tÔfl E§B ®ı
Tfl∑¬ÿÔø: (Co-efficient of Range)

Co-efficient of Range =

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\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 1
ˇºw ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔ”¬z Tfl∑ \uÆD Tfl∑¬ÿÔø ÔVıÔ.
2, 8, 4, 3, 12
yÏ° :
Tfl∑ =
Tfl∑ = 12 - 2 = 10

Tﬂ∑¬ÿÔø =

Tﬂ∑¬ÿÔø = 0.7143.
2. ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD: (Quartile Deviation)
“ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD ®[√m ÷´ı| ÔV_\V™∫Ô”¬z ÷Á¶ºB
c^· ºkÆ√V‚Ω_ √V] ” ®[Æ kÁ´BÆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. ÷m Q.D
®[≈ ®ø›>V_ z§©∏¶©√|˛[≈m.

ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD =

ÔV_\V™∫Ô”¬˛Á¶ºBBV™ ºkÆ√V| ÔV_\V™ ÷Á¶ÿkπ

(InterjQuartilegRange) ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. ®™ºk
ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô›Á> ÔV_\V™ ÷Á¶ÿkπl_ √V] (Semi–
Inter\Quartile Range) ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬ÔÈVD.

ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô ÿÔø

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\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 2
∏[kÚD ®ıÔ”¬z ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD \uÆD ÔV_\V™
sÈ¬Ô¬ ÿÔø ÔVıÔ.
2 ,7, 3, 8, 5.
yÏ°:
Q3 − Q1
ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD =
2

 N +1 6
km km
=  \]©A =   \]©A
 4  4

= (1.5) \]©A

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔ^ ∞ÆkˆÁƒl_ 2, 3, 4, 7, 8

= = 2.5

 3( N + 1)  km  3(5 + 1)  km
=   \]©A =  
 4   4 

= (4.5) km \]©A

= = 7.5

ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD = = 2.5

ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô ÿÔø = = 0.5.

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\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 3
∏[kÚDA^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD \uÆD
ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô¬ ÿÔø ÔVıÔ.

yÏ°:

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= 37.333
Q3 − Q1 37.333 − 22.5
ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD =
2
=
2
= 7.4165

Q3 − Q1 37.333 − 22.5
ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô ÿÔø = = = 0.2479
Q3 + Q1 37.333 + 22.5

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD (Mean Deviation)

∂·s[ sÈÔ›][ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ.

N = ÷™∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ.
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 4
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô›Á>
(∂) ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·soÚÕmD,
(g) ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕmD Ô¬˛|Ô.
®Á¶Ô^: 90, 100, 125, 115, 110.

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yÏ°: (∂) ÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_ ;

(Calculation Of Mean Deviation from Median)

®Á¶ ÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm
(∞Æ kˆÁƒl_) sÈ¬ÔD (D = 110)
90 20
100 10
110 0
115 5
125 15

∑ x = 540 ∑D = 50

Mean Deviation = ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD = M.D =

∑D
∑ND+ 1  N
 
 2 
= ÷Á¶WÁÈ sÈ¬Ô›][ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ ± z§ >sÏ¬Ô
ºkı|D

N = cÆ©AÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ
km
÷Á¶WÁÈ = cÆ©∏[ \]©A

 N +1
÷Á¶WÁÈ =  
km
cÆ©A = 3 km cÆ©A
 2 

gÔºk, 3ákm cÆ©∏[ ∂·° 110.

50
÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD = = 10
5

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(g) ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:

(Calculation of Mean deviation from Mean)

ƒ´Vƒˆ = ∑x
x=
N
; ∑ x = 540, N =5

540
x= = 108
5

gÔºk, ƒ´Vƒˆ = 108.

ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm sÈ¬ÔD (A=108)

®Á¶
D
90 18
100 8
125 17
115 7
110 2

∑D = 52

ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD =

∑D = = 10.4
N

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ÿ>V¶ÏEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD: (Calculation of Mean

Deviation for Discrete series)
Û›]´D:

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD =
∑fD
N

÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm sÈ¬ÔD \uÆD

∂ÁÈÿkıÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬z› ÿ>VÁÔ,
∑f = ÿ\V›> ∂ÁÈÿkı.
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 5
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫¬ÔV™ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô›Á>
÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕmD, ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕmD Ô¬˛|Ô.

