Ministry of Education

Academia Latina
Level:
11A Science

Subject:
Biology

Topic:
Tissues and Supporting System

Subject:
Biology

Student:
Poner Nombre

Professor:
Julio Samaniego
Introduction

Tissue is a cellular organizational level that is midway

between cells and a complete multicellular organism. A
tissue is a collection of similar cells from the identical origin
that perform a particular function.

In this paper we will focus on Animal Tissue and their

classification, explaining a little of each type of tissues, that
are:

connective tissue
muscular tissue
nervous tissue
epithelial tissue.

Also we will see that the epithelial tissue has its own
classification, since they have small differences:

Squamous epithelium,
Cuboidal epithelium,
Columnar epithelium,
Glandular epithelium,
Ciliated epithelium.
Organs in turn are obtained by a collection of several
tissues. The study of tissue is referred to as histology and
when tissue is studied with respect to disease, it is known as
histopathology.

The standard tools for studying tissues are the paraffin

block to which tissue is fixed and subsequently segmented,
the histological stain, and the optical microscope.

In the past few decades, advancements in electron

microscopy, immunofluorescence, and the utilization of
frozen tissue sections have improved the feature that can
be seen in tissues. With these tools, the standard looks of
tissues can be studied in health and disease facilitates
substantial enhancement of clinical diagnosis and
prognosis.

Animal Tissue

Can be classified into four fundamental types:

connective tissue
muscular tissue
nervous tissue
epithelial tissue.
Several tissue types make up organs and body structures.
Although all animals can by and large be well thought-out
to have the four types of tissues, the appearance of these
tissues can vary depending on the nature and form of the
organism.

For instance, the source of the cells containing a specific

type of tissue may vary in terms of development for a variety
of animal classification.

The epithelium in all animals is the derivative of the

ectoderm and endoderm with a little input from the
mesoderm, structuring the endothelium, a specific kind of
epithelium that comprises the vasculature.

On the contrary, a true epithelial tissue is only available in

one layer of cells knitted together through occluding
junctions referred to as tight junctions, to form a selectively
permeable wall.

Connective tissue

Connective tissues are composed of fibers. They are

composed of cells divided by non-living substance referred
to as an extracellular matrix. Connective tissue makes
available shapes to organs and keeps them in place.

The blood and bone are examples of connective tissue. Just

as you would deduce from the name, they support and
connect other tissues. In contrast to the epithelial tissue,
connective tissue characteristically has cells spread all
through an extracellular matrix.

Muscular tissue

Muscle cells come together and form the energetic

contractile tissue of the body referred to as muscle tissue or
muscular tissue. Muscle tissue function is to generate force
and cause movement, either locomotion or the movement
of internal organs.

Muscle tissue is classified into three different categories:

visceral or smooth muscle, which is created in the inner
linings of organs; skeletal muscle, in which is found attached
to bone making possible gross movement; and cardiac
muscle which is seen in the heart, and which enables it to
contract and pump blood all through the organism.
The muscular tissue is the most elongated group of cells in
the human body.

Nervous tissue

The nervous or neural tissue is made up of all cells that

made up the central nervous system and peripheral nervous
system.

In the central nervous system, neural tissue come together

to give rise to the brain and spinal cord while in the
peripheral nervous system it forms the cranial nerves and
spinal nerves in addition to the motor neurons.

Epithelial tissue

The epithelial tissues are made up of cells that envelop the

organ surfaces like the surface of the skin, the airways, the
reproductive tract, and the inner coating of the digestive
tract.

The cells that made up the epithelial layer are connected

through semi-permeable, tight junctions; and so, this tissue
acts as a boundary between the outside environment and
the organ it covers. Apart from this protective function,
epithelial tissue may as well be focused to perform secretion
and absorptive function.

Epithelial tissue shields organisms from microorganisms,

injury, and water loss. The functions of the epithelia tissue is
listed below:

the epithelia cell of the body surface form the outer layer
of skin.

Within the body surface, epithelial cells forms lining of

mouth and alimentary canal and guard these organs.

epithelial tissues assist in the absorption of water and

nutrients.

epithelial tissues assist in the removal of waste product.

Types of epithelia tissue

The various types of epithelial tissues are listed below:

Squamous epithelium,

Cuboidal epithelium,

Columnar epithelium,
 Glandular epithelium,

Ciliated epithelium.

Skeletal Tissue

The skeletal tissue is of three types. The three types of

skeleton or skeletal tissue are hydrostatic skeleton,
endoskeleton and exoskeleton. Hydrostatic skeleton is seen
in cold-blooded animals in addition to invertebrates.
Human beings have endoskeleton. Exoskeleton is available
in insects.

Hydrostatic Skeleton

It is seen in soft-bodied and cold-blooded animals. This

skeleton has a coelom, which is a fluid-filled cavity. The
coelom is covered up by muscles and the stiffness initiated
by the fluid and the muscles provide the supporting
construction for the organisms.

The fluid pressure in addition to the motion of the

supporting muscles assists the organisms to modify shape
and move. Invertebrates, the greater part of the earths
living organisms are present in an enormous number of
habitats.
They could be seen in the deepest part of the oceans to the
thickest forests. These invertebrates possess a hydrostatic
skeleton system that assists them to flourish in a different
number of landscapes.

Echinoderms, cnidarians, annelids, nematodes and some

other organisms use the hydrostatic skeleton for
movement. The Earthworm which is an annelid has no bone.
Through hydrostatic skeleton it makes hole through the
ground. Examples of echinoderms are the star fish and the
sea urchin. The Jelly fish is a cnidarians.

