1

Incidence on Power System Dynamics of High

Penetration of Fixed Speed and Doubly Fed
Wind Energy Systems. Study of the Spanish
Case.

variable speed machines are connected through an electronic
Abstract-- In this paper a preliminary analysis of the impact interface. The first type is simpler and cheaper, but the second

Juan M. Rodrguez, Jos L. Fernndez, Domingo Beato, Ramn Iturbe, Julio Usaola (M), Pablo Ledesma, Jos
R Wilhelmi

of high wind power penetration in the planning and operation of one usually have better performance and allow active and
the Spanish power system is presented. The problems studied in reactive power regulation. One of the most promising devices
the paper are those related to the stability of the power system. is the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG).
This key subject could be deeply influenced by the installation of
up to 15,000 MW of wind power generation as it has been
Most of the Spanish wind energy comes from fixed speed
planned for the next 6 years. The analysis presented here is turbines rated between 500 and 1000 kW, clustered in wind
based on the results of dynamic simulations. Dynamic models of farms of a power comprised between 30 and 250 MW (more
the induction generator (squirrel cage and doubly fed) and than one wind farm connected to the grid at the same high
models of the wind farms have beendeveloped to make possible voltage bus). In this paper, a study of the incidence on the
the simulations. From the simulations results some conclusions Spanish network dynamics of a high level of wind generation
and recommendations have been extracted, which would is presented. The behaviour of both fixed speed and DFIG
contribute to the appropriate integration of the new wind
generation foreseen for the Spanish power system. devices are analysed when a large wind power penetration is
Index Terms-- Wind power generation. Power system stability. expected. This study has been conducted in two electrical
Power generation control. Doubly fed induction generator. regions of the Spanish system that have very important wind
energy development plans: Galicia and Aragn-Navarra.
I. INTRODUCTION

A n important increase of power produced by wind energy II. DESCRIPTION OF THE WECS.
is foreseen for the next years in Europe. Many countries For modelling WECS, a suitable model of wind and
have very important plans to install new wind energy farms: mechanical system must be provided. Two wind models have
Germany has recently become the country in the world with been used for the study of the effect of wind speed fluctuations
the largest amount of wind power installed, Denmark has a and the corresponding generated power variations in the
very important plan to install offshore wind energy power system. One of them is based on the Kaimal spectrum [1],
plants; in Spain more than 1,000 MW have been installed and while the second one uses direct wind speed measurements
very fast growing plans are under consideration. Greece, provided to the authors by CIEMAT (Centro de
Portugal and other countries are also involved in the Investigaciones Energticas, Medioambientales y Tecno-
movement towards this renewable energy source. In Spain an lgicas). The mechanical drive train is modelled as a second
amount as high as 15,000 MW of installed wind generation order system. The use of more complex models that allow the
power has to be considered for the next 6 years if all different representation of pulsating torque does not seem to make any
regional plans are taken into account. As the Spanish power difference in the results [2]. However, the values of stiffness
system has presently a power peak of about 35500 MW, the and damping coefficients may have an appreciable influence
penetration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) in on simulation results [3].
Spain could reach a very important amount especially in off- Power given by a wind turbine, under smooth wind flow
peak situations and in particular regions. Additionally, the conditions is given by (1).
particular situation of the Spanish power system, with weak
1
interconnection ties with the rest of Europe, suggests that P Av C p (0)
those integration studies could be more important for the 2
Spanish power system than for other systems. is the density of the air, A the rotor area, v the wind
WECS can be broadly divided between fixed speed and speed, Cp a dimensionless performance coefficient and the
variable speed devices. Fixed speed devices consist of tip speed ratio, = R/v, R being the radius of the rotor and
asynchronous generators directly connected to the grid, while the mechanical angular speed of the blades; is the pitch
angle. The performance coefficient is different for each

J. M. Rodrguez and Jos L. Fernndez are with Red Elctrica de Espaa. turbine, and it must be obtained experimentally.
D. Beato and R. Iturbe are with Empresarios Agrupados.
J. Usaola and P. Ledesma are in Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
J. R Wilhelmi is with Universidad Politcnica de Madrid.
 2

A. Fixed speed devices. C2. Converter C1 controls rotor voltage, and therefore
The widely used squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) electromagnetic torque. Converter C2 maintains the grid
has been considered. Both the stator transients and the voltage and the exchange of reactive power with the grid.
subtransient regime can be neglected in this study. Then, the In the model, the converters are supposed ideal, and the
transient model represented in Fig. 1 will be used [4]. DC link between them has constant voltage. A simple
Rs X's electrical model of the whole system is given in Fig. 3.
I ss ig Rs X'
s
s is
+
+
i u'
E a

Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of the induction generator

The internal voltage, represented by the phasor E', is given Fig. 3. Generators and converters, as seen from the grid.
by the differential equation: In this figure, ia is a current source that represents the
stator converter C2, and u' is a voltage source that represents
dE '
dt