∑fD= X 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6
F 2 4 9 18 27 25 14 1

yÏ°: ÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:

. D fD
20 02 02 06 12
18 04 06 04 16
16 09 15 02 18
14 18 33 0 0
12 27 60 02 54
10 25 85 04 100
08 14 99 06 84
06 01 100 08 8
N=100 ∑ f D = 292

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 N + 1 km  100 + 1  km
÷Á¶WÁÈ =   cÆ©A =   cÆ©A
 2   2 

= 50.5 km cÆ©A = 12

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD =
∑f D =
292
= 2.92
N 100

ƒ´Vƒˆ = x =
∑ fx =
1200
= 12
N 100

ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_: (Calculation of

Mean Deviation from Mean)

D ; (D = 12 − x) fD
20 02 40 8 16
18 04 72 6 24
16 09 144 4 36
14 18 252 2 36
12 27 324 0 0
10 25 250 2 50
08 14 112 4 56
06 01 006 06 06
N=100 ∑ fx = 1200 ∑ f D = 224

ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD :

224
(Mean Deviation from Mean) = = 2.24
100

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ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ÿÔø (Coefficient of Mean Deviation)

ŒÚ √´ko[ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô›Á> ∂m ®Õ> ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm
ÿ√≈©√‚¶º>V ∂Õ> ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ ÿÔVıº¶ kz›m ∂ﬂƒ´Vƒˆ
sÈ¬Ô›]uzˆB ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ÿÔø Ô¬˛¶©√|˛[≈m.
ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ ÿÔøsuÔV™ Û›]´D:
÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·soÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛¶©√‚¶V_,
ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD (Mean Deviation)
ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔÿÔø = áááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá
÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° (Median)
Ì‚|ﬂ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛¶©√‚¶V_,

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD (Mean Deviation)

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔÿÔø = áááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá
Ì‚|ﬂ ƒ´Vƒˆ (Mean)

]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ∂_Èm >´sÈ¬ÔD: (Standard Deviation)

˛º´¬Ô ÿ\Val_ ®[≈ ®ø›>V_ z§¬Ô©√|D ]‚¶
sÈ¬ÔD E>≈_ ∂·Ák¬ z§¬zD tÔﬂ E≈Õ> ∂·ÁkBVzD.
]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_: (Calculation of Standard
Deviation)
>M›ÿ>Vz] (Individual Series): >M› ÿ>V¶Ú¬ÔV™ ]‚¶
sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|k]_ ÷Ú xÁ≈Ô^ c^·™.
1. sÈ¬Ô∫ÔÁ· cıÁ\BV™ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ®|©√m.
(Deviation taken from Actual Mean)
2. ª˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm sÈ¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ®|©√m.
(Deviation taken from Assumed Mean)

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cıÁ\BV™ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm sÈ¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ®|›m ]‚¶

sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_.

Û›]´D : =
∑d 2

; = ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ;
N

∑d 2
= sÈ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ kÏ¬Ô› ÿ>VÁÔ

kÚ\V™D X = 70
(
d2 = X − X )
2

d =x− x
40 -30 900
50 -20 400
60 -10 100
70 0 0
80 10 100
90 20 400
100 30 900

∑ X =490 ∑ (X − X ) = 0 ∑ (X − X ) = 2800
2

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∑X =
X= N
= 70

∑ (x − x )
2
= 2800
= = 20
N 7

]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD = 20

sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_:
Û›]´D

∑d  ∑d 
2
490 2

= − 
7 N  N 
 

sÈ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ Ì‚|› ÿ>VÁÔ

∑d 2
= ª˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm cÆ©AÔπ[
sÈ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ kÏ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ Ì‚|› ÿ>VÁÔ
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 7
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›Á>¬ Ô¬˛|Ô.
\]©ÿ√ı: 50, 40, 60, 90, 95, 70, 80.

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yÏ° :

d = x − A; d = x − 60 d2
50 -10 100
40 -20 400
60 0 0
90 30 900
95 35 1225
70 10 100
80 20 400
∑ d = 65 ∑d
2
= 3125

∑d  ∑d 
2 2 2
3125  65 
= −   =
 −   = 18.979
N  N  7  7
S.D = 18.97

ÿ>V¶ÏﬂEBu≈ ÿ>V¶Ú¬ÔV™ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ÔVb>_:

(Calculation of Standard Deviation for Discrete Series)
Û›]´D

∑d  ∑d 
2 2

σ= − 
N  N 
 

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\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 8 ∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô

\]©Á√ Ô¬˛|Ô.

kÚ\V™D : x 10 12 17 21 26
f 2 4 8 5 1

10 2 -7 -14 098
12 4 -5 -20 100
17 8 0 0 000
21 5 4 +20 080
26 1 +9 +9 081
N = 20 ∑ fd = 5 ∑ fd 2
= 359

