HEWLETT-PACKARD

HP-IIC
SOLUTIONS HANDBOOK
 I

r/"~ HEWLETT
~~ PACKARD

HP-IIC
Solutions Handbook

NOTICE
April 1981
Hewlett-Packard Company makes no express or implied
warranty with regard to the keystroke procedures and
program material offered or their merchantability or their
fitness for any particular purpose. The keystroke procedures
and program material are made available solely on an "as is"
basis. and the entire risk as to their quality and performance is
with the user. Should the keystroke procedures or program
material prove defective. the user (and not Hewlett-Packard
Company nor any other party) shall bear the entire cost of all
necessary correction and all incidental or consequential
damages. Hewlett-Packard Company shall not be liable for
any incidental or consequential damages in connection with
or arising out of the furnishing. use. or performance of the
keystroke procedures or program material.
L -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._. __ .. ____ .. ____ _
00011 -90009

Printed in U.S.A. © Hewlett-Packard Company 1981

 Introduction Contents
Congratulations on owning an HP-llC. We know you will be Introduction 2
pleased with its quality, versatility and ease of use. Its
programmable capability and powerful built-in functions com- A Word About Program Usage 5
bined with Continuous Memory make it a uniquely useful 8
calculator. Mathematics ............................................. .
Coordinate Transformations ....................... . 8
This applications book is designed to help you get the most from Complex Operations .................................... . 12
your calculator. It provides programs to give you answers to "real First- and Second-Order Differential Equations ............ . 21
world" problems, as well as games and other programs of general 16-Point Gaussian Quadrature .......................... . 30
interest. Base Conversions ...................................... . 34
The programs include interesting techniques which you may find
Circle Determined by Three Points ....................... . 39
useful in writing your own programs. We are confident that you Vector Operations ...................................... . 42
will find this book useful, and we welcome your comments and Statistics 48
suggestions.
Normal Distribution .................................... . 48
Inverse Normal Distribution .......................... . 51
Chi-Square Distribution ................................. . 54
t Distribution .......................................... . 58
F Distribution ....................................... . 61
Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis ....................... . 66
Analysis of Variance (One Way) ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 71
Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient .................. 74
Contingency Tables .................................... . 78

Electrical Engineering ............................... . 86

Reactance Chart ....................................... . 86
Ohm's Law ............................................ . 89
Impedance of a Ladder Network .......................... . 92
Smith Chart Conversions ............................... . 96

Mechanical Engineering ................................. 101

Ideal Gas Equation of State ............................... 101
Conduit Flow ........................................... 104
f Simply Supported Beams ................................ 111
Equations of Motion ..................................... 121
Soderberg's Equation for Fatigue ......................... 127
Composite Section Properties ............................ 132

l 2 3
4 Contents

Chemistry ................................................ 142

pH of Weak Acid/Base Solutions ......................... 142
Beer'S Law ............................................. 147
Economic Analysis ....................................... 152 A Word About Program Usage
Mortgage Loan Interest Rate ............................. 152
Discounted Cash Flow Analysis ........................... 155 Each program is accompanied by a brief description of the
Amortization Schedules ................................. 159 problem, the applicable equations, a listing of program keystrokes,
Depreciation ............................................ 166 a set of instructions for using the program and one or more
Moving Average ........................................ 173 example problems showing the actual keystrokes required for the
Break-Even Analysis .................................... 176 solution.
Games ..................................................... 181 Program listings are provided in the following format: (This
Moon Rocket Lander ..................................... 181 example, which is not a complete listing, is from Ohm's Law.)
Arithmetic Teacher ...................................... 185
Nimb ................................................... 188
Surveying ................................................. 192
Field Angle Traverse ..................................... 192 KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
ITlCLEAR IPRGM I 000- IRlsl 008- 31
ITlILBLI~ 001-42.21.11 ITlILBLlw 009-42.21.13
ISTOla 002- 44 0 ISTOl2 010- 44 2
WICL,1 003- 4335 WICL,1 011- 4335
IRlsl 004- 31 IRlsl 012- 31
ITlI LBLI[ID 005-42.21.12 ITlILBLI@] 013-42.21.14
ISTOll 006- 44 1 ISTOl3 014- 44 3
wi CLx I 007- 4335 wi CL,I 015- 4335

The leftmost column, headed KEYSTROKES, shows the keys

which must be pressed to enter the program into program memory.

, All the key designations are identical to the way they appear on the
keyboard. The second column, headed DISPLAY, shows the
appearance of the display on the calculator as you key in the
program. The first three numerals on the left is the line number.
This is followed by a dash, then the numeric keycode correspond·
ing to the keystrokes in the KEYSTROKES column. Storage
register contents are shown at the end of the program listing.
5
 I
6 A Word About Program Usage ~'ra A Word About Program Usage 7

The user instructions form is your guide to using the program to e.,r a Step 1 requires you to key in the program. If the USER annunciator
solve your own problem. The first column, labeled STEP, gives the
instruction step number. Steps are executed in sequential order
f!,:1 is on, press [I] IUSER I.Then put the HP-llC into program mode
(press []] IPIR I) and key in the program steps as shown on the
except where otherwise noted. The INSTRUCTIONS column gives
instructions and comments concerning the operations to be
f!1:a complete listing. Then put the calculator into run mode ([]] I PIR I)
and proceed with the user instructions.
performed. The INPUT DATA/UNITS column specifies the input el~ Step 2 asks you to set User mode, activating the first five top-row
data to be supplied, and, if applicable, the units of the data. Data keys as subroutine execution keys, turning Lfl into IGSB I~ etc.
input keys consist of 0 through 9 and decimal point (the numeric ela Step 3 asks you to input two of four variables via the user-assigned
keys), IEEX I (enter exponent) and ICHS I (change sign). The
KEYSTROKES column specifies the keys to be pressed after
el~ keys ~ through 11l, activated in step 2.
I
keying in the corresponding input data. The OUTPUT ei~ Step 4 calculates the unknown values and begins to display the
DATA/UNITS column specifies intermediate and final outputs, results with V (voltage). The user then presses IRIS I to view the
and, where applicable, their units. e,~ other variables' values.

el~
The form below is for the same program.

e ~
~I~
e I~I)
e I~~
STEP INSTRUCTIONS
INPUT
DATA/UNITS
KEYSTROKES
OUTPUT
DATA/UNITS
e I'1,11-......
e I~~
.."-I '--
1 Clear User mode. then

key in the program. cl.~~~

~.
2 Set User mode, ml USER I
3 Input two known values

linput 0 if unknown). V. volts [K] 0

~I~
I. amps lID 0 -I ~.
R. ohms ~ 0
-I~'

.'-,
p. watts [QJ 0
• 1 \\.,
4 Calculate the two unknowns. [II II; volts

ffiZ[] I. amps ~, \~'

-
[RIsl ~ R. ohms ,-,
ffiZ[]P
-I \\.,
p. watts

.____-_l ,\.' __
I---------------------------------~---------- ---- -- ---.....",-------------- -
.j
~ Mathematics 9

~'

~
.,
~ Equations:

e=Tan-1(YP-Yo) -a
-J ~ Xp -Xo
Mathematics ~

Coordinate Transformations
~ -~
.,
,
This program performs translation, rotation and rescaling of
coordinates from one coordinate system to another. A point in the ~ Yp' =Dsine
original system (x o, yo) becomes the origin of the new system. The
x and Y axes are rotated through an angle a with respect to the where:
original coordinate system. The new coordinate system may also
have a different scale, if desired. A point P having coordinates (xp' ~ Xo, Yo = coordinates ofthe new origin in the old system.

,
Yp) in the original system will have coordinates (xP', Yp') in the new x p ' Yp = coordinates of a point P in the original system.
system. ~
x p', Yp' = coordinates of a point P in the new system.
~ S = scaling factor.
~~
~ , Input data required are the coordinates of the new origin in the
original coordinate system, the rotation angle and the scaling

···
factor (if other than 1).
Points in the original system may be converted to the transformed
y ~ ~ system using key~. Points in the new system may be converted to
the original system using key ffil.
x
/~ Remarks:
'~ • The scale factor need not be input unless it is other than one.
'~ • Be sure the rotation angle is input as a decimal and that the
e ; calculator is set to the proper mode (Le., DEG, RAD, GRAD).

·•••.•
•• • For pure translation, input zero for the rotation angle .
(0,0)/ • For pure rotation, input zeros for (xo, Yo)·
Origin of
Original System

7
(Xo, Yo) -
KEYSTROKES
ITl CLEAR I PRGM I
DISPLAY
000-
KEYSTROKES
IRlsl
DISPLAY
005- 31
Origin of
ITlI LBLI~ 001-42.21.11 ISTOl2 006- 44 2
New System
••
• ~f
ISTOll
ffiIJ
002-
003-
44 1 1
33 ISTOl3
007-
008- 44
1
3

8
••
• 9
ISTolO 004- 44 o iRIs I 009- 31
 Mathematics 11
10 Mathematics
INPUT OUTPUT
INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES DATA/UNITS
STEP DATA/UNITS
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
ISTOl3 010- 44 3 IRlsl 028- 31 4 Input the coordinates of the new

IRlsl 011- 31 ITlILBLI~ 029-42.21.13 origin with respect to the original

x. IENTERI
ITlI lBl I[]] 012-42.21.12 Ix~ r) 030- 34 system.
013- 45 1 I]J~ Y. [KJ x.
I RClil 031- 4326
ex [0J 1
G 014- 30 I RCll3 032- 45 3 5 Input the angle of rotation.

Ix~ \'1 015- 34 G 033- 10 6 Input the scale factor if

S [ill] S
IRCllo 016- 45 0 Ix~rl 034- 34 other than 1.

G 017- 30 IRCll2 035- 45 2 7 Transform a point from the old

xp IENTERI
I]J~ 018- 4326 GJ 036- 40 system to the new.
00 x'
p
IRCll3 019- 45 3 'x~ 1') 037- 34 Yp

20 ITl~ [0J Yp'

Q 020- 038- 4226
or from the new system to the old. x' IENTERI
rx~ rl 021- 34 IRCllO 039- 45 0 p

IRCll2 022- 45 2GJ 040- 40 Y'

p ~ xp

[0J Yp
G 023- 30 IRlsl 041- 31
IX~1'1 024- 34 [x~ \'1 042- 34 8 Repeat step 7 for all other points.

ITl~ 025- 4226 I RClil 043- 45 1 9 For a new transformation go to

IRlsl 026- 31 GJ 044- 40 step 3.

Ix~\'1 027- 34

Example: The point (7, -4) in one coordinate system is t? become

REGISTERS R1: Unused the origin of a new coordinate system. The new system wIll also be
Ro: Xo IR,: Yo IR 2: ex R3: S rotated 27° counterclockwise with respect to the original system.
Find the new coordinates of the points (-9, 7), (-5, -4) and (6, 8).
R4-R. 9 Unused I I What were the former coordinates of the new points (2.7, -3.6)?

INPUT OUTPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES Display
OATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS Keystrokes
I Clear User mode. then key in the Set User mode.
program.
[]]I DEG I
ITl0R]4
2 Set User mode. ITJI USER I 7IENTER\
4IcHSIg] 7.0000
3 Set appropriate angular mode.
 12 Mathematics Mathematics 13

Keystrokes Display Equations:

271Rlsi 1.0000
Let z =x + iy = re iB
91 CHS II ENTER 17 [ID -9.2622 x'
p and let the result in each case have the form u + iv.
IRlsl
51 CHS II ENTER I
17.0649 YP'
4lcHsl[ID -10.6921 Z)/Z2 = ~ e i (8) -82)
x'
p r2
IRlsl
61 ENTER Is [ID
5.4479 YP'
4.5569 x'
p
IRlsl 11.1461 Izl=Jx 2 +y2
2.7IENTERI
YP'
3.61 CHS 1[fJ 11.0401 xp
IRlsl -5.9818 yp

Complex Operations
This program allows for chained calculations involving complex
numbers in rectangular form. The four operations of complex ,(0 + 360k)
arithmetic (+, -, x, --0--) are provided, as well as several of the most zlln = rllne' -;; -n-, k = 0,1, ... , n-1
used functions of a complex variable z (Izl, 1/z, zn, zlln, eZ , Inz, sinz,
Z
cosz, tanz, a and logaz). Functions and operations may be mixed (All n roots will be output, k = 0,1, ... , n-1)
in the course of a calculation to allow evaluation of expressions like
Z where n is an integer, and () is in degrees.
z3 / (Z) + z2), e !Z2, Iz) + z21 + IZ2 - z31, etc., where Z1> Z2, Z3 are complex
numbers ofthe form x + iy.
The logic system for these programs may be thought of as a kind of e' = eX (cos y + isin y), where y is in radians
Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) with a stack whose capacity is two
complex numbers. Let the bottom register of the complex stack be (
and the top register T. These are analogous to the X- and T-registers Inz = Inr + i(), where z # 0 and () is in radians.
in the calculator's own four-register stack. * A complex number Zl is
input to the (-register by the keystrokes Y11 ENTER IX1. Upon input of
a second complex number z2 (I ENTER IY21 ENTER IX2), Zl is moved to T a Z = ezlna , where a > 0 and real
and Z2 is placed in f The previous contents of T are lost.
Functions operate on the (-register, and the result (except for Izl lnz
log z = - - where a >0 and real, z#O
which returns a real number) is left in (. Arithmetic operations a Ina'
involve both the (- and T-registers; the result of the operation is left
in (. sinz = sinxcoshy + icosxsinhy, where x andy are in radians

cosz = cosxcoshy - isinxsinhy, where x andy are in radians

• Each register of the complex stack must actually hold two real numbers; the real and the
imaginary part of its complex contents. Thu8 it takes two of the calculator registers to
represent one register in the complex stack. We will speak of the complex stack registers sin 2x + i sinh2y . d'
tanz = , where x and yare In ra lans
as though they were each just one register. cos 2x + cosh2y
 Mathematics 15
14 Mathematics

DISPLAY KEYSTROKES KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
ffijJ 029- I y~ 1'1 058- 34 W~ 087- 4326
[TI CLEAR I PRGM I 000- 33
wi LSh] 059- 4336 I RCL ]ITl 088- 4525
[TIILBLI[K] 001-42.21.11 l.r~ 1"1 030- 34
34 ffijJ 031- ~ 060- 20 oz;J 089- 15
Ix~ 1'1 002- 33

ffijJ 003- 33 ~ 032- 20 Ix~ 1'1 061- 34 [I'] 090- 14

[TI~ 062- 4226 I r~ 1'1 091- 34

GJ 004- 40 ffijJ 033- 33
W] RTN] 063- 4332 ] RCL]ITl 092- 4525
ffijJ 005- 33 GJ 034- 40
035- 4333 ITl] LBL]1 064-42.21. 1 [J 093- 10
GJ 006- 40 []]ffi!J
W] RAD] 065- 43 8 I"~ll 094- 34
[]]ffi!J 007- 4333 [TI~ 036- 4226

[]]I RTN I 008- 4332 []]I RTN] 037- 4332 ra 066- 12 ITlILBL]9 095-42.21. 9

009-42.21.12 [TIlh!ill[QJ 038-42.21.14 ITl~ 067- 4226 ITl~ 096- 4226

[TIlh!illffil
wi DEG] 068- 43 7 IRIS] 097- 31
]CHS] 010- 16 []]~ 039- 4326
Wi RTN] 069- 4332 ITl]DSE] 098- 42 5
[, ~ 1"1 011- 34 oz;J 040- 15
ITl]LBL]2 070-42.21. 2 ]GTO]9 099- 22 9
ICHS] 012- 16 ffijJ 041- 33
W] RAD] 071- 43 8 wi RTN] 100- 4332
Ix~ 1'1 013- 34 ffijJ 042- 33

]GTO][AJ 014- 22 11 []]~ 043- 4326 W~ 072- 4326 ITllh!ill9 101-42.21. 9

Ix~)'1 044- 34 w[ill] 073- 4312 W~ 102- 4326

[TIILBL][I] 015-42.21.15
Wi DEG I 074- 43 7 I r~ 1'1 103- 34
[]]~ 016- 4326 ffijJ 045- 33
W] RTN] 075- 4332 ]RCL]O 104- 45 0
oz;J 017- 15 ~ 046- 20

IX~l'l 018- 34 ffijJ 047- 33 ITl]LBL]3 076-42.21. 3 GJ 105- 40

ICHS] 019- 16 [J 048- 30 W] DEG] 077- 43 7 Ix~ 1'1 106- 34

049- 4333 w[ffiTI 078- 4344 IGTO]9 107- 22 9

[x~ 1'1 020- 34 []]ffi!J
] STO ]ITl 079- 4425 ITl]LBL]4 108-42.21. 4
[TI~ 021- 4226 [TI~ 050- 4226
4332 3 080- 3 wi RAD] 109- 43 8
[]]]RTN] 022- 4332 WI RTN ] 051-
6 081- 6 ]STO]O 110- 44 0
[TI] LBL][£j 023-42.21.13 [TIl LBL]O 052-42.21. 0
7 0 082- 0 ]COS] 111- 24
W~ 024- 4326 W] DEG] 053- 43

ffijJ 025- 33 ffijJ 054- 33 I,~\'I 083- 34 Ix~ 1'1 112- 34

ffijJ 026- 33 W~ 055- 4326 [J 084- 10 ]STO]' 113- 44 1

]STO]O 085- 44 0 ITlIHYP]~ 114-42.22.23

W~ 027- 4326 wffi!J 056- 4333
14 ffijJ 086- 33 ~ 115- 20
ffijJ 028- 33 [2J 057-
16 Mathematics Mathematics 17

KEYSTROKES OISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

I RCllO 116- 45 0 Ix~ 1'1 145- 34 w[ill] 174- 4312 G 181- 10
117- 23 2 146- ISTolO 175- 44 0 Ix~ 1'1 182- 34
ffiiill 2
I RClil 118- 45 1 0 147- 20 [[iJ 176- 33 IRcllO 183- 45 0

ITlI HYP II cos I 119-42.22.24 ISTOll 148- 44 1 wi RAD I 177- 43 8 G 184- 10

0 120- 20 ITlI Hypil cos I 149-42.22.24 wffiJ 178- 4326 Ix~ 1'1 185- 34

wi DEG I 121- 43 7 GJ 150- 40 w[ill] 179- 4312 wi DEG I 186- 43 7

Wi RTN I 122- 4332 IRClil 151- 45 1 IRcllO 180- 45 0

ITlI lBl 15 123-42.21. 5 ITlI HYP Iffiiill 152-42.22.23

REGISTERS
wlRADI 124- 43 8 IX~J'I 153- 34
ISTolO 125- 44 0 G 154- 10
ffiiill 126- 23 wi lST, I 155- 4336 INPUT OUTPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
Ix~ 1'1 127- 34 I RCllO 156- 45 0 DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS

ISToll 1 Clear User mode. then key in the

128- 44 1 ffiiill 157- 23
program.
ITlI HYP Iffiiill 129-42.22.23 IX~J'I 158- 34
130- 20 159- 10 (Note: One need only key in lines
0 G
16 wi DEG I to line 040 to use the arithmetic
ICHsl 131- 160- 43 7
45 o wi RTN I operations. the inverse and
IRcllO 132- 161- 4332
Icosl 133- 24 ITlI lBll7 162-42.21. 7 magnitude functions.)

IRClil 134- 45 1 [[iJ 163- 33 2 Set User mode. rnl USER I

ITlIHypllCOSI 135-42.22.24 ISTOIO 164- 44 0 ARITHMETIC

0 136- 20 Ix~ 1'1 165- 34 3 Key in '1 (Xl + iy,l Y1 IENTER I Y1

wi DEG I 137- 43 7 wffiI) 166- 4333 Xl IENTER I Xl

wi RTN I 138- 4332 w[ill] 167- 4312 4 Key in '2 (X2 + iY2)· Y2 IENTERI Y2

ITlIlBll6 139-42.21. 60 168- 20 X2 x2

wi RAD I 140- 43 8 Wi lSTx I 169- 4336 5 Choose one of four operations:

2 141- 2 IRcllO 170- 45 0 • Addition (+) ~ u

0 142- 20 0 171- 20 • Subtraction (-) ('1 -'2) [ID u

ISTolO 143- 44 o IGTOll 172- 22 1 • Multiplication (X) [IJ u

Icosl 144- 24 ITlIlBll8 173-42.21. 8 • Division (7) ('1 7 '2) [QJ u

 Mathematics 19
18 Mathematics

INPUT OUTPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
INPUT OUTPUT DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
OATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
Repeat the following three steps n
6 Find the imaginary component. I\·~rl V
times. I\~rl
7 Go to step 3 for more arithmetic.
~ u
(Note: to use u + iv in further oper-
I r~11 V

ations, u must be replaced in the X-

• Find the sine of llsin z). IGSB 14 u
register and v in the Y-register.)
I\~II v
FUNCTIONS
• Find the cosine of I (cos z). IGSBI5 U
8 Kev in x + iy (or use u + iv from a
I\-~rl V

previous operation). y IENTERI y

• Find the tangent of lltanz). I GSBI6 u
x x
[\:2:1'1 v
9 Choose one of the following
• Raise an integer 18) to the I
operations:
power (aL). I ENTER I
• Magnitude (~I). [Ill R+pl R
8 IGSBI7 U
• Reciprocal II /z). W u
I\-~rl V
[y~ 1'1 v
• Find the logarithm in base 8 of z
• Raise z to an integer power 11'). IENTERI x
(IOg,l) IENTERI x
n IGSBIO u
8 I GSBI8 u
[x~rl v
I'~II v
• Raise e to the z power Ie'). IGSBII u
INote: to use u + iv in lurther
IX~II v
functions u must be in the X-register
• Take the natural logarithm of
and v in the Y-register.)
zllnl). IGSBI2 u
10 Go to step 3 for arithmetic or 8 lor
I \'~ rl v
another function.
• Find the nth root of llllln).
(Note: n roots will be found.) IENTERI x
n IGSBI3 u Example 1: Evaluate the expression
I\'~)'I v Zl

Z2+ Z a

where: Zl = 23 + l3i, Z2 = -2 + i, Za = 4 - 3i,

20 Mathematics Mathematics 21
-2
Suggestion: Since the program can deal with only two numbers Example 3: Evaluate eZ , where z = (1 + i).
at a time, perform the calculation as

Keystrokes Display
1 I ENTER II ENTER I
21GSBIO 0.0000 u; v = 2.0000 in the Y-
register (u + iv = z2).
m 0.0000 u; v = -0.5000 in the Y-
register (u + iv = z-2).
Keystrokes Display IGSBI1 0.8776 u
Set User mode. IX~l'1 -0.4794 v
m[E!Rl4
1 I ENTER I
21 CHS II ENTER I Z2 Example 4: Evaluate sin (2 + 3i).
31 CHS II ENTER 14 (K] 2.0000 u; v = -2.0000 in y.
register (u + iv = Z2 + Z3)'
m 0.2500 u; v = 0.2500 in Y·register Keystrokes Display
(u + iv = 1/(Z2 + Z3»' 31 ENTER 121 GSB 14 9.1545 u
131 ENTER 123 [g 2.500 u -4.1689 v
IX~l'l 9.0000 v

First- and Second-Order

Differential Equations
Example 2: Find the 3 cube roots of 8. This program solves first- and second-order differential equations
by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. A first-order equation is
of the form y' = f(x, y), with initial values xo, Yo; a second-order
Keystrokes Display
equation is of the form y" = f(x, y, y'), with initial values Xo, Yo, y'o.
OIENTERlslENTERI
31GSBI3 2.0000 u In either case, the function f should be keyed into program memory
Ix~)'1 0.0000 v under I LBLI 0, and should assume that Xo and Yo are in the X- and
Y-registers, respectively, and that y'o will be in the Z-register for
[x~l'l 2.0000 Return u and v to the X-
second-order equations. There are 99 lines left after the 1st-order
and Y-registers.
equation program and 66 lines left after the 2nd-order equation
IR/sl -1.0000 u program to define the function.
Ix~)'1 1.7321 v
IX~l'l -1.0000 Return u and v to the X- The solution is a numerical one which calculates Yi for Xi = Xo + ih
and Y-registers. (i = 1, 2, 3, ... ), where h is an increment specified by the user. The
value for h may be changed at any time during the program's
IR/sl -1.0000 u
execution. This allows solution of the equation for values of x
IX~l'l -1.7321 v arbitrarily close to a pole (y- ±oo), or a zero (y-O).
 Mathematics 23
22 Mathematics
Remarks:
Equations:
• When inputting values for a second-order solution, Xo and Yo
First-Order must be input before y'o. All values must be input even if zero.
• If the program is to be run on different functions, be sure that
the previous function is no longer in program memory when
the next is keyed in. Refer to the Instructions for deleting the
previous function.
where

c[ = hf(x;, y;)
First-Order
c2=hf x+-h y
( I 2' I
+-
2
CI) KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
[IJCLEAR IPRGM I 000- [IDQ]4 020- 44 4

I
h
c3=hf ( x+-,y·+-
2 I 2
C2) [IJI lBl I[AJ 001-42.21.11 ffiru2 021- 45 2
2 002- 2 GJ 022- 40
G 003- 10 IRClil 023- 45 1
ISTOIO 004- 44 0 IRCllO 024- 45 0
Second-Order
[HJ 005- 33 GJ 025- 40
ISTOl2 006- 44 2 IGSBIO 026- 32 0
[HJ 007- 33 ISTOIGJ4 027-44.40. 4
ISTOll OOS- 44 1 IENTER I 02S- 36
[IJllBlll 009-42.21. 1 GJ 029- 40
IRCll2 010- 45 2 IRCll2 030- 45 2
where IRClil 011- 46 1 GJ 031- 40
IGSBIO 012- 32 0 IRClll 032- 46 1
ISTOl5 013- 44 6 IRCllO 033- 45 0
h y·+-y'·+-k
h h kl) IRCll2 014- 46 2 IENTERI 034- 36
k2=hf ( x·+- y'.+-
I 2' I 2 I 8 l ' ! 2
GJ 016- 40 GJ 035- 40
IRClil 016- 46 1 ISTOl3 036- 44 3
k3=hf x+-h y·+-y'·+-k
h h k2)
y'.+-
( I 2' I 2 I 8 l " 2 IRCllO 017- 46 0 GJ 037- 40
GJ 01S- 40 IGSBIO 03S- 32 0
IGSBIO 019- 32 0 IRCll5 039- 46 6
 Mathematics 25
24 Mathematics

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

GJ 040- 40 IRCll2 052- 45 2 IGSBIO 016- 32 0 IRCll3 045- 45 3

IRCll4 041- 45 4 IRlsl 053- 31 ISTol5 017- 44 5 GJ 046- 40
IENTERI 042- 36 IGTOll 054- 22 1 ISTOICO 018- 4425 ISTol3 047- 44 3

GJ 043- 40 oILBL Illil 055-42.21.12 IRcllO 019- 45 0 [[II lST,1 048- 4336

GJ 044- 40 2 056- 2 IGSBI8 020- 32 8 IRcll4 049- 45 4

3 045- 3 0 057- 10 ISTOl4 021- 44 4 IRCll5 050- 45 5

0 046- 10 ISTOIO 058- 44 0 ISTO ICO 022- 4425 GJ 051- 40

ISTO IGJ2 047-44.40. 2 IGTOll 059- 22 1 IRCllO 023- 45 0 3 052- 3
IRCll3 048- 45 3 01 lBllo 060-42.21. 0 IRCllCO 024- 4525 0 053- 10
ISTO IGJ 1 049-44.40. 1 IRCllO 061- 45 0 IRCll3 025- 45 3 GJ 054- 40
IRClll 050- 45 1 G 062- 20 GJ 026- 40 IRcllO 055- 45 0
IRlsl 051- 31 IRCll5 027- 45 5 IENTERI 056- 36
IGSBI7 028- 32 7 GJ 057- 40
ISTO IGJ4 029-44.40. 4 ISTol5 058- 44 5
REGISTERS R,: Unused
IENTER! 030- 36 G 059- 20
Ro: h!2 R,:Xi R2 : Yi R3: h
GJ 031- 40 IRCll2 060- 45 2
R4 :Used R5: Used R6-R.9: Unused
ISTO ICO 032- 4425 GJ 061- 40
IRCllO 033- 45 0 ISTOl2 062- 44 2

Second-Order IENTERI 034- 36 IRCll5 063- 45 5

GJ 035- 40 ISTO IGJ 1 064-44.40. 1
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY IGSBI8 036- 32 8 IRClil 065- 45 1
0CLEAR IPRGM I 000- ffiI] 008- 33 IRCll4 037- 45 4 IRlsl 066- 31
oILBL I[E] 001-42.21.11 ISTOI2 009- 44 2 IENTER I 038- 36 IRCll2 067- 45 2
ISTOIO 002- 44 0 ffiI] 010- 33 GJ 039- 40 IRlsl 068- 31
[[II Clx I 003- 4335 ISTOll 011- 44 1 GJ 040- 40 IGToIl 069- 22 1
2 004- 2 01 lBl 11 012-42.21. 1 IRCll5 041- 45 5 [IJllBll8 070-42.21. 8
ISTOI00 005-44.10. 0 IRCll3 013- 45 3 GJ 042- 40 IRCllCO 071- 4525
ffiI] 006- 33 IRCll2 014- 45 2 3 043- 3 IRCll3 072- 45 3
ISTol3 007- 44 3 IRClil 015- 45 1 0 044- 10 GJ 073- 40
 -------------

26 Mathematics Mathematics 27

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY INPUT DUTPUT

STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES DATA/UNITS
DATA/UNITS
I RCLleD 074- 4525 []]ffiIl 085- 4333
4 Input initial values: Xo IENTERI
[IJI LBLI7 075-42,21, 7 GJ 086- 40
IENTER I
Yo
2 076- 2 [IJI LBLIO 087-42,21, 0
h [6J XI
B 077- 10 IRCllO 088- 45 0
5 Calculate successive values of X
IRCLI3 078- 45 3 0 089- 20
and y: IR/sl YI
GJ 079- 40 []]I RTN I 090- 4332
~ x2
[]]ffiIl 080- 4333 [IJI LBL I[ID 091-42,21,12
~ Y2
0 081- 20 2 092- 2
[0J x3
IRCLI2 082- 45 2 G 093- 10
etc.
GJ 083- 40 ISTOIO 094- 44 0
(Optional) To change the value of h
6
IRCLll 084- 45 1 IGTOll 095 22 1
during calculation: newh [ID Xi

~ Yi

etc.
REGISTERS R1: Used
Ro: hl2 IR 1 : xi I R2 : Yi R3: Y'i 7 For a new function:

R4: Used I Rs: Used I Rs-H4: Unused Delete the existing function []] [ill] []] [fZB]
[]]~[]]~

[]]~
INPUT OUTPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES and go to step 2. ~ .. ~ 060-42,21, 0
OATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS

FIRST -ORDER

1 Clear User mode, then key in the

program. OUTPUT
INPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIDNS KEYSTROKES
2 Key in the function: DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS

Set Run mode. []] [fZB] IGTO 10 SECOND-ORDER

Set Program mode. []][fZB] 060-42,21, 0 1 Clear User mode, then key in the

Key in the function (does not program.

need a RTN). 2 Key in the function:

Set Run mode. []][fZB] Set Run mode. []] [fZB] IGTO I0
3 Set User mode. ml USER I Set Program mode. []][fZB] 087-42,21, 0
 Mathematics 29
28 Mathematics
where Xo = Yo = 1. Let h = 0.5. The angular mode must be set to
INPUT OUTPUT radians.
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS

Kev in the function Idoes not Display

Keystrokes
need a ATN).
Set Aun mode. []][f2K) Clear User mode, then key in the first-order program.
3 Set User mode. rnl USER I IGTOIO
Wi PIR I 060-42.21. 0
4 Input initial values: Xo IENTERI WlRAOIIsTOl6
Yo I ENTER I Ix",,)' II STO 17 (X:", l'1
wMw!1IDlsTol8
y'o I ENTER I
[]1J1 RCLI6
h ~ XI ISINIG]IRCLI7
5 Calculate successive values of X
IRCLI8GG 076- 10
wlP/RI
andy: IRlsl YI
Set User mode.
L!l.dJ x2 ffi[@2
L!l.dJ Y2 1 IENTER II ENTER I
.50 1.50
L!l.dJ x3
IRlsl 2.06
etc. IRlsl 2.00
6 10ptional) To change the value of h IRlsl 2.78
IRlsl 2.50
during calculation: newh [[] Xi IRlsl 3.28
L!l.dJ Yi etc.
etc.

