Angular

Measurements
Pushpak Patel
Asst. Professor, Mechanical Engg. Dept,
CSPIT, Changa

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Angular Measurement
Angle :-An opening between two lines which meet at a
point.

If one line is moved around a point in an arc, a complete

circle can be formed.

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Angular Measurement
Circles are divided into 360 equal parts, each being a degree.

Each of these degrees can be evenly divided into 60 equal parts. These parts
are called minutes.

These minutes can be evenly divided into 60 equal parts. parts are called
seconds.
1 Circle = 360 Degrees ( 360 )
1 Degree ( 1 ) = 1/360th of a Circle

1 Degree ( 1) = 60 Minutes ( 60' )

1 Minute ( 1' ) = 1/60th of a Degree

1 Minute ( 1') = 60 Seconds ( 60" )

1 Second ( 1" ) = 1/60th of a Minute
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Angular Measurement

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Angular Measurement
Minutes and seconds can each be expressed as decimal or fractional degrees.

1 Minute ( 1' ) = 1/60th of a Degree = 0.01667

1 Second ( 1" ) = 1/60th of a Minute = 0.01667'
Change 525' to decimal degrees

Divide the minutes by 60

25 divided by 60 = 0.4167

Add 0.4167 to 5 = 5.4167

525' = 5.4167

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Angular Measurement
Change 2752'35" to decimal degrees
Divide the seconds by 60, add to minutes

35 divided by 60 = 0.5833

Added to the 52 minutes, it becomes 52.5833

Divide the minutes by 60, add to degrees

52.5833 divided by 60 = .8764

Added to the 27 degrees, it becomes 27.8764

2752'35" = 27.8764
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Angular Measurement
1. Express 78.2356 in degrees, minutes, and seconds.

2. Express 78148 in decimal degrees.

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Angular Measurement
1. Express 78.2356 in degrees, minutes, and seconds.
Degrees = 78
Multiply 0.2356 by 60 to obtain minutes.
60 x 0.2356 = 14.136
Multiply 0.136 by 60 to obtain seconds.
60 x 0.1360 = 8.16
Round to whole seconds. 8.16 8
Combine degrees, minutes, and seconds. 78+14+8 =
78148

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Angular Measurement
2. Express 78148 in decimal degrees.
Degrees = 78
Divide the seconds by 60 to obtain the decimal minute.
8 60 = 0.1333
Add the decimal minute to the given minutes.
0.1333 + 14 = 14.1333
Divide the sum of the minutes by 60 to obtain decimal
degrees.
14.1333 60 = 0.2356
Add the decimal degrees to the given degrees.
78 + 0.2356 = 78.2356

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Angular Measurement

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Angular Measurement

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Angular Measurement
Instruments for angular measurement:
Vernier bevel Protectors
Sine bar
Sine table
Sine centre
Angle Gauges
Spirit Level
Clinometers
Auto collimator

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VERNIER BEVEL PROTECTOR
Vernier bevel protractor is the simplest instrument for
measuring the angle between two faces of component.

It consists of
(1) body
(2) Beam
(3) adjustable blade
(4) Main scale
(5) vernier scale
(6) acute angle attachment.

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VERNIER BEVEL PROTECTOR
It is an angular measuring instrument capable of measuring
angles to within 5 min.
The name universal refers to the capacity of the instrument to be
adaptable to a great variety of work configurations.
It consists of a base to which a vernier scale is attached. A
protractor dial is mounted on the circular section of the base.
The protractor dial is graduated in degrees with every tenth
degree numbered. The sliding blade is fitted into this dial; it
may be extended to either direction and set at any angle to the
base.
The blade and the dial are rotated as a unit. The protractor dial
may be locked in any position by means of the dial clamp nut.

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VERNIER BEVEL PROTECTOR

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VERNIER BEVEL PROTECTOR

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VERNIER BEVEL PROTECTOR

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Least Count Of Vernier Bevel Protractor
Ratio of Smallest Division on Main Scale to Number of
divisions on Vernier Scale

= 1 degree / 12
= 60 mins / 12
= 5 mins.

