UNIT -1 - FORCE ANALYSIS

1. What is free body diagram?

A free body diagram is a sketch of the isolated or free body which shows all the
pertinent weight force, the externally applied loads, and the reaction from its supports
connections acting upon it by the removed elements.
2. Define static force analysis.
If components of a accelerate, inertia is produced due to their masses. However,
the magnitude of these forces is small compared to the externally applied loads. Hence
inertia effects due to masses are neglected. Such an analysis is known as static force
analysis.
3. Differentiate between static & dynamic equilibrium.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for static and dynamic equilibrium
are:1.vector sum of all the forces acting on a body is zero.2. The vector sum of all the
moments of all the forces acting about any arbitrary pointer axis is zero. First conditions
are sufficient conditions for static equilibrium together with second condition is
necessary for dynamic equilibrium.
4. Define applied and constraint force.
The external force acting on a system of body from outside the system is called
applied force. The constraint forces are the forces existing internally within the body.
5. Differentiate between static force analysis and dynamic force analysis.
If components of a machine accelerate, inertia forces are produced due to their
masses. If the magnitude of these forces are small compared to the externally applied
loads, they can be neglected while analysis the mechanism. Such an analysis is known as
static force analysis.
6. Define inertia force.
The inertia force is an imaginary force, which when acts upon a rigid body, brings
it in an equilibrium position. Inertia force = -Accelerating force = -m.a
7. State DAlemberts principle.
D'Alembert's principle states that the inertia forces and torques, and the external
forces and torques acting on a body together result in statically equilibrium.
8. State principle of superposition.
 The principle of superposition states that for linear systems the individual
responses to several disturbances or driving functions can be superposed on each other to
obtain the total response of the system.8. Define piston effort. Piston effort is defined as
the net or effective force applied on the piston , along the line of stroke . It is also known
as effective driving force or net load on the gudgeon pin .
9. Define crank effort and crank pin effort .
Crank effort is the net effort applied at the crank pin perpendicular to the crank ,
which gives the required turning moment on the crankshaft. The component of force
acting along connecting rod perpendicular to the crank is known as crank-pin effort.
10. What is meant by turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram?
It is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various
position of the crank. It turning moment diagram, the turning moment is taken as the
ordinate and crank angle as abscissa.
11. Explain the term maximum fluctuation of energy in flywheels.
The difference between the maximum and the minimum energies is known as
maximum fluctuation of energy. Maximum fluctuation=maximum energy-minimum
energy .
12. Define coefficient of fluctuation of energy.
It is the ratio of maximum fluctuation of energy to the work done per cycle
.Ce=maximum fluctuation of energy/work done per cycle .
13. Define coefficient of fluctuation of speed.
It is the ratio of maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is called the
coefficient of fluctuation of speed. Cs= (N1-N2)/NWhere,N1=maximum
speedN2=minimum speed N=mean speed=(N1+N2)/2.
14. Define coefficient of steadiness.
The reciprocal of the fluctuation of speed is known as coefficient of
steadiness=1/Cs =N/ (N1-N2).
15. Flywheels are needed in forging and pressing operation?
In both forging and pressing operation, flywheels are required to control the
variations in speed during each cycle of an engine.
16. What is cam dynamics?
 Cam dynamics is the study of cam follower system with considering the dynamic
forces and torques developed in it
17. Define unbalance and spring surge. Unbalance:
A disc cam produces unbalance because its mass is not symmetrical with the axis
of rotation. Spring surge: Spring surge means vibration of the retaining spring.
18. Define windup. What is the remedy for camshaft windup?
Twisting effect produced in the camshaft during the raise of heavy load follower
is called as windup.
Camshaft windup can be prevented to a large extend by mounting the flywheel as
close as possible to the cam.
19. What are the effect and causes of windup?
The effect of windup will produce follower jump or float or impact. Causes of windup
are:
When heavy loads are moved by the follower,
When the follower moves at a high speed, and
When the shaft is flexible.
 UNIT - 2 - BALANCING