7 For a new function:

Delete the existing function. I GTO 1[[][]][fZ[] Example 2: Solve the second-order equation
[]] [illJ []] [illJ
[]] [illJ []] [illJ (1 - x 2) y" + xy' =x
ffi··· ffi 087-42.21. 0

and go to step 2. where Xo = Yo = y'o = 0 and h = 0.1.

Rewrite the equation as

Example 1: Solve numerically the first-order differential equation
" x(y'-I)
sinx + tan- 1 (y/x) y = , Ixl"" 1
y' = -------'.:.........--'-- x 2 -1
y-In(Jx 2 +y2 )
30 Mathematics Mathematics 31

Display R7 = 1.246289713-01 = W4 R2 = -4.580167777-01 = X6

Keystrokes
Rs = -7.554044084-01 = X4 R.3 = 1.826034150-01 = W7
Clear User mode, then key in the second-order program. Rg = 1.495959888-01 = W5 R.4 = -2.816035508-01 = X7
R.o = -6.178762444-01 = X5 R.5 = 1.894506150-01 = Ws
IGTOIO R.I = 1.691565194-01 = W6 R6 = -9.501250984-02 = Xs
wlP/RI OB7-42.21. 0
ISTOIBIR+I After the Gaussian quadrature program is keyed into program
IR+11 G memory, there remain 23 program lines to define the function. The
IRCLIB0 function f(x) should be entered under ILBL II]] and should assume
IRCLIBW[ZJ that X is in the X-register.
1GG 099- 10
wlP/RI Reference: John Kennedy (918), PPC Journal, V6N5, p. 19, Aug.
Set User mode. 79.
[i][ERJ4
o I ENTER I Note: When dealing with trigonometric functions. be sure
I ENTER II ENTER I the appropriate angular mode is set either before or during
.10 0.1000 XI the calculation.
IRlsl 0.0002 YI
IRlsl 0.2000 x2
IRlsl 0.0013 Y2
0.3000
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
IRlsl x3
IRlsl 0.0046 Y3 oCLEAR 1PRGM I 000- I STO IlD 015- 4425
etc. 01 LBL 1[K] 001-42.21.11 01 LBLlo 016-42.21. 0

16-Point Gaussian Quadrature Ix~d 002- 34 1RCLI[ill] 017- 4524

ISTOI07 003- 44 .7 IGSBI1 018- 32 1
This program approximates J bf(x )dx by solving the series
a G 004- 30 ISTOI09 019- 44 .9
2 005- 2 I RCLI[ill] 020- 4524

J b (b-a),"", ((b-a
S

f(x)dx=---~Wk f --Xk+--
a+b) G 006- 10 ICHSI 021- 16
a 2 k=1 2 2 ISTOIOS 007- 44 .S IGSBI1 022- 32 1
IRCLI07 008- 45 .7 IRCLI09 023- 45 .9

+f (b-a
-2-(-Xk)+-2-
a+b) ) 0
ISTOI07
009-
010-
40 0
44 .7 01 DSE 1
024-
025- 42
40
5
where Xk and Wk are constants and are stored in registers RI to Rfi 0 011- 0 1RcLi[ill] 026- 4524
asfolows: ISTOIO 012- 44 0 GJ 027- 20

R J = 2.715245941-02 = WI R4 = -9.445750231-01 = X2 1 013- 1 ISTOl00 028-44.40. 0

R2 = -9.894009350-01 = XI R5 = 9.515851168-02 = W3 6 014- 6 01 DSE I 029- 42 5
R3 = 6.225352394-02 = W2 Rs = -8.656312024-01 = X3
 Mathematics 33
32 Mathematics

INPUT OUTPUT
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS
DATA/UNITS
IGTolO 030- 22 o IACllOS 036- 46 .8 9 For new limits go to step 8.
IACllOS 031- 46 .S Q 037- 20 For a new fix), go to program end,
10 wi RTN Iw[EZ[J
ISTOIQO 032-44.20. o IRClI07 038- 46 .7 set Program mode and delete steps w~
IACllO 033- 45 0 GJ 039- 40 back to "LBL B". [~l·~ 040-42,21,12
WIRTNI 034- 4332 CDI LBLI[ID 040-42.21.12 Go to step 5.
CDI lBll1 036-42.21. 1

Example: Find f
o
'"sin x dx in radians.
REGISTERS RI: k
Ro: J.bf(x)dx R,: w, R2: x, R3: W2
Keystrokes
(!]lscl19
Display

R4:x2 R5: W3 Re: x 3 Ri W4

2.7152459411EExl
Rs: X4 Rg : W5 R.o: X5 R.,: We 21 CHS II STO 11 2.7152459-02
R. 2: Xe R.3: W7 R. 4: X7 R.5: Ws
R.e: Xs R. 7: (b-8)12 Rs: (b+8)12 9.5012509841 CHS I
R. g : f((b-a)xk+(a+blll2l IEExl21cHsi
ISToI06 -9.5012509-02
(!][]K]4 -0.0950
INPUT OUTPUT
IGTO I[ID
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES []]I PIA I 040-42.21.12
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
[]]I RAD I 041- 43 8
1 Clear User mode. then key in the
ISINI 042- 23
program. []]I PIRI -0.0950
2 Enter the 16 constants into the
Set User mode.
OIENTERI(!]GJ~ 2.0000 Note: Calculator is still in
registers indicated on pp. 30-31. RADmode.
3 Go to "LBL B." I GTO Iffil
4 Set Program mode. []][EZ[J 040-42,21,12

5 Key in the function to be integrated. fix) Display

Keystrokes
6 Set Run mode. w[EZ[J []]I ATN I
7 Set User mode. ml USER I []]IP/AI 000-
8 Input the limits of integration and
[]]I BSTI 042- 23
~ 041- 43 8
compute the integral. a IENTERI a ~ 040-42.21.12
b ~ J/ flx)dx []][ZJ 041- 4311
 34 Mathematics Mathematics 35

Keystrokes Display Remarks:

5 042- 5 • When the magnitude of the number is very large or very small,
o 043-
044-
20
3
this program will take a long time to execute.
3 • This program will not give any error indication for invalid
GJ 045- 40
inputs for Xb' For example, 9818 will be treated the same as
@]IP/RI 1201 8 ,
o I ENTER 14 [KJ 118.6667
• General purpose base conversion programs are inexact. A
typical error is exemplified by converting 1677722010 to base 8.
Base Conversions The program gives 100,000,003.8 instead of the exact answer,
100,000,004.0, an error of 2 counts in the tenth place.
This program will convert a positive integer in base b, Xh, to its
equivalent representation in balje B, xB' The bases band B may
take on integer values from 2 to 99, inclusive. Inputs to the program DISPLAY
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES
are xb, b, and B where the single output is the value of XB' Input of
either base, b or B, may be omitted if its value is 10 since a default ITl CLEAR I PRGM I 000- wi RTN I 019- 4332
value of 10 is assigned to both band B upon input of Xb via key [KJ. ITlI LBL I[A] 001-42.21.11 ITlI LBL Irn:J 020-42.21.14
If several conversions are to be done between the same two bases,
i.e., there are several values of Xb for the same band B, then the ISTol4 002- 44 4 I RCLI2 021- 45 2
bases need not be re-input each time. Once the new value of xb is 1 003- 1 ISTolo 022- 44 0
keyed in, then pressing I1l will cause the calculation of x B, based on
0 004- 0 I RCLI3 023- 45 3
the most recent values for band B.
ISTol2 005- 44 2 I STO IOJ 024- 4425
A number such as 4B6 16 cannot be represented directly on the ISTol3 006- 44 3 1 025- 1
display; therefore we use the convention of allocating two digit
IEEXI 007- 26 0 026- 0
locations for each character in Ra when a > 10.
1 008- 1 ITlGLJ 027- 4230
For example, 4B6 16 is represented as 041106 by our convention (in 2 009- 2 IGTol1 028- 22 1
the hexadecimal system A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F =
15). When displayed, this number may appear as 41106 or with an ISTOI6 010- 44 6 I RCLI2 029- 45 2
exponent 4.1106 04 which is interpreted as 4.B6 X 16 2 . The [ill 011- 33 IGSBI3 030- 32 3
displayed exponent 4 is for base 10 and only serves to locate the
[ill 012- 33 ISTOI3 031- 44 3
radix point (in the same manner as for decimal numbers). When
base a > 10 (as in the above example), divide the displayed wi RTN I 013- 4332 IGSBI6 032- 32 6
exponent by 2 to get the true exponent of the number. When the ITlI LBL I[ID 014-42.21.12 IGTol5 033- 22 5
displayed exponent is an odd integer, shift the decimal point of the
displayed number one place to the left or right) and adjust its ISTOl3 015- 44 3 ITlI LBL 11 034-42.21. 1
--
exponent accordingly to make the true exponent an integer. wi RTN I 016- 4332 I RCLI2 035- 45 2
ITlI LBLI[g 017-42.21.13 ITlGLJ 036- 4230
For example, the displayed number 1.112 03 is interpreted as B.C
ISTOl2 018- 44 2 IGTol2 037- 22 2
X 16 1 or O.BC X 162 .
 Mathematics 37
36 Mathematics
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
ISTOl4 096- 44 4[2] 109 14
I RCLI3 038- 45 3 Wi RTN I 067- 4332
1 097- 1 I RCLll 110- 45 1
IGSBI3 039- 32 3 ITlI LBLI6 068-42.21. 6
ISTOIG7 098-44.30. 7G 111- 20
ISTOl2 040- 44 2 0 069- 0
I RCLll 099- 45 1 ISTOll 112 44 1
IGSBI6 041- 32 6 ISTOl7 070- 44 7
IRCLI6 100- 45 6 wi RTN I 113- 4332
IGTOl5 042- 22 5 ISTOll 071- 44 1
ITllx~ll 101- 4210 ITlI LBL I[IJ 114 42.21.15
ITlI LBL 12 043-42.21. 2 I RCLI4 072- 45 4
IGTol4 102- 22 4 ISTOl4 115 44 4
I RCLI3 044- 45 3 ITlI LBL 19 073-42.21. 9
IRCLI4 103- 45 4 IRCLlo 116 45 0
IGSBI3 045- 32 3 1 074- 1
wlx;,ol 104- 4330 ISTOl2 117 44 2
ISTOI2 046- 44 2 ITllx> vi 075- 4220
IGTOla 105- 22 8 IRCLIITl 118- 4525
IGSBI6 047- 32 6 IGToia 076- 22 8
ITlI LBLI4 106-42.21. 4 ISTOI3 119- 44 3
I RCLll 048- 45 1 ISTOl07 077-44.40. 7
I RCLI3 107- 45 3 tGTol[QJ 120 2214
ISTOl4 049- 44 4 wi CL<I 078- 4335
tRCLI7 108- 45 7
IRCLIO 050- 45 0 I RCLI2 079- 45 2
ISTOl2 051- 44 2 G 080- 10
44 4 REGISTERS Rt: b
IGSBI3 052- 32 3 ISTOl4 081-
Ro: S R,: XB R2: S, Used R3: b, Used
ISTOl3 053- 44 3 IGTOI9 082- 22 9
R4 : xb R5: 10,100 R6: 10'2 Ri Used
IGSBI6 054- 32 6 ITlI LBL la 083-42.21. 8
Ra-Ro: Unused
ITliLBLI5 055-42.21. 5 IRCLI2 084- 45 2
IRlsl 056- 31 I RCLI4 085- 45 4
ITlI LBLI3 057-42.21. 3 G 086- 20 STEP INSTRUCTIONS
INPUT
KEYSTROKES
OUTPUT
OATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
1 058- 1 ISTOl4 087- 44 4
1 Clear User mode. then key in the
0 059- 0 wORTI 088- 4344
program.
ISTOI5 060- 44 5 I RCLll 089- 45 1
2 Set User mode. ml USER I
Ix~)'1 061- 34 I RCLI3 090- 45 3
3 Key in number in first base. xb [6J
ITllx>vl 062- 4220 G 091- 20
4 (Optional) Key in first base (if
IEEXI 063- 26 0 092- 40
1 064- 1 ISTOll 093- 44 1
omitted. default value of b is 10). b rm
5 (Optional) Key in second base (if
ISTOIG5 065-44.20. 5 IRCLI4 094- 45 4
omitted. default value of B is 10). B ~
IRCLI5 066- 45 5 ITlI FRAC I 095- 4244
 38 Mathematics Mathematics 39

INPUT OUTPUT
Circle Determined by Three Points
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS This program calculates the center (xo, Yo) and radius (r) of the
6 Calculate number in second base. @] circle defined by three non-collinear points.
xa

7 To convert another number between

the same two bases. key in the new

Equations:
xb and find the new Xa' Xa W xa

8 To change either base. go to

step 4.

(YI - Y3)] [xo] = [A]

Example 1: The following octal numbers (b = 8) are addresses of (Yl - Y2) Yo B
a segment of a program in an HP2100 minicomputer: 177700,
177735, 177777. What are the values of these addresses in base 10 where
(B= 10)?

Keystrokes Display
Set User mode.
ITl[flKl2
177700 [Kj8 [ill [QJ 65,472.00 Remarks:
177735 [I] 65,501.00
177777 [I] 65,535.00 • If the determinant of the system is zero, then the three points
are collinear, and the program is not applicable.

Example 2: Convert the following octal numbers (b = 8) into KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
hexadecimal (B = 16): 7.200067 X 8 1°,1.513561778 X 8 17 .
ill CLEAR I PRGM I 000- IGSBIO 009- 32 0
illiLBLI~ 001-42,21,11 IRlsl 010- 31
Keystrokes Display
ISTOI1 002- 44 1 illILBLI[£) 011-42,21,13
7.2000671 EEX I
10[KjS [ill ISTola 003- 44 8 5 012- 5
16[g[QJ 1.130000 16 IX~l'1 004- 34 IGSBlo 013- 32 0
1.51356177SI EEX I
ISTOIO 005- 44 0 IRCLI7 014- 45 7
17 [I] 1.302141 25
ITl CLEAR IPREFIX I I RISI 006- 31 IRCLI2 015- 45 2
(hold) 1302141404 1.302141404 X 102e; ill I LBL Irn:J 007-42,21,12 ~ 016- 20
e.g., 13.02141404 X 10 24
or D.2EE4 X 16 12 . 2 008- 2 I RCLI4 017- 45 4
 Mathematics 41
40 Mathematics

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

IRCll5 018- 46 6 IGTOI2' 046- 22 2 ICHSI 074- 16 IRCllO 079- 46 0

Q 019- 20 ITlI lBl 11 047-42.21. 1 [D~ 075- 42 6 GJ 080- 40

G 020- 30 Q 048- 20 [D[pSEI 076- 4231 Q 081- 20

ISTOla 021- 44 8 G 049- 30 I STO I[ill] 077- 4424 [DIOSEI 082- 42 5

IR/sl 022- 31 2 060- 2 Ix~ rl 078- 34 I STO IGJ [ill] 083-44.40.24

ITlI lBl I[Q] 023-42.21.14 G 061- 10
I RcU6 024- 46 6 I RClia 062- 46 a
IRCll2 026- 46 2 G 063- 10 REGISTERS RI: Index
Q 026- 20 wi RTN I 064- 4332 Ro: x, R,: y, R2 : (y, -Y2) R3: Used
IRCll5 027- 46 5 ITlI lBllo 056-42.21. 0 R4 : (x, -x2) R5: (y, - Y3) R6: Used Ri (x, -x3)
IRCll3 028- 46 3 I STO IOJ 056- 4425 Rs: Oet. Rg-R6: Unused
IGSBll 029- 32 1 [Bj] 067- 33
IR/sl 030- 31 I ENTER I 058- 36
I RcU7 031- 45 7 I ENTERI 059- 36 INPUT OUTPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
032- 45 3 I RClil 060- 45 DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
IRCll3 1
1 Clear User mode. then key in the
Q 033- 20 G 061- 30
6 ICHSI program.
IRCll6 034- 45 062- 16
IRCll4 035- 45 4 ISTOI[ill] 063- 4424 2 Set User mode. ml USER I

IGSBll 036- 32 1 IX~l'l 064- 34 3 Input Ix,. y,) x, IENTER!

IR/sl 037- 31 I RClil 066- 46 1 y, [KJ x,

Ix~ 1'1 4 Input IX2' yz) x2 IENTERI

038- 34 GJ 066- 40
IRCllO 039- 45 0 Q 067- 20 Y2 ~ 28

30 OJ~ 5 Input IX3' Y3) x3 IENTERI

G 040- 068- 42 6
IX~l'l 041- 34 [DlpSEI 069- 4231 Y3 ITI Oet.

I RClil 042- 45 1 ISTOI[ill] 070- 4424 6 Calculate

center []J
G 043- 30 wi CLr I 071- 4336 Xo

044- 4326 IRCllO 072- 45 0 [ill]

wcm Yo

I R/sl radius IRlsl r

045- 31 G 073- 30
7 For each new case, go to step 3.
'Note that this instruction is used to generate an error message.
42 Mathematics Mathematics 43

Example: Find the equation of the circle that includes the three Angle between vectors:
points (1,1), (3.5, -7.6), (12, 0.8).

Keystrokes Display
Set User mode.
[D[FIK]2 Remarks:
1 I ENTER 1[6] 1.00 • For two-dimensional vectors, simply consider that the k
3.51 ENTER I component does not exist; i.e., input 0 for z's.
7.61 CHS II]] -11.25
121 ENTER 10.8 [IJ -94.10 Det.
[QJ 6.45 Xo KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
IR/sl -2.08 Yo
IR/sl 6.26 r ITlCLEAR I PRGM I 000- IRCLI5 021- 45 5

ITl I LBL I[6J 001-42.21.11 GJ 022- 40

ISTOl3 002- 44 3 iRIs I 023- 31

Vector Operations
This program performs the basic vector operations of addition, dot ern 003- 33 I RCLI3 024- 45 3
(scalar) product, and cross product for three-dimensional vectors. It ISTOl2 004- 44 2 IRcLI6 025- 45 6
also calculates the angles between two vectors. The program is
capable of doing chain calculations whenever the result is a vector
ern 005- 33 GJ 026- 40

(refer to the examples). ISTOll 006- 44 1 IR/sl 027- 31

iRIs I 007- 31 ITlI LBLI~ 028-42.21.13

Equations: Define a vector V in a three-dimensional rectangular
ITlILBLll 008-42.21. 1 I RCLll 029- 45 1
coordinate system.
ISTol6 009- 44 6 I RCLI4 030- 45 4
v=xi +yl +zk ern 010- 33 0 031- 20

ISTol5 011- 44 5 I RCLI2 032- 45 2

then:
ern 012- 33 I RCLI5 033- 45 5

Vector addition: ISTOl4 013- 44 4 0 034- 20

IR/sl 014- 31 GJ 035- 40

ITl I LBL I[[] 015-42.21.12 I RCLI3 036- 45 3

Dot (scalar) product: I RCLll 016- 45 1 I RCLI6 037- 45 6
I RcLi4 017- 45 40 038- 20

GJ 018- 40 GJ 039- 40
Cross product: iRIs I 019- 31 wi RTN I 040- 4332
I RCLI2 020- 45 2 ITlI LBL I[QJ 041-42.21.14
 Mathematics 45
44 Mathematics

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY INSTRUCTIONS

INPUT
KEYSTROKES
OUTPUT
STEP DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
IRCLI2 042- 46 2 ITlILBLlw 066-42.21.16
I Clear User mode, then key in the
IRCLI6 043- 45 6 IGSB I[£J 067- 3213
program.
GJ 044- 20 IRCLll 068- 46 1
2 Set User mode. ITlIUSER I
IRCLI3 045- 45 3 []][ZJ 069- 4311
3 Input the first vector, V" x, IENTER I
IRCLI5 046- 46 5 IRCLI2 070- 46 2
Y, IENTERI
GJ 047- 20 []][ZJ 071- 4311
z, 0 x,
G 048- 30 ~ 072- 40
4 Input the second veclor, Vl . Xl IENTERI
IR/sl 049- 31 IRCLI3 073- 45 3
Yl IENTERI
IRCLI3 060- 46 3 []][ZJ 074- 4311
Zl ~ Xl
IRCLI4 061- 45 4 ~ 076- 40
Vector Addition.
GJ 062- 20 IRCLI4 076- 46 4
5 Calculate V, + Vl . [ID X
IRCLll 063- 46 1 []][ZJ 077- 4311
~ Y
IRCLI6 054- 46 6 IRCLI5 078- 46 6
~ Z
GJ 066- 20 []][ZJ 079- 4311
Dot Product.
G 056- 30 ~ 080- 40
S Calculate V, . Vl . ~ V, ,Vl
IR/S I 067- 31 IRCLI6 081- 45 6
Cross Product.
IRCLll 058- 45 1 []][ZJ 082- 4311
7 Calculate V, X Vl . [Q] X
IRCLI5 059- 46 5 ~ 083- 40
~ Y
GJ 060- GJ
20 084- 20
~ Z
IRCLI2 061- 46 2 GZl 086- 11
Angle Between Two Vectors.
IRCLI4 062- 45 4 G 086-
4324
10
8 Calculate y
. W y
GJ 063- 20 []]I cos' I 087-
9 To review any results go to any
G 064- 30 IR/sl 088- 31
of steps 5 thru 7.
IR/sl 065- 31
10 For a new case go to slep 3.

REGISTERS R,: Unused

Ro: Unused IR,: x, I R2 : y, R3: z,

R4 : x2 1Rs: Y2 1R6: Z2 R7-HS: Unused * The units of y (RAD, DEG, GRAD) depend on the present calculator setting.
 Mathematics 47
46 Mathematics
Example 2: Calculate (VI + V 2) • V3 where VI = (1.10, 3.00, 4.40),
INPUT
KEYSTROKES
OUTPUT V 2 = (1.24, 2.17, 3.03) and V3 = (0.072, 0.231, 0.409).
STEP INSTRUCTIONS DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS

The values of the vector com-

Keystrokes Display
11
ponents are undisturbed in their
1.1IENTERI3IENTERI
4.4~ 1.10
registers during program execution, 1.241 ENTER I
therefore, one or the other of the 2.171 ENTER I
3.031 RISI 1.24
two vectors may be replaced and a
[]J 2.34
new function performed. IRlsl 5.17
• To replace V1 go to step 3. IRlsl 7.43
~0.0721 ENTER I
• To replace V2· X2 IENTERI
0,231 I ENTER I
Y2 IENTERI 0,4091 RISI 0.07
IGSBII X2
[IJ 4.40
'2

Example 1: VI = (2, 5, 2), V 2 = (3, 3, -4)

Perform the four functions (addition, dot product, cross product
and angle between the vectors) on VI and V 2-

Keystrokes Display
Set User mode.
[IJ[@2
wi DEGI
21ENTERI51ENTERI
2~ 2.00
31 ENTER II ENTER I
41 CHS II RIS I 3.00
[]J . 5.00 x (Addition).
IRlsl B.OO y
IRis I -2.00 z
[IJ 13.00 VI • V 2 (Dot product).
[Q] -26.00 x (Cross product).
IRlsl 14.00 y
IRlsl -9.00 z
[lJ 67.16 y (Angle between the
vectors in degrees).
 Statistics 49

where
1
t=---
1 +rlxl
Statistics
and rand bk are constants stored in registers R3 through Rg as
Normal Distribution follows:
This program evaluates the standard normal density function f(x)
and the normal integral Q(x) for a given x. The standard normal R3 = 0.2316419 = r R6 = 1. 781477937 = b 3
distribution has mean 0 and standard deviation 1.
R4 = 1.330274429 = b 5 R7 = -0.356563782 = b2
Equations:
R5 = -1.821255978 = b4 Rg = 0.31938153 = b I
1 2
f(x) = - - e - x 12
J2; Notethatf(-x) = f(x), Q(-x) = 1 - Q(x).
Reference: Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Abramowitz
Q(x) = -1- J~ e- t 212dt
and Stegun, National Bureau of Standards, 1964.
y'2;" x

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

ITlCLEAR I PRGM I 000- IR/sl 015- 31
f(xl ITlILBLI~ 001-42,21,11 ITlI LBL I[ID 016-42,21,12
ISTOll 002- 44 1 I RCLll 017- 45 1
IENTERI 003- 36 Wlr<ol 018- 4310
0 004- 20 IGTOll 019- 22 1
2 005- 2 ITlI LBLI2 020-42,21, 2
G 006- 10 1 021-
ICHSI 007- 16 I RCLll 022- 45 1
[d 008- 12 IRCLI3 023- 45
o x 3
ITlea 009- 4216 0 024- 20
2 010- 2 GJ 025- 40
0 011- 20 o:z;] 026- 15
ETI 012- 11 IENTERI 027- 36
For x;;, 0, a polynomial approximation is used to compute Q(x):
G 013- 10 IENTERI 028- 36
Q(x) =f(x)(bIt + b 2 t2 + b 3t 3 + b 4 t 4 + b 5 t 5 ) + f(X) ISTOI2 014- 44 2 IENTERI 029- 36
48
 Statistics 51
50 Statistics

Example: Find f(x) and Q(x) for x = 1.18 and x = -2.28.

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
Keystrokes Display
IRCll4 030- 45 4 0 043- 20
Set User mode.
0 031- 20 IRCll2 044- 45 2
[IJlscli2
IRCll5 032- 45 5 0 045- 20 0.23164191sT013 2.31 -01 r
1.3302744291 STC 14 1.33 00 b5
GJ 033- 40 1]]1 RTN I 046- 4332
1.8212559781 CHS II STC 15 -1.82 00 b4
0 034- 20 ITJI lBl 11 047-42.21. 1 1.7814779371 STC 16 1.78 00 b3
IRCll6 035- 45 6 IRClll 048- 45 1 0.3565637821 CHS II STO 17 -3.57 -01 b2
0.319381531 STO 18 3.19 -01 bl
GJ 036- 40 ICHSI 049- 16
1.180 1.99 -01 fIx)
0 037- 20 ISTOll 050- 44 1 ffil 1.19 -01 Q(x)
IRCll7 038- 45 7 IGSBI2 051- 2.281cHs10 2.97 -02 fIx)
32 2
ffil 9.89 -01 Q(x)
GJ 039- 40 1 052- 1

0 040- 20 Ix~)'1 053- 34

IRClla 041- 45 8 G 054- 30

GJ 042- 40
Inverse Normal Distribution
REGISTERS R,: Unused This program determines the value of x such that
fIx)
Ro: Unused R,: Ixl R2 : R3: r
Q= -1- foo e- t 2!2dt
R4: b S Rs: b 4 Rs: b 3 Ri b 2
J2; x
Rs: b, Rg-R g: Unused
where Q is given and 0 < Q < 1.
INPUT OUTPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES The following rational approximation is used:
OATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
1 Clear User mode. then key in the

program.

2 Set User mode. mlUSERI

3 Enter the 6 constants into the where: /f(Q)/ < 4.5 X 10-4
registers indicated on page 49.
if 0< Q~0.5
4 Calculate fIx) (Note: this is not an x ~ fIx)

optional step).

