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Unit 2 Chapter 5 Answers

This document provides examples and solutions for calculating integrals using reduction formulae. Several common integrals are derived step-by-step, including integrals of polynomials, trigonometric functions, and rational functions. Reduction formulae allow integrals to be solved recursively in terms of previously derived integrals.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
1K views

Unit 2 Chapter 5 Answers

This document provides examples and solutions for calculating integrals using reduction formulae. Several common integrals are derived step-by-step, including integrals of polynomials, trigonometric functions, and rational functions. Reduction formulae allow integrals to be solved recursively in terms of previously derived integrals.

Uploaded by

Bexxysass
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Page 1 of 10

Chapter 5 Reduction Formulae


Exercise 5A
1 I n = x n e 2 x dxx
n dv
=u x= , e2 x
dx
du n 1 1 2x
= nx = ,v e
dx 2
1 n 2x 1
=In x e nx n 1e 2 x dx
2 2
1 n 2x 1
=In x e n x n 1e 2 x dx
2 2
1 n 2x n
= In x e In 1, n 1
2 2
2 I n = x sin x dx
n

n dv
=u x= , sin x
dx
du
= nx n 1 , v = cos x
dx
In = x n cos x + n x n 1cos x dx
Integrating by parts again
n 1 dv
=u x= , cos x
dx
du
= (n 1) x n 2 , v =
sin x
dx
x cos= x dx x n 1 sin x (n 1) x n 2 sin x dx
n 1

Combining the terms


x n cos x + n x n 1 sin x (n 1) x n 2 sin x dx
In =

In =
x cos x + nx
n n 1
sin x n ( n 1) x n2
sin x dx
x n cos x + nx n 1 sin x n ( n 1) I n 2 , n 2
In =
2
3 =
In 0
(4 x) n dx
dv
u=
(4 x) n , =
1
dx
du
n (4 x) n 1 , v =
= x
dx
2
I n = x (4 x) n + n x (4 x) n 1 dx
2

0 0

x
2 (2)n n
2
I n =+ (4 x )n dx
0 x 4

x x + 4 4 (4 x 4) 4
Now = = = 1
4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x
So
2 4
I n = 2 (2) n n 1 (4 x) dx
n
0
4 x

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 2 of 10

2 2
In =2n + 1 n (4 x) n dn + 4n (4 x) n 1 dx
0 0
In = 2n + 1 - n In + 4n In1 .
(n + 1)In = 2n + 1 + 4n In1
In (1 4n) = 2n + 1 + 4n In1
2n + 1 4n
In = + In 1, n 1
n +1 n +1
I n = x ne 2 x dx
1
4
0

n dv
=u x=, e2 x
dx
du n 1 1 2x
= nx = ,v e
dx 2
1
1 1 1
=I n x n e 2 x n x n 1e 2 x dx
2 0 2 0
1 2 1
In = e n In 1, n 1
2 2
/ 4
5 In = cos n x dx
0
/ 4
In = cos x cos n 1 x dx
0

n 1 dv
= =
u cos x, cos x
dx
du
(n 1) cos n 2 x ( sin x), v =
= sin x
dx
/ 4 / 4
=I n sin x cos n 1 x + (n 1) cos n 2 x sin 2 x dx
0 0

/ 4
=I n sin cosn 1 + (n 1) cosn 2 x (1 cos2 x ) dx
4 4 0
n 1
2 2
=I n + (n 1) I n 2 (n 1) I n
2 2
n
2
I n + (n 1)=
In + (n 1) I n 2
2
n
2
n=
I n + (n 1) I n 2 , n 2
2
/4
6 In = sec n x dx
0
/ 4
In = sec n 2 x sec 2 x dx
0

n2 dv
= =
u sec x, sec 2 x
dx
du
= (n 2) sec n 3 x (sec x tan x)= (n 2) sec n 2 x tan x
dx
/ 4 / 4
v= tan x I=
n
tan x sec n 2 x (n 2) sec n 2 x tan 2 x dx
0 0

