1.What is SQL Server?

SQL Server is one of the Database Management Systems (DBMS) and is designed by
Microsoft. DBMS are computer software applications with the capability of interacting
with user, various other applications as well as the database itself. The objective is
capturing and analyzing data and manages definition, querying, creation, updating as well
as administration of database.
2.How and why use it?
SQL Server is free and anyone can download and use it. The application uses SQL
(Structured Query Language) and is easy to use.
3.What are the features of MySQL?
MySQL provides cross-platform support, wide range of interfaces for application
programming and has many stored procedures like triggers and cursors that helps in
managing the database.
4.What is traditional Network Library for the system?
In either Windows or POSIX systems the named pipes provide ways of inter-process
communications to connect different processes running on the same machine. It dispenses
with the necessity of using the network stack and data can be sent without affecting the
performance. Servers set up named pipes to listen to requests. Client process needs to
know the specific pipe name to send the request.
5.What is the default port for MySQL Server?
The default port for MySQL Server is 3306. Another standard default is port 1433 in
TCP/IP for SQL Server.
6.What do DDL, DML, and DCL stand for?
DDL is the abbreviation for Data Definition Language dealing with database schemas as
well as the description of how data resides in the database. An example is CREATE
TABLE command. DML denotes Data Manipulation Language such as SELECT,
INSERT etc. DCL stands for Data Control Language and includes commands like
GRANT, REVOKE etc.
7.What are meant by Joins in MySQL?
In MySQL the Joins are used to query data from two or more tables. The query is made
using relationship between certain columns existing in the table. There are four types of
Joins in MySQL. Inner Join returns the rows if there is at least one match in both the
tables. Left Join returns all the rows form the left table even if there is no match in the
right table. Right Join returns all the rows from the right table even if no matches exist in
left table. Full Join would return rows when there is at least one match in the tables.
8.What are the common MySQL functions?
Common MySQL functions are as follows: NOWO function for returning current
date and time as single value. CURRDATEO function for returning the current date
or time. CONCAT (X, Y) function to concatenates two string values creating single
string output. DATEDIFF (X, Y) function to determine difference two dates.
9.What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR?
When the table is created, CHAR is used to define the fixed length of the table and
columns. The length value could be in the range of 1-255. VARCHAR command is given
to adjust the column and table length as required.
10.What are HEAP Tables?
 Basically HEAP tables are in-memory and used for high speed temporary storages. But
TEXT or BLOB fields are not allowed within them. They also do not support AUTO
INCREMENT.
11.What is the syntax for concatenating tables in MySQL?
The syntax for concatenating tables is MySQL is CONCAT (string 1, string 2, string 3)
12.What are the limits for using columns to create the Index?
The maximum limits of indexed columns that could be created for any table is 16.
13.What are the different types of strings in Database columns in MySQL?
Different types of strings that can be used for database columns are SET, BLOB,
VARCHAR, TEX, ENUM, and CHAR.
14.How the user can get the current SQL version?
The syntax for getting the current version of MySQL is SELECT VERSION ();
15.Is there an object oriented version of MySQL library functions?
MySQLi is the object oriented version of MySQL and it interfaces in PHP.
16.What is the storage engine for MySQL?
Storage tables are named as table types. The data is stored in the files using multiple
techniques such as indexing, locking levels, capabilities and functions.
17.What is the difference between primary key and candidate key?
Primary key in MySQL is use to identify every row of a table in unique manner. For one
table there is only one primary key. One of the candidate keys is the primary key and the
candidate keys can be used to reference the foreign keys.
18.What are the different types of tables in MySQL?
