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Chap 2

1. An axial spring is a simple element that can only carry axial forces and results in spring deformation through lengthening or shortening under tensile loads. 2. The behavior of a linear spring can be modeled using element stiffness matrices, where the element forces are equal to the element stiffness matrix multiplied by the nodal displacements. 3. Multiple spring elements can be assembled into a structural system model by superimposing the element stiffness matrices to obtain the overall structural stiffness matrix, which relates the structural forces to the nodal displacements.

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Ilman Faiq
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45 views

Chap 2

1. An axial spring is a simple element that can only carry axial forces and results in spring deformation through lengthening or shortening under tensile loads. 2. The behavior of a linear spring can be modeled using element stiffness matrices, where the element forces are equal to the element stiffness matrix multiplied by the nodal displacements. 3. Multiple spring elements can be assembled into a structural system model by superimposing the element stiffness matrices to obtain the overall structural stiffness matrix, which relates the structural forces to the nodal displacements.

Uploaded by

Ilman Faiq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro

Linear Spring
Axial spring is a simple element, which can carry only axial force
and results in spring deformation (lengthening or shortening).

T=k

T T

Spring deformation under tensile load


Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Spring Element
k
1 2
x
f1x, d1x f2x, d2x
L

The Form of Spring Element Equation

f1x k11 k12 d1x f1x k11 d1x k12 d 2 x



f 2 x k21 k22 d 2 x f 2 x k21 d1x k22 d 2 x
Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Element Equation k
1 2
x
f1x, d1x f2x, d2x
L

f1x k11 k12 d1x


{f} = [k] {d}
f 2 x k21 k22 d 2 x

{f} = element force matrix


[k] = element stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement matrix
Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Displacement function
a1
Linear function : u a1 a2 x u 1 x
a 2
In term of nodal displacements :
x d1x d1x
x
u 1 u N1 N 2
L L d 2 x d 2 x

N1 and N2 are shape functions


At node-1: N1 = 1 N2 = 0.
At node-2: N1 = 0 N2 = 1
Also at any other point in the element, N1 + N2 = 1
Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Element Equation, Direct Equilibrium
k
1 2
x
k f1x, d1x f2x, d2x
L
T T


u L u 0
T=k
d 2 x d1x
f1x T
T f1x k k d 2 x d1x
f1x k d1x d 2 x f1x k k d1x

f2x T f 2 x k k d 2 x
f 2 x k d 2 x d1x
Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Assembly of Element Equations
1 k1 3 k2 2 F
A two-spring system
1 2

The element-1 has nodes 1 and 3. The element-2 has nodes 2 and 3.
Expansion of element-1 yields: Expansion of element-2 yields:

f 1 x k1 0 k1 d 1 x f 1 x 0 0 0 d1x

f 2x 0 0 0 d 2 x f 2 x 0 k 2 k 2 d 2 x
f k 0 k1 d 3 x f 0 k k 2 d 3 x
3x 1 3x 2

Then the superposition is employed,


F1x k1 0 k1 d1x
f el1 f el 2 k el1 k el 2 d
F2 x 0 k2 k 2 d 2 x
F K d F k k2 k1 k 2
3x 1 d 3 x
Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Structural/System Equation
1 k1 3 k2 2 F
A two-spring system
1 2

F1x k1 0 k1 d1x

F2 x 0 k2 k 2 d 2 x {F} = [K] {d}
F k k2 k1 k 2
3x 1 d 3 x

{F} = structural force matrix


[K] = structural/system stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement matrix
Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Boundary Conditions - Homogeneous
1 1 , k1 3 2 , k2 2
A two-spring system
F3x F2x

F1x k1 0 k1 0 k1d 3 x F1x



k 2 d 2 x
d1x = 0 k 2 d 2 x k 2 d 3 x F2 x
F2 x 0 k2
F k k1 k 2
3x 1 k2 d 3 x k 2 d 2 x k1 k 2 F3 x

F2 x k2 k2 d 2 x d2x and d3x can be found,



F3 x k2 k1 k2 d3 x which in turn, the
structural forces can be
found
Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Boundary Conditions - Homogeneous
The displacement of node-1 is not zero
1 1 , k1 3 2 , k2 2
but initially displaced to the magnitude of .
Introducing this boundary condition to
F3x F2x
the structural equation yields,

F1x k1 0 k1

F2 x 0 k2 k 2 d 2 x
k1 0 d 2 x k1d 3 x F1x F k k2 k1 k 2 d 3 x
3x 1
0 k 2 d 2 x k 2 d 3 x F2 x
k1 k 2 d 2 x k1 k d 3 x F3 x

As , F2x, and F3x are known quantities,


the displacement at node-2, d2x,
k2 d 2 x k2 d3 x F2 x and at the node-3, d3x, can be calculated.
k2 d 2 x k1 k d 3 x k1 F3 x

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