∑d  ∑d 
2 2 2
359  − 5 
σ= −   =
 −  = 4.16
N  N  20  20 

σ = 4.16

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288

√luE¬ Ô¬z:
1 ) 15, 18, 15, 16, 14, 12, 15, 10, 18, 15 ®[≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ xÔ| ®[™?
a) 15 b) 18 c) 0 d) 6
2) 3, 7, 5, 10, 8, 12 ÷ku§[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° ®[™?
a) 7 b) 8 c)7. 5 d) 1
3) 8, 5, 4, 9, 11, 17 ®[≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ xÔ| ®[™?
a) 1 b) 0 c) 9 d) xÔ|
÷_ÁÈ.
4) 10, 12, 25, 14, 52, 8 ®[˛≈ A^πÔπ[ Tﬂ∑ (Range) ®[™?

a) 44 b) 60 c) 13 d) 12.14

5) nÕm ®ıÔπ[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD 4, ŒÀÿkVÚ ®ıb¶–D 5 g_

ÿ√Ú¬Ô¬ ˛Á¶¬zD A]B ®ıÔπ[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ®[™?
a) 20 b) 4 c) 25 d) 9
6) Tfl∑ ®™©√|km?
a) cBÏÕ> \]©A $ zÁ≈Õ> \]©A
b) cBÏÕ> \]©A + zÁ≈Õ> \]©A
c) cBÏÕ> \]©A ÷ zÁ≈Õ> \]©A
d) cBÏÕ> \]©A - zÁ≈Õ> \]©A
7) ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶cÆ©AÔÁ· ∞Æ kˆÁƒ ∂_Èm ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒl_
®ø>,k∂ku§[ Â| cÆ©∏[ \]©A ®™©√|km BVm?
a) Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ b) xÔ| c) ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° d) Tfl∑

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

289

15 , 18, 9 , 12 , 10 , 25, 13.
a)15 b) 12 c) 13 d) 10
9) Â¶¬Ô ÷BÈV> WÔµﬂEl[ WÔµ>Ô° ®[™?
a) 1 b) 0 c)2 d) 1/2
10) 50 A^π sk´∫Ôπ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ 25, ∂ku§[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD 5
®M_, kÏ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ Ì‚|› ÿ>VÁÔ ®[™?
a)1250 b) 6250 c)32500 d) 250
11) ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ \VÆ√V‚|¬ ÿÔø 70% \uÆD ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD 12.6
®M_, ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ ÔVıÔ.
a) 18 b) 88.2 c) 30%
d) ÷ku§_ ®m°t_ÁÈ.
12) nÕm ®ıÔπ[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD 3.12 ŒÀÿkVÚ ®ıb¶–D
3n¬ Ì‚¶ A]B ®ıÔπ[ ]‚¶sÈ¬ÔD ®[™?
a) 6.12 b) 3.12 c) 18.12 d) 9.36
13) √›m ®ıÔπ[ Ì|>_ 550 ∂ku§[ ]‚¶sÈ¬ÔD 9 ®M_,
∂ku§[ sÈ¬Ô kÏ¬Ô ƒ´Vƒˆ ®[™?
a) 3 b) 81 c) 500 d) 55

sˆkV™ sÁ¶Ô^:
1. (A) xÔ| ®[√m ∂]Ô xÁ≈ ÔV©√|D cÆ©A gzD. 15 ®[≈
®ı 4 xÁ≈, 18 ®[≈ ®ı 2 xÁ≈•D kÕm^·m. gÔºk xÔ|
15.
2. (C) ∞Æ kˆÁƒ 3, 5, 7, 8,10,12 ; ÷ÁWÁÈB·° = 7.5.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

290

kÕm^·m. ®™ºk xÔ| ÷_ÁÈ.
4. (A) Tﬂ∑ = tÔ©ÿ√ˆB \]©A á tÔﬂE§B \]©A = 52 - 8 = 44.
5. (A) ŒÀÿkVÚ ®ıÁ•D ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ®ıV_ ÿ√Ú¬Ô
]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›Á>•D ∂º> ®ıV_ ÿ√Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.
®™ºk ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD = .

s›]BVƒD.
7. (C) ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°
8. (C) ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ ∞ÆkˆÁƒ : 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 25
÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° = 13
9 (B) ŒÚ ÂVB›Á> ∑ı|Dº√Vm ®ı 5 ˛Á¶¬z\V?
˛Á¶¬ÔVm. ®™ºk Â¶¬Ô ÷BÈV> WÔµﬂEl[
WÔµ>Ô° = 0.

10 (C)

σ2 =
∑ x − (x )
2
2

∑x 2

− (25)
2
5 =
2
50

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

291

25 + 625 =
∑x 2

∑x 2
= 50 × 650 = 32500

σ 12.6
11. (A) \VÆ√V‚|¬ ÿÔø (C.V) = × 100 = × 100 = 18
x 70

®™ºk, ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ = 18

Ì‚Ω™V_ ∂>[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›]_ \Vu≈D ∞u√¶Vm.
]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD = 3.12

X 13. (B) ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD = var iance

sÈ¬Ô kÏ¬Ô ƒ´Vƒˆ = ( ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD )2 = 92 = 81

ƒ>T>D (Percentage)

ƒ>T>D ®[√m ±uÆ¬z ®Àk·° ®[√º> gzD.

