Theory of Elasticity

CEng 6501

Instructor
Dr. L. N. Ojha

M. Sc. (Structural Engineering)

Structural Engineering Chair

SoCE, EiT-M
2017-18
 Contents

Kinematics
1 General Deformations
2 Small Deformation Theory-Strain
3 Strain- Displacement Relationships
4 Strain Transformation
5 Principal Strains
6 Spherical and Deviatoric Strains
7 Strain Compatibility
 Types of Deformations
kinematics of material deformation

The response of a material to applied forces

depends on the type and nature of the bond and
the structural arrangement of atoms, molecules or
ions.

Basic Types:

1. Elastic deformation (instantaneously recoverable)

2. Plastic deformation (non-recoverable)

3. Viscous deformation (time dependent )

KINEMATICS OF MATERIAL DEFORMATION Deformational Displacements

Deformations can be quantified by knowing the displacements of

material points in the body.

Body-Displacement
(Translation + Rotation)
Change in
Position
Points of Body-Deformation
( Translation + Rotation)

An elastic solid is said to be deformed or strained when the

relative displacements between points in the body are changed.

This is in contrast to rigid-body motion where the distance

between points remains the same.
 General Deformational Displacements

General deformation between

two neighbouring points.
2D- Deformation Example
 General Deformational Displacements

TAYLOR SERIES EXPANSION

Note that the higher-

order terms of the
expansion have been
dropped since the
components of r are
small.
where u, v, w are the Cartesian components of the displacement vector
 General Deformational Displacements

SYMMETRIC-6 Independent Components

ANTISYMMETRIC, (diagonal is zero,

3 independent components)

STRAIN TENSOR

ROTATION TENSOR
 General Deformational Displacements

imply that for small deformation theory,

the change in the relative position vector between neighbouring points

can be expressed in terms of a sum of strain and rotation components

Because we are considering a general displacement field, these

results include both strain deformation and rigid-body motion.
Example
 Small deformation theory

General Displacements = Deformation (Large or Small) +

Rigid Body Motion
 Small Deformation Theory

The usual types of motion include rigid-body rotation and extensional and shearing
deformations as illustrated.

Rigid-body motion does not

Rigid Body
contribute to the strain field, and Rotation
thus also does not affect the stresses.
We therefore focus our study
primarily on the extensional and
shearing deformation
 Small deformation theory

The undeformed and deformed configurations can

be significantly different, for finite or large
deformation.

A distinction between these two configurations

must be maintained leading to Lagrangian and
Eulerian descriptions.

Linear elasticity, which uses only small deformation

theory, the distinction between undeformed and
deformed configurations can be dropped.
Engineering Strains- Small Deformations
Small Deformations and Small Strains
Large Deformation and Large Strain
 Strain
Strain = “% Deformation of an infinitesimal element”

The strain component that measures elongation or

construction – Normal Strain

The strain component that measures rotation of any

two Perpendicular lines is – Shearing Strain
Stretch = Dimensionless ratio of Different Measure of Strain
deformed length to original length
Strain
Geometric Construction of Small Deformation Theory
Geometric Construction of Small Deformation Theory
Geometric Construction of Small Deformation Theory
Geometric Construction of Small Deformation Theory
Strain Displacement Relationships
 Strain Displacement Relationships

COMPACT TENSOR NOTATION

The strain is a symmetric second-order tensor
and is commonly written in matrix
format:
DIRECT VECTOR/MATRIX NOTATION
Strain Displacement Relationships
Strain Displacement Relationships

BOTTOM EDGE

LEFT EDGE

These two expressions are

of course the same;
Tensor and Engineering Strain
Tensor and Engineering Strain
 Example
Determine the components of strain for the following displacement field
u  Axz , v  B ( x 2  y 2 ) , w  Cxy , where A, B, C are constants
_________________________________________
u
ex   Az
x
v
ey   2 By
y
w
ez  0
z
1  u v  1
exy      0  2 Bx   Bx
2  y x  2
1  v w 
e yz     
1
0  Cx   1 Cx
2  z y  2 2
1  w u 
ezx    
1
Cy  Ax 
2  x z  2
 Example

Determine the strain and rotation tensors for the following

displacement fields
 Example
A two-dimensional displacement field is given by

where k is a constant.

