NEMATODES
QUEBEC, C
Fatal effects: erratic migration
Common name: Roundworms 2. Enterobius vermicularis
General Characteristics Common name: Pinworm/ Seatworm
Non-segmented Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of embryonated egg
Cylindrical Egg: Transparent and D-shaped
Tapered at both ends Infective Stage: Embryonated egg
Covered by a protective covering or cuticle Diagnostic Stage: Fertilized and unfertilized egg
Presence of muscle fibers: line the body cavity -in the perianal folds: females go to the anal
(Pseudocoelom) openings to lay eggs and they die after. Larvae
Body cavity contains: viscera, digestive, inside eggs mature in 4-6 hours.
excretory, nervous, and reproductive systems
Sexes are separate Diagnosis: Graham scotch tape swab
Morphology:
Female adult: Some are: Egg: D-shaped, one side flattened, the other convex,
Oviparous: egg-laying transparent shell
Viviparous: Larvae
Parthenogenesis: virgin birth (S. stercoralis) Adult: cuticular alar expansions of the anterior and
prominent posterior esophageal bulb. Males are rarely
Larval stage seen, female dies after deposition.
-for strongyloides and hookworm
Rhabditiform Pathology: Perianal itching/pruritus ani: can lead to
Filariform secondary bacterial infection
-Vaginitis, endometriosis, salpingitis
NEMATODE SPECIES Insomnia, poor appetite, weight loss, irritability, grinding
of teeth, abdominal pain
1. Ascaris lumbricoides 3. Trichuris trichiura
Common name: Giant intestinal roundworm Common name: Whipworm
Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of embryonated egg Infective Stage: Embryonated egg
Infective Stage: Embryonated egg Diagnostic Stage: unembryonated egg
Diagnostic Stage: Fertilized and unfertilized egg Habitat: : Large intestine/cecum
Intermediate host: None
Habitat: Small intestine Morphology:
Migrate to the lungs as a larvae Egg: lemon-shaped/football-shaped
Morphology: Adult entire whip-like portion is deeply embedded into
Egg: fertilized egg has outer coarsely mammillated the intestinal wall of the cecum
albuminous covering (corticated)
Pathology: P etechial hemorrhages
Adult: worms have 3 lips, females are larger than Rectal prolapse
males, females: pointed end, males: curved posterior No larval migration
ends
4. Hookworm
Pathology: 2 kinds- differentiated with the buccal cavity
Tissue reaction to the invading larvae Facultative parasite: no need for an intermediate
Intestinal irritation (adult worm) host
Other complications due to extraintestinal migration
Lungs: allergic manifestations (i.e. asthma) Ancylostoma duodenale
Loefflers syndrome Old world hookworm
Buccal cavity: 2 pairs of ventral teeth
Necator americanus Muscle invasion phase: fever, eosinophilia, circumorbital
New world hookworm edema, muscle pain, CNS involvement
Buccal cavity: 2 pairs of semilunar
cutting plates
Mode of Transmission: Skin penetration 8. Filarial worms
Infective Stage: Filariform larvae
Diagnostic Stage: Eggs Brugia malayi
Pathology: Ground itch
Lung migration - bronchitis, pneumonitis Common name: Malayan filarial worm
Chronic: microcytic, hypochromic iron deficiency anemia, Habitat: Lymph vessels and lymph glands
hypoalbuminemia Vector: Mansonia
Wuchereria bancrofti
5. Strongyloides stercoralis
Facultative parasite Common name: bancrofti filarial worm
Vector: anopheles and aedes mosquito
Common name: Threadworm
Habitat: Esophagus Mode of Transmission: bite of mosquito
Infective Stage: Filariform larvae Infective Stage: L3 larvae
Diagnostic Stage: Rhabditiform larvae Diagnostic Stage: Microfilaria in the blood (IS of the
-Rhabditiform can be differentiated from the mosquito)
adult by its size in the esophagus Pathology: Lymphadenitis, swelling and redness of
arms and legs
Pathology: Chronic: asymptomatic with occasional Elephantiasis, hydrocoele
exacerbations
Acute: urticaria, abdominal pains, diarrhea, Dx: Lab dx: microscoping finding of characteristic
malabsorption, hypoalbuminemia microfilariae in the blood (8 pm - 4 am)
Disseminated: occurs in immunocompromised Knotts method (filtration),k Antigen detecting methods
individuals, fatal may involve vital organs (ELISA, PCR, Ultrasonography)
6. Capillaria philippinensis
Common name: Pudoc worm
Intermediate host: Fish
Reservoir: bird
Habitat: Small intestine
Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of infected fish
Infective Stage: larvae
Diagnostic Stage: embryonated/Unembryonated egg
Pathology: Abdominal pains, gurgling stomach
(borborygmus), diarrhea
Severe protein losing, malabsorption of fats, low
electrolyte count, high level of IgE
Micro ulcers in epithelium
7. Trichinella spiralis
Common name: Trichina worm
Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of undercooked meat
Habitat: Gastrocnemius muscle
Infective Stage: Encysted larvae
Diagnostic Stage Encysted larvae
Pathology: Intestinal phase: non specific gastroenteritis