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 3 of 10

n2

1 / 4
= tan (n 2) sec n 2 x (sec 2 x 1) dx
4 cos 0

4
/ 4 / 4
= ( 2)n 2 (n 2) sec n x dx + (n 2) sec n 2 x dx
0 0
1
I n (2 2 )n 2 (n 2) I n + (n 2) I n 2
=
n
1
I n + (n 2) I n= 2 2 + (n 2) I n 2
n
1
(n 1) I n= 2 2
+ (n 2) I n 2 , n 2
2
7 (a) u=1+x
du
= 2x
dx
1
du = x dx
2
When x = 3, u = 1 + 3 = 4
When x = 0, u = 1 + 0 = 1
3 41
0 x x + 1 dx = 1 2 u du
2 1/ 2

4
1 u 3/ 2
= 3
2 2 0
1 3/ 2 3/ 2
= 4 1
3
1 7
= [8 1]=
3 3
3
=
(b) In 0
x n 1 + x 2 dx
n 1
RTP: (n + 2)=
I n 8 (3) 2
(n 1) I n 2 , n 2
Proof
dv
=u x n 1 ,= x 1 + x 2
dx
du 1
=(n 1) x n 2 , v = (1 + x 2 )3 / 2
dx 3
3
1 1 3
I n x n 1 (1 + x 2 )3/ 2 (n 1) x n 2 (1 + x 2 )3/ 2 dx
=
3 0 3 0

n 1
1 12 1 3
=In 3 (4)3/ 2 (n 1) x n 2 (1 + x 2 )1/ 2 (1 + x 2 ) dx
3 3 0

8 n 2 1 1 3
2 1/ 2 1 + x
2
= 3 (n 1) 0 x (1 + x ) 2 dx
n
In
3 3 x
8 n 2 1 1 3
3 (n 1) 0 x
n2
=
In (1 + x 2 )1/ 2 + x n (1 + x 2 )1/ 2 dx
3 3

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 4 of 10

8 n 2 1 1 1
In = 3 (n 1) I n 2 (n 1) I n
3 3 3
1 8 n 2 1 1
In + (n 1) I n= 3 (n 1) I n 2
3 3 3
1 2 8 2 1 n 1
I n n += 3 (n 1) I n 2
3 3 3 3
n 1
I n (n +=
2) 8 (3) 2
(n 1) I n 2 , n 2
(c) n = 5 7 I5 = 8(3) 4 I3 2

72 4
=
I5 I3
7 7
n = 3 5 I3 = 8 (3) 2 I1
24 2
=
I3 I1
5 5
7
Since I1 =
3
24 2 7 24 14 72 14 58
I3 = = = =
5 5 3 5 15 15 15
72 4 58 848
I 5 = =
7 7 15 105
1
I n = x n e x dx
2
8
0

x 2 dv
=u e= , xn
dx
du 1
= 2 xe x , v = xn + 1
2

dx n +1
1
1 x2 n + 1 2 1 n + 2 x2
= In
n +1
e x +
0 n + 1 0
x e dx
1 1 2
=In e + I n+ 2
n +1 n +1
n +1
Multiply both sides by
2
n + 1 1 1
=
In e + I n+ 2
2 2
n + 1 1 1
=
I n+ 2 In e
2 2
1
n = 3 I5 = 2 I3 e 1
2
1
n = 1 I3 = I1 e 1
2
1
1 1 2 1 1
I1= x e x dx= e x =
2
e 1 +
0
2 0 2 2
1 1 1 1
I3 = e 1 + e 1 = e 1 +
2 2 2 2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 5 of 10

1 1 1 1 5 1
I 5 = 2 e 1 + e 1 = 2e 1 + 1 = e e +1
2 2 2 2
9 RTS In = n In 1 1, n 1

e
1
=In x
(1 x )n dx
0

dv
u=
(1 x) n , =
ex
dx
du
n (1 x) n 1 , v =
= ex
dx
1
I n = e x (1 x) n + n e x (1 + x) n 1 dx
1

0 0

In = 1 + n In 1, n 1
1
I 0 = e x dx = e x = 1 + e
1

0 0

I4 = 1 + 4 I3
I3 = 1 + 3 I2
I2 = 1 + 2 I1
I1 = 1 + I0
I1 = 1 + e 1 = e 2
I2 = 1 + 2 (e 2)
= 1 + 2e 4 = 2e 5
I3 = 1 + 3 (2e 5) = 6e 16
I4 = 1 + 4 (6e 16) = 24e 65
1
= (1 + x
2 n
10 In ) dx
0

dv
u=
(1 + x 2 ) n , =
1
dx
du
=n(2 x)(1 + x 2 ) n 1 , v =x
dx
1
In =[ x (1 + x 2 ) n ]10 2n x 2 (1 + x 2 ) n 1 dx
0
2
1 x
2 n 2n
In = (1 + x 2 ) n dx
0 1 + x2