Endoskeleton

The simplest explanation for endoskeleton is that it is the

skeleton located in the body. It forms the frame work for the
animal. The tissues and muscles are produced around the
skeletal system and the well-developed forces are passed
on to this skeleton.

The Endoskeleton supports the animal constitution. It is

made up of mineralized tissues. In Phylum Chordata,
Porifera and Echinodermata endoskeleton is present.
Endoskeleton is created in the sub-class Coleoidae. The
animals that belong to Phylum Chordata are all vertebrates
in addition to human beings. Phylum Porifera are sponge-
like animals and is made up of about 5000 species.

Its skeleton is a complex of organic fibres, a pedestal of

calcite and aragonite and spicules of silica. Here the
endoskeleton is for maintainance. Phylum Echinodermata is
made up of a variety of symmetrical marine animals such as
the star fish, sea urchins and so on. It has an endoskeleton
composed of calcium and is enclosed with spines.

Echinoderms have endoskeleton because they have an

interior calcareous skeleton. But for motion, it makes use of
the tentacles which are comparable to a hydrostatic
skeleton.

The endoskeleton in chordates and echinoderms are

formed from mesodermal tissue and it is taken to be the
true endoskeleton. In Coleoidae, the exoskeleton has
evolved into the inner structure. Example is cuttle fish.
Exoskeleton

Exoskeletons are skeletons that exist outside the body. It

forms a shielding covering for the animals. It supports and
also protects the animals. All crustaceans possess
exoskeleton. Crabs, spiders, lobsters, insects are all
crustaceans.

Animals with exoskeleton are typically small. This is due to

the fact that big animals could not be sustained by
exoskeleton and need bones to hold them up. Animals with
exoskeleton possess a head and abdomen and in a number
of cases, a thorax.

The exoskeleton is supple and thin at the joints where it

ought to bend. The outsized exoskeletons are referred to as
shells. Tortoise is an animal that has a shell and
endoskeleton.

The simplest type of skeleton is the hydrostatic skeleton

obtained in a lot of cold-blooded organisms and soft-
bodied animals. The pressure of the fluid and action of the
adjoining muscles are used to alter an organism's figure and
generate movement. This fluid filled cavity is referred to as
the coelom.
Human Skeletal System

The supporting tissues of animals which frequently serve as

a protection for the body or parts of it and play a crucial role
in the animal's physiology is known as skeleton.

Skeletons can be divided into two major types in relation to

the comparative location of the skeletal tissues. When these
tissues are situated outside the soft parts, the animal is said
to possess an exoskeleton.

If they take place deep inside the body, they constitute an

endoskeleton. All vertebrate animals have an endoskeleton,
but the majority as well has components that are
exoskeletal in origin. Invertebrate skeletons, nonetheless,
demonstrate far more disparity in position, morphology,
and materials used to assemble them.

The vertebrate endoskeleton is typically made up of bone

and cartilage; with the exception of a few fishes that
possesses skeletons that do not have bone.

In addition to an endoskeleton, a lot of species have distinct

exoskeletal structures composed of bone or horny
materials. This dermal skeleton makes available support
and safeguard at the body surface.

A lot of structural components constitute the human

skeleton, which includes the collagen, three diverse types of
cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic, as well as a lot
of bone types-woven, lamellar, trabecular, and plexiform.

The vertebrate skeleton is made up of the axial skeleton

the skull, vertebral column, and related structures and the
appendicular skeleton which consists of limbs or
appendages. The essential plan for vertebrates is
comparable, though great variations take place in relation
to functional demands placed on the skeleton.

Axial skeleton

The axial skeleton provides support for the organs of the

head, neck, and torso and as well offers them protection. In
humans, the axial skeleton is made up of the skull, ear
ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Skull

The adult human skull is made up of eight bones which

make up the cranium, or brain box, and 13 facial bones that
sustain the eyes, nose, and jaws. There are as well three
small, paired ear ossiclesthe malleus, incus, and stapes
inside a hollow in the temporal bone.

The totality of 27 bones represents a huge drop in skull

elements all through the course of vertebrate advancement.
The three components of the skull are the neurocranium,
dermatocranium, and visceral cranium.

The brain and certain sense organs are sheltered by the

neurocranium.

Every vertebrate neurocrania grow in the same way,

beginning as ethmoid and basal cartilages beneath the
brain, and as capsules partially encircling the tissues that
finally form the olfactory, otic, and optic sense organs.
Additional growth manufactures cartilaginous barricades
around the brain.

Vertebral column

The vertebral column is an endoskeletal segmented shaft of

mesodermal derivation. It protects the spinal cord, acts as
sites for muscle attachment, offers flexibility, and support,
especially in land-based tetrapods where it has to maintain
the weight of the body.

Hard, spool-shaped bony vertebrae exchange with tough

but flexible intervertebral discs. Every typical vertebral body
(centrum) has a bony neural arch extending dorsally. The
spinal cord pass through these arches, and spinal nerves
come out through the spaces.
Conclusion

There are more types of tissues than you think, their

differences can be better appreciated through a
microscope in a laboratory. The difference between one
tissue and another is the cells that make it up.

For example:

The nervous or neural tissue is made up of all cells that

made up the central nervous system and peripheral nervous
system however The epithelial tissues are made up of cells
that envelop the organ surfaces like the surface of the skin,
the airways, the reproductive tract, and the inner coating of
the digestive tract..
Ilustration