MyISAM is the default table that is based on the sequential access method. HEAP is
the table that is used for fast data access but data will be lost if the table or system
crashes. InoDB is the table that supports transactions using the COMMIT and ROLL
BACK commands. BDB can support transactions similar to InoDB but the execution is
slower.
19.Can you use MySQL with LINUX operating system?
Yes, the syntax for using MySQL with LINUX operating system is /etc/init.d/mysqlstart
20.What is the use of ENUM in MySQL?
Use of ENUM will limit the values that can go into a table. For instance; the user can
create a table giving specific month values and other month values would not enter into
the table.
21.What are the TRIGGERS that can be used in MySQL tables?
The following TRIGGERS are allowed in MySQL: BEFORE INSERT
AFTER INSERT
BEFORE UPDATE
AFTER UPDATE
BEFORE DELETE
AFTER DELETE
22.What is the difference between LIKE and REGEXP operators in MySQL?
LIKE is denoted using the % sign. For example:SELECT * FROM user WHERE user
name LIKE %NAME. On the other hand the use of REGEXP is as follows:SELECT *
FROM user WHERE username REGEXP ^NAME;
23.How to use the MySQL slow query log?
 Information that is provided on the slow query log could be huge in size. The query could
also be listed over thousand times. In order to summarize the slow query log in an
informative manner one can use the third party tool pt-qury-digest.
24.How can one take incremental backup in MySQL?
User can take incremental backup in MySQL using percona xtrabackup.
25.How can you change the root password if the root password is lost?
In such cases when the password is lost the user should start the DB with skip-grants-
table and then change the password. Thereafter with the new password the user should
restart the DB in normal mode.
26.How to resolve the problem of data disk that is full?
When the data disk is full and overloaded the way out is to create and soft link and move
the .frm as well as the .idb files into that link location.
27.What is the difference between DELETE TABLE and TRUNCATE TABLE commands in
MySQL?
Basically DELETE TABLE is logged operation and every row deleted is logged.
Therefore the process is usually slow. TRUNCATE TABLE also deletes rows in a table
but it will not log any of the rows deleted. The process is faster in comparison.
TRUNCATE TABLE can be rolled back and is functionally similar to the DELETE
statement using no WHERE clause.
28.What are types of joins in MySQL?
There are four types of Joins in MySQL. Inner Join returns the rows if there is at least
one match in both the tables. Left Join returns all the rows form the left table even if there
is no match in the right table. Right Join returns all the rows from the right table even if
no matches exist in left table. Full Join would return rows when there is at least one
match in the tables.
29.What are the storage models of OLAP?
The storage models in OLA are MOLAP, ROLAP, and HOLAP.
30.How to define testing of network layers in MySQL?
For this it is necessary reviewing the layered architecture and determining hardware and
software configuration dependencies in respect of the application put to test.
31.What is the difference between primary key and unique key?
While both are used to enforce uniqueness of the column defined but primary key would
create a clustered index whereas unique key would create non-clustered index on the
column. Primary key does not allow NULL but unique key allows it.
32.What is meant by transaction and ACID properties?
Transaction is logical unit of work where either all or none of the steps should be
performed. ACID is the abbreviation for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and
Durability that are properties of any transaction.
33.How can one restart SQL Server in single user or minimal configuration modes?
The command line SQLSERVER.EXE used with m will restart SQL Server in single
user mode and with f will start it in minimal configuration mode.
34.What is the difference between BLOB and TEXT?
BLOBs are binary large object holding huge data. 4 types of BLOB are TINYBLOB,
BLOB, MEDIBLOB, and LONGBLOB. TEXT is case-sensitive BLOB. 4 types of TEXT
are TINY TEXT, TEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, and LONG TEXT.
35.What is the basic MySQL architecture?
 The logical architecture of MySQL is made of connection manager, query optimizer,
and pluggable engines.
Suppose we have to tables
1.Employee
2.Employee Salary

