ECE307-11

Active Filter Circuits

Higher Order Op Amp Filter

Z. Aliyazicioglu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

Cal Poly Pomona

Higher Order Op Amp Filter

Cascading Identical Filter
To obtain a sharper transition between the pass-band and stop-
band, we can add more identical filter in cascade.
One filter gives us 20dB/dec slope, two identical cascade filters
give us 40 dB/dec slope transition.
n identical cascade low-pas filters give us from the corner
frequency n20dB/dec slope

Vi
Low-Pass Filter Low-Pass Filter Low-Pass Filter Vo

Transfer function
c c c
H (s ) = ...
s + c s + c s + c
n
c
H (s ) =
s + ECE
c 307-11 2

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 Higher Order=
Op Amp Filter
Cascading Identical Filter
C C C

R2 R2 R2

R1 R1 R1
- - -

Vi
+ Vo
OUT OUT OUT

+ + +
+

New Cutoff frequency

n
c 1
H ( j ) = =
jcn + c 2

cn = ( n2
)
1 c

ECE 307-11 3

Higher Order Op Amp Filter

Example Design 4 order low-pass filter with cut-off frequency

is 500Hz and a pass-band gain is 10. Use capacitor
1F capacitors

C From the cutoff frequency

1F

R1
-
R1
1 cn = ( n2
)
1 c
1
Vi OUT
+ Vo cn 2 500
c = = = 7222.39 rad / s
( )
+

42 1 0.435

1 1 1
c = R= = = 138.45
RC c C 7222.39(106 )
For gain specification, we need to change Rf

Rf = GR2 = 10(138.45) = 1383.5

ECE 307-11 4

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 Higher Order Op Amp Filter
Example
>> f=10:1:1000;
>> w=2*pi*f;
>> wc=7222.39;
>> h=20*log10(10)-
80*log10(abs(1+j*w/wc));
>> semilogx(f,h)
>> grid on
>> xlabel(F[Hz]')
>> ylabel('|H(jf)| dB')
>>

j
AdB = 20log10 (10) + 20log10 1 +
c
Each filter Cutoff frequency

4 c = 7222.39 rad/s
4 1
c Final Cutoff frequency
H ( j ) = ( 10) = ( 10) j

j + c cn = 2 500 rad/s
1+
c ECE 307-11 5

Butterworth Filters

Butterworth Filters

A unity gain Butterworth Filter Transfer function

1
H ( j ) =
2n
1+ ( )
c

N is integer and denotes the order of the filter

The cutoff frequency is c for all values of n
If n is large enough, the denominator is always close to unity
when < c
The exponent of / c is always even

We can set c equal to 1 rad/s in the transfer function, then we

use scaling transform

ECE 307-11 6

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 Butterworth Filters
Butterworth Filters
2 2
We know that H ( j ) = H ( j )H ( j ) H ( j ) j = s = H (s )H (s )

So we observe that s 2 = 2

Then 2 1 1 1 1
H ( j ) = 2n
= 2 n
= 2 n
=
1 + ( ) 1 + ( ) 1 + ( s ) 1 + (1n )s 2n
1
Hs )H ( s ) =
1 + ( 1n )s 2n

Given value of a
Find the roots of the polynomial 1 + (1n )s 2n = 0
Assign the left-half plane roots to H(s) and the right-half plane
roots to H(-s)
Combine terms in the denominator of H(s) to form first and
second order factors.
ECE 307-11 7

Butterworth Filters
Example
Find Butterworth filter transfer function for n=2 and n=3

For n=2 1 + ( 12 )s 4 = 0 s 4 = 1 s 4 = 1180D

Therefore the four roots
1 j 1 j
s1 = 145D = + s2 = 1135D = +
2 2 2 2
1 j 1 j
s1 = 1225D = s1 = 1315D =
2 2 2 2

Roots s2 and s3 in the left-half plane

1
H (s ) = 1
1 j 1 j H (s ) =
(s + )(s + + ) 2
(s + 2s + 1)
2 2 2 2
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 Butterworth Filters

For n=3 1 + ( 13 )s 6 = 0 s6 = 1 s 6 = 1360D

Therefore the four roots

s1 = 10D = 1 1 3 1 3
s2 = 160D = +j s3 = 1120D = +j
2 2 2 2

s4 = 1180D = 1 1 3 1 3
s5 = 1240D = j s6 = 1300D = j
2 2 2 2

Roots s3, s4 and s5 in the left-half plane

1
Hs ) = 1
1 3 1 3 Hs ) =
(s + 1)(s + j )(s + + j ) (s + 1)(s 2 + s + 1)
2 2 2 2

ECE 307-11 9

Butterworth Filters

Butterworth Polynomials (c =1rad/s)

n Nth order Butterworth polynomials

1 (s + 1)
2 (s 2 + 2s + 1)
3 (s + 1)(s 2 + s + 1)
4 (s 2 + 0.765s + 1)(s 2 + 1.848s + 1)
5 (s + 1)(s 2 + 0.618s + 1)(s 2 + 1.618s + 1)
6 (s 2 + 0.518s + 1)(s 2 + 2s + 1)(s 2 + 1.932s + 1)

A circuit can be scaled in both magnitude and frequency in

simultaneously

R ' = k mR C
C' =
kmkf ECE 307-11 10

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 Butterworth Filters

Butterworth Filter Circuit

Fifth order Butterworth filter block diagram is shown in the
following figure.

Vi 1 1 1 V0
s +1 2 2
s + 0.618s + 1 s + 1.618s + 1
Each block indicates the transfer function. Buterworth filter cutoff
frequency is c =1rad/s

He have designed first order active filter in the previous classes.

