ECE307-10

Active Filter Circuits

Z. Aliyazicioglu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

Cal Poly Pomona

Active Filter Circuits

Introduction
Filter circuits with RLC are passive filter circuit
Use op amp to have active filter circuit
Active filter can produce band-pass and band-reject filter without
using inductor.
Passive filter incapable of amplification. Max gain is 1
Active filter capable of amplification
The cutoff frequency and band-pass magnitude of passive filter
can change with additional load resistance
This is not a case for active filters

We look at few active filter with op amps.

We look at that basic op amp filter circuits can be combined to
active specific frequency response and to attain close to ideal
filter response

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 = Circuits
Active Filter
First-Order Low-pass Filters

C
Zf
R2

R1
Zi -
-
Vi
+ Vo
OUT
Vi
+ Vo
OUT
+
+

Zf 1 R2
Transfer function of the circuit H (s ) = R2 ||
Zi SC = sR 2C + 1
H (s ) =
R2 c R1 R1
H (s ) = H ( s ) = K
R1(sR2C + 1) (s + c )
Transfer function in j
The Gain Cutoff frequency
1
R2 1 H ( j ) = K
K= c =
R1 R2C (1 + j )
c
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Active Filter Circuits

Example Find R2 and C values in the following
C
active Low-pass filter for gain of 1
and cutoff frequency of 1 rad/s.
1F
2
R1

R1 1 From the gain K=

R2
=1 R2 = R1 = 1
-

Vi 1 R1
+ Vo
OUT

From the cutoff frequency

1 1
c = =1 C= = 1F
R2C R2

1
H ( j ) =

(1 + j )
1

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 Active Filter Circuits
Example

>> w=0.1:.1:10;
>>
h=20*log10(abs(1./(1+j*w)))
;
>> semilogx(w,h)
>> grid on
>> xlabel('\omega(rad/s)')
>> ylabel('|H(j\omega)|
dB')
>>

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Active Filter Circuits

A first order high-pass filter
R2

R1 C
-

Vi
+ Vo
OUT

Zf R2 R2sC
Transfer function of the circuit H (s ) = H (s ) = =
Zi 1 R1sC + 1
R2s R1 +
H (s ) = s sC
1 H ( s ) = K
R1(s + ) (s + c )
R1C Transfer function in j
The Gain Cutoff frequency
j
R2 1
K= c = c
R1 R1C H ( j ) = K

(1 + j )
c
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 Active Filter Circuits
Example R2
200K
R1 C
-

Vi 20 K 0.1 uF
+ Vo
OUT

Find R2 and R1 values in the above active High-pass filter

for gain of 10 and cutoff frequency of 500 rad/s.

From the cutoff frequency 1 1

c = = 500 R1 = = 20 K
R12C 500C
From the gain R2
K= = 10 R2 = R110 = 200 K
R1
j
H ( j ) = 10 500
Transfer function in j

(1 + j )
500
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Active Filter Circuits

Example

>> w=1:10000;
>>
h=20*log10(10*(abs((j*w/500
)./(1+j*w/500))));
>> semilogx(w,h)
>> grid on
>> xlabel('\omega(rad/s)')
>> ylabel('|H(j\omega)|
dB')
>>

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 Active Filter Circuits
Scaling

In filter design, we can transform RLC values in to realistic

values, this process is called scaling

Two types of scaling, magnitude and frequency scaling

In magnitude scaling, we multiply all L and R by scaling

factor km, multiplying all C by 1/km

R ' = kmR L ' = km L C

C' =
km

km,is positive real number

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Active Filter Circuits

Scaling

frequency scaling, we multiply all L, C by 1/kf where kf is

scaling factor.

L C
R' = R L' = C' =
kf kf

A circuit can be scaled in both magnitude and frequency in

simultanously

k C
R ' = kmR L' = m L C' =
kf kmkf

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 Active Filter Circuits
Example Example 1 , Find R2 and R1 values in
C
the active Low-pass filter for gain of 5
and cutoff frequency of 1Khz and
1F
2
R1
c=0.01 F
R1 1
-

Vi 1 OUT
+ Vo c ' 2 1000
kf = = = 6283.185
c
+
1

1 C 1
km = = = 15915.5
kf C ' 6283.185(108 )
R2 ' = kmR2 = 15915.5(1) = 15.9 K
For gain specification, we need to change R1