5 Calculate O(x). ffil O(x) ifO.5<Q<1

6 For new case go to step 4.
52 Statistics Statistics 53
and Ci and d i are constants stored in registers Ro through R5 as
follows; KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
Ro = 2.515517 = Co R3 = 1.432788 = d[ 0 030- 20 IRCL IOJ 042- 4525
R[ = 0.802853 = c[ R4 = 0.189269 = d 2 IRCLI4 031- 45 4 rX~l'l 043- 34
R2 = 0.010328 = C2 R5 = 0.001308 = d 3 GJ 032- 40 G 044- 30
IRCLIOJ 033- 4525 []][fl] 1 045-43. 6. 1
Therefore
0 034- 20 ICHSI 046- 16
ifO<Q!'(0.5 IRCLI3 035- 45 3 []][ITJ1 047-43. 5. 1
x= { y
-y if 0.5 < Q < 1 GJ 036- 40 IRlsl 048- 31
IRCLIOJ 037- 4525 ITJI LBL 11 049-42.21. 1
Reference: Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Abramowitz
and Stegun, National Bureau of Standards, 1964. 0 038- 20 []][§IJ 1 050-43. 4. 1
1 039- 1 1 051- 1
Note: If the display shows Error 4 after pressing [6], Q is probably
out of bounds. GJ 040- 40 G 052- 30
G 041- 10 ICHSI 053- 16
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
ITJ CLEAR IPRGM I 000- 0 015- 20
ITJILBLI~ 001-42,21.11 []ZiJ 016- 15 REGISTERS RI: t
[]][ITJ1 002-43. 5. 1 []][ill] 017- 4312 Ro: Co R,: c, I R2: C2 R3: d,
[]]I.,<ol 003- 4310 ~ 018- 11 R4: d 2 R5: d 3 I R6- R.9 Unused
IGTOIO 004- 22 0 ISTolOJ 019- 4425
1 005- 1 IRCLI2 020- 45 2
ITJI"~ll 006- 4210 0 021- 20
STEP INSTRUCTIONS INPUT OUTPUT
IGTOIO 007- 22 0 IRCLI1 022- 45 1 KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
[HJ 008- 33 GJ 023- 40 1 Clear User mode. then key in the

0 009- 48 IRCLIOJ 024- 4525 program.

5 010- 5 0 025- 20 2 Set User mode. ml USER I
Ix~ 1'1 011- 34 IRCLIO 026- 45 0 3 Enter the 6 constants into the

ITJ~ 012- 4220 GJ 027- 40 registers indicated on page 50.

IGSBI1 013- 32 1 IRCLIOJ 028- 4525 4 Input a and calculate x. a ~ x
IENTER I 014- 36 IRCLI5 029- 45 5 5 For a new case go to step 4.
 Statistics 55
54 Statistics
A series approximation is used to evaluate the cumulative
Example: Given Q = 0.12 and Q = 0.95, find the corresponding distribution.
x's.

Keystrokes
Set User mode.
Display
P(x) = J: f(t)dt

ITlmRl4

]
x
2.5155171 STOlo 2.5155

[ L
Co

~(;)'r(~)
0.8028531 STO 11 0.8029 cl 1+ "" xk
0.0103281 STO 12 0.0103 C2 k=1 (,,+2)(,,+4) ... (,,+2k)
1.4327881 STO 13 1.4328 d1
0.1892691 STO 14 0.1893 d2
0.0013081 STO 15 0.0013 d3
0.12 [KJ 1.1751 x The program computes successive partial sums of the above series.
0.95 [KJ -1.6452 x When two consecutive partial sums are equal, the value is used as
the sum of the series.
Chi-Square Distribution Remarks:
This program evaluates the chi-square density • If";;,, 141, overflow will result.
v
--1
v x
--1 - - • If both x and" are large, x 2 may overflow the calculator.
x2 e 2
f(x) = Reference: Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Abramowitz
and Stegun, National Bureau of Standards, 1964.

where x ;;" 0 and" is the degrees of freedom. KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
ITl CLEAR 1PRGM I 000- Illi LBL IlID 010-42.21.12
fIx) III 1LBL I(K] 001-42.21.11 /sT012 011- 44 2
2 002- 2 IRcLll 012- 45 1

G 003- 10 1 013- 1
ISTOll 004- 44 1 G 014- 30
1 005- 1 0 015- 14

G 006- 30 IRCLI2 016- 45 2

IllGJ 007- 42 0 2 017- 2
ISTOI3 008- 44 3 G 018- 10

l/RIsl 1 009 - 3111cHSI I 019- 16

x
56 Statistics Statistics 57

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY STEP INSTRUCTIONS

INPUT
KEYSTROKES
OUTPUT
OATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
~ 020- 12 ISTOl6 038- 44 6
1 Clear User mode, then key in the
Q 021- 20 1 039- 1
program.
2 022- 2 ISTOl4 040- 44 4
2 Set User mode. [fJIUSER I
IRCLll 023- 45 1 ITliLBLI3 041-42,21, 3
3 Input degrees of freedom. v 0 I'lv12)
[2] 024- 14 IRCLI2 042- 45 2
4 Enter x and compute fix). x [[] fix)
G 025- 10 IRCLI6 043- 45 6
5 Compute Pix). ~ Pix)
IRCLI3 026- 45 3 2 044- 2
6 For new x go to step 4: for new
G 027- 10 GJ 045- 40
case go to step 3.
ISTOl5 028- 44 5 ISTOl6 046- 44 6
IRlsl 029- 31 G 047- 10
ITlI LBLI[IJ 030-42,21,13 IRCLI4 048- 45 4
IRCLI2 031- 45 2Q 049-. 20
IRCLll 032- 45 1 ISTOl4 050- 44 4 Example 1: If the degrees offreedom (v) = 20, find ((x), P(x) for
x = 9,6 and x = 15.
G 033- 10 GJ 051- 40
ISTOIQ5 034-44,20, 5 ITlG:LJ 052- 4230 Keystrokes Display
2 035- 2 IGTOl3 053- 22 3 Set User mode.
036- 45 1 IRCLI5 [][SCI[2
IRCLll 054- 45 5
200 3.63 05 r(v/2)
Q 037- 20 Q 055- 20 9.600 1.53 -02 {(x)
(g 2.51 -02 P(x)
1500 5.72 -02 {(x)
(g 2.24 -01 P(x)

Example 2: If v = 3, find ((x) and P(x) for x = 7.82.

Keystrokes Display
REGISTERS RI : Unused
30 8.86 -01 r(v/2)
Ro: Unused IR,: v/2 I R2 : x R3: r(v12) 7.8200 2.24 -02 ((x)
R4 : Used IR5: Used I R6: Used RrR 9: Unused
(g 9.50 -01 P(x)
 Statistics 59
58 Statistics

t Distribution for v odd

This program evaluates the integral for the t distribution 211
if v = 1
.+1

xr(V;I)(1+~2)
2
I(x, v) = sm 0 [ 1 + -2 cos2 II + ...
-211 + -2 cos II {.
rr rr 3
I(x,v)=J - - - - - - - - - d y
-x VrrV r (;) + -_2_' ~4:':":"'-'-'(v~-_3:.c..) cos'-3 II
1· 3 ... (v -2)
J} if v> 1

where x > 0 and v is the degrees of freedom. where

II = tan- 1 ( ~) ,lIisinradians.

f(x) Reference: Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Abramowitz

and Stegun, National Bureau of Standards, 1964.

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

000- IGTol2 014- 22 2
III CLEAR I PRGM I
001-42.21.11 0 015- 0
IIII LBLlgj
002- 44 1 ISTOl5 016- 44 5
ISTOll
003- 43 8 IIII LBLIOO 017-42.21.12
@JIRADI
-x o x 004- 11 IRCLI2 018- 46 2
01
005- 10 Icosl 019- 24
G
006- 4326 @J(Z] 020- 4311
@JITAK'I
007- 44 2 ISTOl3 021- 44 3
ISTOl2
008- 46 1 IRCLI2 022- 45 2
Equations: I RCLll
009- 2 [IDffi 023- 23
For v even 2
010- 10 ISTOl4 024- 44 4
I(x, v)= G
011- 4344 IRCLll 026- 46 1
@JIT@
012- 4336 2 026- 2
@JILSTxl
sinll[1+~cOS211+ ~cos411+ ... + o 0

l 3 5 ... (v-3) COS.- 2I1J 013- 4230 IIIlx=rJ 027- 4240

2 2·4 2 4. 6 ... (v - 2)
0
IIlCiliJ
 Statistics 61
60 Statistics

REGISTERS R,: Used

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
Ro: Unused R,: vor v-I R2 : 0 R3: cos 2 0
IGTOI3 028- 22 3 2 056- 2
R4 : sinO Rs: Used R6: Used R7: 20/7r
G 029- 10 ~ 057- 20
Ra-R.6 Unused
1 030- 1[IlGJ 058- 4216

8 031- 30 G 059- 10 INPUT OUTPUT

STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
I STO IITJ 032- 4425 ISTOl7 060- 44 7
1 Clear User mode, then key in the
1 033- 1 I RCLII 061- 45 1
program.
ISTOI6 034- 44 6 1 062- 1
[Ill LBLII 035-42.21. 1 ISTOI5 063- 44
2 Set User mode. ml USER I
5
3 Enter x. x IENTERI
I RCLI3 036- 45 3 ISTol81 064-44.30. 1
4 Input vto calculate/(x. v). v 0 /(x. v)
~ 037- 20 [Illx= II 065- 4240
5 For new case go to step 3.
IRCLI5 038- 45 5 I GTol4 066- 22 4
Note: Calculator is left in RAD
1 039- 1 I GSB I lID 067- 3212
mode.
0 040- 40 IRCLI2 068- 45 2
Example: Find 1(2.201,11) and 1(2.75,30).
~ 041- 20 Icosl 069- 24
wi LSTxl 042- 4336 ~ 070- 20 Keystrokes Display
1 043- 1 2 071- 2 Set User mode.
0 044- 40 ~ 072- 20 ITlIT!Rl2
2.201 I ENTER I 2.20 x
ISTOI5 045- 44 5 [IlGJ 073- 4216
11 (K] 0.95 l(x, v)
G 046- 10 G 074- 10 2.75IENTERI 2.75 x
047'-44.40. 6 I RCLI7 075- 45 7
30(K] 0.99 l(x, v)
ISTOl06
[Ill DSEI 048- 42 5 0 076- 40 F Distribution
IGTOll 049- 22 1 WIRTNI 077- 4332 This program evaluates the integral of the F distribution
IRCLI6 050- 45 6 [Ill LBLI3 078-42.21. 3

IRCLI4 051- 45 4 IRCLI4 079- 45 4

~ 052- 20 Wi RTN I 080- 4332

WIRTNI 053- 4332 [IlILBLI4 081-42.21. 4 VI + "2

2
[Ill LBLI2 054-42.21. 2 IRCLI7 082- 45 7

IRCLI2 055- 45 2
 Statistics 63
62 Statistics

where x > 0 and VI and V2 are the degrees of freedom, provided either where
VI or V2 is even.
t= _V-=.2_

fIx) Note: If both v, and V2 are even, the two formulas will
generate identical answers. Using the smaller of v,
and V2
could save computation time.

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

[IJCLEAR I PRGM I 000- ISTOI7 021- 44 7
[IJllBll[K) 001-42.21.11 G 022- 10
x
ISTOll 002- 44 1 [2] 023- 14
!]]IRTNI 003- 4332 ISTOl4 024- 44 4
[IJllBll[ID 004-42.21.12 IRClll 025- 46 1
ISTOI2 006- 44 2 2 026- 2
Equations:
The integral is evaluated by means of the following series: Wi RTN I 006- 4332 El 027- 30

If VI is even [IJILBllw 007-42.21.13 2 028- 2

IRCLll 008- 46 1 G 029- 10
0 009- 20 I STaleD 030- 4426
Q(x)=t
2"2 [
1+
V2
(1-t)+
2 IRCLI2 010- 45 2 wlx=ol 031- 4340
C±J 011- 40 IGTOll 032- 22 1
IRCll2 012- 46 2 1 033- 1
Ix~ rI 013- 34 ISTOl5 034- 44 5
G 014- 10 IRCll3 035- 46 3
If v2is even
ISTOl3 016- 44 3 G 036- 30
wi RTNI 016- 4332 ISTOl3 037- 44 3
~ [ VI VI (VI + 2) t 2
Q(x)=l-(l-t) 1 + - t + - - - - + .. · [IJI LBlII]] 017-42.21.14 IRCLI2 038- 46 2
2 2·4
IRCll3 018- 46 3 2 039- 2
"2-2 ] IRCLI2 019- 46 2 G 040- 10
VI(VI +2) ... (V2 + VI -4) -2-
+ t 2 020- 2 0 041- 20
2·4",(V2- 2)
64 Statistics Statistics 65

INPUT OUTPUT
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
OATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
ISTOl05 042-44.40. 5 IRCLI5 063- 45 5 1 Clear User mode, then key in the
CDI DSE I 043- 42 5 I RCLI4 064- 45 4 program.
IGTOI3 044- 22 3 G 065- 20 2 Set User mode. [Ill USER I
IGTOl2 045- 22 2 []]I RTN I 066- 4332 3 Input V,. v, [KJ v,
CDI LBL 13 046-42.21. 3 CDI LBLIW 067-42.21.15 4 Input 1'2' v2 J]] 1'2
IRCLI2 047- 45 2 IRCLI1 068- 45 1 5 Inputx. x W t
2 048- 2 IRCLI2 069- 45 2 6 Calculate a(x).
0 049- 40 ISTOl1 070- 44 1 If:
Ix~)'1
ISTOl2 050- 44 2 071- 34 6a v, is even. [Q] a(x)
IRCLI7 051- 45 7 ISTOl2 072- 44 2 6b is even.
v2 [IJ a(x)
2 052- 2 1 073- 1 7 For a new case go to step 3.
0 053- 40 IRCLI3 074- 45 3
ISTOl7 054- 44 7 G 075- 30
G 055- 10 ISTOl3 076- 44 3
IRCLI3 056- 45 3 I GSB I[Q] 077- 3214 Example 1: Calculate Q(4.21) where VI = 7 and 1'2 = 6.
G 057- 20 1 078- 1 Keystrokes Display
G 058- 20 Ix~ .. 1 079- 34
Set User mode.
I STO 105 059-44.40. 5 G 080- 30 [D[lli]2
CDI DSE I 060- 42 5 IRIs I 081- 31 7~ 7.00
600 6,00
IGTOI3 061- 22 3 CDI LBL 11 082-42.21. 1 4.21 [f] 0,17
CDI LBL 12 062-42.21. 2 IRCLI4 083- 45 4 [IJ 0.05 Q(4.21)

Example 2: Calculate Q(2.25) where VI = 4 and 1'2 = 20.

Keystrokes Display
REGISTERS 4~ 4.00
RI : Index
2000 20,00
Ro: Unused IR,: v,
or 1'2 IR v,
2 : 1'2 or R3: t. 1 -t 2.25 [f] 0,69
R4 : t V2 /2 or tV, 12 IR5: Used 1R6-R 6 : Unused [QJ 0.10 Q(2,25)
66 s·' Statistics 67
Momen ts. Skewne ss and Kurtosis KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
f or grou ped or ungrou pcd dat a, m oments arC' usen t o describe [D CLEAR IPRGM I 000-
sets []J[ffi o 029-43. 6 . 0
of data. sk ew ness is used to mea sure the lack of symmetry
in a
dis tri bution. and k urtos is is th e rela ti ve peakness or flatness w(lliJ0 001-42 ,21 , 11 [I@ 030- 16
of a
distribu t ion [D ClEAR (gill 002- 4234 (gQJQ O 031-44.40. 0
Eq u a tion s: i For ungrouped dnt a ) []Jcm O 003 - 43 . 5 . 0 [EhlO 032- 45 0
lE2B 004- 3 1 []J@O 033-43 . 5 . 0
1st m om ent: .t = 2.. L Xi w(lliJ[E 005-42 ,21,12 []J@ill 034-
rl / - 1 , 006- 1 [D (lliJ[QJ
4332
036-42 .2' . 14
2nd moment : mz = ~ ~ x,'2 - i
2
[QWO 007- 32 0 [Ehl 2 036- 45 2
~ 008- fACl11
3rd moment· m .l 2.. ~ x ,''' 31 037- 45 1
[D(lliJ[fJ 009-42 ,21 .13 G 038- 10
4th mom en t: m.t :: '!'- ~ Xi.t - ~ x ~ x? COSBl O 010- 32 0 (gQJ 6 039- 44 6
n n
~ 011- 31 ~ 040- 31
Moment coefficient of skewness
[D[ill] o 012-42 . 21 . 0 ffiill 3
m, 041- 45 3
/ '1= mi '2
w[ffi O 013-43 . 6 . 0 [Ehl , 042 - 45 1
[I@ 014- 16 G 043- 10
Moment coefficient of kurtosis
(gQJ Q , 015-44. 40 , 1 [Ehl 6 044- 45 6
GB 016- 34 []J[ZJ 045- 4311
G:I 017- 20 (gQJ 8 046 - 44 8
Grouped d a ta uses s imi lar formu las when'
(gQJ ~ 2 018-44 .40 , 2 G 047- 30
[]J[ill;J 019- 4336 (gQl 7 048- 44 7
Q 020- 20 ~ 049- 31
!TIOl[J 3 021-44,40 , 3 (]fg 4 050- 45
Note that for this case th e fi rst moment 4
(EChlliI
t r, x,
022- 4336 [Ehl 3 051- 45 3
[J 023 - 20 ;]gJ 6 052 - 45 6
.~ :: _i-_1_ S'i'()l Q 4 024-44,40 . 4
_ • GJ 053- 20
[]JTIEJ 026- 4336 3 054- 3
GJ 026- 20 GJ 055- 20
@QJ Q 5 027-44 .4 0, 5 [J
R e fe re n c e s: Thf' or.y arid Pro blem s of S tatistics M.R. S pi eg el.
Schaum's Outli ne, MeGraw- H ill. 1961. , 028- 1 (Rgl
056-
057- 45
30
1
 68 Statistic s Statistic s 69
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY INPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS OUTPUT
KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
G 058- 10 I RClil 080- 45 1
1 Clear User mode, then key in the
IRcll6 059- 45 6 G 081- 10
program.
IRclla 060- 45 8 IRclla oa2- 45 8
GJ 061- 20 []][Z) 083- 4311
2 Set User mode. ml USER!
3 Initialize the program.
2 062- 2 3 ~
084- 3
Ungrouped Data:
GJ 063- 20 GJ 085- 20
Repeat steps 4-5 for 1=1, ... ,n.
@ 064- 40 G 086- 30
4 Input x,. Xi [ill
ISTOI9 065- 44 9 ISTOl6 1
087- 44 6
5 (Optional) Correct erroneous x . []]~O
IRIS! 066- 31 IRlsl t Xt [ill k-1
088- 31
6 Go to step 9 for moments
IRCll5 067- 45 5 [TIl lBll1Il 089-42 .21.15
calculation.
I RCll6 068- 45 6 IRCll9 090- 45 9
Grouped Data:
IRCll4 069- 45 4 I RCll7 091- 45 7
Repeat steps 7-8 for i= 1, .... m.
GJ 070- 20 1 092- 1
7 Input Xi and 'i' Xi I ENTER I
4 071- 4 0 093- 48
GJ 072- 20 5
t, [f] 1
094- 5
8 (Optional) Correct erroneous x or
G 073- 30 0 095- 14
h

'h' It. IENTERI

IRclla 074- 45 a G 096- 10
I RCll3 075- 'h []]~O
45 3 IRIS! 097- 31
[f] n-1
GJ 076- 20 IRCll6 098- 45 6
9 Calculate moments, etc.:
6 077- 6 IRCll7 099- 45 7
x @] x
GJ 078- 20 []][Z) 100- 4311
m2 [[lID
@ 079- 40 G 101- 10
m2
m3 [[lID m3
m4 [[lID m4

1'1 [[] 1'1

REGISTERS RI : Unused
1'2 [[lID 1'2
10 Repeat step 9 to review results.
Ro: i R,: Hi R2: ';:Ji x, R3: }Ji x,2
11 For a new case go to step 3.
R4 : Lf,x? R5: 'if;x;4 R6: x, m 4 R7:m2
R8: x2 R9:m3 R.o-R 3: Unused
 70 Statistics Statistics 71

Example 1: Ungrouped Data Analysis of Variance (One Way)

The one·way analysis of variance tests the differences between the

Xi 2.13.5 4.2 6.5 4.1 ni

population means of k treatment groups. Group i (i = 1, 2, ... , k) has
observations (treatment groups may have equal or unequal
numbers of observations.
Keystrokes Display Equations:
Set User mode.
ni
ITl0RJ4
~
2.1 [[] 1.000
Sumi = sum of observations in treatment group i = L
j=1
Xij

9.000
4.2111
1.3899
0.3864
x
m2 TotalSS=
k

L LXl-
ni (ttxY
5.4894
0.2358
m3
m4
")11
i=1 j=1
tni
i=1
2.8417 ")12

Example 2: Grouped Data

I I
I 1 2 3 4 5
~
i
i' 1'"
Xi 3 2 4 6 i=1
fi 4 5 3 2
Error SS = Total SS - Treat SS

Keystrokes Display dfl = Treat df = k - 1

~3IENTERI4CD 1.000

1 I ENTER ICD 5.0000

[QJ 3.1333 x
IRlsl 1.9822 m2
IRlsl Treat MS = _T_re_a_t_S_S
2.1381 m3
IRlsl Treatdf
11.0479 m4
W 0.7661 ")11 ErrorSS
E rror MS = - - -
IRlsl 2.8117 ")12 Errordf
72 Statistics Statistics 73
k
TreatMS . "'"' KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
F= (wIth k - 1 and f...J ni - k degrees of freedom)
ErrorMS i=1 G 048- 10 IRcllOo 051- 45 .0
G 049- 10 IR/sl 052- 31
Reference: Mathematical Statistics, J.E. Freund, Prentice Hall,
IR/sl 050- 31 IRcllOl 053 45 .1
1962.

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY REGISTERS R1: Unused

ITJ CLEAR I PRGM I 000- IRCll8 024- 45 8 Ro: Used R,: Used R2 : 'i.'i.x,/ R3: 'i.y
ITJ IlBl I[A] 001-42.21.11 G 025- 10 R4 : 'i.r Rs: 'i.xy R6: Used Ri Used
ITJ CLEAR IREG I 002- 4234 G 026- 30 Ra: 'i.n; Rs: 'i.'i.x,i Ro df1 R .: df2
IR/sl 003- 31 ISTOll 027- 44 1 R 2 -R s: Unused
ITJI lBl I[[] 004-42.21.12 I RCll6 028- 45 6
1 005- 1 IRcll9 029- 45 9 INPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS OUTPUT
DATA/UNITS KEYSTROKES
ISTOI07 006-44.40. 7 []](Z] 030- 4311 DATA/UNITS
1 Clear User mode. then key in the
I RClil 007- 45 1 I RCll8 031- 45 8
program.
ISTolOO 008- 44 .0 G 032- 10
2 Set User mode.
ISTol09 009-44.40. 9 G 033- 30 ITllusERI
3 Initialize the program.
[]](Z] 010- 4311 ISTolO 034- 44 0 0
4 Repeat steps 5 to 8 for i=l . ... k
IRcllO 011- 45 0 G 035- 30
5 Repeat steps 6 to 8 for j=l. .... k.
ISTol08 012-44.40. 8 ISTol6 036- 44 6
6 Input x,/,
G 013- 10 []]I lST, I 037- 4336 Xlj lliJ j

ISTol06 014-44.40. 6 I RCll7 038- 45 7

7
.
(Optional) Delete erroneous x
wCB j-l
f
.
Xlj

8 Calculate LXi}
0 015- 0 1 039- 1 []] 'i.xi}
9 Calculate F. [IJ
ISTolO 016- 44 0 G 040- 30 F
10 Calculate df, .
ISToll 017- 44 1 ISTolOO 041- 44 .0 ~ df,
11 Claculate df2.
IRcllOO 018- 45 .0 G 042- 10 ffi2ill df2
12 For a new case go to step 3.
IR/sl 019- 31 IX~l'l 043- 34
ITJI lBll[£j 020-42.21.13 IRcll8 04.4- 45 8
IRcll2 021- 45 2 I RCll7 045- 45 7 • nj

IRcll9
[]](Z]
022-
023-
45 9
4311
G
ISTolOl
046-
047- 44 .1
30
LXii
/=1
 74 Statistics Statistics 75

Example: Find Sumb Sum2, Sum3, F, dfb and df2 for the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is defined by
following:
n

K 1
1

10
2

a
3

5
4

12 14
5 6

11
6LD?
i=1
r s = 1 - ---;::---
n(n 2 -1)
Treatment 2 6 9 a 13
3 14 13 10 17 16 where n = number of paired observations (Xi, Yi)
Di = rank (Xi) - rank (Yi) = Ri - Si
Keystrokes Display
Set User mode. If the X and Y random variables from which these n pairs of
ITJ0RJ2 observations are derived are independent, then rs has zero mean
~10CE) 1.00 and a variance equal to
aCE) 2.00
1
n-l
11 CE) 6.00
lID 60.00 Sum1 A test for the null hypothesis
6CE) 1.00
Ho: x, yare independent
13CE) 4.00
uses
lID 36.00 Sum2
14CE) 1.00
z =rs y'il=T

16CE) 5.00 which is approximately a standardized normal variable (for large

lID 70.00 Sum3 n, say n ;? 10). If the null hypothesis of independence is not
[9 3.79 F rejected, we infer that the population correlation coefficient
IR/sl 2.00 df1 p(x,Y) = 0, but dependence between the variables does not
IR/sl 12.00 df2 necessarily imply that p(x,Y) # 0.

-1 ~'s~1

Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient 's = 1 indicates complete agreement in order of the
ranks and 's = -1 indicates complete agreement in
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is a measure of rank the opposite order of the ranks.
correlation under the following circumstances: n individuals are
ranked from 1 to n according to some specific characteristic by 2
observers, and we wish to know if the 2 ran kings are substantially Reference: Nonparametric Statistical Inference, J.D. Gibbons,
in agreement with one another. McGraw· Hill, 1971.
 Statistics 77
76 Statistics

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY STEP INSTRUCTIONS

INPUT
KEYSTROKES
OUTPUT
DATA/UNITS OATA/UNITS
m CLEAR I PRGM I 000- 0 016- 20
4 Input:
mllBll0 001-42,21,11 IRCllO 017- 45 0
Ri IENTERI
mCLEAR IJJ 002- 4232 w[ZJ 018- 43 11
Si []] i
WIRTNI 003- 4332 1 019- 1
5 IOptional) Correct erroneous Rk Rk IENTERI
mllBll[]] 004-42,21,12 G 020- 30
and/or Sk Sk [g k 1
G 005- 30 IRCllO 021- 45 0
6 Calculate:
llil 006- 49 0 022- 20
's [QJ 's
WIRTNI 007- 4332 G 023- 10
I ~ I
mllBll[D 008-42,21,13 G 024- 30
7 For a new case go to step 3.
G 009- 30 IRlsl 025- 31
w[EJ 010- 4349 I RCllO 026- 45 0
WIRTNI 011- 4332 1 027- 1
Example: The following data set is the result of two tests in a
mllBll@J 012-42,21,14 G 028- 30 class; find rsand z,
1 013- 1 ~ 029- 11
IRCll2 014- 45 2 0 030- 20
6 015- 6
X, y, R, S,
Student Math Grade Stat Grade Rank of x, Rank of y,
REGISTERS R1: Unused
1 82 81 6 7
Ro: n IR,:Used 1 R2 : Used R3: Used 2 67 75 14 11
RA : Used IRs: Used 1 f!.G.-R-.a Unused 3
4
91
98
85
90
3
1
4
2
5 74 80 11 8
INPUT
6 52 60 15 15
OUTPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES 7 86 94 4 1
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
8 95 78 2 9
1 Clear User mode, then keV in the
9 79 83 9 6
program. 10 78 76 10 10
11 84 84 5 5
2 Set User mode. CDI USER I
12 80 69 8 13
3 Initialize. ~ 13 69 72 13 12
Repeat steps 4 and 5 for 14 81 88 7 3
15 73 61 12 14
i= 1,,,,,n.
78 Statistics Statistics 79

Keystrokes Display 3 X k Contingency Table

Set User mode.