50
c>V´\VÔ
c>V´\VÔ, 50% ®[√Á> ®™ ®ø>ÈVD.
100
0.6 6
0.6% ®[√Á> ®™°D ®™°D ®ø>ÈVD.
100 1000

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 1

20á_ 5 ®[√m ®›>Á™ ƒ>T>D?

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

292

yÏ°:

 5 
ƒ>T>D =  ×100  % = 25%
 20 

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2

‘.4000- _, 15% ®Àk·° ‘√VF?

15
‘√VF = × 4000 = 600
100

®™ºk, ‘.4000 á _ 15% ®[√m ‘.600/-n¬ z§¬zD.

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 3

ŒÚ mË¬ÔÁ¶l_ ‘.20,000/-¬z mË ®|›>V_ 5% >^”√Ω

®™ ÿƒV[™V_, ®Àk·° ‘√VF >^”√Ω ÿƒFkVÏÔ^?

yÏ°:

5
>^”√Ω = × 20000 = 1000
100

®™ºk, ‘.1000 n >^”√Ω ÿƒFkVÏÔ^.

÷´ı| x¬˛B s]Ô^:

9 Aál[ kÚ\V™D B-l[ kÚ\V™›Á>s¶ R% ∂]ÔD

®M_, B-l[ kÚ\V™D Aál[ kÚ\V™›Á>s¶

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

293

 R 
 × 100  0 0 zÁ≈°.
 100 + R 

9 A ál[ kÚ\V™D B ál[ kÚ\V™›Á>s¶ R %

zÁ≈° ®M_, Bál[ kÚ\V™D Aál[

 R 
kÚ\V™›Á>s¶  × 100  0 0 ∂]ÔD.
 100 − R 

®|›m¬ÔV‚|:4
Ajl[ kÚ\V™D B -l[ kÚ\V™›Á> s¶ 20 ƒ>T>D ∂]ÔD
®M_, B ál[ kÚ\V™D A l[ kÚ\V™›Á> s¶ ®Àk·°
ƒ>T>D zÁ≈°?
17 0 0 yÏ°:

 R   20 
 × 100  0 0 =  × 100  0 0 ( R = 20 0 0 )
 100 + R   100 + 20 

= 16.667 0 0 ≅ 17 0 0

®™ºk, B-l[ kÚ\V™D Aál[ kÚ\V™›Á>s¶ zÁ≈°.

®|›m¬ÔV‚|: 5

ŒÚ Áƒ¬˛π[ sÁÈ 15% cBÏ˛≈m. ÷m ÿ>ˆBV\_ ŒÚkÏ

Áƒ¬˛π[ √ÁwB sÁÈÁB Ô¬˛_ Ák›m √D ÿÔVı|
ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ. ®™ºk, ∂kÏ ÿÔV^x>ÁÈ (Áƒ¬˛π[
®ıË¬ÁÔÁB) ®›>Á™ ƒ>T>D zÁ≈¬Ô ºkı|D?

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

294
yÏ°: Áƒ¬˛π[ sÁÈ 15% cBÏ˛[≈m.

R=15%

 R   15  1500 1
 × 100  0 0 =  × 100  0 0 = = 13 0 0
 100 + R   100 + 15  115 23
1 0
®™ºk, ∂kÏ Áƒ¬˛π[ ®ıË¬ÁÔÁB 13 0 zÁ≈¬Ô
23
ºkı|D.

\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬z

Ô¬z:

ŒÚ ˛´V\›]_ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ >uƒ\BD P ®[Ô. ŒÀÿkVÚ gı|D

R% \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ∂]Ôˆ¬zD ®[≈V_,

P
‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z x[A \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ =
(
1+ R
100
n
)
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 6

ŒÚ ˛´V\›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ 7000 º√Ï. ∂Õ> ˛´V\›][ \¬Ô^

ÿ>VÁÔ ŒÀÿkVÚ gı|D 4% ∂]Ôˆ¬˛[≈m ®[≈V_, 2
gı|Ô”¬z© ∏≈z ∂Õ>¬ ˛´V\›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ®[™?
P
yÏ°: ‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z© ∏≈z \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ =
(1 + R100) n

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

295

÷∫z, n = 2 gı|Ô^, R = 4% P = 7000

2
\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = 7000 1 + 4  = 7571.2 ≅ 7571
 100 

7571.