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How to take reading

Zero on the vernier scale has moved 28 whole degrees to the

right of the 0 on the main scale.
3rd line on the vernier scale coincides with a line upon the
main scale as indicated
Multiplying 3 by 5, the product, 15, is the number of minutes to
be added to the whole number of degrees,
Thus indicating a setting of 28 degrees and 15 minutes. 19
VERNIER BEVEL PROTECTOR

Measuring acute (a) and obtuse (b) angles

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21
Sine Bar
Sine bar is a precision angle measuring instrument used
along with slip gauges. it is used to measure the angle
very accurately and/or to locate the work to a given angle.
Sine bars are made from high chromium, corrosion
resistant steel, hardened and stabilized.
Two cylinders of equal diameter are attached at the ends.
Axis of these two cylinders are mutually parallel to each
other and also parallel to and at equal distance from the
upper surface of the sine bar.
Some holes are drilled in the body of the bar to reduce the
weight and to facilitate handling.

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Sine Bar
The distance between the axes of the two cylinders is
exactly 5 inches or 10 inches in British system, and 100,
200 and 300 mm in metric system.

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Constructional Features of sin bar on
which accuracy depends
The two rollers must have equal diameter and be true
cylinders.

The rollers must be set parallel to each other and to the

upper face.

The precise centre distance between the rollers must be

known.

The upper face must have a high degree of flatness.

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Sine Bar

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Sine Bar
Measurements are made by using the principle base of
trigonometry, i.e. sine rule

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Sine Bar
Measurements are made by using the principle base of
trigonometry, i.e. sine rule

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 USE OF SINE BAR
(1) locating any work to a given angle.

For this purpose the surface plate is assumed to be having a perfectly flat
surface, so that its surface could be treated as horizontal. One of the
cylinders or rollers of sine bar is placed on the surface plate and other roller
is placed on the slip gauges of height h.
Let the sine bar be set at an angle .
Then sin = h/l,

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(2) Checking of unknown angles
A dial indicator is set at one end of the work and moved to the other, and deviation
is noted.
Again slip gauges are so adjusted (according to this deviation) that the upper
surface of the component is truly parallel with the surface plate and dial indicator
reads zero across work surface.
sin = h/L,

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(3) Checking of unknown angles of heavy components.
In such cases where components are heavy and can't be mounted on the sine bar,
then sine bar is mounted on the component as shown in Fig.

The height over the rollers can then be measured by a vernier height gauge ; using a
dial test gauge mounted on the anvil of height gauge as the fiducial indicator to
ensure constant measuring pressure.

Adjust the height gauge until it shows zero reading each time.

Say reading is R1 and R2.

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 Fig. shows the use of height gauge for obtaining two readings for either of the roller
of sine bar.
The difference of the two readings of height gauge divided by the centre distance of
sine bar gives the sine of the angle of the component to be measured .
sin = (R2 R1)/ L

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Limitation of sine bar
For angle exceeding 45 degree, sine bars are not
suitable.

The sine bar is physically clumsy to hold in position.

It is difficult to handle and position the slip gauge.

Slight errors of the sine bar cause large angular errors.

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Source of error using sine bar
The following are the various possible source of error using sine
bar:
1. Error in center distance of two precision roller.
2. Error inequally of size of roller and cylindrical accuracy in the
form of rollers.
3. Error in slip gauge combination used for angle setting.

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Sine Centre
It is basically a sine bar with block holding centres which
can be adjusted and rigidly clamped in any position.

These are used for the testing of conical work,centered at

each end as shown in figure.

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Sine Centre
The centres can also be adjusted depending on the length
of the conical work piece, to be hold between centres.

The procedure for its setting is the same as that for sin
bar.

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Sine Centre

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Sine table
It is the most convenient and accurate design for heavy
piece consists of a self contained sine bar, hinged at one
roller and mounted on its datum surface.
The arrangement is made in the slip gauge height and
angle is calculated as,
=sin-1(h/L)

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Sine Table

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Sine Table

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Angular Gauges/ Angular Blocks
The angle gauges can be build up to give a required
angle.
These are pieces of hardened and stabilized steel. The
measuring faces are lapped and polished to a high
degree of accuracy and flatness.
These gauges are about 76 mm long and 16 mm wide.

They are used to check :

gauges
tools and work pieces
to set machine and attachments

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Angular Gauges/ Angular Blocks
A complete set of angular blocks consists of :

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Angular Gauges/ Angular Blocks
These gauges can be wrung together to form desire
angles. The wringing is similar to that of slip gauges.
All these angle gauges in combination can be added or
subtracted in figure. Thus, making a large no. of
combination are possible.
Each angle gauge is accurate to within one second and is
marked with angraved V which indicates the direction of
the inclined angle.