~
[I] [ill] 2 1 2 ... k Totals
o
6 I ENTER 17 [[] 1.00 1 x" x'2 ... Xu R,
141 ENTER 111 [[] 2.00 t---
31 ENTER 14 [[] 3.00 2 X2' X22 .. ,
Xu R2
--::-'
1IENTERI2[[] 4.00 3 x3' x32 .. x3k
'
R3
11 I ENTER 18 [[] 5.00
Totals C, C2 .. , Ck T
5 I ENTER I[[] 6.00 Error.
5IENTERI[IJ 5.00 Correction. Equations:
151 ENTER I[[] 6.00
41 ENTER 11 [[] 7.00 k
21 ENTER 19 [[]
91 ENTER 16 [[]
8.00
9.00
RowSumRi= LXij i=1,2(for2Xk)
i=1 i = 1, 2, 3 (for 3 Xk)
10IENTERI[[] 10.00
5IENTERI[[] 11.00 n
81 ENTER 113 [[]
131 ENTER 11 2 [[]
12.00
13.00
Column Sum Cj =
j=1
L xij j= 1, 2, ... , k
n=2 (for 2 X k)
71 ENTER 13 [[] 14.00 n=3 (for 3 X k)
1 21 ENTER 114 [[] 15.00
[QJ n k
0.76
IR/sl 2.85 TotalT= L LXij
i= 1 j= 1
n = 2 (for 2 X k)
n = 3 (for 3 X k)
Contingency Tables Chi-square statistic
Contingency tables can be used to test the null hypothesis that two
variables are independent. n k

This program calculates the x2

statistic for testing the inde-
pendence of the two variables. Also, Pearson's coefficient of
T(~ ~ ;:~J-T
contingency, Co which measures the degree of association between where Ri = observed number in ith row,
the two variables, is calculated.
Cj = observed number jth row,
2 X k Contingency Table
Eij = expected number in the (ij)th cell,

~
df = (n -1) (k -1), n = 2 for 2 X k and n = 3 for 3 X k.
1 2 ... k Totals
Contingency coefficient
_X_2_
1
I---
x" x12 ... Xu
--,
R, cc =
T+ x2
~

2 X2' x22 ... Xu R2

Reference: B. Ostle, Statistics in Research. Iowa State Univer-
Total! C, C2 ... Ck T sity Press, 1972.
 Statistics 81
80 Statistics
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY IGTOI[g 068- 2213 ISTOIG]O 079-44.40. 0
[DCLEAR I PRGM I 000- IRCLI6 029- 45 6 [DILBLI9 069-42.21. 9 ISTOIG]7 080-44.40. 7
[DILBLIO 001-42.21. o IRCLI3 030- 45 3 w[TI]o 060-43. 6. 0 wCZl 081- 4311
[D CLEAR I REG I 002- 4234 8 031- 10 ICHSI 061- 16 IRCLI7 082- 46 7
w[TI]O 003-43. 5. 0 ISTOIG]9 032-44.40. 9 ISTOIG]3 062-44.40. 3 8 083- 10
W[TI]l 004-43. 5. 1 IRCLI9 033- 45 9 ISTOIG]O 063-44.40. 0 ISTOIG]4 084-44.40. 4
0 005- o 1 034- 1 ISTOI7 064- 44 7 IRCLI9 086- 45 9
IR/sl 006- 31 G 035- 30 wCZl 066- 4311 IRCLI7 086- 46 7
[DI LBLI[ID 007-42.21.12 IRCLIO 036- 45 0 ISTOl8 066- 44 8 8 087- 10
wffiE.)O 008-43. 4. 0 ~ 037- 20 []jJ 067- 33 ISTOIG]5 088-44.40. 5
[DILBLI0 009-42.21.11 IR/sl 038- 31 w[TI]o 068-43. 6. 0 IRCLI8 089- 45 8
W[TI]l 010-43. 6. 1 I ENTER I 039- 36 ICHSI 069- 16 IRCLI7 090- 46 7
0 011- o I ENTER I 040- 36 I STOIG]2 070-44.40. 2 8 091- 10
IGSBI9 012- 32 9 IRCLIO 041- 45 0 ISTOIG]O 071-44.40. 0 I STO 1G]6 092-44.40. 6
IR/sl 013- 31 G] 042- 40 ISTOIG]7 072-44.40. 7 I RCLIOJ 093- 4626
IRCLI7 014- 45 78 043- 10 073- 4311 1 094- 1
wCZl
IR/sl 015- 31 [2f) 044- 11 ISTOI9 074- 44 9 w[TI]O 096-43. 6. 0
[DILBLI~ 016-42.21.13 IR/sl 045- 31 []jJ 076- 33 ICHSI 096- 16
W[TI]l 017-43. 6. 1 [DI LBLI[]J 046-42.21.14 w[TI]O 076-43. 6. 0 G] 097- 40
1 018- 1 I RCLll 047- 45 1 ICHSI 077- 16 I STO IOJ 098- 4426
W[TI]l 019-43. 6. 1 IR/sl 048- 31 ISTOIG]l 078-44.40. 1 w[TI]O 099-43. 6. 0
ISTOl3 020- 44 3 IRCLI2 049- 45 2
IRCLI4 021- 45 4 IR/sl 050- 31
IRCLll 022- 45 1 w[TI] 1 051-43. 6. 1

8 023- 10 I GTO I[I) 052- 2215

ISTOl9 024- 44 9 IRCLI3 053- 45 3 REGISTERS R1: Index
I RCLI5 025- 45 5 IR/sl 054- 31
Ro: T R( R, R2 : R2 R3: R3
I RCLI2 026- 45 2 [DILBLI[I) 055-42.21.15
R4 : kx,/Ic j R5: kX2/ICj R6: kX3/lcj Ri Cj
8 027- 10 IRCLIO 056- 45 0 Ra: x 3
2
Rg: X2/ Ro-R3 Unused
ISTOIG]9 028-44.40. 9 IR/sl 057- 31
 Statistics 83
82 Statistics

INPUT OUTPUT
INPUT OUTPUT STEP INSTRUCTIDNS KEYSTROKES
INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
STEP DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
12 IOptional) To correct erroneousxlh' xlh I ENTER I
1 Clear User mode, then key in the
x 1h' and x3h' x1h I ENTER I
program.
[[] h-l
2 Set User mode. ml USER I x3h

13 IOptional) Calculate column sum

2 Xir
correction Ch" ~ -ch
3 Initialize the program. IGSBIO
14 Calculate test statistics:
IIJ[TI] 1
Repeat steps 4-7 for i = 1, 2, ,k. i [g i
Cc ~ Cc
4 Input:
Row sum 1 [QJ Rl
XII IENTERI
Row sum 2 ~ R1
x11 ~ i
Row sum 3 Ifor 3 X k case only) llidJ RJ
5 10ptional) Calculate column sum ci ~ c
i
Total T. W T
6 10ptional) To correct erroneousxlh x lh IENTERI
15 Repeat step 14 to review results.
and/or x1h: x1h [[] h-l
16 For another case, go to step 3 or
7 IOptional) Calculate column sum
step 9.
correction ck llidJ --ch

8 Go to step 14 for contingency table

Example 1: Calculate x2 , Cc and Tfor the following table,
calculations.

9
3 Xir

Initialize the program. IGSBIO X 1

2
2

5
3

4
Repeat steps 10-13 for -A-
i= 1,2, .. ,k.
B 3 8 7

10 Input:
Keystrokes Display
Xli IENTERI
Set User mode,
X11 IENTERI
ITl!IiKl4
X3j ~ i IGSBI Ow[g]1 0.0000
11 IOptional) Calculate column sum ci llidJ c
i
21 ENTER 13 [KJ 1,0000
51 ENTER 18 [KJ 2,0000
61 ENTER 19 [KJ 3,0000
IRlsl 15,0000
 84 Statistics
Statistics 85
Keystrokes Display Keystrokes Display
61 ENTER 191]] 2.0000 Correction 581 ENTER 1541 ENTER I
IRlsl -15.0000 -C3 68~ 4.0000
41 ENTERI7 ~ 3.0000 ~ 3.3574
~ 0.0221 IRlsl 0.0692
IRlsl 0.0276 [QJ 210.0000
[QJ 11.0000 IRlsl 194.0000
IRlsl 18.0000 IRlsl 293.0000
m 29.0000 m 697.0000

Example 2: Find the test statistic x2 and the coefficient of

contingency C c for the following set of data.

~
1
1

36
2

67
3

49
4

58
2 31 60 49 54
3 58 87 80 68

Keystrokes Display
IGSBIO 0.0000
361 ENTER 131 I ENTER I
58~ 1.0000
671 ENTER 160 I ENTER I
87~ 2.0000
41 ENTER 1491 ENTER I
80~ 3.0000
IRlsl 133.0000 -C3
41 ENTER 1491 ENTER I
801]] 2.0000
IRlsl -133.0000 -C 3
491 ENTER II ENTER I
80~ 3.0000
 Electrical Engineering 87

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

ISTOI3 016- 44 3 [BJJ 036- 33

Electrical Engineering wi CLt I 017- 4335 I RCLI3 037- 45 3

IRlsl 018- 31 G 038- 10
Reactance Chart [D I LBL I[QJ 019-42.21.14 ISTOI2 039- 44 2
This program calculates inductive and capacitive reactance and I RCLll 020- 45 1 IGTol2 040- 22 2
provides interchangeable solutions between frequency, inductance
Wlxtol 021- 4330 [DI LBL 11 041-42.21. 1
and capacitance at resonance. Since, at resonance, capacitive and
inductive reactances are equal, they will both be termed simply IGTolO 022- 22 0 G 042- 10
reactance. IRCLI2 023- 45 2 ISTOI3 043- 44 3
Equations: IRCLI3 024- 45 3 [DI LBLI2 044-42.21. 2

GJ 025- 20 I RCLll 045- 45 1

f= 1
2rrVLC ~ 026- 11 IRCLI3 046- 45 3
IGSBI3 027- 32 3 GJ 047- 20
X=_l_ 028- 44 1 [DILBLI3 048-42.21. 3
ISTOll
2rrfC
IGTol2 029- 22 2 [D[EJ 049- 4216
where [DILBLIO 030-44.21. OGJ 050- 20
f = resonance frequency (hertz) IGSBI3 031- 32 3 2 051- 2
L = inductance (henrys) w[z] 032- 4311 GJ 052- 20
C = capacitance (farads) IRCLI2 033- 45 2 11lxl 053- 15
X = reactance (ohms) wlxtol 034- 4330 [sTol4 054- 44 4
IGTOll 035- 22 1
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
[DCLEAR I PRGM I 000- ISTOll 008- 44 1

I RCLll 001- 45 1 wi CLy I 009- 4335

IRlsl 002- 31 IRlsl 010- 31
IRCLI2 003- 45 2 [D I LBL I[ID 011-42.21.12
IRlsl 004- 31 ISTOI2 012- 44 2
013- 4335 REGISTERS R1: Unused
IRCLI3 005- 45 3 wi CLt I
IRlsl 006- 31 IRlsl 014- 31 Ro: Unused IR,:f I R2:L R3: C

[DI LBLI0 007-42.21.11 [D I LBL I[£J 015-42.21.13

R4 :X 1RS-Rg Unused I
86
88 Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering 89

INPUT OUTPUT
Ohm's Law
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS This program provides interchangeable solutions for the Ohm's
1 Clear User mode, then key in the Law relations. Specifically, one may solve for:
program. • Resistance and power dissipation given voltage and current.
2 Set User mode. ml USER I • Current and power dissipation given voltage and resistance,
3 Input two known values. Input 0 • Voltage and power dissipation given current and resistance.
f. hertz • Current and resistance given voltage and power dissipation.
if unknown. ~ 0
l, henrys lID 0
• Voltage and resistance given current and power dissipation.
C, farads [g 0
• Voltage and current given resistance and power dissipation.
4 Calculate X and the unknown. [QJ X, ohms
Equations:
[]2m f. hertz
[]2m l, henrys

[]2m C, farads where

v = voltage (volts)
Example 1: L = 0,1 mh, C = 0.2 J.i.f; calculate f and X. I = current (amps)
Keystrokes Display R = resistance (ohms)
Set User mode. P = power dissipation (watts)
ITl[£iK]4
,1 I EEX II CHS 13 [ID 0.0000
,21 EEX II CHS 16 [f] 0.0000 KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
[K] 0.0000 ITl CLEAR IPRGM I 000- WICLyl 011- 4335
@) 22.3607 x IRlsl
IR/sl 35.588.1272 ITlILBLI~ 001-42.21.11 012- 31
f
IR/sl 0.0001 L ISTOlc 002- 44 0 ITlI LBL I[QJ 013-42.21.14
IR/sl 2.0000 -07 C
wlCLyl 003- 4335 ISTOl3 014- 44 3
Example2: f= 100 h, C=O.l J.i.f; calculate X andL. IRlsl 004- 31 wlCLtl 015- 4335
Keystrokes Display ITlI LBL I[ID 005-42.21.12 IRIS I 016- 31

0.0000 ISTOI' 006- 44 1 ITlI LBLlw 017-42.21.15

0.0000 WICLtl 007- 4335 IRCLlc 018- 45 0
0.0000
15.915.4943 x IRlsl 008- 31 wlx~ol 019- 4330
100.0000 f ITlI LBLllD 009-42.21.13 IGTol' 020- 22 1
25.3303 L ISTOl2 010- 44 2 IRCLI' 021- 45 1
1.0000 -07 C
 Electrical Engineering 91
90 Electrical Engineering

REGISTERS RI : Unused
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
4330 ITlI lBll3 051-42.21. 3 IR 1 : I I R2 : R R3: P
[]][2]J 022- Ro: V

IGTOI2 023- 22 2 I RCll1 052- 45 1 R4-H6 Unused I I

I RCll3 024- 45 3 I RCll2 053- 45 2
IRCll2 025- 45 2 0 054- 20
026- 10 ISTOIO 055- 44 0 INPUT OUTPUT
G STEP INSTRUCTIONS DATA/UNITS
KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS
~ 027- 11 IGTOI5 056- 22 5
1 Clear User mode. lhen key in the
ISTOI1 028- 44 1 ITlIlBll4 057-42.21. 4
program.
IGTOl3 029- 22 3 I RCllO 058 45 0
2 Set User mode. [TICUSIRJ
ITlI lBl 11 030-42.21. 1 I RCll1 059- 45 1
3 Input two known values. Input a
I RCll1 031- 45 1 G 060- 10
if unknown. V. volts ~ a
[]]ldOI 032- 4330 ISTOI2 061- 44 2
I, amps lID a
IGTOl4 033- 22 4 IGTOI5 062- 22 5
fl, ohms [IJ a
I RCll2 034- 45 2 ITlllBllo 063-42.21. 0
p, watts [QJ a
[]]Ix~ol 035- 4330 IRCllO 064- 45 0
4 Calculate the two unknowns. W V, volts
IGTOIO 036- 22 0 I RCll2 065- 45 2
[0J I, amps
I RCll3 037- 45 3 G 066- 10
[0J fl, ohms
I RCllO 038- 45 0 ISTOl1 067- 44 1
[B2§J P, watts
G 039- 10 ITlI lBll5 068-42.21. 5
ISTOl1 040- 44 1 I RCll1 069- 45 1

IGTOI4 041- 22 4 I RCllO 070- 45 0 Example 1: V = 43.2 volts, 1= 0.1 amps; calculate Rand P.
ITlI lBll2 042-42.21. 2 0 071- 20
Keystrokes Display
IRCll2 043- 45 2 ISTOI3 072- 44 3
Set User mode.
[]]Ix~ol 044- 4330 IRCllO 073- 45 0
[]~4
IGTOl3 045- 22 3 IR/sl 074- 31 43.20 0.0000
.1 [[] 0.0000
I RCll3 046- 45 3 I RCll1 075- 45 1
~ 0.0000
I RCli1 047- 45 1 I R/S I 076- 31 [Q] 0.0000
[I] 43.2000 V
[]][Z] 048- 4311 I RCll2 077- 45 2
I
IR/sl 0.1000
G 049- 10 IR/sl 078- 31 IR/sl 432.0000 R
ISTOl2 050- 44 2 IRCll3 079- 45 3 IR/sl 4.3200 P
 Electrical Engineering 93
92 Electrical Engineering
1
where Z=- w=2rrf
Example 2: V = 43.2 volts, R = 430 ohms; calculate I and P. Y'

Note that since V is the same in the second example as the first, its
value need not be re-input. The program converts this admittance to an impedance for
display.
Keystrokes Display
000 0.0000 Note: An erroneous entry may be corrected by entering the
430[g 0.0000 negative of the incorrect value.
[ill 0.0000
W 43.2000 V
IR/sl 0.1005 I
IR/sl 430.0000 R KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
IR/sl 4.3401 P 0CLEAR I PRGM I 000- IGTOl6 021- 22 6
01 LBL I[A) 001-42,21,11 01 LBLI5 022-42,21, 5
Impedance of a Ladder Network
0CLEAR I REG I 002- 4234 IRcLIO 023- 45 0
This program computes the input impedance of an arbitrary ladder
network. Elements are added one at a time starting from the right. 2 003- 20 024- 20
The first element must be parallel. 0 004- 20 D:ZiJ 025- 15
Suppose we have a network whose input admittance is Yin' Adding 0GJ 005- 4216 ICHsl 026- 16
a shunt R, L or C, the input admittance becomes
0 006- 20 0 027- 0

Yin + (;p + jO )
ISTolO
I]] em 0
007- 44o Ix""' 1'1
008-43, 5, 0 IGTOI9
028-
029- 22
34
9
1]]1 RTN I 4332 01 LBLIW
w~p)
009- 030-42,21,15
Yin + (0- j 01 LBL I[ID 010-42,21,12 I]] [IT) 0 031-43, 6, 0
I]]~O 011-43, 4, 0 IGTOl5 032- 22 5
Yin + (0 + jwCp )
1]]1 RTN I 012- 4332 01 LBLI6 033-42,21, 6
Adding a series R, L or C, we have
01 LBL II£] 013-43,21,13 I RCLIO 034- 45 0
1
( - . +(Rs+jO)
Ym
)-1 11lxl
I]] [IT) 0
014-
015-43, 6, 0 0
15 0 035-
036-
20
0
11lxl 016- 15 IX~l'1 037- 34

(
_1_. +(0+jwLs))-1 0 017- o 01 LBLI9 038-42,21, 9
Ym
IGTOI9 018- 22 9 IRCLI2 039- 45 2
01 LBLI@] 019-42,21,14 IRCLll 040- 45 1
_1 +(O_j_l ))-1
( Y wCs I]] [IT) 0 020-43, 6, 0 I]] [IT) 0 041-43, 6, 0
m
 ~ Electrical Engineering

:I~
95
94 Electrical Engineering

INPUT OUTPUT
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
OATA/UNITS

·I~
i OATA/UNITS
!
[GSB[O 042- 32 0 [GSB[O 054- 32 0 A series element:
043- 4333 W[Q]O 055-43. 5. 0
·I~ [ID~

.""
w[ff] R, ohms IZml. ohms

0 044- 40 wCffl 056- 4326 or, L. henrys [ID[QJ IZml. ohms

[HJ 045- 33 W[RTNI 057- 4332
.,,~ or. C. farads [IDw IZinl. ohms
0 046- 40 m[LBLIO 058-42.21. 0 6 Repeat step 5 for next element.
w[ff] 047- 4333 wCffl 059- 4326 ·I'~ 7 (Optional) WheneverlZml is
w[ITJO
IGSBIO
048-43. 6. 0
049- 32 0
CIZ!J
Ix~ 1'1
060-
061-
15
34 -I'
·I~
displayed the angle can be found
in the Y,register. I \~rl i,Zm
ISTOI'
Ix~}'1

ISTOl2
050-
051-
052-
44

44
1

2
ICHSI
34 Jx~J')

m~
062-
063-
064- 4226
16
34 '" ,~~~
.1
Example:
f=4MHz

\x~rl 053- 34 .I~

I
.I~ 0
2,56/lH

.I~
REGISTERS R,: Unused
?
.I,~ =:= 2400 P$
Ro: W R,: Re[Yml R2 : Im[Yinl R3-Re Unused
z- =~ 796pF 50n

.I,,~

.
INPUT OUTPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
I 0
I Clear User mode. then key in the
·I~
program. ~ Keystrokes Display
2 Set User mode. [DI USER I
.I~ Set User mode.
3 Set desired trig. mode.
I []][DEGI

4 Initialize. f. hertz ~ w. rad/sec

·I~ ITJ0RJ4
41EEx16[Kj 25.132.741.23
5 Input elements (first must be
·I~ 50W
24001 EExl1 CHsI12 m
50.0000
15.7362
IZinl.ohms
IZinl.ohms
·I~
parallel).
IX~l'l -71.6559 iZin. deg.
A parallel element: 2.561 EEX II CHS I
·I~
, -

6 []]@] 49.6509 IZinl.ohms

R, ohms ~ IZinf. ohms
IX~l'l
·l~
84.2754 iZin. deg.
or, L. henrys [QJ IZ,nf. ohms
796\EExllcHS 112 m 497.6942 IZinl.ohms
or, C. farads W IZml. ohms

-t-:
~I
[x~l'l 0.9840 iZin, deg.
96 Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering 97

Smith Chart Conversions These relationships are perhaps more clearly seen in this sketch:
The distance between a point on a Smith Chart and its center may
be measured by a number of parameters. This program allows
conversion between some of the most commonly used parameters:
standing wave ratio. reflection coefficient. and return loss. One
may also convert between impedance and reflection coefficient.
Parameters:

a = voltage standing wave ratio = 1 + p

I-p
SWR = standing wave ratio expressed in decibels
SWR
p = reflection coefficient 20 log ~ ~
a+1 10 20
R.L. = return loss
These parameters are related as follows:

For a system having characteristic impedance ZOo the impedance

and reflection coefficient are related by
a SWR p RL
~-1
()() ()() 10
40.
40. 30. Zo
20
90 10
r= pi. <1>=---
10 20
~+1
80 2.0
Zo

SWR=201oga 15 .70 3.0 and

5.0
4.0
R.L. = 20 log -
1 4.0 .60 l+r
5.0
Z=Zi.O=Zo - -
P 10. l-r
3.0 .50 60

l+p 8.0 7.0 where

a=-- .40 80
I-p 9.0
r = complex reflection coefficient
20 60
18 30
10
p=lrl
12
16 4.0
.20
<I>=i.r
14
14
Z = impedance
20
1.2 10 20
Z=IZI
25
10 0 0 40 O=i.Z
 ---------- ------ ---------- ---

d~
:!~
98 Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering 99

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

~
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
CD CLEAR I PRGM I 000- CDILBLI4 029-42.21. 4
ISTOIO 068- 44 0 w~ 066- 4326

:f
CDI LBLI3 001-42.21. 3 ISTOll 030- 44 1
mIl 069- 33 mIl 067- 33
11lxl 002- 16 Wi RTN I 031- 4332
mIl 060- 33 Ix~)'1 068- 34
003-42.21. 1 CDI LBLI[Q) 032-42.21.14
CDILBLll
GJ 061- 40 w[H] 069- 4333
WILOGI 004- 4313 1 033-
!!~ GJ 062- 40 G 070- 10
2 006-
006-
2 IGSBI7
0 IRCLll
034-
036-
32
46
7
::!.~ W~ 063- 4326 mIl 071- 33

;1=
0 1
w[H] 064- 4333 G 072- 30
0 007- 20 ICHSI 036- 16
w[H]
WIRTNI
CDILBLI[f]
008- 4332
009-42.21.13 CDlEl
0 037-
038- 4226
20
;1= .~
IRCLIO 066- 46 0 073- 4333

ICHSI 010- 16 W~ 039- 4326 ;I .~

CDILBLI~ 011-42.21.11 IGTOI9 040- 22 9
;I,~ REGISTERS RI : Unused

;t~
2 012- 2 CDILBLIC[] 041-42.21.16 Ro: Used R,: Zo Rz-R 7 Unused

0 013- 0 IRCLll 042- 46 1

G 014- 10 ICHSI 043- 16 ;!.~

~ 016- 13 IGSBI7 044- 32 7 ;!.~ STEP INSTRUCTIONS INPUT OUTPUT

ili
016- 4332 CDI LBLI9 046-42.21. 9 DATA/UNITS KEYSTROKES
Wi RTN I DATA/UNITS
CDI LBLI2 017-42.21. 2 IX~l'l 046- 34 Clear User mode, then key in the

DEl 018- 16 IRlsl 047- 31 program.

~.~
.
ICHSI 019- 16 IX~l'l 048- 34 Set User mode. [IJIUSERI
CDI LBLI[ID 020-42.21.12 I RISI 049- 31 To convert among u, SWR, p
021- WIRTNI 060- 4332 '-I~ andR.l. :
,~

:l~
Ix~ rI 022- 34 CDILBLI7 061-42.21. 7 .u-SWR u IGSBll SWR

GJ 023- 062-

.
40 I ENTER I 36 .SWR- u SWR 0 u
024- 1 mIl 063- 33
.,~
.u-p u IGSBI2 p
wi LSTxl 026- 4336 mIl 064- 33 .p-u p lID u
-~

:1:
G 026- 30 CDlEl 066- 4226 .p-R.l. p IGSBI3 Hl.

G 027- 10 w[H] 066- 4333 .R.l. - p R.l. [f] p

WIRTNI 028- 4332 G 067- 30 4 Store characteristic impedance. lo IGSBI4 lo

.J;
 100 Electrical Engineering

INPUT OUTPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
5 Convert between Z and I'.
Z-I' 0 tENTERI
Mechanical Engineering
I []] <P Ideal Gas Equation of State
cmJ p Many gases obey the ideal gas laws quite closely at reasonable
I'-Z <P IENTER I
temperatures and pressures. This program calculates anyone of
the four variables when the other three are known.
p [Q] 0
Equation:
IRlsl I
PV=nRT
Example 1: Convert a 6 dB SWR to a. where:
Keystrokes Display P is the absolute pressure.
Set User mode. Vis the volume.
[][fiE]2
6g] n is the number of moles present.
2.00 a
R is the Universal Gas Constant.
Example 2: Convert a 7 dB return loss to SWR. Tis the absolute temperature.
Keystrokes Display
7jTI 0.45 p
Values of the Universal Gas Constant
lID 2.61 a
[GSB!l 8.35 SWR
ValueofR UnitsofR Units of P Units of V Units of T
Example 3: A 50 n system is terminated with an impedance of B.314 N-m/g mole-K N/M2 m 3/g mole K
62 ~ 37°. What is the reflection coefficient? B3.14 cm 3-bar/g mole-K bar cm 3/g mole K
B2.05 cm 3-atm/g mole-K atm cm 3/g mole K
Keystrokes Display 0.OB205 -atm/g mole-K atm Ig mole K
50!GSB!4 0.7302 atm-ft 3/lbm mole-oR atm ft 3/1bm mole oR
50.00
psi-ft 3/lbm mole-oR
37 [ENTER !62 m 70.19 cJ>
10.73
1545 psi-ft 3/lbm mole-oR
psi
psf
ft 3/1bm mole
ft 3/1bm mole
oR
oR
[RIS! 0.35 p

Example 4: A reflection coefficient of .5 ~ 7° is observed in a 72 n

system. What is the impedance?
Remarks:
Keystrokes Display • At low temperatures or high pressures, the ideal gas law does
72[GSB!4 72.00 not represent the behavior of real gases.
7 [ ENTER !.5 []] 9.23 () • The value of R used must be compatible with the units of P, V
[RIS! 212.50 Z andT.
101
102 Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering 103

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
ITJ CLEAR I PRGM I 000- ITJI lBll1 029-42.21. 1 I RCLll 058- 45 1 IRCLIO 061- 45 0
ITJI lBLI~ 001-42.21.11 IGSBla 030- 32 8 IRCll2 059- 45 2 G 062- 10
ISTOIO 002- 44 0 IRCLI2 031- 45 2 G] 060- 20
IRlsl 003- 31 G 032- 10
ITJI lBLIffi] 004-42.21.12 wi RTN I 033- 4332
ISTOll 005- 44 1 ITJILBLI2 034-42.21. 2
IRlsl 006- 31 IGSBla 035- 32 8 REGISTERS RI : Unused

ITJI LBL I[I] 007-42.21.13 I RCLll 036- 45 1

Ro: R I R,: P R2 : V R3: n

ISTOI2 008- 44 2 G 037- 10

R4 : T I R5- R 9 Unused

IRlsl 009- 31 wi RTN I 038- 4332

ITJI LBL I[Q] 010-42.21.14 ITJI LBLI3 039-42.21. 3
ISTOl3 011- 44 3 IGSBI9 040- 32 9
STEP INPUT OUTPUT
INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
IRlsl 012- 31 IRCLI5 041- 45 5 OATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS

ITJI LBL I[IJ 013-42.21.15 G 042- 10 1 Clear User mode, then key in the

ISTOl4 014- 44 4 wi RTN I 043- 4332 program.

IRlsl 015- 31 ITJI LBLI4 044-42.21. 4 2 Set User mode. [DI USER I
ITJI LBLI5 016-42.21. 5 IGSBI9 045- 32 9 3 Initialize. [D CLEAR I REG I
48 IRCLI3 4 Input R in appropriate units.
0 017- 046- 45 3 R 0 R

0 018- 0 G 047- 10 5 Input any three knowns:

0 019- 0 ISTOI4 048- 44 4 • pressure p [ID p

4 020- 4 wi RTN I 049- 4332 .volume V [g V

ISTOI[D 021- 4425 ITJI LBLla 050-42.21. 8 .moles n [Q] n

ITJI lBLI6 022-42.21. 6 I RCll3 051- 45 3 .temperature T [IJ T

I RCL I[ill] 023- 4524 IRCLIO 052- 45 0 6 Calculate the unknown.

Wlx=ol 024- 4340 G] 053- 20 6a If T was the last input. ffiZil Unknown

IGTOI[D 025- 2225 IRCll4 054- 45 4 6b If Twas not the last input. iGSB 15 Unknown

ITJ[ffiQJ 026- 42 6G] 055- 20 7 For the same unknown and different

IGTOl6 027- 22 6 wi RTN I 056- 4332 known values, go to step 4.

wi RTN I 028- 4332 ITJI LBLI9 057-42.21. 9 8 For new unknowns, go to step 3.
 104 Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering 105

Example 1: 0.63 moles of air are enclosed in 25,000 cm 3 of space at for viscous, incompressible flow in conduits.
1,200 K. What is the pressure in bars? In atmospheres? Equations:

Keystrokes Display
Set User mode.
ITJ[£1RJ4
ITJ CLEAR I REG I
83.14~ 83.1400
25000[fJ 25,000.0000 For laminar flow (Re < 2300)
.63@] 0.6300
12001]] 1200.0000
f= 161Re
IR/sl 2.5142 P, bars
82.05~ 82.0500
For turbulent flow (Re > 2300)
IGSBI5 2.4812 P, atm
-1= D
1.737 In -+2.28 -1.737In (4.67--+
D )1
Example 2: What is the specific volume (ft 3 /Ibm) of a gas at JT E EReJT
atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 513°R? The molecular
weight is 29Ibm/lbm-mole. is solved by N ewton's method.