1x +11
2
2n 2n
In = (1 + x 2 )n dx
0 x +1
2

1 1
2n 2n 1
In = (1 + x 2 )n dx
0 1 + x 2
1
I n = 2n 2n (1 + x 2 ) n (1 + x 2 ) n 1 dx
0

I n =
2 2n [ I n I n 1 ]
n

In + 2n In = 2n + 2n In 1
In (1 + 2n) = 2n + 2n In1
2n 2n
=In + In 1
1 + 2n 1 + 2n
2n 1
=
In + 1 In 1
1 + 2n 1 + 2n

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 6 of 10

24 1 16 8
I4 = + 1 I= 3 + I3
9 9 9 9
8 1 8 6
I 3 = + 1 I 2= + I2
7 7 7 7
4 1 4 4
I 2 = + 1 I1= + I1
5 5 5 5
2 1 2 2
I 1 = + 1 I 0= + I0
3 3 3 3
1
=
I0 =
0
dx [=
x]10 1
2 2 4
I1 = + =
3 3 3
4 4 4 4 16 28
I2 = + = + =
5 5 3 5 15 15
8 6 28 8 8 96
I3 = + = + =
7 7 15 7 5 35
16 8 96 768
I=
4 + =
9 9 35 105

(1 + x
1
2 n
11 =
In ) dx
0
RTS 2n In + 1 = (2n 1) In + 2 n
1
(1 + x
2 n
=
In ) dx
0

dv
(1 + x 2 ) n ,
u= =
1
dx
du
n (2 x) (1 + x 2 ) n 1 , v =
= x
dx
1
x (1 + x 2 ) n + 2n x 2 (1 + x 2 ) n 1 dx
1
In =
0 0

1 x2
2 n + 2n
In = (1 + x 2 ) n dx
0 1 + x2

1 1
2 n + 2n 1
In = (1 + x 2 ) n dx
0 1 + x 2
1
I n = 2 n + 2n (1 + x 2 ) n (1 + x 2 ) n 1 dx
0
n
In =2 + 2n I n 2n I n + 1
2n I n +1 = 2 n + 2n I n I n
2n In+1 = 2n + (2n 1) In
n = 3 6 I4 = 23 + 5 I3
n = 2 4 I3 = 22 + 3 I2
n = 1 2 I2 = 21 + I1.
1 1
I1 =
1
= dx tan =1
( x) tan
= 1
(1)
0 1 + x2 0 4
1 1
2I2 = + I2 = +
2 4 4 8

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 7 of 10

1 1
4 I 3 =+ 3 +
4 4 8
1 3 1 3
I 3 =1 + =+
4 8 4 32
1 1 3 11 15
6 I 4 =+ 5 + =+
8 4 32 8 32
11 15 11 5
I4 = + =+
48 6 32 48 64
/ 4
12 In = sin n x dx
0
/ 4
In = sin x sin n 1 x dx
0

n 1 dv
= =
u sin x, sin x
dx
du
=(n 1) sin n 2 x cos x, v =
cos x
dx
/ 4 / 4
I n = sin n 1 x cos x + (n 1) sin n 2 x cos 2 x dx
0 0

/ 4
I n = sin n 1 cos + (n 1) sin n 2 x (1 sin 2 x) dx
4 4 0
n 1
1 1
In = + (n 1) I n 2 (n 1) I n
2 2
n
1
I n + (n 1)=
In + (n 1) I n 2
2
n
1
n In = + (n 1) I n 2 , n 2
2
V = y 2 dx
b