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 7

{Ï ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ 44,100 º√Ï. ∂Õ> ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^

ÿ>VÁÔ ŒÀÿkVÚ gı|D 4% cBÏ˛≈m ®[≈V_, 2
gı|Ô”¬z x[A ∂Õ> ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ®Àk·° º√Ï?

yÏ° :

P
‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z x[A \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ =
(
1+ R
100
)n

÷]_ , P = 44100, n = 2, R = 4%

44100
/ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = = 40772.92 ≅ 40773
(
1+ 4
100
2
)
®™ºk, 2 gı|Ô”¬z x[A ∂Õ> ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ =
40773 º√Ï.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

296

º>F\V™¬ Ô¬ˇ|Ô^ (Depreciation)

ŒÚ ÷BÕ]´›][ >uº√VÁ>B sÁÈ P ®[Ô. ∂m ºkÁÈ

ÿƒFk>V_ ŒÀÿkVÚ gı|D ∂>[ sÁÈ zÁ≈•D ®[≈V_,

n
‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z ∏≈z, ÷BÕ]´›][ sÁÈ = P 1 − R 
 100 

P
‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z x[A, ÷BÕ]´›][ sÁÈ =
(
1− R
100
n
)
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 8

ŒÚ kı› ÿ>VÁÈÔV‚E ÿ√‚ΩÁB ŒÚkÏ ‘.8100¬z

kV∫z˛[≈VÏ. ∂>[ º>F\V™ ƒ>T>D gı|¬z 10% ®[≈V_,
∂Õ> kı›ÿ>VÁÈÔV‚Eÿ√‚Ωl[ sÁÈBV™m
(i) 3 gı|Ô”¬z© ∏[A ®[™?
(ii) 3 gı|Ô”¬z x[A ®[™?
yÏ°

kı›ÿ>VÁÈÔV‚Eÿ√‚Ωl[ >uº√VÁ>B sÁÈ = 8100

º>F\V™ ƒ>T>D = 10%

(i) 3 gı|Ô”¬z ∏[ ∂>[ sÁÈ

n 3
 R   10 
= P 1 −  = 8100 1 −  = 5904.9 ≅ 5905
 100   100 

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

297

(ii) 3 gı|Ô”¬z x[A ∂>[ sÁÈ

P 8100
= = 11111.11 ≅ 11111
=
(
1− R
100
n
) (
1 − 10
100
3
)
®™ºk, sÁÈ 3 gı|Ô”¬z ∏[A ‘.5905, sÁÈ 3
gı|Ô”¬z x[A ‘. 11111.

√luE Ô¬zÔ^:

a) 4 b) 5 c) 3 d) 6

a) 18 b) 72 c) 50 d) 36

a) 75 b) 150 c) 200 d) 300

®[™?

a) 100% b) 110% c) 125% d) 150%

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

298

5) ŒÚ ±ÈÔ›]_ 20% A›>Ô∫Ô^ g∫˛ÈD ƒVÏÕ>Ák.

*>x^·ÁkÔπ_ 50% A›>Ô∫Ô^ >tµ ƒVÏÕ>Ák. \u≈ ÿ\Va
A›>Ô∫Ô^ 800 c^·™. ®™ºk, ®›>Á™ >tµÿ\Va A›>Ô∫Ô^
±ÈÔ›]_ c^·™?

a) 1000 b) 500 c) 300 d) 800

a) 25% ÷ÈV√D b) 25% Âi¶D c) ÷ÈV√xD ÷_ÁÈ

Âi¶xD ÷_ÁÈ d) 2.5% Âi¶D.

7) ŒÚ ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ gıΩuz 15% cBÏ˛≈m. 1998-D

kÚ¶D ∂Õ> ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ 10000 gzD. ®™ºk, 2000
á D kÚ¶›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ®Àk·°?

a) 13000 b) 14000 c) 13225 d) 14225

a) 16% b) 40% c) 0% d) 4%

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

299

a) 100% b) 50% c) 56.25% d) 2%

x
a) 0 b) 1 c) 27 d) 25%

sˆkV™ sÁ¶Ô^:

1. (a)

25 × 8
/ x= =4
50 × x = 25 0 0 800 = 50
50x = 25 × 8

50 30
2. (b) ×x+ × 90
100 100

x = 2 × 36 = 72

3.(b) ∂Õ> ®ı = x ®[Ô.