Keystrokes Display 1 D
- - = 1. 737 In - + 2.28
ITJCLEAR I REG I
.7302~ 0.7302
Ko
1[[] 1.0000 is used as an initial guess in the iteration.
29 ITJI1/xl@] 0.0345
5131]] 513.0000 where:
IR/sl 12.9170 V, ft 3 /lbm Re is the Reynolds number, defined as pDvl J1;
Dis the pipe diameter;
What is its density?
E is the dimension of irregularities in the conduit surface (see
ITJ11/xl 0.0774 p,lbm/ft 3 Table 2);
fis the Fanning friction factor for conduit flow;
What is the density at 1.32 atm and 555°R?
.:1P is the pressure drop along the conduit;
1.32 [[] 1.3200 p is the density of the fluid;
5551]] 555.0000 J1 is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid;
IR/sl 10.5868 V, ft 3 /lbm
ITJI1Ix I 0.0945 p,lbmlft3 v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid (J11 p);
L is the conduit length;
Conduit Flow v is the average fluid velocity;

This program solves for the average velocity or the pressure drop KTis the total of the applicable fitting coefficients in Table 1.
106 Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering 107

Remarks:
Table 1
Fitting Coefficients • The correlation gives meaningless results in the region 2300 <
Re<4000.
Fitting K • Any consistent set of units may be used.
Globe valve, wide open 7.5 -10 • If the conduit is not circular, an equivalent diameter may be
Angle valve, wide open 3.8 calculated using the following formula:
Gate valve, wide open 0.15 -0.19
Gate valve, 3,4 open 0.85 cross sectional area
Deq = 4 --------
Gate valve, Y2 open 4.4 wetted parameter
Gate valve, v.. open 20
90° elbow 0.4-0.9
Reference: Welty, Wicks, Wilson, Fundamentals of Momentum,
Standard 45° elbow
Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1969.
0.35 -0.42
Tee, through side outlet 1.5
Tee, straight through 0.4 KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
180° bend 1.6 000- IRClla 019- 45
[D CLEAR I PRGM I 8
Entrance to circular pipe 0.25 -0.50
Sudden expansion (1 -Au/Adn)2* [DllBll[ID 001-42,21,12 0 020- 20
Acceleration from v = 0 to v = Ventranee 1.0 I]]ffiIJO 002-43, 4, 0 2 021- 2

IGSBI9 003- 32 9 0 022- 48

Table 2
[DllBll3 004-42,21, 3 2 023- 2
Surface Irregularities
1]]1 RND I 005- 4334 8 024- a
Material E (Feet) E (Meters)
ISTOIDl 006- 44 .1 GJ 025- 40
Drawn or Smooth Tubing 5.0 X 10-6 1.5 X 10-6 IGSBla 007- 32 8 ISTOIDo 026- 44 .0
Commercial Steel or Wrought Iron 1.5 X 10-4 4.6 X 10-5 1]]1 RNDI 008- 4334 ISTOI9 027- 44 9
Asphalted Cast Iron 4.0 X 10-4 1.2 X 10-4 IRCllDl 009- 45 .1 I]] ill] 0 028-43, 6, 0
Galvanized Iron 5.0 X 10-4 1.5 X 10-4 IX~l'l 010- 34 IGTOl7 029- 22 7
Cast Iron 8.3 X 10-4 2.5 X 10-4 [DG:.[!] 011- 4230 [DI lBlla 030-42,21, 8

Wood Stave 6.0 X 10-4 to 1.8 X 10-4 to IGTOl3 012- 22 3 IRCll6 031- 45 6
3.0 X 10-3 9.1 X 10-4
1]]1 RTN I 013- 4332 IRCll4 032- 45 4
Concrete 1.0 X 10-3 to 3.0Xl0-4 to
[DllBll9 014-42,21. 9 0 033- 20
1.0 X 10-2 3.0X 10-3
IRCll4 015- 45 4 IRCllO 034- 45 0
Riveted Steel 3.0 X 10-3 to 9.1 X 10-4 to
3.0 X 10-2 9.1 X 10-3 IRCll2 016- 45 2 G 035- 10

G 017- 10 I STO IITJ 036- 4425

I]] [ill] 018- 4312 2 037- 2
* Aup is the upstream area and Adn is the downstream area.
 Mechanical Engineering 109
108 Mechanical Engineering

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
IRCll3 096- 46 3 ISTOl6 108- 44 6
3 038- 3 0 067- 20
IRCll4 097- 46 4 []]I RTNI 109- 4332
0 039- o IRCllOO 068- 46 .0
IRCll9 098- 46 9 [IJI lBl 10 110-42.21.11
0 040- o G 069- 30
[]][ZJ 099- 4311 []]cmO 111-43. 6. 0
[IJlx';; )'1 041- 4210 IRCll9 070- 46 9
0 100- 20 IGSBI9 112- 32 9
IGTOl2 042- 22 2 0 071- 40
G 101- 10 []]I lSTxl 113- 4336
[IT] 043- 33 Ix~YI 072- 34
IRCll5 102- 46 6 IRell6 114- 46 6
QTI 044- 11 111x1 073- 16
046- 4 1 074- 1 GJ 103- 40 []][ZJ 116- 4311
4
046- 10 G 076- 30 G 104- 10 0 116- 20
G
[]][fl]O 106-43. 6. 0 IRClil 117- 46 1
ISTOl9 047- 44 9 IRclla 076- 46 8
IGTOl7 048- 22 7 0 077- 20 QTI 106- 11 0 118- 20
[]][fl]O 107-43. 6. 0 ISTOI7 119- 44 7
[IJI lBll2 049-42.21. 2 IRCll9 078- 46 9
4 060- 4 G 079- 10

0 061- 48 1 080- 1
6 062- 6 G 081- 30
7 063- 7 G 082- 10
083-44.40. 9 REGISTERS RI:Re
IRCll4 064- 46 4 ISTOl09
084- 46 9 Ro: v R,: p R2 : € R3: 2L
0 066- 20 IRCll9
086- 10 R4 : 0 R5: KTI2 R6: V lnput Ri ..lP,nput
IRCll2 066- 46 2 G
086- 4316 Ra: 1.737 R9: 1 / $ Ro: 1/00 R,: veale
G 067- 10 []]IABSI
IRCl \OJ 068- 4626 IEEXI 087- 26
G 069- 10 3 088- 3
IRCl\9 060- 46 9 [f@l 089- 16

0 061- 20 [IJI x.;;)' \ 090- 4210

1 062- 1 IGTOl2 091- 22 2

GJ 063- 40 [IJI lBll7 092-42.21. 7

IENTERI 064- 36 IRCll7 093- 46 7
[]]CillJ 066- 43.12 IRCll1 094- 46 1
IRclla 066- 46 8 G 096- 10
 Mechanical Engineering 111
110 Mechanical Engineering

Example: A heat exchanger has twenty 3-meter tube passes (60 m

INSTRUCTIONS
INPUT
KEYSTROKES
OUTPUT of pipe) with 180 degree bends connecting each pair of tubes (from
STEP DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS Table 1, KT = 10 X 1.6). The fluid is water (v = 9.3 X 10- 7 m2/s,
4
1 Clear User mode. then key in the p = 103 kg/m3). The surface roughness is 3 X 10- m and the
diameter is 2.54 X 10- 2 m. If the fluid velocity is 3.05 mis, what is
program.
the pressure loss? What is the Reynolds number? What is the
2 Set User mode. ITlI USER I Fanning friction factor?
3 Store the variables:

Kinematic viscosity v ISTolD

or
Dynamic viscosity 11 !ENTER I
Keystrokes Display
P OISTOID
Set User mode.
Density p ISTOll [Ill ENG 12
Surface irregularity t ISTOI2 9.31 EEX II CHS I
71sTOI0 930. -09
Twice conduit length 2l !sT013
I EEX 131 STO 11 1.00 03
Equivalent passage diameter 0 ISTOI4 31EExilcHS 141sTO 12 300. -06
Half the total fitting coefficient Kr l2 60 I ENTER 12 01 STO 13 120. 00
ISTOI5
2.541 EEX II CHS I
Fluid velocity v ISTOIB 21sTol4 25.4 -03
or pressure drop ::;p ISTOl7 161 ENTER 12 81 STO 15 8.00 00
3.051sTo16 3.05 00
And a constant. 1.737 iSTOI8
1.7371sTo18 1.74 00
4 Calculate either ::;P [6] ::;P 0 522. 03 .':.P,N/m 2
I RCL 1m 83.3 03 Re
or v. lID v
I RCL 19 [IlCIZiJW[ZJ 10.2 -03 f
5 Calculate fle. ffiITlITl fle

B Calculate f. ffiITl9

ITlo:z;J

[]:::lea f

7 For a new case. go to step 3.

Simply Supported Beams
This program calculates deflection, slope, moment and shear at
any specified point along a simply supported beam of uniform
cross section. Distributed loads, point loads, applied moments or
combinations of all three may be modeled. By using the principle of
superposition, complicated beams with multiple point loads, multi-
ple distributed loads, and multiple applied moments can be
* These values are not altered by the program and don't have to be reentered after each
run.
analyzed.
 112 Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering 113

Mx = Mxl + Mx2 + Mx3 (total moment)

M xl-
- P( Q-Q a )x * (moment due to point load)

Wx
M
x
2 = - --[x
2
-Q] (moment due to
distributed load)

M _Mx t (moment due to

x3 - Q
applied moment)

Equations: v = VI + V 2 + V3 (total shear)

Y = YI + Y2 + Y3 (total deflection) P(Q-a) * .

VI = Q (shear due to pomt load)

Y = P(Q-a)x [x 2 +(Q-a)2 _Q2]* (deflection due

I 6E! Q to point load) (shear due to
distributed load)
-Wx
Y2 = ___ [Q3 + x 2(x - 2Q)] (deflection due to M
~m fu~~W~~ V3 = - (shear due to
Q applied moment)

Y3 = -:~ [c 2
Q- x6 - ~ - c; T (deflection due to
applied moment)
where:
Y is the deflection at a distance x from the left support;
() = ()I + ()2 + ()3 (total slope) () is the slope (change in Y per change in x) at x;
Mx is the moment at x;
() = P(Q-a) [3x2+(Q-a)2-Q2]* (slope due to point load)
I 6E!Q Vis the shear at x;
! is the moment of inertia of the beam;
() =-~[Q')+x2(4x-6Q)] (slopedueto Eis the modulus of elasticity of the beam;
2 24E! distributed load)
Qis the length of the beam;

()3
Q
= -EM! [c - x22Q - 3 - c
2

2Q
J t (slope due to
applied moment)
P is a concentrated load;
Wis the uniformly distributed load with dimensions of force
per unit length;

* Ifx is greater than a, (Q-a) is replaced by -a andx is replaced by(x -Q). * If x is greater than a, (Q- a) is replaced by --a and x is replaced by (x _Q).

t Ifx is greater than c, x is replaced by (x -1/) and c is replaced by (Q- c).

t If x is greater than c, x is replaced by (x -Q) and c is replaced by (Q -. c).
 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------- - - - -

'14 Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering 115

M is the applied moment; KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

a is the distance from the left support to the point load; Q 018- 20 I RClil 047- 45 1
c is the distance from the left support to the applied moment. GJ 019- 40 G 048- 10
IRlsl 020- 31 6 049- 6
Remarks:
• Any consistent set of units may be used. GJ 021- 20 G 050- 10
• Deflections must not significantly alter the geometry of the 2 022- 2 IGssI3 051- 32 3
problem. Beams must be of constant cross section for deflection 4 023- 4 IRCll1 052- 45 1
and slope eq uations to be valid. Stresses must be in the elastic
G 024- 10 3 053- 3
region.
IRCll4 025- 45 4 G 054- 10
Ix~\'1 026- 34 GJ 055- 40
SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR BEAMS
Q 027- 20 IRCllED 056- 4525
NAME VARIABLE SENSE SIGN []]emO 028-43. 6. 0 []][ZJ 057-: 4311
[]]I lSTxl 029- 4336 2 058- 2
DEFLECTION Y t +
ICHSI 030- 16 G 059- 10
SLOPE () t +
IGssI1 031- 32 1 IRCll1 060- 45
INTERNAL MOMENT Mx (D) + 1

SHEAR V to. +
IRCll5 032- 45 5 G 061- 10
[]][ZJ 033- 4311 GJ 062- 40
+
G•
EXTERNAL FORCE OR LOAD Por W
IGssI3 034- 32 3 IRCllED 063- 4525
EXTERNAL MOMENT M +
IRCllED 035- 4525 B 064- 30
[]][ZJ 036- 4311 Q 065- 20
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY GJ 037- 40 I RCll1 066- 45 1
ITJ CLEAR I PRGM I 000- []]emO 009-43. 6. 0 IRCll1 038- 45 1 GJ 067- 20
ITJI LBL I[6) 001 -42.21.11 Q 010- 20 []][ZJ 039- 4311 IRCll6 068- 45 6
ISTOl4 002- 44 4 IRClll 011- 45 1 B 040- 30 GJ 069- 40
IRClll 003- 45 1 2 012- 2 Q 041- 20 IRCllO 070- 45 0
3 004- 3 Q 013- 20 6 042- 6 G 071- 10
[2J 005- 14 IGssI3 014- 32 3 G 043- 10 []]I RTN I 072- 4332
IRCll4 006- 45 4 B 015- 30 IGssl2 044- 32 2 ITJI LBL Irn:J 073-42.21.12
[]]emO 007-43. 6. o IRCll4 016- 45 4 I RCll5 045- 45 5 ISTOI4 074- 44 4
4 008- 4 ! []][ZJ 017- 4311 []][ZJ 046- 4311 2 075- 2
116 Mechanical Engineering ,", .~
Mechanical Engineering 117
,~)
~
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
076- 10 I RCLI2 105- '~, ~
G 45 2 I RCLI3 134- 45 3 IRCLI5 143- 45 5
.~
IRCLll 077- 45 1 ICHSI 106- 16 C', G 135- 30 G 144- 20
wITIlo 078-43. 6. 0 ISlOl[D 107- 4425 .~,
~ ISTOI[D 136- 4425 W[RTNI 145- 4332
2
wITIlO
G
079-

081-
2 IRCLll
080-43. 6. 0 ISTOIG5
10 [DILBLIO
108- 45
109-44.30. 5
110-42.21. 0
1
",
,7)
.~

~~
ITJI LBLIO
IRlsl
IRCLll
137-43.21. 0 ITJI LBLI3
138-
139- 45
31 wITIlO
1 3
146-42.21. 3
147-43. 6. 0
148- 3
IRCLI4 082- 45 4 IRlsl 111- 31 ~

")""'
G 140- 10 wITIlO 149-43. 6. 0
083- 30 IRCLI[D 112- 4525
G ~ wITIlO 141-43. 6. 0 G 150- 20
IRlsl 084- 31 G 113- 20 WIRTNI 142- 4332
~
G 085- 20 IRCLll 114- 45 1 "~I

e; ,
G 086- 20 G 115- 10 e~ ~
wITIlo 087-43. 6. 0 wITIlO 116-43. 6. 0 REGISTERS RI : Used

wi LSTxl 088- 4336 WIRTNI 117- 4332

~
Ro:EI 1 R,:Q I R2: a R3: c

IGSBll 089- 32 1 IRCLI5 118- 45 5 e~ R4 : x I R5: x, x-Q I R6: Sums

.~
IGSBI2 090- 32 2 G 119- 20 ej
IRCLI6 45 6 WIRTNI .~

.,
091- 120- 4332 ,,~
Q 092- 40 ITJI LBLI2 121-42.21. 2
.~ ~ STEP INSTRUCTIONS
INPUT
DATA/UNITS
KEYSTROKES
OUTPUT
DATA/UNITS
WIRTNI 093- 4332 ISlOIQ6 122-44.40. 6
.~
094-42.21. 1 I RCLI4 I Clear User mode, then key in the
ITJI LBL 11 123- 45 4
ISTOl6 095- 44 6 ISlOI5 124- 44 5 ~! ~ program.

IRCLll
I RCLI2
096-
097-
45 1 I RCLI3
45 2 ISlOl[D
125-
126-
45 3
4425
f;)
.))
•
Ii
2

4
Set User mode.

Initialize.

Store beam constants:

ITJI USER I

ITJ CLEAR I REG I

't ••
G 098- 30 ITJ~ 127- 4220
Moment of inertia I IENTERI
[SlOl[D 099- 4425 IGTOIO 128- 22 0

.) •
)

Modulus of elasticity E 01sTOIO

IRCLI4 100- 45 4 [RCLI4 129- 45 4 .))
Length ISTOII
ISTOl5 101- 44 5 IRCLll 130- 45 1 ~-

•.)·L~•,.
131- 30 5 If applicable, store load locationls):
IRCLI2 102- 45 2 G
103- 4220 [STOI5 132- 44 5 Location of point load a ISTOl2
ITJlx>·1
45 1 Location 01 applied moment c ISTOl3
IGTOIO 104- 22 0 IRCLll 133-
 Mechanical Engineering 119
118 Mecilarllcal Engineering
Example 1: Find the deflection, slope, internal moment and shear
INSTRUCTIONS
INPUT
KEYSTROKES
OUTPUT at a distance of 24 inches for the beam below. Neglect the weight of
STEP DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS the beam.
6 Calculate any or all of the follow·

ing at the point of interest. x 10

must be input for the distributed

load, W point load, p, and applied

moment. M. if any of those are ~j...,:f----40 '" §p 0,000 '"-Ibf -+

not applicable to the beam in

question).
~j..-------72 in 1
6
• Deflection: x []][IT]O ~ E=30X 10 psi
1= 0,92 in4
W [0J
P [0J
M [ill] Y

.Slope: x []][lliO ~ Keystrokes Display

W [0J Set User mode.
ITlCLEAR I REG I
P [0J
ITlI ENG 13
M [0J e .921 ENTERI 920.0 -03
• Moment: x []] [IT] 0 lID 30 I EEX 16 QI STO 10 27.60 06
72lsT011 72.00 00
w [0Ji 40lsTol3 40.00 00
--
P L0J 24w[IT]00 304.1 03
OIR/sl 72.00 00
M L0J M,
OIR/sl 40.00 00
• Shear: x []]C§I]O lID 100oo1R/sl -30.92 -03 Y24, in
w [0J 24w[]EJ00 179.7 03
OIR/sl 72.00 00
P L0J o IRis I 40.00 00
M [0J V 100oo1R/sl -322.1 -06 624
7 For a new beam go to step 3. 24 w[IT]o [ID 48.00 00
OIR/sl 72.00 00
8 For different load locations go to o I R/S 11 0000 I R/S I 3.333 03 M 24 , in-Ibf
step 5. 24 w[]EJO [ID 12.00 00
o IRis I 72.00 00
9 For different position, x, go to
r-- ~ -- o IRis I 40.00 00
step 6. 100001R/sl 138.9 00 V 24 ,lbf
120 Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering 121

Example 2: What is the slope of the beam below at x = 38 inches? First solve for the effect of P 2 by itself.

Keystrokes Display
P = 1000lbf
IT] CLEAR I REG I
11- 44in ·l 70 ISToll
50lsTol2
70.00
50.00
00
00

W~25IWf~ 35WcmOoo 35.00 00

t
OIR/sl 50.00 00

1·.-. .----- 50tn

1000 I R/sl
olR/sl
70.00
10.00
00
03 in·lbf

E = 30 X 106 psi Now solve for the effect of the distributed load, PI> and M and add
1= 1.30 in4 to it the effect of P 2 • This is the final answer assuming
superposition is valid.

Keystrokes Display
Keystrokes Display
20lsTol2 20.00 00
IT] CLEAR I REG I 70lsTol3 70.00 00
1.31 ENTER I 1.300 00 3500 35.00 00
30 I EEXI6 GJI STO 10 39.00 06 371R/sl 70.00 00
50 I STO 11 50.00 00 4001R/sl 70.00 00
441sTol2 44.00 00 10000 I CHS II R/S I 21.66 03 in-lbf
38W[000 -88.71 03 10 I EEXI3 GJ 31.66 03 M:J5' in-lbf
251R/sl 44.00 00
10001R/sl 50.00 00 Equations of Motion
OIR/sl 3.327 -03 838 , in/in
This program provides an interchangeable solution between
displacement, final velocity, acceleration, time and initial velocity
for an object that undergoes constant acceleration. Given any three
Example 3: What is the total moment at the center of the beam known parameters the two unknowns will be calculated. The
below? (It is not necessary to know E or I, since these do not show motion must be linear.
up in the moment equations.) Equations:

x=
t(v + vol 1 2
X = vot +-at
2 2

x = vt - "!"at 2 v = Vo +at
2

2a
 Mect1anIC(]! En~jlneerln9 123
122 Mechanical EngineE'"ng

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

where:
ISTOl2 022- 44 2 [IJ[LBL]O 051-42,21, 0
x = displacement;
!GTola 023- 22 8 IRCLIO 052- 45 0
v = final velocity;
[IJILBLIO 024-42,21, 0 wlx;tol 053- 4330
a = acceleration;
lkh!3 025- 45 3 IGTOIO 054- 22 0
t = time;
[]]Ix;toi 026- 4330 I GSBICIJ 055- 3215
Vo = initial velocity.
IGTolO 027- 22 0 !RCLI3 056- 45 3
Remarks: I GSBICIJ 028- 3215 2 057- 2
• Any consistent set of units may be used. I RCL I[IJ 029- 4525 La 058- 20
• Displacement, acceleration, and velocity should be considered i RCLI2 030- 45 2 G 059- 10
signed (vector) quantities. For example: if initial velocity and
acceleration are in opposite directions, one should be positive GJ 031- 40 !sTOll 060- 44 1
and the other negative. 2 032- 2 IGTOI5 061- 22 5
• All equations assume that initial displacement, xo, and initial G 033- 10 [IJI LBLIO 062-42,21, 0
time, to, equal zero. 034- 45 0 I RCLI2 063- 45 2
I RCLIO
• When there are two possible solutions for t, the program will 035- 20 IGSBI4
calculate t as follows: If at least one positive real solution 0 064- 32 4

exists, it will be found. If two real solutions of the same sign ISTO!l 036- 44 1 G 065- 30
exist, the smallest solution will be found. If no real solutions G 037- 10 !sTOll 066- 44 1
exist, Error 0 will be displayed.
2 038- 2 iGTola 067- 22 8

G 039- 10 [IJI LBL 11 068-42,21, 1

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
ISTOI3 040- 44 3 I RCLI2 069- 45 2
[IJ CLEAR I PRGM I 000- ISTorl 011- 44 1
[IJI LBLj 5 041-42,21, 5 []]Ix;tol 070- 4330
[IJILBLI~ 001-42,21,11 [I][@2 012-42,21, 2
~Il 042- 45 1 iGTOl3 071- 22 3
I RCLI1 002- 45 1 I RCLll 013- 45 1
I RCLi2 043- 45 2 i RCLI3 072- 45 3
[]]I n'ol 003- 4330 IRCLiO 014- 45 0
I RCl 10] 044- 4525 []]Ix;tol 073- 4330
IGTOl1 004- 22 1 G 015- 10
GJ 045- 40 IGTolO 074- 22 0
I RCLI2 005- 45 2 I RCLI3 016- 45 3
G 046- 10 LBIhll 075- 45 1
[]]Ix;tol 006- 4330 IRCLIO 017- 45 0
2 047- 2 IRCllO 076- 45 0
IGTOIO 007- 22 0 0 018- 20
0 048- 20 G 077- 10
IRCLIO] 008- 4525 2 019- 2
ISTOIO 049- 44 0 2 078- 2
IGSBI4 009- 32 4 G 020- 10
[]]I RTN I 050- 4332 0 079- 20
GJ 010- 40 GJ 021- 40
 -

r,1'~
~-

124 Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering 125

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY efl ~ KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

I RCl 1m 080- 4525 IRCllO 109- 45 0
·~I~ G 138- 10
o
B 157- 30

·~I·~
B 081- 30 []]G]]J 110- 4330 ISTOIO 139- 44 I STO 1m 158- 4425
ISTOl2 082- 44 2 IGTol7 111- 22 7 IGTOI8 140- 22 8 []]I RTN I 159- 4332
IGTOl7 083- 22 7 IGSBlw 112- 3215 ~I ~ [IlllBll7 141-42.21. 7 [Ill lBl 14 160-42.21. 4
[Ill lBllO 084-42.21. 0 I RClil 113- 45 1 ·~I ~ IRCll2 142- 45 2 IRCllO 161- 45 0
o G ~I ~ GJ
IRCllO 085- 45 114- 10 I RClil 143- 45 1 162- 20
144- 45 163- 45 3
~~ ;
[]]Ix~ 01 086- 4330 2 115- 2 IRCllQ o IRCll3

IGTol2 087- 22 2 G 116- 10 G 145- 10 IRCllO 164- 45 0

I RClil 088- 45 1 ISTOI3 117- 44 3 ~ ~ B 146- 30[]][ZJ 165- 43 11
I RCll3

GJ
089-
090-
45 3 IGTOl5
20 [IlILBLI6
118- 22
119-42.21. 6
5
.)e; , ~ IRCllO

G
147-
148-
45 OGJ
10 2
166-
167-
20
2

, G
2 091- 2 IRc:L12 120- 45 2 2 149- 2 168- 10
~ ~
GJ 092- 20 []][ZJ 121- 43 11 GJ 150- 20 []]I RTN I 169- 4332
I RCl 1m 093- 4525 I RClil 122- 45 1 ~ ISTOl3 151- 44 3 [Ill LBL Iw 170-42.21.15
[]][ZJ 094- 4311 I RCll3 123- 45 3 e; ~ [IlllBll8 152-42.21. 8 I RCll2 171- 45 2

GJ 095- 40 GJ 124- 20 IRCll2 153- 45 2 []][ZJ 172- 4311

e; .~
154- 3

••
~ 096- 11 2 125- 2 I RCll3 45 I RCl 1m 173- 4525
'~ IRCllO 155- 45 0 []][ZJ 174- 4311
I RClil 097- 45 1 GJ 126- 20
i ENTER I 098- 36 B 127- 30 ; GJ 156- 20 B 175- 30
[]]I ABS I 099- 4316 ~ 128- 11
C ~

.)
G 100- 10 I RClil 129- 45 1

GJ 101- 20 I ENTER I 130- 36

tJ i
ISTOl2 102- 44 2 []]IABSI 131- 4316 ~
IGTOl5 103- 22 5 G 132- 10 tiJ ~
[Ill lBll3 104-42.21. 3 ICHSI 133- 16 j
fj)
I RCll3 105- 45 3GJ 134- 20
fj) i
•
[]]I\~ 0 I 106- 4330 IRCll2 135- 45 2

IGTOl6 107- 22 6 GJ 136- 40 tJ) REGISTERS

3
l_~
[Ill lBl 10 108-42.21. 0 l!Kl:13 137- 45
fP
fJP'·.
126 Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering 127

Keystrokes Display
INPUT OUTPUT
STEP INS1RUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS Set User mode.
1 Clear Usr mode. then key in the [I][£iKJ4
2641sTOI1
program.
35 I ENTER 15280 0
2 Set User mode. [iJ1 USER I 3600 GI STO IOJ 51.3333 vo, ft/sec
41sTOIo
3 Store any 3 of the following:
OlSTOl21sTOI3
Time t ISTOla g]IRCLI3 7.3333 a, ft/sec 2
Displacement x ISTOll 51sTOIO
OlSTOl1 ISTOI2
Final velocity v ISTOI2 g]IRCLI1 348.3333 x(t+l), ft
Acceleration a ISTOI3 264G 84.3333 x(t + 1) - x(t), ft
Initial velocity vo ISTO 1[iJ
4 Clear the 2 unknowns:
If t is unknown a ISTOia Example 2: An airplane's take-off velocity is 125 mph. Assume a
If x is unknown a ISTOll constant acceleration of 15 ft/sec 2 . How much runway length, in
If v is unknown a ISTOI2 feet, will be used from start to take-off? How long will it take for the
plane to reach take-off velocity?
If a is unknown a ISTOI3
If Vo is unknown a ISTO 1[iJ
5 Calculate the unknowns. ~ Keystrokes Display
6 Recall the desired values: 1251 ENTER 15280 0
Time ffiITl a t 3600 GI STO 12 183.3333 v, ft/sec
151 STol3
Displacement ffiITll x o I STO IOJ I STO 11 Vo =0
Final velocity ffiITl2 v ISTOIO g] 12.2222
IRCLI1 1.120.3704 x, ft
Acceleration ffiITl3 a
IRCLlo 12.2222 t, sec
Initial velocity ffiITlOJ Vo

Soderberg's Equation for Fatigue

Example 1: An automobile accelerates for 4 seconds from a speed This program may be used to estimate maximum safe cyclic loads
of 35 mph and covers a distance of 264 feet. What is the for a given size part or the minimum cross-sectional area needed to
acceleration in ft/sec 2? If the acceleration continues to be constant, sustain a cyclic loading. The program uses Soderberg's equation
what distance is covered in the next second? which is graphically represented in Figure 1.
 Mechanical Engineering 129
128 Mechanical Engineering
P max is the maximum load;
P min is the minimum load;

-I A is the cross-sectional area ofthe part_

References:
1. Spotts, M_ F., Design of Machine Elements, Prentice-Hall,
Inc., 1971.
2. Baumeister, T., Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical
Engineers, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967.

