HOW TO WRITE A LITERARY COMMENTARY

Commenting on a literary text entails not only a detailed analysis of its thematic and stylistic features
but also an explanation of why those features are relevant according to the context in which the text
was produced. The following are some basic steps you can follow:

1. BEFORE WRITING
Understanding the text is essential. READ it carefully more than once, look up the words you do not
understand and then underline the main ideas contained in it. Asking yourself these questions may
help you:

What is the main theme or idea of the text?

How are these ideas expressed?
Is there a specific structure in the extract? To what extent does that structure affect your
understanding of text?
What is the attitude of the author towards that theme, the characters or the events s/he
narrates?
Are there any special stylistic features worth mentioning? To what extent do these devices
determine the way we understand the text?
What is the importance of the passage in relation to the whole work?
How does the text illustrate the authors views on a particular topic or any other general
characteristic of the period to which it belongs?
What would be the readers reaction to a text of this kind?
After these preliminary considerations, write an OUTLINE with the ideas you intend to discuss.

2. WRITING
Even though each extract requires a specific analysis depending on its genre and the period it belongs
to, in all cases literary commentaries entail a thematic and stylistic discussion of the main features of
the text. Therefore, your commentary should contain at least the following parts:
IDENTIFICATION DISCUSSION OF THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE TEXT CONCLUSION

2.1. IDENTIFICATION: Start by identifying and locating the text in its right literary and historical
context. To do so, you will need to specify the following:

TITLE
AUTHOR
DATE of composition, recording, publication or first performance
GENRE
LOCATION of the extract within the whole work

A paragraph should normally be enough to provide all this information. Avoid writing about the plot or
giving irrelevant details from the authors biography or the historical period.

2.2. DISCUSSION of the main features of the text

a) CONTENT
Very often the text is organised around a MAIN SUBJECT or IDEA. If so, start by stating it clearly and
then concentrate on explaining how this idea is presented in the text.

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 If you feel the extract refers to several THEMES, explain them one by one, by establishing a
connection between these themes and the overall features of the work from which it has been
extracted.
Sometimes, as in the case of extracts from plays or novels, you will have to consider the
CHARACTERS which appear in the passage. Concentrate on the characterisation techniques used by
the narrator to describe them and explain in what ways these techniques contribute not only to the
portrayal of the character but also to the development of the main themes you have already discussed.
In some cases, especially when dealing with poems, the text may have a specific STRUCTURE
through which the author has chosen to convey the main themes or ideas and to which you should pay
some attention.

b) FORM (Language and Style)

When dealing with a narrative text, you need to concentrate on its NARRATIVE TECHNIQUES.
Consider, for example, the type of narrator (omniscient, first, second or third person), the point of
view, the use of flashbacks, or stream of consciousness; that is pay attention to any technique used by
the narrator to tell the story or to portray the characters involved in it.
The authors choice of words is never casual, therefore you should pay attention to the
VOCABULARY s/he has chosen to convey his/her ideas (semantic fields, concrete or abstract
vocabulary, synonyms, imagery, etc).
Try to locate the specific STYLISTIC or RHETORICAL DEVICES which appear in the text (metaphors,
similes, parallelisms, etc). Each device is used with a clear purpose, so rather than merely listing them,
explain what they mean and consider to what extent they contribute to the overall meaning of the
text.
It might also be useful to look at the TONE which dominates the text (dramatic, satirical,
melancholic, pessimistic, optimistic, hopeful, ironic, detached, etc.) and to what extent there is a
connection between the themes of the excerpt and the tone in which they are expressed.
The RHYTHM of the extract is another important issue. Rhythm is determined by several aspects like
punctuation, a specific sentence or paragraph structure, or the repetition of words. These elements
can create different rhythms (slow, quick, broken, regular, irregular, etc.). In the case of poetry rhythm
is created primarily by METER and RHYME. If you are commenting on a poem, remember to specify
the type of STANZA, LINE and FOOT used by the poet.

2.3. CONCLUSION
A conclusion should never be a mere repetition of what you have already explained, but it should
serve to:
Reinforce the main points of your commentary.
Stress the relevance of the extract within the whole work.
Establish a connection with other works by the same author or period.
Add any additional ideas or comments which you think are relevant.

ASPECTS TO CONSIDER WHILE WRITING:

Try to connect your ideas using appropriate LINKING words. A commentary is not a shopping
list or disentangled ideas taken from your notes. Write COHERENT paragraphs which follow a
logical order.
EXPLAIN each idea properly. Do not assume that the reader knows everything.
QUOTATIONS should be used, not abused. Select only the words, phrases or sentences which
illustrate your point accurately. If you decide to use a quotation, explain its significance.
Do not PARAPHRASE the text.
Make use of the specific LITERARY TERMINOLOGY applying to each period and text. Avoid
vague words and expressions and call each thing by its name.

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 Use a FORMAL REGISTER. Remember that this is a piece of academic writing.