75
× x + 75 = x
100

75 × 100
x= = 300
25

/ ∂Õ> ®ı = 300.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

300

80
4.(c) A = B ; 100A = 80 B
100

B 5
=
A 4

5
/ ƒ>T>D = × 100 = 125 0 0
4

5) (b) g∫˛È A›>Ô∫Ô^ 20%

*>x^·Ák = 100-20 = 80%

>tµ A›>Ô∫Ô^ = 50% ; *>x^·Ák = 50% of 80

50
= × 80 = 40 0 0
100

\u≈ ÿ\Va A›>Ô∫Ô^ = 100- (20+40) = 100 - 60 = 40%

40% A›>Ô∫Ô^ = 800

®™ºk, >tµ A›>Ô∫Ô^ = 40% = 800

6) ŒÚkˆ[ ƒD√·D = ‘. 100 ®[Ô. 100 - [ 50% =

50
×100 = ‘. 50
100

50
50 [ 50% = × 50 = ‘. 25
100

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

301

∂kÏ ∂Á¶Õ> Âi¶D = ‘. 100 - 75 = 25.
25
Âi¶ ƒ>T>D = × 100 = 25 %
100

7) 1998-D gı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = 10000

gı|¬z cBÏ° ƒ>T>D = 15%

2000áD gı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ

2 2
 15   115 
= 100001 +  = 10000  = 13225
 100   100 

®™ºk, 2000 á D gı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = 13225.

x× y
8). (D) x + y =
100

x = y = 25 0 0

25 × 25
x = 25 + 25 + = 56.25
100

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

302

30
10) (B) × 90 = 27 x
100

27 x = 27

x =1

.ÿ√V.\. \uÆD .ÿ√V.k

*.ÿ√V.k.

.ÿ√V.\. ®[√m ﬂEÆ ÿ√Vm \¶∫z ®[√>[ ∑Ú¬ÔD gzD.

÷Á> g∫˛È›]_ LCM (Least Common Mutliple) ®[√Ï.
∂>Vkm ÷´ı| ∂_Èm ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ √_KÆ©A¬ ºÔVÁkl[
*ﬂEÆ ÿ√Vm \¶∫z ®[√m ∂ÀsÚ (∂) ∂>uz º\u√‚¶
√_KÆ©A¬ºÔVÁkÔ·VKD xøkm\VÔ kz√¶¬ÌΩB tÔ¬
zÁ≈Õ> ÿ√VmkV™©√ΩÁB¬ ÿÔVı¶ √_KÆ©A¬ºÔVÁkBVzD.
÷>–Á¶B cBÏ√Ω cÆ©∏[ ÿÔøs[ z§BV™m ∂ÀsÚ
√_KÆ©A¬ºÔVÁkÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ √ÈM[ cBÏ√Ω cÆ©∏[
ÿÔøs[ z§ÁB cÁ¶B>VÔ ÷Ú¬zD.

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 1

5, 15, 20, 30 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ LCM ®[™?

yÏ°:

5 5 15 20 30

31 3 4 6

21 1 4 2
1 1 2 1

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

303
LCM = 5 × 3 × 2 × 2 = 60

®™ºk 5, 15, 20, 30 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ LCM 60 gzD.

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2

[ LCM ÔVıÔ.

yÏ°:

12 ( x − 1) = 2 2 × 3( x − 1) ®™ ®ø>ÈVD.
3 3

15 ( x − 1)( x + 2 ) = 5 × 3( x − 1)( x + 2 ) ®™ ®ø>ÈVD.

2 2

®™ºk, LCM = 2 2 × 3 × 5 × ( x − 1)3 × ( x + 2 )2

12 ( x − 1) , 15 ( x − 1)( x + 2 )= 60 ( x − 1)3 ( x + 2 )2
3 2

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 3

6 x 2 y, 9 x 2 yz, 12 x 2 y 2 z

g˛Bku§[ LCM ÔVıÔ.

yÏ°:

6x2 y = 2 × 3× x2 y

9 x 2 yz = 32 x 2 yz

12 x 2 y 2 z = 2 2 × 3 × x 2 y 2 z

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

304

®™ºk, LCM = 2 2 × 32 × x 2 y 2 z

= 4×9× x2 y2 z

LCM = 36x 2 y 2 z

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 4
96, 108, 280 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ LCM ®[™?

yÏ°:

2 96 108 280
2 48 54 140
2 24 27 70
3 12 27 35
4 9 35

/ LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 9 × 35 = 30240

( ∂_Èm )

108 = 2 2 × 33

280 = 23 × 5 × 7

/ LCM = (25 × 33 × 5 × 7 ) = 30240

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

305

*.ÿ√V.k.(*©ÿ√Ú ÿ√Vmkz›]):
*.ÿ√V.k.. ®[√m *©ÿ√Ú ÿ√Vmkz›] ®[√>[ ∑Ú¬ÔD
gzD. ÷Á> g∫˛È›]_ HCF (HighestdCommonmFactor)
®[√Ï. ∂>Vkm ÷´ı| (∂) ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ (∂)
√_KÆ©A¬ºÔVÁkÔπ[ ®_ÈV ÿ√Vm kz›]ÔÁ·•D tÔ©ÿ√ˆB
∂|¬ÁÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶mD ∂Õ> ∂|¬˛[ ÿÔøkV™m tÁÔ
®ıVÔ°D ÷Ú¬˛[≈ ÿ√Vm kz›]>V[.