Remarks: This implementation of Soderberg's equation is for

ductile materials only. Values of stress concentration factors and
material endurance limits may be found in the reference sources. In

. - - - - Syp' _ _---l~
FS
I the presence of corrosive media, or for rough surfaces, fatigue
effects may be much more significant than predicted by this
program.
'-------Syp,-------I.~

Working Stress Diagram

Equations: KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

m CLEAR I PRGM I 000- I RCLI3 014- 45 3
~= Smax+Smin +K (~) (smaX-Smin)
mILBLI[AJ 001-42.21.11 0 015- 20
FS 2 Se 2
ISTOl7 002- 44 7 I RCLI7 016- 45 7
Smax + Smin _ P max + Pmin ern 003- 33 G 017- 10
2 2A ISTOll 004- 44 1 I RCLI5 018- 45 5
ern 005- 33 G 019- 30

2 2A ISTOI2 006- 44 2 IRCLI5 020- 45 5

ern 007- 33 I RCLI3 021- 45 3
where:
ISTOI3 008- 44 3 I RCLll 022- 45 1
Syp is the yield point stress of the material;
IRlsl 009- 31 0 023- 20
Se is the material endurance stress from reversed bending tests;
mILBLI[[] 010-42.21.12 I RCLI2 024- 45 2
K is the stress concentration factor ofthe part;
ISTOI4 011- 44 4 G 025- 10
FS is the factor of safety (FS;;:' 1.00);
I RIS I 012- 31 0 026- 20
is the maximum stress;
Smax
IRCLI6 013- 45 6 wi LSTxl 027- 4336
smin is the minimum stress;
130. Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering 131
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
1 0.28- 1 I RCLI2 0.57- 45 2
G 0.86- 10. 2 0.89- 2
GJ 0.29- 40. G 0.58- 10.
G 0.87- 10. G 0.90.- 10.
[HJ 0.30.- 33 1 0.59- 1
ISTOl6 0.88- 44 6
GJ 0.31- 40. G 0.60.- 30.
wlli!J 0.32- 4333 G 0.61- 10. REGISTERS Rr: Unused
G 0.33- 10. ISTOI5 0.62- 44 5 Ro: Unused R,:K R2 : se R3: Syp

ISTOI4 0.34- 44 4 WIRTNI 0.63- 4332 R4 : P max Rs: Pm/I? R6: 2A Ri FS

WIRTNI 0.35- 4332 ITlI LBL I[[] 0.64-42.21 .14 Re-Rs Unused

ITl I LBL I[IJ 0.36-42.21 13 2 0.65- 2

STEP INSTRUCTIONS INPUT OUTPUT
ISTOl5 0.37- 44 5 ~ 0.66- 20. DATA/UNITS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS
IRlsl 0.38- 31 ISTOI6 0.67- 44 6 1 Clear User mode. then key in the

I RCLI3 0.39- 45 3 2 0.68- 2 program.

I RCLll 0.40.- 45 1 G 0.69- 10. 2 Set User mode. ml USER I

~ 0.41- 20. IRlsl 0.70.- 31 3 Input:

I RCLI2 0.42- 45 2 IRCLI4 0.71- 45 4 Yield point stress Syp IENTERI Syp

G 0.43- 10. IRCLI5 0.72- 45 5 Endurance stress se IENTERI se

1 0.44- 1 GJ 0.73- 40. Stress concentration factor K IENTERI K
GJ 0.45- 40. IRCLI4 0.74- 45 4 - Factor of safety FS g] Syp

IRCLI4 0.46- 45 4 I RCLI5 0.75- 45 5 4 Input two of the following:

~ 0.47- 20. G 0.76- 30. Maximum load Pmax lID Pmax

I RCLI6 0.48- 45 6 I RCLI3 0.77- 45 3 Minimum load Pmin ~ Pmm
IRCLI3 0.49- 45 3 ~ 0.78- 20. Area of cross section A [QJ A
~ 0.50.- 20. I RCLll 0.79- 45 1 5 Calculate the unknown value:
I RCLI7 0.51- 45 7 ~ 0.80.- 20. Maximum load
lID~ Pmax
G 0.52- 10. I RCLI2 0.81- 45 2 Minimum load
~~ Pmin
G 0.53- 30. G 0.82- 10. Area of cross section [QJ~ A
I RCLI3 0.54- 45 3 GJ 0.83- 40. 6 For new loading or area go to
I RCLll 0.55- 45 1 IRCLI3 0.84- 45 3 step 4.

~ 0.56- 20. I RCLI7 0.85- 45 7 7 For new case go to step 3.

 I
132 Mechanical Engineering t:l~ Mechanical Engineering 133

Example: What is the maximum permissible cyclic load for a part

C~I '~ n n

if the minimum load is 2,000 pounds and the area is 0.5 square ~~ .~ LYOiAsi Ixy = L XOi YOi Asi

&~I.~
i=1 i=1
inches?
A
.,~ I .~
Syp = 70,000 psi
Se = 25,000 psi _L..J
f-' (YOi 2 Joy?
-)
.~I ~
Ix - +- Asi
K= 1.25 i=1 12
FS=2.0
&~I ~ f-' ( XOi
Keystrokes Display , I.~ Iy -_ L..J
i=1
2 JoX? )
+12

Set User mode. S"I"

[D[ERJ2 e:, ~ 1
<I>=-tan- 1 (~21-- )
700001 ENTER I
25000 I ENTER I
1.251 ENTER I
2[KJ
70,000.00
25,000.00
1.25
70,000.00
~:,'
e'I'
2 Ix - Iy
hI> = Ix cos 2 <I> + Iy sin 2 <I> -Ix y sin2 <I>

2000~ 2,000.00 e,\ ~ IY<l> = Iy cos 2 <I> + Ix sin 2 <I> + Ixy sin2 <I>

e: I ;,
.51]] 0.50
lIDlR/sl 8,888.89

e;I:~
Composite Section Properties .,1
.,p I:''~
where:
JoXi is the width of a rectangular element;
The properties of arbitrarily shaped sections can be evaluated
using this program. Exact solutions are obtained when the section
is broken into a finite number of rectangles. Approximate solutions
&"'1 ~ JoYi is the height of a rectangular element;

C;j I';
Asi is the area of an element;
can be achieved by assuming that finite areas are concentrated at
A is the total area of the section;
their centers. .; .~
x is the x coordinate of the centroid;
The program calculates the area of the section, the centroid of the
area, the moments of inertia about any specified set of axes, the 6)) • y is the Y coordinate of the centroid;
polar moment of inertia about the specified axis, the moments of
inertia about an axis translated to the centroid, the moments of ij) 'i XOi is the x coordinate of the centroid of an element;
inertia of the principal axis, the rotation angle between the
translated axis and the principal axis, and the polar moments of i» ~
YOi is the Y coordinate of the centroid of an element;
Ix is the moment of inertia about the x-axis;
inertia about the principal axis. ij) • Iy is the moment of inertia about the y-axis;
Equations:
.)! ~ J is the polar moment of inertia about the origin;

W)
(jJI
•• Ixy is the product of inertia;
Ix is the moment of inertia about the x-axis translated to the
centroid;
A=A sl +As2+As3+···+ A sn

-j -.
 -- - - ------------

134 Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering 135

1'1 is the moment of inertia about the y-axis translat ed to KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES
the DISPLAY
centroid ;
Q 022- 20 IRlsl 051- 31
Ixy is the product of inertia about the translat ed axis;
0 023- 40 IRcll5 052- 45 5
q, is the angle between the translat ed axis and the principa l
Q 024- 20 IRlsl 053- 31
axis;
/;;<1> is the momen t of inertia about the translat ed, rotated, ISTol06 025-44 ,40, 6 IRcll4 054- 45 4
principa l x-axis; []]I CLrj 026- 4335 IRcll5 055 45 5
1'1<1> is the momen t of inertia about the translat ed, rotated, IRcll2 027- 45 2 G 056- 10
principa l y-axis; []][ZJ 028- 4311 IRlsl 057 31
J <I> is the polar momen t of inertia about the origin of the 1 029- 1 I·Rcl13 058- 45 3
translat ed, rotated, principa l axes.
2 030- 2 IRcll5 059- 45 5
Remar ks:
• Values of the polar momen t of inertia J should not be used in G 031- 10 G 060- 10
torsiona l stress or strain analysis . I RClieD 032- 4525 IRlsl 061- 31
• The angle (J will be output in the current angular mode of the []][ZJ 033- 4311 IRcll7 062- 45 7
calculat or.
0 034- 40 IRlsl 063- 31
Refere nces:
1. Crandal l, S. H., Dahl, N.C., An Introdu ction to Q 035- 20 IRcll6 064- 45 6
the
Mechan ics of Solids, McGraw -Hill, 1959. ISTol07 036-44 .40, 7 IRlsl 065- 31
2. Rhodes, G. F., Section Properties, HP-65 Users' Library []]I CLyl 037- 4335 IRcll6 066- 45 6
,
Number 262. I RClieD 038- 4525 IRCll7 067- 45 7
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY Q 039- 20 0 068- 40
[TI CLEAR I PRGM I 000- ISTol2 011- 44 2 ISTol03 040-44 ,40, 3 IRlsl 069- 31
[TIllBllg ] 001-42, 21,11 Ix~ rJ 012- 34 I RClil 041- 45 1 IRcll7 070- 45 7
I STO leD 002- 4425 Q 013- 20 []]crn 042- 4333 IRcll3 071- 45 3
[]l] 003- 33 []]I lsr, I 014- 4336 Q 043- 20 []][ZJ 072- 4311
ISToll 004- 44 1 [TI[I@l 015-42 ,21, 1 ISTol04 044-44 ,40, 4 IRcll5 073- 45 5
IRlsl 005- 31 []][ZJ 016- 4311 Q 045- 20 G 074- 10
[TIl LBLICf] 006-42 ,21,13 1 017- 1 []]crn 046- 4333 G 075- 30
0 007- 0 2 018- 2 G 047- 10 ISTOll 076 44 1
ISTol2 008- 44 2 G 019- 10 ISTol00 048-44 ,40, 0 IRlsl 077- 31
IGToll 009- 22 1 I RClil 020- 45 1 []]crn 049- 4333 IRCllo 078 45 0
[TIl lBll[[] 010-42 ,21,12 IENTERI 021- 36 ISTol05 050-44 ,40, 5 IRcll3 079- 45 3
136 Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering 137

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

DISPLAY
IRCLI4 080- 45 4 I RCLI3 109- 45 3 ~ 138- 40 IRlsl 142- 31
I RCLI7 139- 45 7 IRCLI4 143- 45 4
Q 081- 20 1 110- 1
IRCLI5 082- 45 5 ITl~ 111- 4226
G 140- 30 I RCLI5 144- 45 5
ISTOl5 141- 44 5 ~ 145 40
Gl 083- 10 [[][ZJ 112- 4311
G 084- 30 ISTOI5 113- 44 5
ISTOl2 085- 44 2 I RCLll 114- 45 1 REGISTERS R,: Xoi.lx
I RCLI6 086- 45 6 Q 115- 20
Ro: ':i.lxYi R,: YOi' Iv R2 : ~x" Ixv R3: LXOiAsr ()
IRCLI4 087- 45 4 Ix~ 1"1 116- 34 2
R4 : LYQ,A." IVd> R5: Used R6: '£lxi' sin () Ri Used
[[][ZJ 088- 4311 [[][ZJ 117- 43 11
I RCLI5 089- 45 5 ISTOI6 118- 44 6
G 090- 10 I RCL IITJ 119- 4525 STEP INPUT OUTPUT
INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
G 091- 30 Q 120- 20
1 Clear User mode, then key in the
I STO IITJ 092- 4425 ~ 121- 40
program.
IRlsl 093- 31 I RCLI3 122- 45 3
2 Set User mode. ml USER I
IRCLI2 094- 45 2 2 123- 2
3 Clear registers. m CLEAR I REG I
2 095- 2 Q 124- 20
4 Set the appropriate angular mode.
Q 096- 20 ~ 125- 23
5 Input y-coordinate of centroid of
I RCLll 097- 45 1 I RCLI2 126- 45 2
element. Yo, I ENTER I
098- 4525 Q 127- 20 Yo,
I RCLIITJ
B Input x-coordinate of centroid of
G 099- 30 ISTOI7 128- 44 7
element. xO i gj xOi
[[]Ix=ol 100- 4340 ~ 129- 40
7 .Input height of rectangular
IGTOIO 101- 22 0 ISTOI4 130- 44 4
element ..I.y, I ENTER I
102- 10 131- 31 ..I.Yi
G IRlsl
and width of rectangular
[[]ITAN'I 103- 4325 I RCLI5 132- 45 5
element.
2 104- 2 I RCLIITJ 133- 4525
J.x; ~ As;
or.
G 105- 10 Q 134- 20
• input area of element for
ITlI LBLIO 106-42.21. 0 I RCLI6 135- 45 6
approximate solution. As; [g As;
ISTOl3 107- 44 3 IRCLll 136- 45 1
8 Go to step 5 for each element.
IRlsl 108- 31 Q 137- 20
 Mechanical Engineering 139
138 Mechanical Engineering
Example 1: What is the moment of inertia about the x-axis (Ix) for
INPUT OUTPUT the rectangular section shown? What is the moment of inertia
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES DATA/UNITS
DATA/UNITS about the neutral axis through the centroid ofthe section (Ix",)?
9 Calculate:
y
Area of section [R?S] A
y-coordinate of centroid [!@] y t Principal Axis

I
x-coordinate of centroid [!@] x
Moment of inertia about the

---l . -_-_-_-_-_~. I.! =:

y-axis
Moment of inertia about the
L!@] Iy
!C,",,,ld
x-axis [!@] Ix
Polar moment of inertia about _-_-_-_---1 "d N,"'" A,',
the origin. [!@] J

10 10ptional) Display product of

inertia. ffiITl 0 Ixy 1....---3--....,·~1

11 Calculate:
Moment of inertia about Table of Inputs

translated y-axis IRlsl Iy Section Yo Xo ~y ~x

Moment of inertia about the 1 2.5 1.5 5 3

translated x-axis [!@] Ix
12 10ptional) Display product of
Keystrokes Display
inertia for translated axes. ffiITl2 Ixy
Set User mode.
13 Calculate: [!][illJ2
Axis rotation angle [!@] ¢ [!]CLEAR I REG I
2.51 ENTERI1.5 0 2.50
Moment of inertia about the 51 ENTER 13 [[] 15.00 As;
principal y-axis IRlsl IN iRIs I 15.00 A
Moment of inertia about the
iRIs I 2.50 Y
IRlsl 1.50 oX
principal x-axis [!@] Ixq, IRlsl 45.00 Iy
Polar moment of inertia about IRlsl 125.00 Ix
IRlsl 170.00 J
the origin of the principal axis. [!@] Jq, IRlsl 11.25 1-y
14 For a new case go to step 4. IRlsl 31.25 Ix
 - -----

ii
140 Mechanical Engineering ;;'~ Mechanical Engineering 141

Keystrokes Display ·I·~ Keystrokes Display

IRlsl 0.00 <P .,~ [iCLEAR I REG I

.,';
IRlsl 11.25 Wi DEG I
IRlsl 31.25
Iy</> .,.~ 1 I ENTER 16 0 1.00 xOl
h:</>
2IENTERI10[]] 20.00 ASl
7IENTERI.50 7.00 x02
Note that Ii'" = Ii and I y", = Iy since <p = O.
141ENTERI1 []] 14.00 As~

Example 2: Calculate the section properties for the beam shown

below.
-1"-
·I··~
13.51 ENTER IB.5 0
1 I ENTER 115 []]
IRlsl
13.50
15.00
49.00
XO~
As3
A

.
·I~ IRlsl 6.54 y
IRlsl 5.19 i

y ·'1 ~ ;
IRlsl
IRlsl
2.256.33
3.676.33
Iy
Ix
t
.1 ~
IRlsl 5.932.67 J
0
(J) • /B.5.13.5)
i IRCllO 1.890.25 Ixy
I 11

.I.~
934.49 1-y
15 ~IT IRlsl
IRlsl 1.580.00 Ix

.1 ~ I RCll2 225.61 1--

xy

. IRlsl -17.48 <p

I IRlsl 863.46 Iy",
14 • (0.5.7) ·I~ IRlsl
IRlsl
1.651.04
2.514.49
Ix",
J",
-~
.I:~
(2)
Below is a figure showing the translated axis and the translated,

.I.~
rotated, principal axis of example 2.

--L
I

I .I~
-
I
I
CD • (6,1) 2
~ x I
y
t
y
t
+ ·I~
....J1L:: 10 ~I

-I 'j ............ ["~O

~
-I"·
.9
(5.19,6.54)
~
Table of Inputs

Section
1
2
Yo;
1
7
xo;
6
0.5
~y

14
2
~x

10
1
61·
I.
·I~ 1
J~" I-.x
I
3 13.5 B.5 1 15
·)L~
·I\~
 Chemistry 143

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

[D CLEAR I PRGM I 000- Ix~ 1'1 029- 34
[DI LBLI[K] 001-42.21.11 []]lliIJ 030- 4333
Chemistry IEEXI 002- 26 I GSB I[K] 031- 32 11
pH of Weak Acid/Base Solutions 1 003- 1 []]emO 032-43. 5. 0
This program calculates the pHlpOH of a weak acid or base 4 004- 4 []]lliIJ 033- 4333
solution by Newton-Raphson iteration of 20 []][lliJ
0 005- 034- 4335
(x) =x3 +Kx2 -(KC +Kw)x -KKw =0 006- 15 Ix~ 1'1
11Ixl 035- 34
where for weak acids, x, K and Care [H+], Ka and Ca, respectively, []][TI]O 007-43. 6. 0 [IT] 036- 33
and [OH-], Kb and Cb for weak bases_ The first estimate of x used
in the iteration is []]I RTN I 008- 4332 [IT] 037- 33
Xo = (KC + Kw)'/'- I GTO I[QJ 009- 2214 []]I RTN I 038- 4332

Necessary inputs are C and K, but K may be in any of the following [DILBLI[]] 010-42.21.12 [DI LBLI[QJ 039-42.21.14
forms when solving for either acidic or basic solutions: K a , K b , pKa, ICHSI 011- 16 []]emO 040-43. 5. 0
pKb . C must be expressed in terms of molarity.
CIQJ 012- 13 ISTOll 041- 44 1
When solving for an acid solution, output is in the form of pH, [H+],
[]][TI]O 013-43. 6. 0 0 042- 20
Ka and an error term while for basic solutions the form is pOH,
[OH-], Kb and the error term. Either output may be freely []]I RTN I 014- 4332 IEEXI 043- 26
converted to its alternate form. IGTO I[QJ 015- 2214 1 044- 1
[DILBLI~ 016-42.21.13 4 045- 4
[]]emO 017-43. 4. 0 ICHSI 046- 16
Note: To determine the pH of a salt of a weak acid, it must be
remembered that the salt will hydrate to form the undis- I GSB I[]] 018- 3212 GJ 047- 40
sociated acid and a strong base (OH-) IGSBI[K] 019- 32 11 ISTOl3 048- 44 3
RA + H 20 ~ HA + R+ + OW I GTO I[QJ 020- 2214 []]I Lsrxl 049- 4336
Therefore, since such solutions are basic, the procedure FOR [DILBLlw 021-42.21.15 t RCLll 050- 45 1
BASES should be followed. Similarly, salts of weak bases
produce an acidic solution, so the procedure FOR ACIOS 1 022- 1 0 051- 20
should be used. 4 023- 4 ISTOl4 052- 44 4
Ix~\'1 024- 34 IRCLI3 053- 45 3

Reference: J.N. Butler, Ionic Equilibrium: A Mathematical G 025- 30 CTI 054- 11

Approach, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1964, pp. 70-71 and pp. Ix~l') 026- 34 ISTOl2 055- 44 2
80-81. []]emO 027-43. 4. 0 [DILBLll 056-42.21. 1
This program was derived from a program for the HP-67, contri- I GSB I[K] 028- 32 11 I RCLI2 057- 45 2
buted to the HP User's Library by Alan J. Rubin.
142
144
cl,
Cl,
Chemistry Chemistry 145

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

el~ STEP INSTRUCTIONS
INPUT
DATA/UNITS
KEYSTROKES
OUTPUT
DATA/UNITS

el~
IRCll1 058- 45 1 G 078- 30
I Clear User mode, then keV in the
Q 059- 40 G 079- 10
IRCll2 060- 45 2 ISTOla 080- 44 0 e l, 2
program.

Set User mode. rnl USER I

20 wi ABS I
0 061- 081- 4316
c ~ 3 Initialize. []][Q]O
IRCll3
G
062-
063-
45 3
30 9
IRCll2 082-
083-
45 2
9
e , 4 Enter molar concentration. C IENTER I C

IRCll2
0
IRCll4
064-
065-
066-
45

45
20
2 9

G
ITllx>rl
4
084-
085-
086- 4220
9
10 •• , ~
~
5a
FOR ACIDS

Enter Ka

or enter Kb
Ka

Kb
[QJ
~
pH

pH

G 067- 30 IGToia 087- 22 0 e or enter pKa pKa [[] pH

IRCll2 068- 45 2 IRClla 088- 45 0 e ~ or enter pKb. pKb ~ pH

e ,
5b Find [H+J [H] [H+]
3 069- 3 ISTOIG2 089-44,30, 2 ~
5c Find K. [H]

•
Ka
0 070- 20 IGTOl1 090- 22 1
5d Find the error in [H-j. [H] Error in [H'1

·
IRCll1 071- 45 ITlI Lelia
1 091-42,21, 0
2 072- I RClia
2 092- 45 0 e ~ 6 Find pON, [OH ] and Kb (pH,
[H+] and Ka must be in the X, Y,
0 073- 20 IRCll1 093- 45 1
~
·
and Z registers, respective IV). [H] pH

,~
Q 074- 40 IRCll2 094- 45 2
W pOH
IRCll2 075- 45 2 IENTER I 095- 36

~
_.- [H] [OH ]
0 076- 20 wi lOGI 096- 4313
CI~
[H] Kb
IRCll3 077- 45 3 ICHSI 097- 16
FOR BASES

·L~ 5a Enter Kb [QJ pOH

_I J or enter Ka ~ pOH

-1-·
_1-·
or enter pKb

or enter pK.
[[]
[g
pOH

pOH

:1.',~: 5b Find [OH-]. [H] [OH ]

REGISTERS RI: Unused 5c FindK/r [H] Kb

Ro: f(x)/f'(x) lR,: K IR

2: [H+) or [OH ) R3: KC +Kw 5d Find the error in [OH-]. [H] Error in [OH ]

R4 : KKw IR 5 -R 4 Unused I

.1 1- ,
 .~
146 Chemistry ~~ Chemistry 147

INPUT OUTPUT
C', ~ Example 3: Calculate the pH of 0.002 M KCN whose pKa is 9.32.
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS
C~
DATA/UNITS

6 FindpH, [H+] andK.ipOH,

[OH-] and Kb must occupy the
e~ ~
= Keystrokes
,0021 ENTER I
Display

9.32~ 3.71 pOH

X, Yand Z registers, respectively). [IT] pOH C't ~ IR .. I 1.95 -04 [OW]
[IJ pH ~., ,; [BjJ 2.09 -06 Kb
IR .. I 6.98 -07 Error in [OH-]
[IT] [H+]
C~ :; IR .. I 3.71 pOH
[IT] K. [IJ 10.29 pH
7 For a new case go to step 4. C' -;
"
[BjJ 5.13 -11 [H+]
4.79 -10 Ka
e~ -; IR .. I

t; ~ Beer's Law
Example 1: Find the pH of 10-4 M acetic acid if its Ka is 1.8 X
10-5 .
e; ~ This is a flexible program for the calculation of the parameters of
the Beer-Lambert law used in colorimetry, A = fbC + I, where I is
e~ ~ the intercept (an error term). Given the light path, b, and a set of
concentrations, C, and percent transmittance, % T, or absorbance,
Keystrokes Display t; ~ A, the program computes the molar absorption coefficient, f, by the
Set User mode.
ITl[IlRJ2
e; ~ least squares method:

I EEX 141 CHS II ENTER I e; ~ 1 n~AC- ~A~C

1.81 EEX 151 CHS I[Q] 4.46 pH f=-
e~ ~-;

-
b n~C2-(~C)2
[BjJ 3.45 -05 [W]
IR .. I
IR .. I
1.80
1.10
-05 Ka
-07 Error in [H+]
5, Initialization ([6]) clears all registers and sets b equal to 1 cm.
~, ~ Either concentration, absorbance or concentration, %T data may
be entered. In the latter case %T is automatically converted to
(i) :'"j absorbance:
Example 2: Find the pH of 3.0 X 10-6 M NH 4Cl if the pKb for

.) -,,
ammonia is 4.75. Note that we are solving for the pH of the
ammonium chloride solution not the pOH of an ammonia solution.
i) f
.- A=2-log%T

Keystrokes Display i)
3 I EEX 161 CHS II ENTER I
4.75~
IR .. I
[BjJ
IR .. I
6.97
1.08
5.62
4.04
pH
-07 [H+]
-10 Ka
-11 Error in [H+]
.)- .
W) f

Ci) f
Note: Unless b is 1 cm a new value must be entered each
time the program is initialized, Initialization also removes
molecular weight from memory. The least squares program

via ~ if only one pair is available,

°
requires at least two C, A data pairs to calculate f, Enter 0,

.) If
 -~--

148 Chemistry ~;'~ Chemistry 149

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY *'1' KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

ITlCLEAR IPRGMI 000- Ix~\'1 028- 34
*'1" IRlsl 056- 31 IRlsl 058- 31
ITlILBLI[6] 001-42.21.11 IGSB I[IJ 029- 3215
t~I' Ix~)'1 057- 34 IGTOI' 059- 22 1
Ix~\'1
i
ITlCLEAR I REG I
,
002- 4234 030- 34
tIl' REGISTERS RI : Unused

IRlsl
003-
004-
1 WIRTNI
31 ITlILBLI[IJ
031- 4332
032-42.21.15
_II ~ Ro: n Rt : LA R2 : LA2 R3: LC
R4 : LC 2
ISTOI6 005- 44 6 WILOGI 033- 4313 tIl' Rs-R. g : Unused
R5: LAC R6: b Ri MW

I IRlsl 006- 31 2 034- 2

t'l ~
~I '.'
ISTOl7 007- 44 7 G 035- 30 INPUT OUTPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
WIRTNI 008- 4332 ICHSI 036- 16
ITliLBLI2 009-42.21. 2 WIRTNI 037- 4332 e; I } 1 Clear User mode, then key in the

.~
program.
2 010- 2 ITlILBLI~ 038-42.21.13
I'
.:~ )
2 Set User mode. wi USER I
G
ICHSI
011-
012-
30 IGSBI5
16 IGTOl6
039-
040-
32 5
22
/I 3 Initialize:
0 1

~I ~
6
om 013- 13 ITlILBLI[[] 041-42.21.14
Input light path b [0J b

W[Rl&] 014- 4332 IGSBI5 042- 32 5 ~I~ Enter molecular weight if using

~I{'}
mg/Q as units MW [0J MW
ITliLBLI3 015-42.21. 3 ITlILBLI[[] 043-42.21.12
4 Inputs:

·I·~
IGSBI5 016- 32 5 IGSBI4 044- 32 4
wIT:] 017- 4349 ITliLBLI6 045-42.21. 6
Either

IRlsl 018- 31 lliJ 046- 49 til'} • absorbance and molarity A, IENTERI A,

IGTOI' 019- 22 1 IRlsl 047- 31 ·JI~ C; lI±J i

ITliLBLI4 020-42.21. 4 ITlILBLI' 048-42.21. 1 .) I:; or

• absorbance and mglQ A, IENTERI

i) I:)
I RCLi-7 021- 45 7 ITl[IT] 049- 4249 A,

G 022- 10 Ix~\'1 050- 34 mglQ lID i

(j) I ;")
,
or
IEEXI
3
023-
024-
26 I RCLI6
3 G
051-
052-
45 6
10
.) ,1) • percent transmittance %T, IENTERI %T,
and molarity
G 025- 10 IR/sl 053- 31 i) I;) C; III i
or
WIRTNI 026- 4332 0 054- 0

ITliLBLI5 027-42.21. 5 ITllIiJ 055- 4248

tJ)
"
t;) ;')
• percent transmittance

and mg/Q mg/Q

%T; IENTERI
[Q]
%T;
i

6) .;j
.
•
150 Chemistry
;;!!
'-I~
- ---------------

Chemistry 151

INPUT OUTPUT Example: Calculate the molar absorption coefficient for phos-

·I~
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
OATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS phorus as determined by the "ascorbic acid" method at 880 nm.
The molecular weight of phosphorus is 31. The light path is 1.2 cm.
·I~
5 Repeat step 4 for each i (being

consistent with units) Data

·I~
···
6 To correct
%1
·I~
mg/I
• absorbance entry Ak IENTER] Ak
97,9 0,0
mIT]
,~
Ck k-1
58,0 0,25
• transmittance entry %Tk I,ENTER I %Tk 37,2 0,50
23,1
Ck IGSB 13 k-1 -; 14,5
0,75

e '~,
1.00

·· ,
7 Calculation: 9,0 1.25
7a Absorbance coefficient If

absorbance and molarity was

Keystrokes Display

··· ,
input in step 4 IGSB 11 t
Set User mode.