1. What is meant by balancing of rotating masses?

The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the
centrifugal force of the unbalanced first mass is called balancing of rotating masses
2. Why rotating masses are to be dynamically balanced?
If the rotating masses are not dynamically balanced, the unbalanced dynamic
force will cause worse effect such as wear and tear on bearing and excessive vibrations
on the machines. It is very common in cam shafts, steam turbine rotors, engine crank
shafts, and centrifugal pumps, etc.
3. Define static balancing?
A system of rotating mass is said to be static balance if the combined mass centre
of the system lies on the axis of rotation.
4. Define dynamic balancing?
A system of rotating masses is in dynamic balance when there doesnt exist any
resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple.
5. State the conditions for static and dynamic balancing?
1) The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is zero. This is called as conditions
for static balancing.
2) The net couple due to dynamic force acting on the shaft is zero.
6. State the conditions for complete balance of several masses revolving in different planes
of a shaft?
1) The resultant centrifugal force must be zero, and 2) The resultant couple must
be zero.
7. Why complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating engine?
Balancing of reciprocating masses is done by introducing the balancing mass
opposite to the crank. The vertical component of the dynamic force of this balancing
mass give rise to hammer blow. In order to reduce the hammer blow, a part of the
reciprocating mass is balanced. Hence complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating
engine.
8. Can a single cylinder engine be fully balanced? Why?
No. A single cylinder engine cant be fully balanced.
 Because the unbalanced forces due to reciprocating masses remains constant in
magnitude (because of variation in ).
9. Differentiate between the unbalanced force caused due to rotating and reciprocating
masses?
1. Complete balancing of revolving mass can be possible. But fraction of
reciprocating masses only balanced
2. The unbalanced force due to reciprocating masses varies in magnitude but
constant in direction. But in the case of revolving masses, the unbalanced force is
constant in magnitude but varies in direction.

10. Why are the crank of a locomotive, with two cylinders, placed in 90 to each other?
In order to facilitate the starting of locomotive in any position (i.e., in order to
have uniformity in turning moment) the cranks of a locomotive are generally at 90 to
one another.
11. List the effect of partial balancing of locomotives?
1. Variation in tractive force along the line of stroke,
2. Swaying couple, and
3. Hammer blow
12. Define swaying couple?
The unbalanced force acting at a distance between the line of stroke of two
cylinder, constitute a couple in horizontal direction. This couple is called as swaying
couple.
13. Define hammer blow with respect to locomotives?
The maximum magnitude of the unbalanced force along the perpendicular to the
line of stroke is known as hammer blow.
14. What are the effect of hammer blow and swaying couple?
1. The effect of hammer blow is to cause the variation in pressure between the
wheel and the rail, such that vehicle vibrates vigorously.
2. The effect of swaying couple is to make the leading wheels sway from side to
side.
15. What for the balancing machines are used?
i. Determine whether the rotating parts of a machine is completely balanced or not
 ii. Check the static and dynamic balancing of rotating parts; and
iii. Determine the extent to which the balancing is done (in case of unbalanced
system).
16. What are different types of balancing machines?
1. Static balancing machines,
2. Dynamic balancing machines, and
3. Universal balancing machines.
 UNIT - 3 & 4 - FREE & FORCED VIBRATION

1. What are the causes and effect of vibration?

The causes of vibration are unbalanced forces, elastic nature of the system, self
excitation, wind and earthquakes. The existence of vibration elements in any mechanical
system produces unwanted noise, high stress, poor reliability and premature failure of one
or more of the parts.
2. Define frequency, cycle, period and free vibration. Frequency:
It is the number of cycles described in one second
Cycle: It is defined as the motion completed during one time period
Period: It is the time interval after which the motion the motion is repeat itself.
Free vibrations: if the periodic motion continues after the causes of original disturbance is
removed, then the body is said to be under free vibrations.
3. What are the different types of vibrations?
1. Free vibrations.
2. Forced vibrations,
3. Damped vibrations.
4. State different method of finding natural frequency of a system.
1. Equilibrium method,
2. Energy method,
3. Rayleigh method.
5. What is meant by free vibration and forced vibration?
Free (or) natural vibration: When no external force acts on the body, after giving
it an initial displacement, then the body is to said to be Free (or) natural vibration
Forced Vibration: When the body vibrates under the influences of external forces,
then the body is said to be under Forced vibration.
6. Define resonance.
When the frequency of external forces is equal frequency of a vibrating body, the
amplitude of vibration becomes excessively large. This phenomenon is known as
resonance.
7. What is meant by degrees of freedom in a vibrating system?
 The number of independent coordinate required to completely define the motion
of system is known as degree of freedom of the system.
8. What is the natural frequency of simple spring mass system?

