BT1 – Electronics Subject: Electricity & Electrical Machines

Part I Electricity (45h)

General objectives

At the end of this course, the student will be able to:

 Apply the Coulomb's law.

 Define the intensity of electric field E at any point and calculate the potential V.
 Explain the physical signification of current, potential difference and electric energy.
 Establish the relations between the different values of electric measurements.
 Apply the general laws of electricity.
 Describe the direct and alternating currents.
 Apply Ohm's law for alternating current to calculate the impedance, the current, the
voltage of R, L, C circuits connected in series or in parallel.

Content

Chapter 1: Electrostatics (5h)

1. Generalities on the structure of the matter
 Structure of the atom
 The ion and free electrons
2. The electric charge
 Static electricity
 Dynamic electricity
 Electric charge conservation law
 Types of electric charges
 Interaction between charges - Coulomb's law
 Applications
3. Electric field
 Concept of electric field
 Electric field vector
 Electric field intensity at a point
 Electric field created by a punctual charge
 The lines of force of an electric field generated by the charge:
 Definition, spectrum
 Composition of electric fields
 Uniform electric field
 Electric potential (V) at a point
 Electric field inside a conductor (Ei = 0)
 Electric potential at the surface of a conductor (Vcond = Cte)

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Chapter2: Direct electric current (6h)

1. Electric current
 Definition of the electric current
 Intensity of the electric current
 Types of electric current
 Direct current
 Alternating current
 Coulomb's law for direct current
 Electric circuit
2. Resistance of a conductor
 Experimental study: factors affecting the resistance
 Experimental setup
 Principle of the measurement of R
 Study of the influencing factors:
- Effect of the length
- Effect of the cross-section
- Effect of the nature of the conductor
 Resistance formula
 Variation of the resistivity with temperature
 The standard Ohm
3. Potential difference
 Potential difference between two points of a circuit
 Addition of potential differences
 Ohm's law : case of a pure resistance
 Exercises
4. Resistances in series
 Description
 Equivalent resistance
 Definition
 Calculation
 Applications:
 Rheostat:
- Definition and type
- Sliding rheostat
- Contact rheostat
 Calibrated resistance boxes:
 Plug type boxes
 Decade type boxes
5. Currents in parallel
 Resistances in parallel:
 Law of intensities
 Principle of the uniqueness of the potential difference across two points in a
circuit. Case of pure resistances in parallel
 Equivalent resistance:
- Definition
- Formula

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 Applications:
 Shunt
 Voltmeter:
- Principle
- Use

Chapter 3: Effects of direct electric current (4h)

1. Chemical effect of direct current - Electrolysis
 Electrolysis (phenomenon, electrolytes, voltameters)
 Electrolysis of copper sulphate solution (CuSO4)
 Electrolysis of silver nitrate solution (AgNO3)
 Electrolysis of sulphuric acid solution (H2SO4)
 Electrolysis of aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
 Faraday's qualitative laws, Faraday's formula
 Applications
2. Heating effect of the electric current
 Experimental study of Joule's law:
 Experimental set-up
 Measurement of the quantity of heat
 Study of the influencing factors:
- Effect of time
- Effect of the intensity
- Effect of the resistance of the conductor
 Applications:
 Thermal equilibrium of a current-carrying wire. The fuse.
 Hotwire ammeter (thermal ammeter)
 The electric heater
 Lighting by incandescence
 The electric arc

Chapter 4: Generators and Receivers (2h)

1. Generators
 Definition and examples
 Electromotive force of a generator
 Internal resistance
 Ohm's law : case of a generator:
 Potential difference across the terminals of a generator
 Experimental verification
 Grouping of cells:
 Definition of the equivalent generator
 Calculation of the e.m.f. and of the internal resistance of the equivalent
generator:
 Grouping of generators in series
 Grouping of identical cells in parallel
 Mixed grouping of identical cells
 Problem of the maximum intensity
 Exercises