~
m[ERJ4
Otherwise CB2§] t
~ 1.0000
7b Intercept CB2§] II 1,2IRISI 1.2000
311RIsi 31.000
~,
7c Correlation coefficient CB2§] r
97,91 ENTER 10 [QJ 1.0000
8 To repeat t,lI, r IRISI t 581 ENTER 10,25 [QJ 2.0000
:} 37,21 ENTER 105 [QJ 3.0000

··
CB2§] II
23,1 I ENTER 10,75 [QJ
i~
4.0000
CB2§] r
• 14,51 ENTER 11 [QJ 5.0000

~
9 To add further data, go to step 4, 91 ENTER 11 ,25 [QJ 6.0000
IRlsl 21.244.7779
10 For a new case, go to step J
IRlsl 0.0187 II
11 To calculate molarity from mg/II ; IRlsl 0.9998 r
MW
values ISTOI7
• f
12 To calculate A from %T
mg/II

%T
IGSB 14

W
M

A
.)' !
., f
13 To calculate %Tfrom A A IGSBI2 %T
1», -,
tJl'
.,'
ill ~

61'
 I
tJl~ Economic Analysis 153

t11~ KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

tj J ~~ [D CLEAR IPRGM I 000- G 029- 30

Economic Analysis
., I ~~ [DILBLlrKl
G
001-42.21.11
002-
G
10 IRCLll
030-
031- 45
30
1
Mortgage Loan Interest Rate
fj r;~ ISTOl3 003- 44 3 IRCLI2 032- 45 2
PV
fj .~ ffi!J 004- 33 [lliJ 033- 15

t 2 3 n-2 n-l n tj .~ ISTOll 005- 44 1 1 034- 1

l l l ... l l l Ij ~
IRCLI3
WIABSI
006-
007-
45 3 0
4316 [J
035-
036-
40
10
PMT PMT PMT PMT PMT PMT PMT
This program will calculate the interest rate on a loan with equal e ~ IENTERI 008- 36 1 037- 1
periodic payments. The user must specify the number of periods,
the present value or initial loan amount, and the payment amount.
e , 111x1 009- 15 0 038- 40

The program performs an iterative solution for i using Newton's e , IX~J'I 010-
45
34 IRCLIO
1 Q
039-
040-
45 0
20
method:
e ~ IRCLll
w[ZJ
011-

··
012- 4311 1 041- 1
e , G 013- 10 G 042- 30

~
where G 014- 30 IRCLI2 043- 45 2

+ i)-n I I ~
ISTOl2 015- 44 2 [J 044- 10

•· I'
!(i) = 1 - (1 PV [DILBLIO 016-42.21. 0 [J 045- 10
i PMT
017- 45 3 ISTOl02 046-44.40. 2

.,·
IRCLI3
The initial guess for i is given by WIABSI 018- 4316 WIABSI 047- 4316
;
I 1 ~I I ~
IRCLI2 019- 45 2 IEEXI 048- 26

··• .•-.
io= PMTI _ _ Q 020- 20 6 049- 6
PV n 2 PMT ;, 1 021- 1 ICHSI 050- 16
where IRCLI2 022- 45 2 [Dlx~11 051- 4210
PVis the initial loan amount. 1 023- 1 IGTolO 052- 22 0
PMT is the periodic payment. 0 024- 40 IRCLI2 053- 45 2

••
i is the periodic interest rate expressed as a decimal. IRCLll 025- 45 1 IEEXI 054- 26
n is the number of periods. ICHSI 026- 16 2 055- 2
0 027- 14 Q 056- 20
•

· 9
Note: Cash received is represented by a positive value (+). 44 0
ISTOIO 028-
Cash paid out is represented by a negative value (-).
152 ·L~
..
 154 Economic Analysis ~, ~ Economic Analysis 155
~, ~ Discounted Cash Flow Analysis
REGISTERS RI : Unused
Ro: (1 + ij-n IR( n IR i
~~ '~ Assuming a minimum desired yield (cost of capital, discount rate),
2: R3: PV/PMT
R4-R9: Unused I I ..,.", .~
this program finds the present value of the future cash flows
generated by the investment and subtracts the initial investment
,~ ~ from this amount. If the final net present value is a positive value,
the investment exceeds the profit objectives assumed. If the final
INPUT
,~ ~ net present value is a negative value, then the investment is not
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
OUTPUT profitable to the extent of the desired yield. If the net present value
~
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
,~ is zero, the investment meets the profit objectives.
1 Clear User mode, then key in the
The function associated with ~ (#) is designed to accommodate
program.
,,~ ~ those situations where a series of cash flows are equal. You enter

3
2 Set User mode.

Enter the number of payments,

the present value,

n

PV*
[IJIUSERI

I ENTER I

IENTERI
n

PV
t;
,,
C~ '~
the number of times these equal periodic cash flows occur with ~,
and then the amount only once with @]. If the cash flow occurs
only once, there is no need to enter anything for #.
Zero must be entered for all periods with no cash flow, When a cash
~; flow is an outlay (initial or additional investment, loss, etc,) the
and payment amount. PMT* llil 1(%1
e) value must be entered as a negative number,

4 Calculate the annual

percentage rate. # periods/yr. 0

periodic rate

1(%1
e~ "
e;I.~
!
~
Cash flows are assumed to occur at the end of the cash flow
periods.

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

annual rate
e;i ~ m CLEAR I PRGM I 000- ISTOll 014- 44 1

.'
wi LSTr I
.\IJ~
5 For a new case go to step 3.
ml LBL 1[6] 001-42,21,11 015- 4336
ISTOIO 002- 44 0 G 016- 20
Example: You recently obtained a $2500 car loan for 36 months, 0 003- o wi RTN I 017- 4332
If your monthly payment is $86.67, what is the annual percentage
l ;; 004- 44 5 ml LBLm 018-42,21,13

.1.
rate? C ISTOl5

Keystrokes Display .I~ 1

ISTOI2
005-
006- 44 2
1 ISTOl2
wi RTN I
019-
020-
44
4332
2

Set User mode,

IRCllO 007- 45 o mllBLI[QJ 021-42.21.14
ITl[lli]2
361 ENTER I .1.
:'.
ICHSI 008- 16 ISTOl3 022- 44 3

.'..'.'...
2500 IENTER I
86,671 CHS 1[6] 1,25 % Monthly rate,
wi RTN I 009- 4332 1 023- 1
12 GJ 15,01 % Annual rate, ml LBL I[[] 010-42.21,12 I RCLII 024- 45 1
I EEX I 011- 26 ~ 025- 40
2 012- 2 IRCLI2 026- 45 2
* Note: Cash received is represented by a positive value (+) while cash paid out is
10 ISTOI~5
represented by a negative value (-). G 013- 027-44.40, 5

• \-9
 I
Gil!'

.' ,
Economic Analysis 157
156 Economic Analysis

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

~}I~ STEP INSTRUCTIONS
INPUT
KEYSTROKES
OUTPUT

'.~
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
[2] 028- 14 1 041- 1
5 Key in cash flow amount(s) then
ISTOl4 029- 44 4 I RCL 11 042- 45 1 &, "
calculate net present value. CF [QJ NPV
IRCLIO 030- 45 0 GJ 043- 40
c 6 (Optional) Display total number of
~
IRCLI4
031-
032-
20 I RCLI5
45 4 [2]
044-
045-
45 5
14 c
c
.~
, cash flows entered so far.

For next cash flow go to step 4.

II] n

., =
7
1 033- 1 G 046- 10
8 For next case go to step 3.
G 034- 30 1 047- 1
I RCLll

G
I RCLI3
035-
036-
037-
45

45 3
1 ISTOI2
10 [HJ
wi RTN I
048-
049-
050-
44 2

4332
33
•e ,, ~
Example 1: An investor has an opportunity to purchase a piece of
property for $70,000. If the going rate of return on this type of
investment is 13.75%, and the after-tax cash flows are forecast as
~ 038- 20 ITlILBLIC[] 051-42.21.15 e follows, should the investor purchase the property?

e• ,
GJ 039- 40 IRcLI5 052- 45 5 ~
Year Cash Flow ($)
15TOI0 040- 44 0
1 $14,000
2 11,000
« ~ 3 10,000

Ro: NPV
R4: (1 +i)n
IR,:
REGISTERS

IR5: "2.n
/1100

1
IR2: #

R6- R 9: Unused
RI : Unused

R3: CF
•• l' ~ 4
5
6
7
10,000
10.000
9,100
9,000

INPUT OUTPUT
•.)• ~
~ 10
8
9
9,000
4.500
71,000

.) -.
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
OATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS (property sold in 10th year)
~
1

3
Clear User mode. then key in the

program.

Set User mode.

Input

Initial investment INV

ml USER I

~ INV
. )
.).) •.-.
Keystrokes
Set User mode .
mffiRl2
70000 I CHS 1[6]
13.75 []J 14000 [QJ
11000 [QJ
Display

-57.692.31
-49.190.92
NPVafter 1 cash flow.
NPVafter 2 cash flows.

.)•.) -.-.
Periodic interest (discount) rate. i(%) lID i%
3 ©10000[QJ -31.172.57 NPV after 5 cash flows.
4 Key in the number of equal cash 9100[QJ -26.971.76 NPVafter 6 cash flows.
flows if greater than 1. # ~ # 2 ©9000[QJ -20.108.39 NPV after 8 cash flows.

-.
 ----------------------

158 Economic Analysis Economic Analysis 159

Keystrokes Display Keystrokes Display
8.00 Check that we've entered Purchase:
8 periods cash flows so o [K] 15 [ID533@]
far. 948@] 1,180.30
4500@] -18.696.99 1375@]1815@] 3,122,12
NPVafter 9 cash flows.
2270@] 4.250.71
71000@] 879.93 NPVafter 10 cash flows.

Since the final NPV is positive, the investment meets the profit Lease:
objectives. 0[K]5[g1310@] 4,391.32

Example 2: The Cooper Company needs a new photocopier and is Leasing has a present value of $4391.32, while purchasing has a
considering leasing the equipment as an alternative to buying. The present value of $4250.71. Since these are both expense items, the
end-of-the-year net cash cost of each option is: lowest present value is the most desirable. So, in this case,
purchasing is the least costly alternative.
Purchase
Amortization Schedules
Year Net Cash Cost
1 $ 533
2 948
3 1.375
4 1.815
5 2,270
Total Net Cash Cost $6.941

Lease
Year Net Cash Cost
1 $1.310
2 1,310 ~_ _ _ _ _ _ _---lI Payment
3 1.310 Number
4 1,310 PaymentJ, Payment K, End
5 1,310 Beginning of of Time Frame
Time Frame
Total Net Cash Cost $6,550
Interest
Looking at total cost, leasing appears to be less. But purchasing Paid
Payments
costs less the first two years. Mr. Cooper knows that he can make a J-K Inclusive
15% return on every dollar he puts in the business; the sooner he
can reinvest money, the sooner he earns 15%. Therefore, he decides This program finds both the total interest paid over a specified
to consider the timing of the costs, discounting the cash flows at number of payment periods and the remaining balance at the end
15% to find the present value of the alternatives. Which option of the last specified period given the periodic interest rate, periodic
should he choose? payment amount (PMT), loan amount (PV), and the beginning
160 Economic AnalysIs

and ending payment numbers for the time span being considered.
•• ,
~J.,-
Equations:
Economic Analysis 161

The payments associated with both the beginning (J) and the ~

•• , +i)~K_l
ending (K) payment periods are included in the calculation. BALK = 1 [PV -PMT (1 ]
~ (1 +i)-K 1
The program can be used for loans with a balloon payment as well
as loans arranged to be fully amortized provided two cautions are
observed. First, the balloon payment of the loan must be at the
same time as, and in addition to, the last payment. Second, care
should be taken not to enter a value for K that is after the last
payment since the program has no way of knowing the term of the
•• , .~

loan.

The data generated is valid for loans that have a balloon payment,
•• ,, ~
where:

•e ,
as well as those that are arranged to be fully amortized. For loans kth payment to principal = BALK - BAL K-I
with a balloon payment, the remaining balance of the last kth payment to interest =PMT+(BAL K _ 1 - BALK)
payment period is the balloon payment due in addition to the last Total payment to interest = (K) X (PMT) + (PV - BALK)
periodic payment.

For loans scheduled to be fully amortized, the remaining balance e , -~ KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
after the last payment period may be slightly more or less than
e , [IlCLEAR IPRGM I 000- ISTOI3 016- 44 3

c ,
zero. This is because the program assumes that all payments are [Ill LBL 11Kl 001-42,21,11 IRlsl 017- 31
equal to the value entered for PMT. In fact for most loans, the last

..,.,
payment is slightly more or less than the rest. IRcLla 002- 45 0 [IlILBLllID 018-42,21,12

An option is available to output the amortization schedule between

e ISTol7 003- 44 7 IRcLiO 019- 45 0

payments J and K ( ~).

'~ tx~\'1 004- 34 IRCLI7 020- 45 7
; ISTOIO 005- 44 0 [Illx~ II 021- 4210

.)
The calculator performs all internal calculations to ten digits. If IRlsl 006- 31 IGTOIO 022- 22 0
the user wishes to round the schedule to dollars and cents, the ~
IEExl 007- 26 ISTOIO 023- 44 0
following sequence may be used:
-i 2 008- 2 [H] 024- 33
1.
2.
Press IGTO 10 108
Set Program mode: 001 P/R I
.).) ••
t) G
ISTOI'
wi LSTxl
009-
010-
10 ISTol7
44 1 [Ill LBL 10
,
025- 44 7
026-42,21, 0

.•
3. PresswlRNDI 011- 4336 027- 1
4. Return to Run mode: 001 P/R I ~ 012- 20 IRCLI' 028- 45 1
t) IRlsl

-.-.
013- 31 GJ 029- 40
Note: Cash received is represented by a positive value (+).
Cash paid out is represented by a negative value (-). The loan
amount (PV) and the payment (PMT) must have opposite
signs. .
j)

tJ ~.
ISTol2
IRlsl
014-
015-
44 2 ISTol8
31 IRCLIO
030-
031-
44 8
45 0
162 Economic Analysis

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

Ci:'
·I~ KEYSTROKES
Economic AnalYSis 163

DISPLAY
·I~
IGSBll 032- 32 1 IGSBll 061- 32
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
1
JRCll7 090- 45 7 IRClll
033- 44 4 ISTOI4 062- 44 4 100- 45 1
·I·~
ISTOl4
ITlI<ll 091- 4210 G
IRClla 034- 45 8 I RClia 063- 45 a 101- 10

·r~
IGTOI~ 092- 2213 IRCll2
I RCll7 035- 45 7 I RCll7 064- 45 7 102- 45 2

-,-,
1]]1 RTN I 093-
·r~
4332 GJ 103-
1 036- 1 1 065- 1 20
ITlI lBl 11 094-42.21. 1 IRCll3 104-
~
G 037- 30 G 066- 30 45 3
ICHSI 095- 16 !x~ rI
IGSBll 038- 32 1 IGSBI1 067- 32 1 105- 34
[2]
;

·· ,,
096- 14 G 106-
IRCll4 039- 45 4 IRCll4 068- 45 4 30

~
ISTOI5
G
ISTOl6
040-
041- 44
30 G
6 ISTOI6
069-
070- 44
30
6
-I 1
097-
098-
44 5
1
I RCll5

G
107-
108-
45 5
10

··· ,
G 099- 30
I RCllO 042- 45 0 I RCll2 071- 45 2
I RCll7 043- 45 7 GJ 072- 40 REGISTERS

~
R1: Unused
G 044- 30 IRlsl 073- 31 Ro: K R,: ill 00 R2 : PMT R3: PV
1 045- 1 I RCll6 074- 45 6 R4 : Used R5: Used R6: Used Ri J

.~
GJ 046- 40 ICHSI 075- 16 Ra: 1 +1/100 Rg -R 2 : Unused
I RCll2 047- 45 2 IRlsl 076- 31
0 048- 20 IRCll4 077- 45 4 • r~ STEP INSTRUCTIONS INPUT
DATA/UNITS KEYSTROKES OUTPUT

J~
DATA/UNITS
049- 40 IRlsl

·••
GJ 078- 31 • 1 Clear User mode. then key in the
I RIS I 050- 31 I RCll7 079- 45 7 .~ program.
I RCll4 051- 45 4 IRCll2 080- 45 2 2 Set User mode.
wi USER I

··.,!
IRlsl 052- 31 GJ 081- 20 ; 3 Input
ITlllBll~ 053-42.21.13 IRCll3 082- 45 3 Starting period number. J ~ J

~
!RClI7 054- 45 7 I RCll4 083- 45 4 Ending period number. K ~ K

~
I RIS I 055- 31 G 084- 30 If i, PM!, and PV have been

.,!
1 056- 1 GJ 085- 40 previously entered. go to step 4.
I RCll1 057- 45 1 IRlsl 086- 31 Otherwise input:

6,-
1-
GJ 058- 40 1 087- 1 Periodic interest rate il%) [BZ§J il%)
ISTOla 059- 44 8 ISTOIGJ7 088-44.40. 7 Periodic payment amount PMT [BZ§J PMT

· -"
I RCll7 060 45 7 IRCllO 089- 45 0
61! Initial loan amount PV [BZ§J PV
 f?r:'
--- ------ ------

Economic Analysis 165

164 Economic Analysis
tjl~ Keystrokes Display
INPUT OUTPUT

"I~
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS 1 ~3~16IENTERI
12GIRIsi 1.33 Periodic interest rate.
·l~
4 Computation
1075,811cHs11RISI
4a Compute the total interest paid

"r~
80000 IRIS 100 -3.199,63 Interest paid in 1981.

.,.J
between periods) and K inclusive
IRlsl 79.972.20 Remaining balance at the
and the remarning balance at end ~ end of 1981.
of pellod K, [ill INT ~ 4~15~00 -12.786.80 Interest paid in 1982.

•
IRis I 79.849.28 Remaining balance at the
~ BAl
~ end of 1982.
OR,

Generate the amortization C ~ Example 2: Generate an amortization schedule for the first two
4b

••
payments of an old $30,000 mortgage having monthly payments of
schedule between payments) ~ $200 at 7% interest. Then jump ahead and generate the data for the
36th payment.
and K inclusive [CJ )
~
Keystrokes Display
4c Output
e ~
1 ~2~7IENTERI

••
Amount paid toward interest for

period ~ PMTtolNT ~ 12GIRIsi

200 I CHS II RIS I
Amount paid toward principal :~ 30000lRIsilIl 1.00 Starting 1st period.
~

., IRlsl -175.00
PMTtoPRIN Payment to interest.
for period
I} '~
Remaining balance at end of IRlsl -25.00 Payment to principal.
~~ IRlsl 29.975.00 Remaining balance.
period ~ BAl

Total interest paid since J ~ TOT/NT

• '~ IRlsl -175.00 Total interest to date.

.,
IRlsl 2.00 Starting 2nd period.
Index of next period llidJ )+1
~ ~ IRlsl -174.85

. '••.
Payment to interest.
Go to 4c for next period IRlsl -25.15 Payment to principal.
5 For new case go to step 3. IRlsl 29.949.85 Remaining balance.
) IRlsl -349.85 Total interest to date .
Example 1: A mortgage is arranged such that the first payment
is made at the end of October 1981 (Le., October is payment period
'J Now let's skip ahead to the 36th payment period.
1). It is an $80,000 loan at 16% interest, with monthly payments of
$1,075.81. What is the accumulated interest for 1981 (periods 1·3)
and 1982 (periods 4·15), and what would the remaining balance be
tJ
6)
•• 36~~lIl
IRlsl
36.00
-169.36
Starting 36th period.
Payment to interest.

-.
at the end of each year?
IRlsl -30.64 Payment to principal.
Keystrokes
Set User mode,
[]l£IK]2
Display
•·L~
:-
IRlsl
IRlsl
29.001.75
-6.201.75
Remaining balance.
Total interest to date.

iJ '-.
166 Economic Analysis
~,l ,
Depreciation
#:1 , Economic Analysis 167

"1] Variable-Rate Declining-Balance Schedule

This program will calculate the depreciation schedule of an asset e',] ,
using the straight-line, sum-of-the-years digits or declining-balance DEP =SBVX(I_ FACT )K-l x(FACT)
methods. Input are the starting book value (SB), salvage value
(SAL), useful life expectancy (LIFE), the declining rate factor (not "II' K LIFE LIFE

applicable to SOYD) and the first year of the desired schedule

(YR).
e'll ' RDVK=(SBV-SAL)-SBVX [ 1- ( 1- FACT)KJ
LIFE
~II ~
In the business community, the "variable rate" is indicated as ell ~ RBV K =RDVK + SAL

"'I ~
either a factor or a percentage with equal frequency. Thus,a "1.5
declining-balance factor" and a "150% declining-balance" have the DEPK (last year) =RDVK- 1
same meaning. The number to be keyed in for FACT (the variable
rate) in this program, should be in factor form, that is 1.25, 1.5, 2,
e~1 ~ Straight-Line Schedule
and not 125, 150 or 200. An input of 1 for FACT gives straight-line
values for output. ~~I '
~i ,
DEP = SBV - SAL
K LIFE
This program does not calculate partial-year depreciation. If the f~ ~
life is input as a non-integer (i.e., it has a fractional part), the e' i ,
DEPK(lastyear) = ( SBV-SAL) xF=RDVK- 1
fractional year would be considered to follow the last whole year.
For example, if 2.5 were input for the life, the half-year's
depreciation would be calculated for year 3.
e;: ~ LIFE

RDV =(LIFE-K) X (SBV-SAL)

~I ~ K LIFE

Equations: ~I/~ RBVK=RDVK+SAL

Sum-of-the-Years Digits Schedule ~I ~ where:

SOYD= ( (W+1)~W+2F) ) ~/I ~ K = value for YR

Ii) I ~
WEPK = total depreciation for years 1 through K
W = integer portion of LIFE
DEPK = ( LIFE + l-K) x(SBV -SAL) fJ) II -' .
F = decimal portion of LIFE
SOYD
II): •I (i.e., for a LIFE of 12.25 years W = 12 and F = .25).
I -
fI)! ,
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
RDV
K
=[ (W-K+l)X(W-K+2F) ] x(SBV-SAL)
2X(SOYD)
fI) -, ITlCLEAR IPRGM I 000- ITlI LBLI7 003-42.21. 7
eI) -, ITlILBLI~ 001-42.21.11 w[IT]o 004-43. 5. 0

RBVK = RDVK + SAL

65'
Ii) \-.
W[IT]1 002-43. 5. 1 ITlWKl2 005-42. 7. 2
 c;i ~
168 Economic Analysis
&}, ~ Economic Analysis 169

[IT]
KEYSTROKES
ISTOIO

ISTOI1
DISPLAY
006-
007-
008-
44 o
33
44 1 0
1
G
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
035-
036-
037-
1
30
14
.'ci~~ IRCLI5
IRCLIO
~
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
064-
065-
066-
45 5 []]IClxl
KEYSTROKES

45 0 []]I RTN I
20 [!]ILBLI[f]
DISPLAY
093-
094-
4335
4332
095-42.21.13
C'~
C'~
[IT] 009- 33 ~ 038- 20 G 067- 30 ISTOIO 096- 44 0
ISTOl2 010- 44 2 IRCl 11 039- 45 1 IRCLI5 068- 45 5 IGlOIO 097- 22 0

C'~
.'.' ~~
[IT] 011- 33 ~ 040- 20 [!]I LBL 13 069-42.21. 3 [!]I lBLI[[] 098-42.21.12
ISTOl3 012- 44 3 1 041- 1 []][ITJO 070-43 6 0 []]lliIl1 099-43. 4. 1
IGSBI2 013- 32 2 IRCll5 042- 45 5 IGTOI9 071- 22 9 IGlOl7 100- 22 7
[]][ITJ 1 014-43. 6. 1 IRCllO 043- 45 0 IRIS I 072- 31 [!]I lBl 14 101-42.21. 4
e I~
e,
IGlOl4 015- 22 4 0 044- 14 I x:':':: 1'1 073- 34 IRCLI3 102- 45 3
l IRlsl 074- 31 []]0HfJ 103- 4344
~
IRIS I 016- 31 G 045- 30
ISTOl4
[!][L[Ll0
017- 44 4 IRCll1
018-42.21. 0 ~
046-
047-
45 1
20 e,e, ' IRCll2 075-
076-
45 2 ISTOl4
40 []]I lST, I
104-
105-
44 4
4336

-,·
GJ
[]][ill0 019-43. 5. 0 IRCll1 048- 45 1 ~ IRlsl 077- 31 IENTERI 106- 36

~
IGSBI2 '020- 32 2 IRCll2 049- 45 2 1 078- 1 [!]I FRAC I 107- 4244
[]][ITJ 1 021-43. 6. 1 G 050- 30 ISTO IGJC 079-44.40. 0 GJ 108- 40

.'/~
IGTOl4 022- 22 4 I r~ 1"1 051- 34 ; IRCllC 080- 45 0 IRCLI4 109- 45 4
IRCll4 023- 45 4 G 052- 30 IRCll3 081- 45 3 1 110- 1
1 024- 1 I r;e \' I 053- 34 .1 ~ [!]~ 082- 4220 GJ 111- 40
[!]~ 025- 4240 IGTOI3 054- 22 3 .j~ IGTOIC 083- 22 0 ~ 112- 20
IGTOI1
IRCll4
IRCll3
G
026-
027-
028-
029-
22 1 [!]I lBLI1
45 4 IRCl 11
45 3 IRCll2
10 G
055-42.21. 1
1056-
057-
058-
45 1
45 2
30
·· -,
.1.
~
[]]I Clx I
[]]I RTN I
[!]I LBl 19
GJ
084-
085-
4335 2
4332 G
086-42.21. 9 ISTOl5
087- 40 1
113-
114-
115-
116-
44 5
2
10

G
ISTOI5
[]]I lShl
I r~ I I
IRCllO
030-
031-
032-
033-
034-
44 5
30 IRCll3
G
4336 ISTOl5
34 IRCll3
45 0 ~
059-
060-
061-
062-
063-
45 3

44 5
45 3
10

20
··••-,-.~,
IRlsl
[]]I cLxl
IRlsl
IRCLI2
IRlsl
088-
089-
090-
091-
092-
45
31 IRCll4
4335 IRCLIC
31
2 GJ
G

31 []]I lST,1
117-
118-
119-
120-
121-
45 4
45 0
30
40
4336

• 1-,
170 Economic Analysis .! :!
,.~

Economic Analysis 171

~~ ~ INPUT OUTPUT
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY STEP INSTRUCTIONS DATA/UNITS
KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS
IRCLI3 122- 45 3 I RCll3 137- 45 3 ~~ ~
Straight-line
[TIIFRACI
2
GJ
123-
124-
125-
4244 1
2 GJ
20 IRclla
138-
139-
140-
1
40
45 0
~~
,.~

."
..'
"
~
Enter

life LIFE IENTERI

IENTER I
LIFE

SAL

=
Salvage value SAL
GJ 126- 40 G 141- 30 .." Starting book value SBV IENTERI SBV

GJ 127- 20 IRCll5 142- 45 5 r,~ ~ Starting year YR ~ LIFE

2 128- 2 G 143- 10 r" ~ Factor (1 ,;; FACT';; 2).
G 129- 10 GJ 144- 20 .~ (1 for straight-line) FACT IR/sl oEP,
r,~
I RCll5 130- 45 5 IGTOl3 145- 22 3 DR
G 131- 10 [TIllBll2 146-42.21. 2 e~ .~ • Sum-of-the-Years-Digits
I RClil 132- 45 1 IRCLla 147- 45 0 e) ',~ Enter
IRCLI2 .,.\
e;-'
133- 45 2 IRCll3 148- 45 3 '.! life LIFE IENTERI LIFE

G 134- 30 [TIl x,;; II 149- 4210

I~ Salvage value SAL IENTERI SAL

GJ 135- 20 [[lema 150-43. 4. 0 Starting book value SBV I ENTER I SBV

IL9JllSTxJ 136 4336 e) ~ Year YR lID ofP,

e~ ~ 4 To find oEP,. nov; oEP,

Ro: YR
REGISTERS
IR,: SBV IR SAL
R,: Unused
R3: LIFE
,j
e~ '~
~
and RBV,. ~
~
~
RoV,

RBV,

oEP,+l

~J=
2:
5 Press ~. then repeat step 4
R4 : FACT, W IRs: DEP, SOYD I R6: Unused
fj) ;') for the next year.

STEP INSTRUCTIONS INPUT

DATA/UNITS
KEYSTROKES
OUTPUT
DATA/UNITS
i)
U)
.,
"

,j
6 To skip to a desired year

(forward or back) . YR ~
[!lZ§]
oEP,

novK

W) ~ RBVK

.).)
1 Clear User mode, then key in the
program. W) ~ ~ ofPK + 1

7 Press I R/S I. then go to step 4

2 Set User mode. ITlIUSERI ~
for next year.
3 • Declining-Balance and ;:,
.I'l
 ~------'I'---------------------- ---------

172 Economic Analysis ~'13 Economic Analysis 173

C', ~
STEP INSTRUCTIONS
INPUT
DATA/UNITS
KEYSTROKES
OUTPUT
DATA/UNITS C):) Keystrokes Display

eJ~ IR/sl 211.369.51 Remaining book value.

8 For a new case go to step 3 SOYD
40[ ENTER I
Note: The factor may be changed at
C'J~ 30000iENTERI
375000 IENTER 11 00 16.829.27 Ist-year's depreciation.
~r~
any point in steps 4 or 5 by storing
IR/sl 328.170.73 Remaining depreciable
the new FACT in R4 value.
c :'}
Example:
For a starting book value of $375,000, a salvage value of $30,000
and an expected life of 40 years, generate the Ist-year's
.,e; -,:~
IR/sl
15[Ij
IR/sl
358.170.73
10.939.02
136.737.80
Remaining book value.
15th-year's depreciation.
Remaining depreciable
value.
depreciation schedule using each ofthe common methods. Assume
Remaining book value.
a declining-balance factor of 1.5. Then jump ahead to the 15th-year
and generate the data for that year.
Keystrokes Display
e' IR/sl 166.737.80

e; ','
Set User mode. @; ~ Moving Average
40 IENTER I
In a moving average, a specified number of data points is
30000 I ENTER I
375000 IENTER 11 gj 40.00 Life.
e;" averaged. When there is a new piece of input data, the oldest piece

...,
of data is discarded to make room for the most recent input. This
1 IR/S I(straight line) 8.625.00 Ist-year's depreciation.
e; " replacement scheme makes the moving average a valuable tool in
IR/S I 336.375.00 Remaining depreciable
value.
e; " following trends. The fewer the number of data points, the more
trend-sensitive the average becomes. With a large number of data
IR/S I 366.375.00 Remaining book value. " points, the average behaves more like a regular average,
15 [Ij 8.625.00 15th-year's depreciation. ~ responding slowly to new input data.

.)
IR/S I 215.625.00 Remaining depreciable
value. ~~ This program allows for a moving average span of 1 to 17 units.
I R/S I 245.625.00 Remaining book value. ~ The number of units, n, must be specified before any data input
begins by keying it in and pressing gj. Then the data is input by
1.51sT014 Change to declining-
balance by storing a .) '9 keying in each value, Xk, and pressing 00 in turn. The calculator
will display the current input number, k, until at least n values
factor other than 1.
1 [Ij 14.062.50 Ist-year's depreciation.
-I! have been entered. After the nth value (and for all succeeding
values), the calculator will flash the current input number before
IR/S I 330.937.50 Remaining depreciable
value. ·1 j
halting with the moving average, A VG, in the display.

IR/S I 360.937.50 Remaining book value.