3. AFTER WRITING
Re-read your commentary carefully, revise your grammar, spelling and punctuation and take this last
chance to clarify any sentence, expression or word which needs to be improved. Remember that your
reader should have the impression that s/he is in front of a coherent and complete piece of writing.

HOW TO WRITE AN ESSAY

An essay is a piece of writing in which you will have to reflect on a topic and explain it as accurately
and deeply as you can using evidence from the text(s) proposed. As opposed to the commentary,
where you do close reading of an excerpt from a longer work, in an essay you will be working with the
whole work and sometimes with several poems, plays or novels at once. This means that you will have
to do more extensive reading, that is concentrate on aspects like the evolution of the characters, the
overall structure of the work, as well as the literary and historical context in which it was produced.
These are some basic steps you can follow:

1. READ the question carefully and reflect on it. Are you being asked to
Explain or analyse a specific idea, theme, theory, character, etc.?
Trace the development of a character or an idea throughout a work?
Establish a comparison or a contrast between two or more works, characters, topics, periods of
time, etc?
Explain whether you agree or disagree with a statement?
Give your personal opinion about a topic?

Your answer will depend on the type of question you are given. So read it carefully and decide what
you are being asked to do before setting out to write your essay.

2. Decide on the STRUCTURE of your essay. This entails drafting a list of ideas and organising them
according to a coherent plan. This OUTLINE will determine the text organisation and the overall tone
of your argument.
3. The main point of an essay is to prove an IDEA or MAIN THESIS. So before you start writing, make
sure that you have thought of all the possible sub-themes or ideas you are going to cover in your essay
and that you have gathered enough EXAMPLES to illustrate those ideas from the text(s) you are
discussing.
4. Write your INTRODUCTION. This should consist of a first paragraph summarising the main ideas you
will be dealing with in your essay. A solid introduction should prove that you have interpreted the
question properly and you know how to handle it. You may start with a general statement and then
narrow it down to the more specific aspects which you intend to develop one by one in the following
paragraphs.
5. Write the main BODY of your essay. Even though the number of paragraphs may vary from essay to
essay, your material should be organised in such a way that one idea or argument follows the next in a
logical way. The reader needs to know where you are taking him/her at all times, so guide him/her
accordingly. Make sure you include all the relevant information in each of these paragraphs, but do not
waste your time adding unimportant details or talking about other things not directly related to the
topic.
6. Write a CONCLUSION reinforcing briefly the main ideas, but do not repeat unnecessary
information. You can end with a general statement or an original thought related to the topic and
which you have not mentioned before. Conclusions are as important as introductions; they are

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supposed to leave the reader with the feeling that what s/he has just read is a coherent and complete
piece of writing in which each of the ideas you have explained makes complete sense.

ASPECTS TO CONSIDER WHILE WRITING:

Write coherent PARAGRAPHS, with coherent punctuation. An essay should consist of a
number of paragraphs, each of them containing several related sentences. Remember a single
sentence doesnt usually make one paragraph, unless it is very long.
Develop each idea you state fully. Do not expect the reader to guess what you mean. Try to
find a balance between stating the obvious and ignoring important INFORMATION which the
reader needs to know in order to follow your discussion.
When writing an essay students often assume that summarising the plot is a good way to
answer the question, but it is not. You are being asked to ANALYSE not to summarise.
Use the appropriate KEY CONCEPTS seen about each specific literary or historical period,
when relevant.
If you want to support your explanation with textual evidence from the work(s), make sure you
follow the STYLE GUIDELINES below. In the exam, you will not have the work(s) in front of
you. In this case, you are not expected to know page numbers by heart, but you should at least
have an idea of where in the text(s) the examples you are referring to are located.
Dont use informal words or expressions. Remember that an essay is a piece of academic
writing, and its style should be as FORMAL as possible.

7. RE-READ your essay carefully to make sure it does not contain mistakes and that all your ideas are
properly developed. Ask yourself a few questions before handing it in:
Does it make sense?
Do the ideas flow smoothly from one paragraph to another?
Have I omitted any relevant information?
Will the reader understand what I want to say?
Does the essay reflect how much I know about this topic?
Does this essay contain grammatical or spelling mistakes?

Although the contents of your essay are the most important thing, keep an eye on grammar and style.
A well-developed essay will be spoilt if the language used is poor and contains lots of mistakes.

STYLE GUIDELINES

1. HOW TO REFER TO A LITERARY WORK

Before you mention the name of a literary work in any of your written assignments, you must always
take into account which type of text it is:
o If it is a novel, a play, a long narrative poem, a collection of poems or short stories, or a work of
criticism, that is, if it is a COMPLETE WORK, its title must appear underlined or in italics.
Newspapers also follow this convention. For Example: Moll Flanders, Dubliners, Beowulf, The
Spectator, The Rise of the Novel (or Moll Flanders, Dubliners, Beowulf, The Spectator, The Rise
of the Novel).
o If it is a poem, a short story, a critical essay or an article, that is to say, if it is a SHORT TEXT
inserted within a longer work, then its title must appear between inverted commas. For
example: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, The Millers Tale, The Dead, The
Flea.