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 5

5, 15, 20, 30 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ HCF ®[™?

yÏ°:

5 5 15 20 30
1 3 4 5

HCF = 5

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 6

25, 35, 45 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ HCF ®[™?

5 25 35 45
5 7 9

HCF = 5 (*]ÁB ®|¬Ô¬Ì¶Vm)

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

306

(∂_Èm)
25 = 52
35 = 5 × 7

®™ºk, HCF = 5 (∂Á™›m ®ıÔπKD ÿ√VmkV™ ®ı).

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 7

x 3 − 9 x 2 + 23x − 15, 4 x 2 − 16 x + 12 g˛Bku§[ HCF ÔVıÔ.

yÏ°:

f ( x ) = x 3 − 9 x 2 + 23x − 15 ®[Ô.

g ( x ) = 4 x 2 − 16 x + 12 ®[Ô.

( )
= 4 x 2 − 4 x + 3 ®™°D ®ø>ÈVD.

x −5

x 2 − 4x + 3 x 3 − 9x 2 + 23x − 15
x 3 − 4 x 2 + 3x
− 5x 2 + 20x − 15
− 5x 2 + 20x − 15
0

HCF = x 2 − 4 x + 3

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

307

÷´ı| x¬˛B s]Ô^ :

1. ÷´ı| ®ıÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ôu√È[ = (∂Õ> ®ıÔπ[ LCM) $

(∂Õ> ®ıÔπ[ HCF).

®|›m¬ÔV‚|: 8
÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ HCF = 12. ∂Õ> ®ıÔπ[ LCM = 180. ŒÚ
®ı 36 ®M_, \uÿ≈VÚ ®ı ®m?

yÏ°;

\uÿ≈VÚ ®ı = áááááááááááááá
ŒÚ ®ı

12 × 180
= = 60
36
®™ºk, \uÿ≈VÚ ®ı = 60.

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 9
÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ HCF = 99. ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔ^ 198, 1386 gzD.
®M_, ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ LCM ®[™?

yÏ°;
÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ôu√È[
= ááááááááááááááááááááááááááááóóóóó

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

308

198 × 1386
LCM = = 2772
99
®™ºk, LCM = 2772 gzD.

∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ HCF \uÆD LCM Ô¬˛|>_:

ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[ HCF
= ------------------------
√z] ®ıÔπ[ LCM

ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[ LCM

= ------------------------
√z] ®ıÔπ[ HCF

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 10

8 22 10
, , .
18 81 27

yÏ° : ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[ HCF

2 8 22 10
4 11 5

/ HCF = 2

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

309

√z] ®ıÔπ[ LCM

3 18 81 27
3 6 27 9
32 9 3
2 3 1

/ LCM = 3 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 3 = 162

ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[
®™ºk, ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ HCF = ááááááááááááááááááááááááá
√z] ®ıÔπ[ LCM

2
2 ®™ºk, ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ HCF =
162
162
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 11
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ LCM n¬ ÔVıÔ.
20 15 60
, ,
105 90 75
yÏ°: ÿ>Vz]Ôπ[ LCM

5 20 15 60

2 4 3 12

32 3 6

22 1 2
1 1 1

LCM = 5 × 2 × 3 × 2 = 60

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

310

√z]Ôπ[ HCF :

5 105 90 75

3 21 18 15
7 6 5

H C F = 5 × 3 = 15

√luE Ô¬zÔ^:

2 3 × 3 × 5, 2 4 × 5 × 7
a) 24 × 3 × 5 × 7 b) 23 × 5 × 7

c) 27 × 3 × 52 × 7 d) 212 × 3 × 52 × 7

1 2 3 4
2) , , , ÷ÁkÔπ[ HCF ®[™?
2 3 4 5

1
a) b) 60 c) 1 d) 40
60

3) ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ HCF = 28 ∂ku§[ LCM = 84

ŒÚ ®ı = 28 ®[≈V_, \uÿ≈VÚ ®ı ®[™?

a) 84 b) 28 c) 56 d) 1

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

12, 18, 24, 54

a) 6 b) 2 c) 3 d) 216

5) ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ LCM g™m ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ HCF º√V_

nÕm \¶∫z ∂]ÔD. º\KD LCM n•D HCF n•D Ì‚Ω™V_
300 ˛Á¶¬˛[≈m. ŒÚ ®ı 125 ®[≈V_, \uÿ≈VÚ ®ı ®[™?