·1' The value ofthe average may be displayed at any time by pressing
15[Ij
IR/S I
8.235.18
181.369.51
15th-year's depreciation.
Remaining depreciable ·1' [Ij. This feature allows the average to be calculated before n data
points have been input. The average is based on the number of
value.
·L'
••
inputs or n, whichever is smaller.
 174 Economic Analysis Economic Analysis 175

Equations: KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

illlpSEI 032- 4231 IRCLIO 039- 45 0
x = Moving Average
IRCLIO 033- 45 0 IRCLI09 040- 45 .9
m = Number of elements in the moving average
IRcLIOa 034- 45 .8 IRCLIOa 041- 45 .8
-
Xl =
xl +X2+X3+",+Xm G 035- 10 ITllx.;:,1 042- 4210
m IENTERI 036- 36 Ix~\'1 043- 34
wi RTN I 037- 4332 lliIJ 044- 33
- X2 + X3 + X4 + ... + Xm + I
X2=
m
ITlILBLI[TI 038-42.21.13 G 045- 10

REGISTERS R1: Control

The program is adapted from the HP-65 User's Library program Ro: L R,: Used R2 : Used R3: Used
number 01275A by Louis Martinez.
R4 : Used R5: Used R6: Used Ri Used
Rs: Used Rg : Used Ro: Used R,: Used
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY R 2 : Used R3: Used R 4 : Used R5: Used
ill CLEAR I PRGM I 000- I STO 100 016-44.40. 0 R6: Used Rf Used R.s: n R g: k
illlLBLl1A] 001-42.21.11 lliIJ 017- 33
STEP INSTRUCTIONS INPUT OUTPUT
illlliKl2 002-42. 7. 2 Ix~d 018- 34 DATA/UNITS
KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS
IT] CLEAR I REG I 003- 4234 ISTOI09 019- 44 .9 1 Clear User mode .nen key in the
ISTOIOa 004- 44 .8 IRCLIOa 020- 45 .8 program.
I STO ICD 005- 4425 ill I x';: ,I 021- 4210 2 Set User mode. [I] I USER I
IRlsl 006- 31 IGSBIO 022- 32 0 3
=---- Input the number of points in the
illiLBLIC[] 007-42.21.12 ill I DSEI 023- 42 5 average(1';:n';:17). n ~ n
IRCLI09 008- 45 .9 IGTOl5 024- 22 5 4 (Optional) Display average
1 009- 1 IRCLIOa 025- 45 .8 at any time. (g AVG
0 010- 40 I STO ICD 026- 4425 5 Input data point and compute
Ix~)" 011- 34 illiLBLI5 027-42.21. 5 the moving average.
. xk lID k.AVG
I RCL I[ill] 012- 4524 lliIJ 028- 33 6 For new case go to step 3.
ISTOIBo 013-44.30. 0 wi RTN I 029- 4332
Ix~)'1 014- 34 illlLBLIO 030-42.21. 0
* If an error is made in data input, you must start over. The average is not displayed until
I STO I[ill] 015- 4424 Ix~ rI 031- 34 after the nth point is input.
176 Economic Analysis
~;.~ Economic Analysis 177

Example!: .(~ Computation based on Dollars:

A six-period moving average is used to project monthly sales. The
first 6 months of sales are as follows:
·I·~ F
·r~
BEPD = -
R
Month I 1 2 3 4 5 6
.(~
Sales 183 207 222 198 240 M = D-BEPD
·I'~
D
D
Compute the moving average. Also compute the average after
-I ~
-,&,
month three. (Profit or Loss)D = DR - F
Keystrokes Display
-I ~ where

~
Set User mode. F = Total fixed costs
6[KJ 6.00

-, '
V = Variable costs per unit
125 [ID 1.00 ~ S = Sales price per unit
183 [ID 2.00
207 [ID 3.00 U = Expected sales in units
[g 171.67 Average after month
three. el~ D = Expected sales in dollars
R = Marginal income ratio = (S - V)I S
222 [ID
198 [ID
4.00
5.00 -I ~
240 [ID 6.00
&,
&, : Note: The margin of safety ratio will generally have no

-,-,
195.83 meaning if expected sales are less than sales at the break-
The actual sales for the seventh month totalled 225 units. Calculate ~ even point.
a new moving average.
225 [ID 7.00
212.50
; KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
; ITlCLEAR I PRGM I 000- ISTOI5 011- 44 5
Break-Even Analysis
This program solves the following equations for Break-Even Point
e" ~ ITlI LBL I[A]
ISTOll
001-42.21.11 ITlI LBL 14 012-42.21. 4

in units (BEP u ), Break-Even Point in dollars (BEP D ), Margin of

Safety Ratio (M), and Profit or Loss.
6J I! lliIl
002-
003-
44 1 I RCLll
33 IRCLI5
013-
014-
45
45 5
1

Computation based on units: 6) I _' ISTOI2 004- 44 2 G 015- 10

F 6) I J IX~l'l 005- 34 ISTOI7 016- 44 7

BEP u = - -
.)1 J
.)'.) ,,
ISTOI3 006- 44 3 I RCLI1 017- 45 1
S-V
G 007- 30 IRCLI4 018- 45 4
U-BEP u

.) ,
ISTOl4 008- 44 4 G 019-
Mu= 10

.
U IRCLI2 009- 45 2 ISTOls 020- 44 6
(Profit or Loss)u = U (S - V) - F G 010- 10 IRlsl 021- 31

")
 .-;1,.!
178 Economic Analysis
I
~r~
Economic Analysis 179

KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY INPUT OUTPUT

~r~
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
tx~ rl 022- 34 ISTola 038- 44 8
1
~r~
Clear User mode, then key in the
IRlsl 023- 31 IRcll5 039- 46 6
program.
mlLBLIc[) 024-42.21.12 GJ
~I"
040- 20
2 Set User mode. [fJ1 USER I
ISTola 026- 44 8 IRCll1 041- 46 1
IRcll4 026- 45 4 G 042- 30 el~ 3 Enter data:

GJ 027- IRlsl
20 043- 31 .-; ,-~ Variable cost per unit V I ENTER I

:' ,~
Sales price per unit S
IRCll1 028- 46 1 IRclla 044- 46 8 " .~ IENTERI
Fixed costs F
G 029- 30 IRcll7 046- 46 7

~I
4 Compute break-even points
IRlsl 030- 31 G 046- 30
in units.
0 BEPu

~/.,
IRclla 031- 45 8 IRClla 047- 46 8
5 Compute break-even point
IRcll6 032- 46 6 G 048- 10
in dollars. I]2KJ BEPD
G 033- 30 IRlsl 049- 31
.'" I'.!
~I,~
6 Enter expected sales in units. U
IRClla 034- 46 8 miLBLI[Q] 060-42.21.14
7 Compute profit u (or loss if

~I"
G 035- 10 ISTOl01 061-44.40. 1
negative) [ID (Profit or loss)u
31 IGTOI4 062- 22 4
~I,~
IRlsl 036- ~.-----,!:

and compute margin of safety ratio. I]2KJ Mu

mllBll~ 037-42.21.13

~II ~
8 Enter expected sales in dollars. D
9 Compute profitD (or loss if

~ '~ negative) [IJ (Profit or loss)D

REGISTERS RI : Unused tV :; and compute margin of safety ratio. I]2KJ MD

10 (Optional) To compute sales
Ro: Unused Rt : F R2 : S R3: V
R4 : S-V R6: BEPu Ri BEPo
6J ,'. volume necessary to provide a
Rs: R
desired profit:
Rs: Vor 0 Rg-Rg Unused
6J '.
~ ,-, Compute break-even point

-
~

.('f
~
"

"
"

11
in units

Compute break-even point

in dollars.

For a new case go to step 3.

Desired profit

(in $) [QJ

I]2KJ
BEPu

BEPD

~:-j
 d~
.I~
180 Economic Analysis

Example:
I
The Delux Publishing Company publishes a magazine with
variable costs of $0.40 and a sales price of $0.50. The company has
·I~
-I' Games

···-I'
annual fixed cost of $1,000,000.
Compute the following:
Moon Rocket lander
~
1. Break-even point in (a) units and (b) dollars.
2. (a) Profit or loss and (b) Margin of safety ratio for expected Imagine for a moment the difficulties involved in landing a rocket
sales of 12,500,000 magazines.
~ on the moon with a strictly limited fuel supply. You're coming
down tail-first, free-falling toward a hard rock surface. You'll have

e ~~
3. (a) Profit or loss, and (b) Margin of safety ratio for expected
to ignite your rockets to slow your descent; but if you burn too much
sales of $20,000,000.
too soon, you'll run out of fuel 100 feet up, and then you'll have
4. Sales volume in (a) units, and (b) dollars needed to generate a nothing to look forward to but cold eternal moon rocks coming
profit of $5,000,000. e ~ faster every second. The object, clearly, is to space your burns just

Keystrokes Display
e , right so that you will alight on the moon's surface with no
downward velocity.

Set User mode. e ., The game starts off with the rocket descending at a velocity of 50
feet/second from a height of 500 feet. The velocity and altitude are
[i][lli]2
41 ENTER 1.51 ENTER I
e , shown in a combined display as -50.0500, the altitude appearing to
the right of the decimal point and the velocity to the left with a
IEExI6llij
IRlsl
10,000,000.00
5,000,000.00
BEP u
BEP D e ~ negative sign on the velocity to indicate downward motion. Then
1 25 I EEX 15 [ID
IRlsl
250,000.00
0.20
Profit
Mu
e ; the remaining fuel is displayed, and the rocket fire countdown
begins: "3", "2", "I", "0". Exactly at zero you may key in a fuel
21 EExI7 [C:J
IRlsl
3,000,000.00
0.75
Profit
MD
e -; burn. A zero burn, which is very common, is accomplished by doing
nothing. After a burn the sequence is repeated unless:
51EExI6 [Q] 60,000,000.00 BEP u & ';
IRlsl 30,000,000.00 BEPD 1. You have successfully landed-flashing zeros.
f,j, ' ;
2. You have smashed into the lunar surface-flashing crash
6J1 velocity.

tJ ~ You must take care, however, not to burn more fuel than you have;
tJ ! for if you do, you will free-fall to your doom! The final velocity
shown will be your impact velocity (generally rather high). You
tJ ! have 60 units of fuel initially .

•J '9 Equations:

jJ 'f We don't want to get too specific, because that would spoil the fun
of the game, but rest assured that the program is solidly based on
V f some old friends from Newtonian physics:
jJ -Y 181
 c l :!
el~
182 Games Games 183
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
x=xo+vot+-at
2
1 2
I
er~ 2 034- 2 IGTOIO 063- 22 0
CDlpSEI 4231 IRCLI1 064- 45
CI~
035- 1
v = Vo + at 1 036- 1 CDI LBLI7 065-42.21. 7
Cr~ CDlpSEI 037- 4231 CDlpSEI 066- 4231

where x. 1'. a and t are distance. velocity. acceleration and time

respectively. c,&,
CI~
~
~
0
CDlpSEI
CDILBLI9
038-
039- 4231
0 IGTOI7
CDILBLI6
040-42.21. 9 IRCLI2
067- 22 7
068-42.21. 6
069 45 2

c,e ,'
Remarks: IRCLI2 041- 45 2 2 070 2
Only integer values for fuel burn are allowed. I RIS I can be used to Ix~ rI 042- 34 0 071 48
stop Moon Rocket Lander at any time. CDG2:1J 043- 4220 5 072 5

e l, IGTOI6 044- 22 6 [J 073- 30

e I!
ISTOI[J2 045-44.30. 2 ISTOIGJo 074 44.40. 0
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
2 046- 2 2 075 2
el~
CD CLEAR I PRGM 1 000- 4 017- 4
G 018- 10 GJ 047- 20 GJ 076 20
CDI LBLI[AJ 001-42.21.11
002- 5 I RCLI1 019- 45 1
l 5 048- 5 ISTOIGJ 1 077 44.40. 1

0
5
003- 0 [[]I ABS 1 020- 4316 ee l '~ [J 049- 30 IRCLlo 078 45 0

el~
ISTOl3 050- 44 3 1 079 1
0 004- 0 GJ 021- 40
2 051- 2 0 080 0
~I ~
ISTOIO 005- 44 o IRCLI1 022- 45 1
G 052- 10 GJ 081 20
5 006- 5 [[]I.\>ol 023- 4320
0 007- 0 IGSBI4 024- 32 4 &;1 ; IRCLIO 053- 45 0 I RCLI1 082 45 1

16 Ix~ rl 025- 34 GJ 054- 40 [[][ZJ 083 4311

008-
ICHSI Ii • IRCLI1 055- 45 1 GJ 084 40
ISTOI1 009- 44 1 ICHSI 026- 16
6 010- 6 CDlpSEI 027- 4231 iJ~ GJ 056- 40 ~ 085 11
I RCLI3 057- 45 3 ICHSI
0 011- 0 CDlpSEI 028- 4231 W • 086 16
ISTOIGJ1 058-44.40. 1 IGTOl7
ISTOl2 012- 44 2 CD[£]RJO 029-42. 7. 0
w· 087- 22 7

CDI LBLIO 013-42.21. 0 I RCLI2 030- 45 2

4231
.JWI.• [H]
ISTOIO
059-
060- 44 0
33 CDILBLI4
Ix~ r1
088 42.21. 4
089- 34

.
IRCLIO 014- 45 0 CDlpSEI 031-
[[][llil] 061- 4344 ICHSI 090 16
CD[£]RJ4 015-42. 7. 4 3 032- 3
[[]Ix>ol 062- 4320 !x~ rI 091 34
IEEXI 016- 26 CDlpSEI 033- 4231
 I

184 Games tiJi~ Games 185

REGISTERS RI : Unused
~l'~ Arithmetic Teacher
Ro:x IR T: v I R2: Fuel R3: Accel. "I~ The hand-held calculator, far from threatening the traditional
tenets of a sound mathematics education, may be used creatively to
R4-R5 Unused r I .J'~
.J :~
reinforce learning in such areas as arithmetic, algebra, geometry,
trigonometry, calculus, and numerical analysis. This program,
which is designed to be used in teaching children the four
INPUT OUTPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS
DATA/UNITS
KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS ~) ~ operations of elementary arithmetic (+, -, x, -c-) demonstrates some
of the (largely unexplored) potential of the HP-l1C as an
1 Clear User mode. then key in the
~J .~ educational tool.
program.

2 Set User mode. ml USER I

5J ~ The basic flow of the program is to pose a problem in arithmetic,
3 Assume manual control. [KJ V.ALT C, '; check the answer that the user enters against the correct answer,
and then do one of two things: if the user's answer was correct, the
FUEL e ~ program will go on to pose a new problem; if the entered answer
3.

2.
e ~
was wrong, the program restates the original problem to give the
learner a second chance.

1.
e~ "

O. e ~ To run the program, the user must input a value called MAX. This
tells the program not to use any numbers as large as MAX in its
4 Key in burn:
e ~ problems. If you specify a MAX of 12, for example, then all the
Upon "0" display. press

IRIS Ithen IRlsl

e
e -- problems will deal with numbers between 0 and 11. The user must
then input a "seed" s, a number between 0 and 1, which will
determine the sequence of problems that will appear. Different

-
enter burn. BURN [0J V.ALT seeds generate different problems, thus ensuring that the learning
game doesn't get boring. The execution of the program will cause
FUEL ~ the first problem to be displayed as follows: the display will show
~ ~
3. one number to the left of the decimal place, and one number to the
2.
right. For example, the numbers 8 and 2 would be displayed as 8.02.
ij) '1 The user may then choose what operation to perform on the two

.., ,,
1. numbers: he may add (8 + 2), subtract (8 - 2), multiply (8 X 2), or
O. eJ) '1 divide (8 -c- 2). After he keys in his answer and re-initiates program
execution, the program will either display a new problem, if his
5 Go to step 4 until you land
answer was right, or display the same two numbers again, but this
.,
6
(flashing zeros) or crash

(flashing impact velocity).

If you survived last landing

.., ,
, time with a negative sign in front (-8.02). The negative sign is an
indication that the answer was incorrect, and does not denote a
negative number. (All numbers in the problem are positive, though
of course the results of some subtractions may be negative.) If the
attempt. go to step 3 for .J
...,- ., problem reappears with a negative sign, the user should key in a
different answer and try again. As soon as the correct answer is
another try.

., • given, the program will display a new problem .

 -------~------------------------- -- ----------

186 Games tJ11~ Games 187

~ '!'
.J~
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY OUTPUT
INPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
000- 025- DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
0CLEAR I PRGM I I RCLI2 45 2
01LBLI0 001-42,21,11 IRCLI3 026- 45 3 .~I~ 1 Clear User mode. then key in the

',i~
0[£]RJ2 002-42, 7, 2 Q 027- 40 program

ISTOIO 003- 44 o IGTOll 028- 22 1 2 Set User mode. rnl USER I

IRlsl 004- 31 oI LBL I[ID 029-42,21,12 'JI'~ 3 Input upper limit. MAX 0 MAX

'~I'=
< s < 1) s

,,=
I STO II RAN# I 005- 4436 IRCLI2 030- 45 2 4 Input random seed. (0 IRlsl ',. n;

01 LBL 13 006-42,21, 3 IRCLI3 031- 45 3 5 Key in your answer then

01 RAN# I 007- 4236 G 032- 30

e~l~ choose an operation.

e~I.~
I RCLIO 008- 45 o IGTOll 033- 22 1 • Addition (+) " +n2 L!@]

• Subtraction (-) -n2 [ID

~ 009- 20 01 LBL I[£J 034-42,21,13 'I

[]][llil] 010- 4344 IRCLI2 035- 45 2 e~I.~ • Multiplication (X) 'I Xn2 [f]

ISTOl3

01 RAN# I
011-
012-
44 3
4236 ~
45 o IGTOll
IRCLI3 036-
037-
038-
45 3

22
20
1
e" ~
e~I.~
6
• Division (-7-)
If you were right. a new

problem will be generated;

" -7- n 2 [QJ

e~I . ~
IRCLIO 013-
~ 014- 20 oI LBL I[ill 039-42,21,14 go to step 5. '3' n4
[]][llil] 015- 4344 IRCLI2 040- 45 2
e~l~ 7 If you were wrong. the same

e~I.~
016- 44 2 I RCLI3 041- 45 3 problem will be displayed
ISTOl2

-
017- 45 38 042- 10 with a negative sign;
IRCLI3

IEEXI 018- 26 01 LBL 11 043-42,21, 1 fj) , .. go to step 5. -'1' n2

~)
2 019- 2 01x= II 044- 4240 8 Repeat steps 5·7 as many

8 020- 10 IGTOl3 045- 22 3 _J • 9

times as desired.

To reset MAX go to step 3.

Q 021- 40 IRCLI4 046- 45 4
ISTOl4 022- 44 4 ICHSI 047- 16 eJ) • Example:
01 LBL 12 023-42,21, 2 IGTOl2 048- 22 2
tJ) ' . MAX = 10, s =0.2
IffiZ§J 024- 31
Wi •
Keystrokes Display
REGISTERS
tJ) ..
R1: Unused 10 [KJ 10.00
Ro: MAX IR': Unused I R 2 : Left # R3: Right # eJ! .21R!sl 9.03
121 RIS 1(9 + 3) 5.05
R4 : Problem IR 5 -R g Unused I 0[[](5 -5) 4.00
 -----,--------------------

ef:~ Games 189

el~
188 Games

DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY

el~
Keystrokes Display KEYSTROKES
O~(4XO) 3.05 ITlI lBl 11 020-42.21. 1 (x~ 1'1 042- 34
7IRIsl(3+5) -3.05 3+5,.,7
el,~ IRlsl 021- 31 ISTOIGO 043-44.30. 0
81R!S 1(3
etc.

Nimb
+ 5) 1.04

ei;'
eJ::~
ITlI lBl IlID
ITlmRlO
ISTOIO
022-42.21 .12 IRCllO
023-42. 7. 0 IRlsl
024- 44 0 1
044-
046-
046-
45 0
31
1
The game of Nimb begins with a collection of N objects, or as the
calculator plays it, with the positive number N. Each player & -~ ITlIlBll4 026-42.21. 4 G 047- 30
ICHSI 026- 16 IRClll 048- 46 1
alternately subtracts one, two, or more from the total until only one
is left. The player forced to take the last one loses.
e;Ji~
IRlsl 027- 31 G 049- 10
To begin the game, you specify the maximum number that can be c'[ } GJ 028- 40 ITlI FRAC I 050- 4244
taken in a single move. Then you tell the calculator how many
objects you wish to start with (i.e., the value of N).
e: , wlx<ol 029- 4310 I RClil 051- 45 1

After each move the machine will display the remaining total. A e: ~ IGTOIO
IRCll3
030-
031-
22
45
0 GJ
3 wlx=ol
052-
053- 4340
20

negative sign indicates that it is the player's move next, while a

positive display indicates that it is the HP-llC's move. e~ IGTOll 032- 22 1 1 054- 1
As the challenger, you are allowed to make the first move. It is
possible for you to win, but of course the HP-llC is a master player;
e , ITlI lBl 10 033-42.21. 0 ISTOIGO 055-44.30. 0

it will not let you make an error and win. If you cheat by taking e ~ wi lSTxl 034- 4336 ITlI lBll2 056-42.21. 2
more than the specified limit, the calculator will catch you and
force you to repeat the move. e .-; 1

ITllx>rl
035-
036-
1 IRCllO
4220 Wlx~ol
057-
05S-
45
4330
0

This program is based on an HP-25 program by James L. Horn. e :; IGTOl2 037- 22 2 IGTOl4 059- 22 4
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY G ~ [HJ 03S- 33 I RCll2 060- 45 2
ITlCLEAR I PRGM I 000- 0 010- 48 c;. ~ IRClll 039- 45 1 ITlmRl 1 061-42. 7. 1

ITlI LBL I[KJ 001-42.21.11 1 011- 1

W) -. ITllx.:::rl 040- 4210 IGTOll 062- 22 1

ISTOIO
1

GJ
002-
003-
004-
44 0 ISTOI2
1 5
40 5
012-
013-
014-
44 2
5
6
~ -., @IQ]2 041- 22 2

V
ISTOll
3
006-
006-
44 1 1
3 7
016-
016-
1
7
..,
,--

•
5 007- 6 8 017- S u.- f REGISTERS RI : Unused

0 OOS- 0 ISTOI3 01S- 44 3 u ~ Ro: Total IR,:MAX+l [ R2 : 3507.1 R3: 55178

7 009- 7 IRCllO 019- 46 0

fi 'j
R4-R9 Unused 1 1
fj It
190 Games Games 191

Example:
INPUT OUTPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS Starting with 15 objects, with a maximum allowable move of 3,
Clear User mode, then key in the
play Nimb with the HP-llC_
1

program.
Keystrokes Display
2 Set User mode. ml USER I
Indicate the maximum number
Set User mode_
3
3~ 3_
of objects which can
1500 -15_ Ready

4
be removed in one move.

Indicate the total number of

objects with which you wish to

MAX ~ MAX

•• 31Rlsi
IRlsl
51Rlsi
12_
-9_
-9_
Player takes 3_
HP-llC takes 3_
Player tries to cheat_
start the game, (usually 15). N lID -N e 21Rlsi
IRlsl
7_
-5_
Player takes 2_
HP-llC takes 2_
5 If the number in the display is
e 3 iRIs I 2_ Player takes 3_
negative, key in your move and

see the number remaining. MOVE [0J +REM

e IRlsl
11Rlsi
-1_
55178_
HP-llC takes L
Player takes last one and
6 If the number in the display is e loses_
positive, let the HP-11 C move. [0J - REM
e Turn calculator upside down for message: BLISS_
7 Repeat steps 4 and 5 until the
e
••
game is over.

8 At the end of the game turn

the calculator upside down to

read the message.

If calculator loses:

If calculator wins:
I LOSE

BLISS
•• •
9 For another game:
·I~
If max. move remains same,

go to step 4.
"1 ~
fJl!
·1-·
For different max. move

go to step 3.

fJl!
"L!
.\~
 Surveying 193

HD = Horizontal distance
SD = Slope distance
ZA = Zenith angle
Surveying Rllmarks:
• All angular inputs and outputs are in the form degrees,
Field Angle Traverse minutes and seconds (D.MS).
This program calculates coordinates of a traverse from field angles • This program uses zenith angles to calculate the horizontal
and horizontal or slope distances. The total horizontal distance distance from slope distance. If your instrument measures
traversed and the enclosed area (for a closed traverse) are also vertical angles rather than zenith angles, convert the vertical
calculated. angle to a zenith angle by the following formula:
In running this program, the user inputs the northing and easting zenith angle = 90° - vertical lingle
of his starting point, the reference azimuth, and then the direction
and distance from each point in the traverse to the next point. The (Remember to convert D.MS input to decimal degrees before
direction may be input either as a deflection right or left, or as an subtracting from 90°).
angle right or left. The distance may be input either as horizontal
distance, or as slope distance with zenith angle. KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY
ITlCLEAR I PRGM I 000- 1 017- 1

Equations: ITlILBLI~ 001-42.21.11 8 018- 8

HD = SD sin (ZA) ITlCLEAR I REG I 002- 42 34 0 019- 0

ITlffiRl4 003-42. 7. 4 GJ 020- 40
Nk+l =Nk +HDcosAZ ISTOll 004- 44 1 ITlI+HMSI 021- 42 2

Ek + 1 = Ek + HD sin AZ IRlsl 005- 31 ITlILBLI[[) 022-42.21.12

ISTOI2 006- 44 2 [[J[±8] 023- 43 2
IRlsl 007- 31 ISTOIGJO 024-44.40. 0
[[J[±8] 008- 43 2 ITlI+H.MSI 025- 42 2
1 009- 1 IRlsl 026- 31
8 010- 8 IGTOll 027- 22 1
0 011- 0 ITlILBLI[I] 028-42.21.13
GJ 012- 40 Ix~\'1 029- 34
where:
ISTOIO 013- 44 0 [[J[±8] 030- 43 2
N, E = Northing, easting of a point
IRlsl 014- 31 [ID0 031- 23
k refers to current point
ITliLBLI2 015-42.21. 2 Q 032- 20
n equals number of points in the survey
[[J[±8] 016- 43 2 ITlILBLll 033-42.21. 1
AZ = Azimuth of a course
192
 r!t
:r~
194 Surveying SurveYing 195

~l:~
KEYSTROKES DISPLAY KEYSTROKES DISPLAY INPUT OUTPUT
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS
[STO [GJ3 034-44.40. 3 GJ 046- 20
[ RCl[O 035- 45 0 [STO [GJ4 047-44.40. 4 CI:~ 6a If angle right: AR(O.MS) ffi2]]

I r~! I 036- 34 [RCl [1 048- 45 1

Cll~ 6b If angle left: Al (O.MS) [CHS[~

fr)l~
IT]~ 037- 4226 [RIS[ 049- 31
6c If deflection right: OR (O.MS) lID
6d If dellection left: Ol (O.MS) [CHS II]]

Cll~
[STO [GJ 1 038-44.40. 1 [ RCl[2 050- 45 2
I\'~\'I 039- 34 [RIS[ 051- 31
7 Input horizontal distance. HO ffi2]] N,

[STO [GJ5 040-44.40. 5 [GTO[2 052- 22 2 Cll~ ~ Ej

ell~
OR.
[STO [GJ2 041-44.40. 2 IT] [ LBL [ [QJ 053-42.21.14
input zenith angle ZA (O.MS) IENTER [
~II~
2 042- 2 [ RCl[3 054- 45 3
and slope distance. SO [g Nj
8 043- 10 [RIS[ 055- 31
[ RCl[5 044- 45 5 [ RCl[4 056- 45 4 ~II~ ffi2]] Ej

.\II~
8 Repeat steps 6 and 7
8 045- 30 []][ABS[ 057- 4316
for successive courses.

REGISTERS RI : Unused
;I!~ 9 Display total

Ro: AZ I R,: CurrentN I R2 : Current E R3: "il-ID e' I: e> horizontal distance

R4 : Area IRs: 2:.DEP I Rs-R 9 Unused el~ traversed and area for

closed traverse. ~
[[] 2.HO
Area

INPUT OUTPUT *'~

~
STEP INSTRUCTIONS KEYSTROKES
DATA/UNITS DATA/UNITS 5
1 Clear User mode. then key in the

.,
~

.
program.

2 Set User mode. ITl[USER [

3 Set degree mode. W[ DEG [
4 Input the starting

point coordinates. N, [KJ N,

E, ffi2]] E,
5 Input the relerence azimuth

away from beginning point. Rel.AZ

(O.MS) ffi2]]
196 SurveYing
e;5 &4""",•.,1," ,JUiLiiii L ,J t

Example:
t;; ~
e; ~

100°24'55"
~DL),,,/
~;

e; =
=
,,-
2
,,- .,,
IfIi"

=
'ff" =
","'

/
4
/ ~~
e~
=
=
B . N 150.000
egm E 400.000
e~
,.\=
-' =
IP\
-/ ~
Display
-.'" ~
Keystrokes ,."
Set User mode.
WIDEGI e; ~
150~
e;
=
....=
400IRlsl
311.39551 RIS I
113.34551 RIS I
t;
177.9661 RIS I 224.5150 N2 .J

-- .,.,
IRlsl 561.6150 E2
~
~'o.

100.24551 CHS I[]] .)1

86.01391 ENTER I
9))
161.88(g 356.5285 N3
IRlsl 468.5999 E3 ij)
87.35591 RIS I
203.691 RIS I 232.3373 N4 Wi) if
IRis I 307.1498 E4 i) if
100.45591 CHS IlID
1241 RIS I 149.9048 Nj ij) if
IRlsl 399.7829 Ej ij} if
@] 667.1471 'IJ{n
.) if
IRlsl 26,558.8326 Area
.J;-
 Mathematics

Statistics

Electrical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Chemistry

Economic Analysis

Games

Surveying

rh~ HEWLETT
~r... PACKARD

1000 N.E. Circle Blvd .• Corvallis. OR 97330. U.S.A.

00011-90009
Printed in U.S.A.