FLUID MECHANICS

QUIZ NO. 2
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1. Water flows through a pipe reducer. The static pressures at (1) and (2) are measured by the inverted
U-tube manometer containing oil of specific gravity of SG less than unity. Determine the manometer
reading h.

Solution:

Continuity Equation (1): = 1 = 2

4 4
1 = 2 ; 2 = 2
1 2

1 2 2 2
Bernoullis Equation (2): + 1 + 21 = + 2 + 22

1 2 22 12


= (2 1 ) + 2

Manometer Equation (3): 1 [ + + (2 1 )] + + = 2

1 2 = [ + + (2 1 )]
1 2


= (1 ) + (2 1 )

Combining (1), (2) and (3), eliminating velocities and pressure drop reduced the equation to

16 2 1 1
(1 ) + (2 1 ) = (2 1 ) + 4
2 2 24 1

8 2 1 1
= 2 (1) 4 4
2 1
2. Air flows steadily through the variable area pipe. Determine the flow rate if viscous and
compressibility effects are negligible.

Solution:

Continuity Equation (1): = 1 = 2

4 4
1 = 2 ; 2 = 2
1 2

1 2 2
Bernoullis Equation (2):
+ 1 + 21 = 2 + 2 + 22

1 22 12
2 =
2

2
Manometer Equation (3): 1 + [0.1] = but = 2 + 22

2
1 + [0.1] = 2 + 22

1 2
2 = 22 0.1

Combining Equations (2) and (3), eliminating the pressure drop gives the flow rate

22 22 12
2
0.1 = 2

12
= 0.1
2

1 = 0.2

Using Equation (1) yields

= 4 12 0.2

Using Ideal Gas Equation of State:

101 .325
= = (0.287 )(15+273 .15) = 1.225 3

1000
= 4 (0.2 )2 0.2(9.81 / 2 ) 1.225

= 1.25728 3 /
3. A liquid with a specific gravity of 1.15 is being pumped in a pipeline from A to B. At A the pipe
diameter of supply line is 0.50 m and the pressure is 250 kPa. At B the pipe diameter of discharge line
is 0.25 m and the pressure is 320 kPa. Point B is 1 m lower than A. Find the flow rate if the pump puts
25 kW into the flow. Neglect headloss.

Given:

= 1.15 = 25
= 0.5 = 0.25
= 250 = 320
= 0 = 1

Solution:

2 2
Energy Equation (1): + + + = + +
2 2

Pump Head (2): =

Combining (1) and (2), eliminating

2 2
+ + 2 + = + + 2

250 16 2 25 320 16 2
1.15(9.81)
+ 0 + 2 2 4 + 1.15(9.81) = 1.15(9.81) 1 + 2 2 4

16 2 1 1 25 (320 250 )
4 1.15(9.81) + 1=0
2 2 4 1.15(9.81)

2.216 7744
19.837222
+ 5.206968 = 0

19.837223 + 5.206968 2.2167744 = 0

Use Newtons Method to obtain the roots of the equation i.e.,

f (Qn )
Qn+1 = Qn
f ' (Qn )

Wherein,

() = 19.837223 + 5.206968 2.2167744

() = 59.511662 + 5.206968

Let the initial value be Q0 = 0.50

Iteration Qn Qn+1
0 0.5 0.357288
1 0.357288 0.314459
2 0.314459 0.311083
3 0.311083 0.311064
 Using Synthetic Division, the coefficients of quadratic equation can be determined.

1 0 0.2624847635 -0.111748 Q = 0.311064

0.311064 0.0967608121 0.111748
1 0.311064 0.3592455756 0

Using Quadratic Formula, the roots of equation are identified.

0.3110640.311064 2 4(1)(0.3592456)
=
2(1)

The discriminant has a negative value which suggests that there is only one solution.

4. A 0.10 m diameter jet with a velocity of 50 m/s impinges on a single vane moving in the same
direction at a velocity 30 m/s. If the deflection angle denoted as 2 is 135 and friction losses over the
vane are such that the relative velocity at outlet is 95% of relative velocity at inlet (i.e., u2=0.95u1),
then compute the following: (a) the absolute velocity at outlet, (b) the direction of absolute velocity
at outlet, (c) the direction of resultant force, and (d) the resultant force exerted by the water on the
vane.

Solution: (Note: Blade Deflection is Upward)

The relative velocity at inlet: 1 = 1 = (50 30) = 20 /

The relative velocity at outlet: 2 = 0.951 = 19 /

Using Cosine Law, the absolute velocity at outlet yields

22 = 22 + 2 22 cos[180 2 ]
22 = 22 + 2 + 22 cos 2
2 = 21.3283 /
Since,
2 sin 2 = 2 sin 2
2
2 = sin1 sin 2
2
2 = 39.0439

Continuity Equation: = 4 12 1 = 4 (0.1)2 (20) = 0.1571 . /

Momentum Equation along x-axis: 1 1 + 2 2 = [2 1 ]

= [1 2 ]

= [1 2 cos 2 ]

= (1000)(0.1571)[50 21.3283 cos 39.0439]

= 5,252.65

Momentum Equation along y-axis: 1 1 2 2 + = 2 1

 = 2 sin 2

= (1000)(0.1571)[21.3283 sin 39.0439]

= 2,110.64

The resultant force yields = 2 + 2 = 5,660.84

= tan1 = 21.89

Bonus (20 pts)

5. The diameters of the suction and discharge pipes of pump are 0.15m and 0.10 m, respectively. The
discharge pressure is read by a gage at a point 1.25 m above the centerline of the pump, and the
suction pressure is read by a gage 0.5 m below the centerline. If the pressure gage reads 200 kPa and
the suction gage reads a vacuum of 30 cm mercury when gasoline (SG = 0.80) is pumped at the rate of
80 L/s. Find the power delivered to the fluid.

Given:

= 0.15 = 0.10

= 0.50 = 1.25

= 30 = 200

Solution:

The pump head is computed using the energy equation:

(200 +101 .325 )101 .325 30 (101 .325 76 ) 16(0.08)2 1 1

= + (1.25 + 0.5) + 0.15 4
0.80(9.81) 2 2 0.14

= 30.58062 + 1.75 + 4.24355 = 36.5742

The power delivered to the fluid yields

= 0.80 9.81 . (0.08 . /)(36.5742 ) = 22.96