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Angular Gauges/ Angular Blocks

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Angular Gauges/ Angular Blocks

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Angular Gauges/ Angular Blocks
Setting a revolving magnetic chuck using angle gauge
blocks

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Applications of Angle gauges
Widely used in engineering industries for the quick
measurement of angles between two surfaces.

For checking whether the component is within its angle

tolerance.

The reflective properties of their lapped surfaces make

them suitable for use with collimating type of instrument .

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Limitations of Angle gauges
The blog formed by the wringing of number of these
gauges become bulky and cannot always be conveniently
applied to work.

Errors are easily compounded when they are wrung in

combination.

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Spirit level or bubble level
An instrument designed to indicate whether a surface is
level or plumb.
A spirit level used for static leveling of machinery & other
equipment.
Calibrated spirit level is a very useful instrument for
measuring small angle relative to a horizontal datum with
high precision.

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Spirit level or bubble level
The spirit level essentially consists of a simple glass
tube.
A liquid, usually a yellow-colored 'spirit' (ethanol) is fills in
the tube.
A spirit such as Ethanol is used due to its very low
viscosity. This provides an ideal element for a bubble to
travel the tube quickly and settle accurately.
If a liquid almost fills the tube, the bubble in the liquid will
always be at the highest position in the tube. If the tube is
tiled through a certain angle, the bubble will move along
the radius of the tube through a distance proportional to
the angle of the tilt, so the angle of the tilt can be
measured.

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Clinometers
The clinometer is a special case of the application of a
spirit level. It is an instrument used for measuring angle
relative to the horizontal plane.

The various type of clinometers are:

Vernier clinometer
Micrometer clinometer

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Vernier clinometer
Vernier clinometer is shown in fig. It consists of a spirit
level mounted on a rotary member carried in a housing.
One face of the housing forms the base of the instrument.
A circular scale is provided on the housing.A circular
scale is used to measure the angle of inclination of the
rotary member relative to the base.

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Vernier clinometer
The base of the instrument is placed on the surface &
rotary member is adjusted till zero reading of the bubble is
obtained as shown in fig. The angle of rotation is then
noted on the circular scale against an index.

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Micrometer clinometer
In Micrometer clinometer, one end of spirit level is
attached at end of the barrel of a micrometer. The other
end of the spirite level is hinged on the base.
The base is placed on the surface whose inclination is to
be measured.
The micrometer is adjusted till the level is horizontal. This
type of clinometer is suitable for measuring small angles.

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Micrometer clinometer

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Application of clinometers
For checking angular faces, and relief angles on large
cutting tools and milling cutter inserts.

For setting inclined table on jig boring machines and

angular work on grinding machines etc.

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COMBINATION SET

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COMBINATION SET

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COMBINATION SET

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COMBINATION SET

A Combination Square consisting of the

ruler, 45 holder ( Square Head ), protractor
head and center head

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Combination Set Applications
Checking angles 90 and 45 angles.
Checking flatness, Squareness.
Measuring the center of a circular bar.
Protractor head allows angles to be set and measured
between the base and ruler.

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USING A COMBINATION SQUARE

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Using as a center head to find the diameter of
a cylinder
1.Slide center head (1) on rule (2) and fasten by
tightening setscrew (3).
2. Put the center head flush against the cylinder.
3. Mark the diameter on the cylinder using a pencil
or marking crayon by drawing a straight line
along the inside edge (4).

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Using as a protractor head to determine an angle

1.Slide protractor head (1) on rule (2) and fasten by

tightening setscrew (3).
2. Loosen the protractor adjustment screws (4) so
the protractor may be pivoted about the rule.

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Using as a protractor head to determine an angle

3. Angle being measured is already marked .

Place the rule on the angle being measured and
pivot the protractor head against the edge.
4. Remove and read measured angle on protractor scale.

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Auto collimator
Auto collimator is an optical instrument to measure small
angles.
Operating Principle of Auto collimator :
If the light source is placed in the focus of collimating lens,
it is projected as a parallel beam of light.
If this beam now strike a plane reflector which is normal to
the optical axis, it will be reflected back along its own path
and focused at the same point O.
If the plane reflector be now tilted through a small angle
than parallel beam will be deflected through twice this
angle, and will be focus at O.
OO = x= 2 f

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Operating Principle of Auto collimator

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Operating Principle of Auto collimator

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Construction of Auto collimator

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Angle dekkor

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