R2 15.9K
R1 = = = 3.18 K
K 5
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Active Filter Circuits

Example

>> f=1:10000;
>> w=2*pi*f;
>>
h=20*log10(5*abs(1./(1
+j*w/(2*pi*1000))));
>> semilogx(f,h)
>> grid on
>> xlabel(f(Hz)')
>> ylabel('|H(jf)|
dB')

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 Active Filter Circuits
Op Amp Band-Pass Filters
Three components
A unity gain low-pass filter, cutoff frequency is c2
A unity gain high-pass filter , cutoff frequency c1
A gain component to provide the desired level

c 2
2
c1

Vi Low-pass filter High-pass filter Inverting amp. Vo

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Active Filter Circuits

Op Amp Band-Pass Filters
CL

RL
RH
RL Rf
-
RH CH
Vi OUT -
Rf
+ OUT -

+ Vo
+ OUT

c 2 s Rf K c 2 s
H (s ) = H (s ) =
s + c 2 s + c1 Ri (s + c 2 )(s + c1)
K c 2 s
H (s ) = s
2
s + (c1 + c 2 )s + c1c 2 H (s ) =
s + s + 02
2

1 1 R
c 2  c 1 c 2 = c1 = H ( j 0 ) = K = f
RLCL RHCH max Ri
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 Active Filter Circuits
Example:
Design a band-pass filter for a graphical equalizer that has
gain 2 within the frequency between 100 and 10,000 Hz.
Use 0.1 F capacitors

For upper cutoff frequency from LP filter

1 1 1
c 2 = RL = = = 80
RLCL c 2CL 2 10000(0.1)106
For Lower cutoff frequency from HP filter
1 1 1
c1 = RH = = = 7958
RHCH c1CL 2 100(0.1)106
For gain, choose Ri=1K
Rf
K=
Ri Rf = Ri K = 1000(2) = 2 K
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Active Filter Circuits

From transfer function

2 1000 j 2000
H ( j ) = A = 20log10 | H ( j ) |
j + 2 1000 j + 2 100 1000 dB

>> f=10:80000;
>> w=2*pi*f;
>> H=((-
2*pi*10000)./(j*w+2*pi*
10000)).*((-
j*w)./(j*w+2*pi*100))*(
-2);
>> A=20*log10(abs(H));
>> semilogx(f,A)
>> grid on;
>> ylabel ('A_{dB}')
>> xlabel ('F (Hz)')

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 Active Filter Circuits
Op Amp Band-Reject Filters
Three components
A unity gain low-pass filter, cutoff frequency is c1
A unity gain high-pass filter , cutoff frequency c2
A gain component to provide the desired level

Low-pass filter
Vi Inverting amp. Vo
High-pass filter

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Active Filter Circuits

Op Amp Band-Reject Filters

CL
c1 s Rf
RL
H (s ) = +
RL s + c1 s + c 2 Ri
-
Rf
OUT

+
Rf
Vi

-
RH
+ Vo
OUT

+
RH CH
-
Rf For c 2 >> c1
OUT

1 1
c1 = c 2 =
RLCL RHCH
Rf s 2 + 2 s +
H (s ) = c1 c1 c 2
Ri (s + c1)(s + c 2 ) Rf
H ( j ) =K =
max Ri
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 Active Filter Circuits
Example:
Design an active band-reject filter that has gain 5 and the
stop frequency between 100 and 2000 Hz. Use 0.5 F
capacitors

Fc1 = 100Hz and Fc 2 = 2000Hz For c 2 >> c1

1 1 1
c1 = RL = = = 3.18 K
RLCL c1CL 2 100(0.5)106

1 1 1
c 2 = RH = = = 159
RHCH c 2CH 2 2000(0.5)106

For gain, choose Ri=1K

Rf
K=
Ri Rf = Ri K = 1000(5) = 5 K
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Active Filter Circuits

c1 j Rf
H ( j ) = + AdB = 20log10 | H ( j ) |
j + c1 j + c 2 Ri

>> f=10:80000;
>> w=2*pi*f;
>> H=(((-
2*pi*100)./(j*w+2*pi*100))
+((-
j*w)./(j*w+2*pi*2000)))*(-
5);
>> A=20*log10(abs(H));
>> semilogx(f,A)
>> grid on;
>> xlabel ('F (Hz)')
>> ylabel ('A_{dB}')

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