Natural Frequency, fn =1/2

S=Stiffness of the spring M= Mass of the body suspended from the spring,
= Static deflection of the spring due to the weight.
9. Determine the natural frequency of mass of 10 kg suspended at the bottom of two springs
(of stiffness: 5N/mm and 8N/mm) in series.

Natural Frequency ,fn=1/2

fn=1/213000/10
=.74 H
10. What is the effect of inertia on the shaft in longitudinal and transverse vibrations?
In longitudinal vibrations, he inertia effect of the shaft is equal to the that of a
mass on third of the mass of the shaft concentrated at its free end.11. State the expression
for the frequency of simple pendulum.
Natural Frequency, fn =1/22g/L

Where L = Length of the string.

11. Give the expression for natural frequency of water, which oscillates in a Utube
manometer?

Natural Frequency, fn =1/22g/L

Where L = Column length of the liquid.

12. What are the different types of damping?

Viscous damping,
Coulomb or dry friction damping
Solid or structural damping
Slip or interfacial damping
13. Draw the schematic diagram of a free damped vibration system and write the governing
differential equation of the system.
14. Sketch the Time Vs Displacement for under-damped and over-damped systems.

15. What is the limit beyond which damping is detrimental and why?
When the damping factor =1.the aperiodic motion is resulted .That is, aperiodic
motion means the system cannot vibrate due to over damping. Once the system is
disturbed, it will take infinite time to come back to equilibrium.
16. What is meant by critical damping?
The system is said to be critically damped when the damping factor =1.
If then system is critically damped, the mass moves back very quickly to its equilibrium
position within no time.
17. What type of motion is exhibited by a vibrating system when it is critically damped?
A periodic motion is exhibited
18. Define critical or whirling speed.
 The speed at which resonance occurs is called critical speed of the shaft. In other
words, the speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from
the axis of the rotation becomes infinite is known as critical speed.
19. What are the factors that affect the critical speed of a shaft?
The critical speed essential depends on;
The eccentricity of the C.G. of the rotating masses from the axis of rotation of the
shaft.
Diameter of the disc
Span (Length) of the shaft,
Type of supports connections at its ends.
20. What are the causes of critical speed?
The Critical Speed occurs due to the one or more following reasons:
1. Eccentricity mounting like gear, flywheel, pulleys, etc
2. Bending of the shaft due to own weight3. Non-uniform distribution of the rotor
material,etc
21. Differentiate between transverse and torsional vibrations.
In transverse vibration, the particles of the shaft approximately perpendicular to the
the axis of the shaft.
Due to transverse vibration, tensile and compressive stresses are induced
Due to torsional vibration, torsional shear stresses are induced in the shaft.
 UNIT 5 MECHANISMS FOR CONTROL