a) 175 b) 150 c) 625 d) 100

6 ) ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ôu√È[ 1600, ∂ku§[ HCF = 5 ®M_,
LCM ®[™?

a) 8000 b) 1600 c) 5 d) 320

7) ÂV[z ÔΩÔV´∫Ô^ \Ë Œo¬zD ºÂ´∫Ô^ xÁ≈ºB 5

s™VΩÔ^, 10 s™VΩÔ^, 15 s™VΩÔ^, 20 s™VΩÔ^. ÷Õ> ÂV[z
ÔΩÔV´∫Ô”D ºƒÏÕm Œº´ ºÂ´›]_ ŒÚ \Ë ºÂ´›]_ ®›>Á™
xÁ≈ Œo¬zD?

a) 60 xÁ≈ b) 1 xÁ≈ c) 2 xÁ≈ d) 30 xÁ≈

8) 24 ]´V‚Áƒ Ô[ÆÔÁ·•D, 18 kVÁw Ô[ÆÔÁ·•D, 12 ÔÚDA

Ô[ÆÔÁ·•D ŒÚ skƒVl kV∫z˛[≈VÏ. ∂Õ> Ô[ÆÔÁ· ∂Õ>
skƒVl >[ º>V‚¶›]_ kˆÁƒ (Row) xÁ≈l_ Â|˛[≈VÏ.
ŒÀÿkVÚ kˆÁƒlKD Œº´ \V]ˆBV™ Ô[ÆÔÁ· \‚|D
Â|˛[≈VÏ ®M_, ∂kÏ zÁ≈Õ>m ®›>Á™ kˆÁƒÔπ_ Â|kVÏ?

a) 5 kˆÁƒÔ^ b) 6 kˆÁƒÔ^ c) 9 kˆÁƒÔ^ d) 10

kˆÁƒÔ^.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

312
sˆkV™ sÁ¶Ô^:

1. (A) 23 × 3 × 5 , 2 4 × 5 × 7

/ LCM = 2 4 × 3 × 5 × 7

2. (A) ÿ>Vz]Ôπ[ HCF

11 2 3 4
1 2 3 4

/ HCF = 1

√z]Ôπ[ LCM

22 3 4 5
1 3 2 5

/ LCM = 2 × 3 × 2 × 5 = 60

®™ºk, HCF = 1
60

3. (A)

HCF x LCM
\uÿ≈VÚ ®ı ----------------
ŒÚ ®ı

28 × 84
= = 84
28

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

313
4. (A)

∂|¬zÔÁ· ®ø>ºkı|D.

6. (D)

1600
LCM= = 320
5

7. (A)

LCM =

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

314

ÂV[z ÔΩÔV´∫Ô”D Œº´ ºÂ´›]_ Œo¬Ô 60s™VΩÔ^ º>Ák.

60 s™VΩÔπ_ 1 xÁ≈ Œo¬zD.

/1 \Ë ºÂ´›]_ (60 × 60 s™VΩÔ^) xÁ≈Ô^

8.(C)

6 24 18 12
4 3 2

24, 18,12 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ HCF = 6.

24 18 12
kˆÁƒ xÁ≈Ô^ = + + = 4 + 3 + 2 = 9 kˆÁƒÔ^.
6 6 6

Ratio and Proportion

®|›m¬ÔV‚|: 1

÷Ú ®ıÔ”¬˛Á¶ºB c^· s˛>∫Ô^ xÁ≈ºB 3 : 7.

∂ku§[ *.ÿ√V.k 210. gÔºk, ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔÁ·¬ ÔVıÔ.

yÏ°:

÷Ú ®ıÔ^ \uÆD 7 x ®[Ô.

3 x \uÆD 7 x [ *.ÿ√V.k.

3 × 7 × x = 21x

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

315

gÔºk, ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔ^ 30 \uÆD 70.

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2

yÏ°:

gÔºk,

®|›m¬ÔV‚|: 3
®M_, A : C ®[™?
yÏ°:
\uÆD

\uÆD

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

316

gÔºk,

®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 5.
÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ s˛>∫Ô^ xÁ≈ºB 2 : 3. ŒÀÿkVÚ
®ıÔ”¶–D 10 Ì‚¶©√|˛≈m. gÔºk, ∂Õ> ®ıÔπ[
s˛>∫Ô^ 4 : 5. ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔÁ·¬ ÔVıÔ.
yÏ°:
÷Ú ®ıÔ^ \uÆD ®[Ô.

ƒ\[√V| (1) \uÆD (2) n yÏ¬Ô,

gÔºk, ÷Ú ®ıÔ^ 10 \uÆD 15.

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

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