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2. Receivers
 Definition and examples
 Back electromotive force of a receiver
 Internal resistance
 Ohm's law, case of a receiver:
 Potential difference across the terminals of a receiver
 Experimental verification
 Efficiency of a receiver
 Remarks:
 Case of a blocked motor
 Case of a soluble anode voltameter
 Case of a generator connected in opposition
 Applications
3. Pouillet's law
 Study of a circuit containing a generator and a receiver
 General case
 Exercises
4. Cells and Accumulators
 Difference between cells and accumulators, reversibility
 Description and functioning principles of cells
 Functioning principle of accumulators
 Applications, exercices
Chapter 5: Magnets (4h)
1. Magnets. Poles:
 Natural magnets. Artificial magnets
 Mutual interaction between poles:
 The poles
 Mutual interaction
 Magnetic mass – Coulomb's law
2. Magnetic field
 Magnetic induction vector:
 Magnetic induction created by a magnetic punctual mass
 Lines of force. Magnetic spectrum:
 Lines of force
 Magnetic spectra:
- Definition
- Spectrum of a bar magnet
- Spectrum of a U-shaped magnet
 Applications
3. Uniform magnetic field flux
 Magnetic flux:
 Definition
 General case
 Action of a uniform magnetic field on a bar magnet. Magnetic moment vector.
 Applications

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4. Magnetism of the earth

 Experimental study
 The terrestrial magnetic induction vector:
 Direction, declination and inclination
 Intensity
5. Applications

Chapter 6: Electromagnetism (10h)

1. Magnetic field created by a current
 Oersted's experiment:
 Experiment. Ampere's rule
 Magnetic fields of certain currents:
 Magnetic field of an infinitely long rectilinear current:
- Experiment; lines of force
- Magnetic induction vector at a point
 Magnetic field of a circular current:
 Lines of force
 The magnetic induction vector at the centre
 Application : the coil
 Magnetic field of a solenoid:
 Lines of force
 Similarity between a solenoid and a bar magnet
 Magnetic induction vector at an internal point of an infinitely long solenoid
2. Action of a uniform magnetic field on a rectilinear current.
 Electromagnetic force
 Fundamental experiment. Existence of the electromagnetic force.
 Electromagnetic force vector:
- Point of application
- Line of action
- Direction
- Magnitude:
 Laplace's law
 Applications: galvanometer, use
3. Action of a current on a current
 Experimental study:
 Case of two solenoids
 Case of two rectilinear parallel currents:
- Interpretation
 Legal definition of the ampere
 Applications
4. Electromagnetic induction
 Induced current:
 Discovery of an induced current
 Faraday's induction experiments
 Factors affecting an induced e.m.f.
 The cause of an induced e.m.f.
 The direction of an induced current
 Lenz's law

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 Auto-induction:
 The auto-induction phenomenon
 Inductance or auto-induction coefficient of the circuit
 Inductance of a solenoid:
- Without a soft iron core
- With a soft iron core
 Self-induced e.m.f.

Chapter 7: Capacitors (4h)

1. Charge and capacity:
 Definitions
 Charge and discharge of a capacitor:
 Capacity of a capacitor, unit:
 Capacity of a plane capacitor
 Potential difference at the terminal of a charged capacitor
 Electric field created by a plane capacitor:
 Existence
 Intensity
 Unit
2. Energy of a charged capacitor:
 Definition
 Calculation
3. Grouping of capacitors:
 Parallel grouping
 Series grouping
4. Types of capacitors:
 Mica
 Paper
 Ceramic
 Chemical, etc.
5. Applications

Chapter 8: Alternating current (2h)

1. Definition
 Production of the alternating current; main reasons of using AC
2. Effects of the alternating current
 Thermal effects
 Chemical effects
 Magnetic effects
3. Properties of the alternating current
 Frequency, magnitude, phase
 Sine waves of current and voltage
 Effective intensity:
 Definition
 Calculation
 Measure