Determine and plot the deformed

shape of a differential rectangular
element originally located with its
left bottom corner at the origin as
shown.

Finally, calculate the rotation

component .
Example
 Example

A two-dimensional problem of a rectangular bar stretched

by uniform end loadings results in the following constant
strain field:

Where are constants.

Assuming the field depends only on x and y, integrate the

strain-displacement relations to determine the
displacement components and identify any rigid-body
motion terms.
Example
Example
Strain Transformations
Strain Transformations
Principal Strains
 Spherical and Deviatoric Strains

The spherical strain represents only volumetric deformation and is

an isotropic tensor being the same in all coordinate systems.

The deviatoric strain tensor then accounts for changes in shape of

material elements. It can be shown that the principal directions of
the deviatoric strain are the same as those of the strain tensor.
Spherical and Deviatoric Strains
 Strain Displacement Relationships-Strain Compatibility

six equations for the six strain components in terms of three displacements.

If we specify continuous, single-valued displacements u,v,w, then through

differentiation the resulting strain field will be equally well behaved.

However, the converse is not necessarily true; that is, given the six strain
components, integration of the strain-displacement relations does not
necessarily produce continuous, single-valued displacements. This should not
be totally surprising since we are trying to solve six equations for only three
unknown displacement components.

In order to ensure continuous, single-valued displacements, the strains must

satisfy additional relations called integrability or compatibility equations
Strain Displacement Relationships-Strain Compatibility
 Strain Displacement Relationships-Strain Compatibility

Eliminating the displacements , from the strain-displacement

relations, working in index notation, differentiating twice with
respect to,

Through simple interchange of

subscripts, we can generate the
following additional relations:
 Strain Displacement Relationships-Strain Compatibility

Working under the assumption of continuous displacements, we

can interchange the order of differentiation on u, and the
displacements can be eliminated from the preceding set to get

These are called the Saint-Venant compatibility equations.

Although the system would lead to 81 individual equations,

most are either simple identities or repetitions, and

only 6 are meaningful.

Strain Displacement Relationships-Strain Compatibility
 Strain Displacement Relationships-Strain Compatibility

These six relations may be determined by letting k = l, and

in scalar notation, they become
Strain Displacement Relationships-Strain Compatibility
 Example

Check to see if the following strain field

ex  Ay , e y  Ax , exy  Bxy( x  y )
3 3

satisfies the two - dimensional compatibility equation

__________________________________________
 ex  e y  exy
2 2 2

 2  6 Ay  6 Ax  2 B(2 x  2 y )
y 2
x 2
xy
2
 6 A  4B  A  B
3
2
 only satisfies equation with A  B
3
 Example

The square block is in plane strain and is subjected to the

following strains
y

 x  2 xy 2

1
 y  3xy
2
2
2

 xy  x 2  y 3 3 4
x

Compute the displacement field (i.e., displacement

components u(x,y) and v(x,y)) within the block
 Example
x 
u
 2 xy u ( x, y)  x 2 y  C1 ( y) u v
x  xy    x2  y3
v v( x, y)  xy  C2 ( x)
3
y x
y   3 xy 2
y

  
 x 2 y  C1 ( y )  xy3  C2 ( x)

  x2  y3
y x
C1 ( y ) C2 ( x)
x 
2
y 3
 x2  y3
y x
C ( y ) C2 ( x)
 1  0
y x
C1 ( y) C2 ( x)
 C
y x
C1 ( y )  Cy  D1
C2 ( x)  Cx  D2
u ( x, y )  x y  Cy  D1
2

v( x, y )  xy3  Cx  D2
 Example
y u ( x, y )  x 2 y  Cy  D1
v( x, y )  xy3  Cx  D2

2
u (0,0)  0 C 0
2 1
v (0,0)  0 D1  0
D2  0
v ( 2,0)  0
2

4
3
x
u ( x, y )  x y 2

v( x, y )  xy 3
 Homework
Homework No. 2
Martin Saad Book PROBLEM No.

2.1(c)
2.4
2.11
2.12
2.13
Questions