2. HOW TO INSERT REFERENCES AND QUOTES

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 o When writing essays or commentaries, you can support your explanation by quoting literally
specific words, phrases or sentences from the text. These must always appear between
inverted commas. For example:
In the prologue, Shakespeare refers to Romeo and Juliet as a pair of star-crossed
lovers.
In this scene the sense of tragedy is conveyed through words like blood, darkness,
death and sorrow.
o You can also quote from other sources, critical or literary, in the same way. In this case you will
also need inverted commas since you are reproducing literally someone elses words. For
example:
As Ian Watt suggests, Defoes novels lack both the consistency in matters of detail of
which many lesser writers are capable, and the larger coherences found in the greatest
literature (Watt 2000: 130)
o If you choose to explain ideas or opinions given by another author using your own words,
inverted commas are not needed. But you must bear in mind that whenever you use a source,
that is, whenever you give information which is taken from a specific work (be it expressed
literally or paraphrased), you must acknowledge it, by stating the authors surname, the year of
publication and page number, as shown in the example below:
As Ian Watt suggests, Defoes novels are inconsistent regarding detail, something not
found in many unimportant writers, and also regarding the general coherence present in great
literature (Watt 2000: 130).
Not doing so, that is, using other authors written words or ideas as if they were your own,
without acknowledging they have been taken from another text, would be PLAGIARISM, which
is considered a serious offence in the academic world.
o Short quotations, whether from the text or from any other critical work, must appear inserted
in the paragraph, but if the quotation is more than three lines long, it should appear indented
and separated from the main body of the text, with no inverted commas. Compare the
following examples:
Behn explains that Oroonoko had nothing of barbarity in his nature (1994: 11).

Behn describes Oroonoko in detail, providing the reader with information about his
physical appearance as well as his behaviour:
He know almost as much as if he had read much; [...] He had an extreme good
and graceful mien, and all the civility of a well-bred great man. He had nothing of
barbarity in his nature, but in all points addressed himself as if his education had
been in some European court. (Behn 1994: 11)
o For each of the references to other sources and authors which appear in brackets in your essay
there must be a bibliographical entry in a separate section at the end. This is usually called the
Works Cited or Bibliography section and must contain all the different sources used listed in
alphabetical order. Each of these entries must include the full name of the author, the title of
the work, the year of publication of the edition you are using, and the original date of
publication. Remember that websites also need to be included in your bibliographic section
and in this case, you should also specify the exact date of access to the page. Here are some
examples:
Arthur, Ross G. 2004: In Parentheses. http://www.yorku.ca/inpar/. 12-12-2004.

Behn, Aphra 1994 (1688): Oroonoko, or, The Royal Slave. A True History. In Salzman,
Paul (ed.) Aphra
Behn. Oroonoko and Other Writings. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Defoe, Daniel 1994 (1722): Moll Flanders. London: Penguin Popular Classics.

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 Watt, Ian 2000 (1957): The Rise of the Novel. Studies in Defoe, Richardson and
Fielding. London: Pimlico.

3. EXTRA ADVICE ON WRITING ASSIGNMENTS

Words like Anglo-Saxon, Norman, Viking, Old English, Celts, Christians,
Protestants, etc. should appear with their initial letters CAPITALISED.
Centuries and decades in English should be written as follows: the 16th century, the 20th
century, the 1740s, the 1920s.
Do not use inverted commas unless you are quoting.
Do not try to convey emphasis by underlining or circling words, by using asterisks, or by any
other formal device.
Do not state the obvious; avoid irrelevant sentences of this type: I am going to talk about
Beowulf, I have to comment on this extract, This novel we have read in class...

4. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
This extract is taken/ extracted from ...
excerpt belongs to ...
fragment is part of ...
passage appears in ...

The novel/ poem/ play/ episode/ scene is entitled ...

is set in ...
takes place in ...
dates from ...
was written in ...

The extract narrates/ explains/ deals with/ makes reference to ...

is characteristic of ...
is related to ...
consists of ...

An example of this can be found in ...

This idea can be observed in ...
This is clearly reflected in ...

This is an example of
how the poet/ narrator/ author deals with
understands the idea of ...
introduces the topic of ...
develops the theme of ...
expresses the feeling of ...
establishes a contrast between...

In line 6 / in the sixth line / in the second Throughout the novel...

stanza In this chapter/ scene/ episode of the novel...
In Act III/ in the third act...
On page 22 ... Therefore, it could be said that...
At the beginning/ end of the extract/ chapter This implies that...
... The aforementioned ideas could explain how...
At the top/ bottom of the page...

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Taking into account all these aspects, it could As for stylistic devices, ...
be said that... With regard to stylistic features, ...
This would justify/explain the fact that
To sum up, ...
Stylistically, the poem/ text presents several To conclude, ...
features ... In conclusion, ...
As regards form/ stylistic features/ rhetorical In my opinion/ view, ...
devices, ... All in all, ...
As far as rhetorical devices are concerned, ... On the whole, ...