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Chapter 9: Ohm's law and power in alternating current (8h)

1. Ohm's law for a sinusoidal current
 Case of a pure resistance:
 Experimental study
 Relation between current and voltage
 Effective voltage
 Case of an inductance:
 Experimental study
 Impedance
 Theoretical study and construction of Fresnel diagram
 Portion of the circuit contains R and L
 Theoretical study and construction of Fresnel diagram
 Experimental verification
 Case of a capacitor:
 Portion of the circuit contains a pure capacity:
 Experimental study
 Impedance
 Theoretical study and construction of a Fresnel diagram
 Portion of the circuit contains R and C:
 Theoretical study
 Experimental verification
 General case
 Portion of the circuit contains R, L and C in series:
 Theoretical study
 Experimental verification
 Electric resonance:
 Thomson's formula
 Possibility of overvoltages
 Derivative currents:
 Intensity law
 L and C in parallel
 Anti-resonance circuit
2. Power in an alternating current
 Definitions
 Apparent power
 Average or real power
 Power factor
 Calculation of the average power and of the power factor in specific cases
 Case of a pure resistance
 Case of a pure coil
 Case of a pure capacitor
 Case of R, L and C in series
 Applications

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Part II Machines Electriques (Electrical Machines) (45h)

Objectif général

Faire comprendre à l'étudiant les concepts physiques à la base de la conversion ou du transfert

de la puissance. Il s'agit d'un enseignement général où le phénomène physique est abordé à
travers son application à une machine électrique, sans aborder de spécifications techniques ou
de modèles mathématiques détaillés.

Partie 1 : Convertisseur électromagnétique statique

Chapitre 1 - Notion du flux magnétique (2h)

- Loi de Lenz

Chapitre 2 - Le transformateur parfait (6h)

1- Rôle et intérêt d'un transformateur
2- Structure physique d'un transformateur
3- Répartition du flux magnétique (flux commun, flux de fuite)
4- Rapport de transformation
5- Transfert et adaptation d'impédance

Chapitre 3 - Le transformateur réel (6h)

1- Ferromagnétisme, cycle d'hystérésis
2- Courants de Foucault
3- Les pertes fer, le courant magnétisant
4- Les pertes Joule
5- Modèle d'un transformateur
6- Bilan des puissances et rendement

Partie 2 : Convertisseur électromécanique (2h)

Chapitre 4 - Force de Laplace

- Loi de Lenz et f.é.m. : e = BLV
- Transducteurs électromécaniques

Chapitre 5 - Machine à courant continu idéale (7h)

1- Rôle et "réversibilité" d'une M.C.C.
2- Structure physique d'une M.C.C.
2-a l'inducteur
2-b l'induit
2-c le collecteur et les balais
3- Machine bipolaire à 2 conducteurs actifs
4- Expression du couple et de la f.é.m.

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Chapitre 6 - Machines à courant continu réelles (8h)

1- Notions sur les pertes : fer, joules, mécaniques et de commutation
2- M.C.C. utilisation en moteur à excitation indépendante
3- M.C.C. utilisation en moteur à excitation série
4- M.C.C. utilisation en génératrice à excitation indépendante
5- Notions de variation de vitesse d'un moteur

Chapitre 7 - Champs magnétiques tournants (2h)

1- Champs produit par des courants en quadrature spatiale et temporelle
2- Champs produit par un système de courants triphasés

Chapitre 8 - Machine synchrone (M.S.) (4h)

1- Structure d'une M.S.
2- f.é.m. d'un alternateur
3- Angle interne et expression du couple
4- Autopilotage d'une M.S.

Chapitre 9 - Machine asynchrone (M.A.S.) (4h)

1- Structure, rotor bobiné ou en cage d'écureuil
2- Caractéristique couple-vitesse
3- Variation de la vitesse d'un moteur asynchrone

Chapitre 10 - Moteur pas à pas (4h)

1- Structure du moteur pas à pas
2- Principe de commande et de pilotage

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