Data Spring design

1. Common spring wire material

 2. Properties of common spring materials

Tensile Properties Torsional Properties

Minimum Modulus of Modulus in
Tensile Elasticity Design Torsion Max. Method of Manufacture
Nominal Rockwell
Material Strength E Stress G Operating Chief uses
Analysis hardness>
%Min. Temp. Special Properties
10
10 () 10 ( Tensile
( 10 )
10 )
Cold Drawn high an uniform
Music Wire C 0.70-1.00% 230-399 tensile. high quality spring
30 (207) 45 11.5 (79.3) 121 C41-60
ASTM A228 Mn 0.20-0.60% (1586-2751) and wire forms. Suitable for
cyclic applications.
CLI 147-283
Cold drawn. Average stress
Hard Drawn C 0.45-0.85% (1014-1951)
30 (207) 40 11.5 (79.3) 121 C31-52 applications. Lower cost
High Carbon Spring wire

ASTM A 227 Mn 0.60-1.30% CLII 171-324

springs and wire forms.
(1179-2234)
High Tensile
C 0.65-1.00% 238-250 Cold drawn. Higher quality
Hard Drawn 30 (207) 45 11.5 (79.3) 121 C31.52
Mn 0.60-1.30% (1641-2413) spring and wire forms.
ASTM A 679
CLI 165-293 Cold drawn and heat
C 0.55-0.85% (1138-2020) treated before fabrication.
Oil Tempered 30 (207) 45 11.5 (79.3) 121 C42-55
Mn 0.60-1.20% CLII 191-234 General purpose spring
(1317-2234) wire.
Cold drawn and heat
treated before fabrication.
Carbon Valve C 0.60-0.75% 215-240
30 (207) 45 11.5 (79.3) 121 C45-49 Good surface conditionand
ASTM A 230 Mn 0.60-0.90 (1482-1655)
uniform tensile. Suitable for
cyclic application.
Cold drawn and heat
C 0.48-0.53% treated before fabrication.
Chrome 190-300
Cr 0.80-1.10% 30 (207) 45 11.5 (79.3) 218.5 C41-55 Used for shock loads and
Alloy Steel Wire

Vanadium (1310-2069)
V 0.15min% moderately elevated
temperature.
Cold drawn and heat
C 0.51-0.59% treated before fabrication.
Chrome Silicon 235-300
Cr. 0.60-0.80% 30 (207) 45 11.5 (79.3) 246 C48-55 Used for shock loads and
ASTM A 401 (1620-2069
Si 1.20-160% moderately elevated
temperature.
Cold drawn general purpose
AISI 302/304 Cr. 17.-19.% 125-325 corrosion and heat
28 (193) 35 10 (69.0) 288 C35-45
ASTM A 313 Ni 8-10% (862-2241) resistant. Magnetic in spring
tempor.
Cold drawn. Heat resistant
Stainless Steel wire

Cr. 16.-18.%
AISI 316 Cond CH 235-335 and better corrosion
Ni 10.-14.% 29.5 (203) 45 10 (69.0) 288 C35-45
ASTM A 313 (1620-2310) resistance than 302.
Mo 2.-3.%
Magnatic in spring tempor.
Cold drawn and
precipitation hardened
17-7PH after fabrication. High
Cr. 16.-18.% Cond CH 235-335
ASTM A 313 29.5 (203) 45 11 (78.5) 343 C38-57 strength and general
Ni 10.-14.% (1620-2310)
(631) purpose corrosion
resistance. Slightly magnetic
in spring tempor.
Phosphor
Cold drawn. Good corrosion
Bronze Cu 94.-96.% 105-145
15 (103) 40 6.25 (43.1) 93.3 B98-104 resistance and electrical
Grade A Sn 4.-6.% (724-1000)
conductivity.
ASTM B 159
Non-Ferrous Alloy Wire

Cold drawn and may be mill

Berylium hardened before
Cu 98.%
Copper 150-230 18.5 (128) 45 7.0 (48.3) 204 C35-42 fabrication. Good corrosion
Be 2.%
ASTM B 197 resistance and electrical
conductivity. High physicals.
Cold drawn. Good corrosion
Ni 66.%
Monel 400 145-180 resistance at moderately
Cu 31.5% 26 (179) 40 9.5 (65.5) 232 C23-32
AMS 7233 (1000-1241) elevated temperature.
C/Fe
Ni 65.0%
Monel K 500 160-200 Excellent corrosion
3 Cu 29.5% 26 (179) 40 9.5 (65.5) 28 C23-35
QQ-N-286 (1103-1379) resistance at moderately
C/Fe/Ai/Ti
elevated temperature.
Ni 26.% Cold drawn and
160-200
A 286 Alloy Cr 15.% 29 (200) 35 10.4 (71.7) 510 C35-42 precipitation hardened
(1103-1379)
Fe 53.% after fabrication. Good
 corrosion resistance at
elevated temperature.
Ni 79.% Cold drawn. Good corrosion
Inconel 600
Cr 15.8% 31 (214) 31 (214) 40 11.0 (75.8) 371 C35-45 resistance at elevated
QQ-W-3903
Fe 7.2% temperature.
Cold drawn and
Ni 52.5% precipitation hardened
21-250
Inconel 718 Cr 18.6% 29 (200) 40 11.2 (77.2) 593 C45-50 after fabrication. Good
(1448-1724)
Fe 18.5% corrosion resistance at
elevated temperature.
Cold drawn and
No IT 155 Min.
Inconel x 750 Ni 73.% precipitation hardened
1069 C34-39
AMS 5698, Cr 15.% 31 (214) 40 12 (82.7) 399-593 after fabrication. Good
Spg T 190-230 C42-48
5699 Fe 6.75% corrosion resistance at
(1310-1586)
elevated temperature.

3. Standard Wire Gauge (SWG) number and corresponding dimension of spring wire

4. Minimum tensile strength of steel spring wire: (Sut = A/dm)

5. Preferred Wire Diameter
 6. Constants used to estimate the tensile strength of spring steel ( Sut = A/dm)

Material Exponent (m) Constant (A)

Patented cold drawn steel
Grade 1 0.251 1630
Grade - 2 0.191 1720
Grade 3 0.179 1980
Grade - 4 0.145 2160
Oil tempered unalloyed steel 0.186 1880
Chrome vanadium steel 0.167 2000
Chrome silicon steel 0.112 2000

7. When Sut = Adb (Fig.4)

8. Buckling of spring

9. Maximum torsional yield strength Sys for helical compression spring under static applications

With Wahl With shear stress

correction factor, correction factor,
Kw Ks
10. Maximum torsional fatigue strength, Sfw for round wire helical compression springs in cyclic
application, Stress ration R = 0, No surging, Room Temperature, Noncorrosive environment

11. Preferred range of initial stress in extension springs as a function of sprig index. The average of
the two values computed may be taken as a good starting value for initial coil stress. i is in psi.

12. Maximum torsional and bending yield strengths Ssy and Sy for helical extension spring in static
condition
13. Maximum torsional and bending fatigue strength, Sfw and Sfwb for ASTM A228 and type 302
stainless steel round wire helical extension springs in cyclic application, Stress ration R = 0, No
surging, Room Temperature, Noncorrosive environment, No shot peening

14. Buckling of springs: Fcr = k KL LF ; Lf is free length of the spring, k = stiffness of the spring, KL is
Buckling factor depending upon the ratio LF / D.