a
/ 4
V = sin 4 x dx
0

= I4
4
1
=
4I4 + 3I 2
2
2
1
=
2I2 + I0
2
/ 4
dx [=
x]
/ 4
=I0 =
0 4 0

1 1 1
I2 =+ = +
4 24 4 8
1 1 1
I4 = + 3 +
4 4 4 8
1 3 1 3
= 1 + =+
4 8 4 32

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 8 of 10

13 I n = x (ln x) n dx
dv
= u (ln = x) n , x
dx
du n x2
= = (ln x) n 1 , v
dx x 2
2
x n
= In (ln x) n x (ln x) n 1 dx
2 2
2
x n
= In (ln x )n I n 1
2 2
2
x 3
= I3 (ln x )3 I 2
2 2
x2
= I2 (ln x) 2 I1
2
x2 1
=I1 ln x I 0
2 2
x2
I= = +c
0
0 x (ln x ) d x
2
x2 1
=I1 ln x x 2
2 4
x2 x2 1
I 2= (ln x )2 ln x + x 2
2 2 4
2
x 3 3 3
=I3 (ln x)3 x 2 (ln x) 2 + x 2 ln x x 2 + c
2 4 4 8
3x 2 2 1
= (ln x)3 (ln x) 2 + ln x + c
4 3 2
n 1
x
In = x 2 e
1
14 2
dx
0
n 1
dv x
=u x=
2
, e 2
dx
du n n2 1 1
x
= x , v = 2e 2
dx 2
1
n
x
1
1
n 1
1 x
In =
0
+
2 2 2 2
2 x e n x e dx
0
1

In =
2e 2 + n I n 2
1

I4 =
2e 2
+ 4 I2
1/ 2
I2 =
2e + 2 I0
1
1 x 1

dx= 2e 2
x 1
I0= 2
e
0 0
= 2e + 2
I2 = 2 e 1/ 2 4e 1/ 2 + 4
= 6e + 4
I4 = 2 e 1/ 2 24e 1/ 2 + 16 =16 26 e 1/ 2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 9 of 10

e
15 I n = (ln x) n dx
1
u = (ln x)n, dv = 1
du 1 n 1
= n= (ln x) , v x
dx x
e 1
I n x (ln x) n n (ln x) n 1 ( x) dx
e
=
1 1
x
e
= e (ln e) n n (ln x) n 1 dx
1
In = e n In 1
When n = 4, I4 = e 4I3
I3 = e 3I2
I2 = e 2I1
I1 = e I0
e e
I 0= 1
(ln x)0 dx= 1 dx=
1
[ x]1e= e 1
I1 = e [e 1] = 1
I2 = e 2
I3 = e 3 (e 2) = 2e + 6
I4 = e 4 (2e + 6) = 9e 24
/4
16 In = x n sin x dx .
0

n dv
=u x= , sin x
dx
du
= nx n 1 , v = cos x
dx
/ 4 / 4
x n cos x + n x n 1 cos x dx
In =
0 0
n
/ 4
cos + n x n 1 cos x dx
In =
4 4 0

/ 4
0
x n 1 cos x dx
n 1 dv
=u x= , cos x
dx
du
(n 1) x n 2 , v =
= sin x
dx
/ 4 / 4 / 4
0
x n 1 cos
= x dx x n 1 sin x (n 1) x n 2 sin x dx
0 0
n 1

= sin (n 1) I n 2
4 4
n 1
2 n 2
In = + n n (n 1) I n 2
2 4 4 2
n 1
2
n n (n 1) I n 2
In =
2 4 4
n 1
2 4n
=I n n (n 1) I n 2 , n 2
2 4 4

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 10 of 10

2 8
=I 2 2 I0
2 4 4
/ 4 2
sin x dx =
0 =
0
[ cos x]0/ 4 =
cos
4
+ cos 0 =1
2
2 8 2 (8 )
= 2 2=
+ 2 + 22
2 4 4 32
1
17 I n = x n e 2 x dx
0

n dv
=u x=, e2 x
dx
du n 1 1 2x
= nx = ,v e
dx 2
1
1 1 1
=I n x n e 2 x n x n 1e 2 x dx
2 0 2 0
1 2 n
In = e In 1, n 1
2 2
V = y 2 dx
1
x 4 e 2 x dx =
V= 4
0

1 2
=
I4 e 2 I3
2
1 2 3
=
I3 e I2
2 2
1 2
=
I2 e I1
2
1 2 1
=
I1 e I0
2 2
1
1 1
= I 0 = e dx e 2 x
2x
0
2 0
1 2 1
= e
2 2
1 2 1 1 2 1
I1 =e e
2 22 2
1 2 1
= e +
4 4
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1
I 2= e e = e
2 4 4 4 4
1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 3
I3 = e e = e +
2 24 4 8 8
1 1 3
I 4 =e 2 2 e 2 +
2 8 8
1 2 3
= e
4 4

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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