Now, we need to design second order active filter, which is

1
H(s) =
2
s + bs + 1
ECE 307-11 11

Butterworth Filters

Butterworth Low-Pass Filter Circuit

C1 -

+ Vo
OUT
R R
+

Vi Va
C2

Node equations
Va Vi (V V0 ) 2 + RC1Va (1 + RC1s )V0 = Vi
+ (Va V0 )sC1 + a =0
R R
(V0 Va ) Va + (1 + RC2s )V0 = 0
V0sC2 + =0
R
1
Vi V R C1C2 2
V0 = H (s ) = 0 =
R 2C1C2s 2 + 2RC2s + 1 Vi s 2 + 2 s + 1
RC1 2
R C1C2

ECE 307-11 12

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 Butterworth Filters

Butterworth Filter Circuit

Set R=1, then 1
V0 C1C2
H (s ) =
Vi s 2 + 2 s + 1
C1 C1C2

Second order circuit in Butterworth filter

1 2 1
H(s) = b1 = 1=
2 C1 C1C2
s + bs + 1

Second order Butterworth filter with cutoff frequency of c =1

rad/s and gain is 1.
Use frequency scaling to calculate revised capacitor values for
the wanted cutoff frequency
Use magnitude scaling to provide more realistic component
value
ECE 307-11 13

Butterworth Filters

Example Design a fourth order Butterworth low-pass filter

with a cutoff frequency 500Hz and passband gain
of 10.
Rf
C1 - C3 -
Vo1 R1
OUT OUT -
R R R R
Vo2
+ Vo
+ + OUT

Vi +
C2 C4
C2

From the Butterworth polynomial table

(s 2 + 0.765s + 1)(s 2 + 1.848s + 1)
Thus we need two cascade of two second order filters and
inverting amplifier circuit for gain 10
First stage of cascade
2 1 C1 = 2.61 F
0.765 = 1=
C1 C1C2 C2 = 0.38 F
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 Butterworth Filters

Example Second stage of cascade (s 2 + 1.848s + 1)

2 1 C3 = 1.08 F
1.848 = 1=
C3 C3C4
C4 = 0.924 F
c
Frequency scaling factor fc=500 Hz kf = = 2 500 = 3141.6
1rad/s

To have R=1K, magnitude scaling factor km = 1000

C C1 = 831 nF C3 = 344 nF
R ' = kmR = 1 K C' =
km kf
C2 = 121 nF C4 = 294 nF

For inverting amplifier stage, let Ri=1K

Rf = 10Ri = 10 K
ECE 307-11 15

Butterworth Filters

Butterworth High-Pass Filter

Second order High-pass filter form

R1 -

C C OUT
+ Vo
+ s2
Vi H(s) =
R2
s2 + b1s + 1

The transfer function of the circuit Setting C=1F

V0 s2 V0 s2
H (s ) = = H (s ) = =
Vi s 2 + 2 s + 1 Vi s 2 + 2 s + 1
R2C R1R2C 2 R2 R1R2

2 1 Example : Second order Butterworth filter

b1 = 1=
R2 R1R2 2 1
(s 2 + 2s + 1) R2 = = 1.41 R1 = = 0.707
2 R2
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 Butterworth Filters
Example Second order Butterworth High-pass filter with cutoff
: frequency 1KHz gain 10. Use 0.1uF capacitor
From the Butterworth polynomial table (s 2 + 2s + 1)
We need a second order filters and an inverting amplifier circuit
for gain 10
2 1 2 1
b1 = 1= R2 = = 1.41 R1 = = 0.707
R2 R1R2 2 R2

Frequency scaling factor fc=1000 Hz c

kf = = 2 1000 = 6283.2
1rad/s

To have C=0.1uF, magnitude scaling factor

New R Values
C 1
km = = = 1591.5 R1n = kmR1 = 1591.5 (0.707) = 1125
C ' kf 0.1(106 )6283.2
R2n = km R2 = 1591.5 (1.41) = 2244
ECE 307-11 17

Butterworth Filters
Example (Cont) :
For inverting amplifier stage, let Ri=1K
Rf = 10Ri = 10 K

Finally, we have
R1 = 1125 Ri = 1 K
V s2 R
H (s ) = 0 = ( f ) R2 = 2244 Rf = 10 K
Vi s 2 + 2 1 Ri
s+
R2C R1R2C 2 C = 0.1 F

ECE 307-11 18

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 Butterworth Filters
Example (Cont) :

MatLab
>> R1=1125;
>> R2=2244;
>> C=0.1e-6;
>> Rf=10000;
>> Ri=1000;
>> f=100:1:10000;
>> w=2*pi*f;
>>
H=(j*w).^2./((j*w).^2+2./(R2
*C).*j*w+1./(R1*R2*C^2))*(-
Rf/Ri);
>> A=20*log10(abs(H));
>> semilogx(f,A);
>> grid on;
>> xlabel('F[Hz]')
>> ylabel('|H(jf)| dB')

ECE 307-11 19

Butterworth Filters

Orcad :
U1
-15V
4

uA741
R1 2 1
V-

1125 - OS1
6
C2 C1 OUT
3 5
V+

+ OS2
0.1u 0.1u V
V1 V
1Vac R2
7

0Vdc 2244 15V

0 1. 0V
0

( 1 . 0 0 5 0 K, 7 0 8 . 5 1 0 m)

0. 5V

0V
1 0 0 Hz 3 0 0 Hz 1 . 0 KHz 3 . 0 KHz 1 0 KHz
V( V1 : +) V( U1 : OUT)
Fr e q u e n c y

ECE 307-11 20

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