1. Define critical or whirling or whipping speed of a shaft.

The speed at which resonance occurs is called critical speed of shaft. In other
words, the speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from
the axis of rotation becomes infinite, is known as critical speed
2. What are the causes of critical speed?(or) why is critical speed encountered?
The critical speed may occur due to one or more of the following reasons:(i)
Eccentric mountings like gears, flywheels, pulleys, etc.,(ii) Bending of the shaft due to
self-weight,(iii) Non-uniform distribution of rotor material,etc.
3. Define torsional vibration.
When the particles of a shaft or disc move in a circle about the axis of the shaft
then the vibrations are known as torsional vibrations.
4. Differentiate between transverse and torsional vibration.\
(I) In transverse vibrations, the particles of the shaft move approximately
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft.
(II) Due to transverse vibrations, tensile and compressive stresses are induced.
(III) Due to torsional vibrations, torsional shear stresses are induced in the shaft.
5. Define node in torsional vibration
Node is the point or the section of the shaft at which amplitude of the torsional
vibration is Zero. At nodes, the shaft remains unaffected by the vibration.
6. Define torsional equivalent shaft.
A shaft having variable diameter for different lengths can be theoretically
replaced by an equivalent shaft of uniform diameter such that they have the same total
angle of twist when equal opposing torques are applied at their ends. Such a theoretically
replaced shaft is known as torsionally equivalent shaft.
7. What are the factors that affect the critical speed of a shaft?
The critical speed essentially depends on:(i) The eccentricity of the C.G of the
rotating masses from the axis of rotation of the shaft,(ii) Diameter of the disc,(iii)
Span(length)of the shaft, and(iv) Type of supports connections at its ends.
8. What are the conditions to be satisfied for an equivalent system to that of geared system
in torsional vibrations?
 Two conditions are:
1. The kinetic energy of the equivalent system must be equal to the kinetic energy
of the original system.
2. The strain energy of the equivalent system must be equal to the strain energy of
the original system.
9. What is meant by harmonic forcing?
The term harmonic forcing refers to a spring-mass system with viscous damping,
excited by a sinusoidal harmonic force=F 0 sin
10. Define transmissibility
When a machine is supported by a spring, the spring transmits the force applied
on the machine to the fixed support or foundation. This is called as transmissibility.
11. Define logarithmic decrement.
Logarithmic decrement is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude
reduction factor. The amplitude reduction factor is the ratio of any two successive
amplitudes on the same side of the mean position.
12. Specify the importance of vibration isolation?
When an unbalanced machine is installed on the foundation, it produces vibration
in the foundation. So, in order to prevent these vibrations or to minimize the transmission
of forces to the foundation, vibration isolation is important.
13. What is the function of governor?
The function of a governor is to maintain the speed of an engineer within
specified limits whenever there is a variation of load. Governors control the throttle valve
and hence the fuels supply to cater the load variation on engines.
14. What is the principle of working of centrifugal governor?
The centrifugal governor is based on balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating
balls by an equal and opposite radial forces.
15. What is the vibration isolation?
The term vibration isolation refers to the prevention or minimization of vibrations
and their transmission due to the unbalanced machines.
16. Define logarithmic decrement.
 Logarithmic decrement is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude
reduction factor. The amplitude reduction factor is the ratio of any two successive
amplitudes on the same side of the mean position.
17. Specify the importance of vibration isolation?
When an unbalanced machine is installed on the foundation, it produces vibration
in the foundation. So, in order to prevent these vibrations or to minimize the transmission
of forces to the foundation, vibration isolation is important.
18. What are the functions of Governor?
The function of a governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specified
limits whenever there is a variation of load. Governors control the throttle valve and
hence the fuel supply to carter the load variation on engines.
19. How governors are classified?
1. Centrifugal governors.(a) Pendulum type: Example: Watt governor(b) Gravity
controlled type: Example: Porter and Proell governors)
2. Spring controlled type: Example:Hartnell and Hartung governor.
20. Differentiate between governor and flywheel?

S.NO Governor Flywheel

1. It is provided on prime movers such It is provided on engine and fabricating machines rolling
as engines and turbines. mills, punching machines, shear machines, presses etc.

2. It works intermittently, i.e., only It works continuously from cycle to cycle.

when there is change in load.

21. What is meant by sensitiveness of governors?

The sensitiveness is defined as the ratio of the mean speed to the difference
between the maximum and minimum speeds. A governor is said to be sensitive, when it
really to small change of speed.
22. What is gyroscopic torque?
Whenever a rotating body changes its axis of rotation, a torque is applied on the
rotating body.
23. What is the effect of gyroscopic couple on rolling of ship? Why?
 We know that, for the effect of gyroscopic couple to occur, the axis of precession
should always be perpendicular to the axis of spin. In case of rolling of a ship, the axis of
precession is always parallel to the axis of spin for all positions. Hence there is no effect
of the gyroscopic couple acting on the body of the ship during rolling.
24. What is the principle of inertia governors?
In inertia governors, the balls are so arranged that the inertia forces caused by an
angular acceleration or retardation of the shaft tend to alter their positions.
25. Define power of a governor.
The power of a governor is the work done at the sleeve for a given percentage
change of speed. It is the product of the mean value of the effort and the distance through
which the sleeve moves. Power=Mean Effort Lift of sleeve
26. What is meant by hunting?
The phenomenon of continuous fluctuations of the engine speed above and below
the mean speed is termed as hunting. This occurs in over-sensitive governors.
27. What is meant by isochronous condition in governors?
A governor with zero range of speed is known as an isochronous governor.
Actually the isochronism is the stake of Infinite sensitivity.
28. Give the applications of gyroscopic principle.
It is used:
(i) In instrument or toy known as gyroscope.
(ii) In ships in order to minimize the rolling and pitching effects of waves, and(iii) In
aero planes, Monorail cars, gyrocompasses, etc.
29. What so you mean by governor effort?
The mean force acting on the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed for lift of the
sleeve is known as the governor effect.
30. What is controlling force diagram?
When the graph is drawn between the controlling force as ordinate and radius of rotation
of the balls as abscissa, the graph so obtained is called controlling force diagram.