CREATE TABLE `employees` (

`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`photo` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
`first_name` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
`last_name` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
`gender` varchar(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`email` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
`mobile` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
`password` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
`active` tinyint(4) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1

employees

id name
1 Admin
2 Employee1
3 Employee2
4 Employee3
5 Employee4

CREATE TABLE `employee_salary` (

`id` int(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`employee_id` int(10) DEFAULT NULL,
`salary` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
`created_on` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
`created_by` int(10) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=32 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1

id employee_id salary
1 1 10000
2 2 20000
3 3 10000
4 4 40000
5 5 30000
1. Find Second highest paid employees withou using LIMIT function.

Query:

SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee_salary WHERE salary <(SELECT MAX(salary)

FROM employee_salary)

2.Skip repeating values

Query:
SELECT salary FROM employee_salary GROUP BY salary

3.Reset Auto-increment next value

Query:
ALTER TABLE tablel SET AUTO_INCREMENT=val;

4.Find the Size of database

Query:
SELECT
s.schema_name AS 'database',
SUM(t.data_length) AS DATA,
SUM( t.index_length ) AS INDEXES,
SUM(t.data_length) + SUM(t.index_length) AS 'Mb Used',
IF(SUM(t.data_free)=0,'',SUM(t.data_free)) AS 'Mb Free',
COUNT(table_name) AS TABLES
FROM information_schema.schemata s
LEFT JOIN information_schema.tables t ON s.schema_name = t.table_schema
GROUP BY s.schema_name

5.First and Last Date of Month

Last day of next month:

SELECT LAST_DAY (DATE_ADD(CURDATE(), INTERVAL 30 DAY))

Last day of Previous month:

SELECT LAST_DAY (DATE_SUB(CURDATE(), INTERVAL 30 DAY))

First day of next month

SELECT CONCAT(LEFT(CURDATE() + INTERVAL 1 MONTH, 8), '01');

6.Display every Nth row

Query:
SELECT id
FROM employees
GROUP BY id
HAVING MOD(id, N) = 0;

7.Age in years

SELECT DATE_FORMAT(FROM_DAYS(TO_DAYS(NOW()) - TO_DAYS('1991-07-01')), '%Y') + 0;

8.Difference between two dates

SELECT DATEDIFF('2002-07-15','2001-07-15')

9. Update Table using Join

UPDATE employee e LEFT JOIN employee_salary s ON e.id=s.employee_id

SET s.salary='50000'
where e.first_name='Admin'

10. DELETE Table using Join

Delete employee_salary FROM employee_salary LEFT JOIN employee ON

employee.id=employee_salary.employee_id
WHERE employee.first_name='Admin'

Question: What are 3 different ways to connect with MySQL?

Following are 3 API with which we can connect to MySQL
1. MySQL
2. MySQLI
3. PDO

We should use MySQLI because MySQLI is imporoved version of MySQL and it have lot of
functions which are absent in MySQL.

Question: What is the best collation to use for MySQL?

utf8_general_ci: It is used for fast sorting but it is less accurate.
utf8_unicode_ci: It is used for better accuracy but little slow as compare to utf8_general_ci.
You can also use for specific languages like utf8_swedish_ci.

Question: Give an example of Transaction with commit and rollback?

try {
// First of all, let's begin a transaction
$db->beginTransaction();

// A set of queries; if one fails, an exception should be thrown which we

are handling at bottom
$db->query('1 query exe');
$db->query('2 query exe');
$db->query('3 query exe');

$db->commit();
} catch (Exception $e) {
// An exception has been thrown by try
//This function have all the things which you want to rollback.

$db->rollback();
}

Question: How to use "MySQL in clause" for "string search" and "number search"?
When we are searching with number: We need not to add single quote

$sql=mysql_query('SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE id IN ( 1, 2, 34 )');

while($data = mysql_fetch_array($sql)){
//write here your code
}
When we are searching with string:Its compulsory to add single OR double quote.

$sql=mysql_query("SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE email

in('[email protected]','[email protected]','[email protected]')");
while($data = mysql_fetch_array($sql)){
//write here your code
}

Question: How to get the closed 10 locations between with lat long?
You can try below MySQL as its working for me:

$sql='SELECT id, ( 3959 * acos( cos( radians(37) ) * cos( radians( lat ) )

* cos( radians( lng ) - radians(-122) ) + sin( radians(37) ) *
sin(radians(lat)) ) ) AS distance
FROM city HAVING distance < 25 ORDER BY distance asc limit 0,10';

while($data = mysql_fetch_array($sql)){
//write here your code
}
Question: How to use update query based on SELECT Query?
You have to use the join for this, See below format:

update tab1
left join table2 tab2 on
tab1.name = tab2.name
set
update_field = if(start_dates > end_dats, 'valid', 'Not-valie')

Queston: How to optimize table?

OPTIMIZE TABLE `users`

Question: How to repair table?

you can use any of below:

REPAIR TABLE users

REPAIR TABLE users QUICK
REPAIR TABLE users EXTENDED