1
T'

E ' j ( X ss X s' ) I j E ' s 0 the rotor control, performed by the converter C 1. The values
of the source u' and the inductance X's are given by the
(2) following equations:
where Xss is the total stator reactance, X's the transient L L
reactance, and T' the rotor transient time constant. The slip is u 'd s m rq u 'q s m rd (4)
Lrr Lrr
determined from the generator speed, g, and synchronous
speed, s, as: s = s-g)/s. The stator current, I, is calculated L2m
at each instant by solving the equations of the entire network
X ' s s Lss (5)
Lrr
which includes the equivalent circuit of Fig. 1 with the actual
value of E'. where Lrr, Lss are the self inductances of rotor and stator
The operational speed of this machine is in most situations windings, Lm is the is the mutal inductance between rotor and
very close to the synchronous speed, and the turbine torque stator windings, rd,rqarethecomponentesd,qofrotorflux
may be obtained by means of the characteristic curve giving linkagesand sisthestatorfluxlinkagesfrequency.
the power vs. wind speed, usually provided by the Converter C2 controls the voltage ua in order to regulate the
manufacturer for constant speed operation. current through reactance Xa, and therefore to give the value
B. Doubly Fed Induction Generator. of Ia. This inductance is added as a harmonic filter and to
A short description of the DFIG follows. More details can facilitate the control of the current.
be found in [5]. A justification of performed simplifications is The generator dynamic model has two state equations plus
given in [6]. A scheme of the system is shown in Fig. 2. In the swing equation. It is similar to the squirrel cage model,
this system, power can be delivered to the grid both by the but rotor voltage is not zero. Stator transients have been
stator and the rotor. neglected, as usual in Power Systems Dynamic Studies [4],
even with complex control systems such as the one described
is us ig
here.
i
Xa a 1) Control System: Torque control
u
a
This control acts on the rotor side converter C 1. The
C1 C2 expression of electromagnetic torque, in Park variables in a
reference frame where direct axis coincides with stator flux
CONTROL linkages s, is,
Fig. 2. Scheme of the Doubly-Fed induction Generator Lm m m
Te sd irq (6)
Delivered rotor and stator power are: Lss
PR=sPs Pm=(1+s)Ps (3) Current irq is the q component of the rotoric current.
where Pm is the mechanical power delivered to the Superscript m means that a new reference frme has been
generator, Ps is the power delivered by the stator, P R is the chosen to arrive at the more simple equation (6). The control
power delivered by the rotor. When this device works below loop is shown in Fig. 4. The aim of the loop is to modify the
the synchronous speed the rotor takes power and, therefore, electromagnetic torque of the generator according to speed
the rotor gets some power from the stator. When it works variations through the value of irqm. Assuming that s remains
above the synchronous speed, the rotor gives power, and constant, the electromagnetic torque is proportional to irqm.
power is delivered to grid through stator and rotor. The range The second order system in the loop between irqm* and Te
of variation of slip s determines the size of converters C1 and represents the generator (the inner loop of irdm is not
C2, whose size are a fraction of the rated power. Because of represented).
mechanical restrictions, a practical speed range could be
between 0.7 and 1.1 p.u.
The control of this device is provided by converters C 1 and
 3

m* Tm Power delivered by a 400 kW wind turbine

iqr 500 v=12m/s
* Ki K 2 Te + Rated power

Mechanical power (kW)

K+ n 1
+ p s 2 2
D+Js 400
s+2s+
n n


300 Maximum power
Fig. 4. Speed control.
200 v=10m/s
As shown in (5), the voltage source u' of figure depends
directly on rotor flux, whose expression in the new reference Speed limit
100
is v=4m/s v=6m/s v=8m/s
2 00 3 1 4 5 6
L2 L Mechanical speed (rad/s)
rdm Lrr m irdm m sd
m
(7) Fig. 5. Maximum power strategy.
Lrr Lss
C. Wind farm model.
L2 L L2 To model the wind farm, it has been considered that the
rqm Lrr m irqm m sq
m
Lrr m irqm (8)
Lrr Lss Lrr wind turbines are arranged in line, so that a wind front
reaches each wind generator with a small delay between
Therefore, any variation in rotor current can be considered as them. This delay is a function of angle between the speed of
variations in the value of u'. the wind front and the wind generator line. The mechanical
2) Control System: Reactive Power Control
torque is computed for each individual wind generator of the
This control is provided by converter C 2 of Fig. 2. In Park
farm and then the torque resulting from the addition of all of
variables, with a reference frame placing the direct axis in
them is applied to an equivalent model of the wind farm. The
coincidence with usd, the equations that links voltages and
dynamic response of this wind farm model has been
currents through Xa are
compared in a particular case with that of a detailed model in
s
s X a diad s s which each wind turbine, generator, capacitor and the
u sd X a iaq u ad (9)
associated electrical system were considered separately. It was
base dt
confirmed that in all simulations of interest in this study the
s
X a diaq s s dynamic responses of the detailed and the equivalent models
0 X a iad u aq (10) were practically the same.
base dt
Superscript s is for the new reference frame. The III. STUDY OF THE SPANISH CASE.
expression of complex power supplied by this converter is s =
uds idas + j uds iqas. In this scheme, active power cannot be A. Framework of the study.
controlled in C2, since the power that this converter receives
A study of the impact on the Spanish system of the new
from C1 must be delivered to the grid. Reactive power,
wind generation planned until the year 2004 is reported here.
however, can be controlled by means of isaq. If the wind
The basis for the study are the dynamic simulations that have
turbine has the reference of generating the reactive power Q*
been performed using the PSS/E package, with user
then
developed models of the squirrel cage induction machine, of
Q* s the doubly fed induction machine and of the mechanical
iaqs* isq (11)
coupling between the wind turbine and the induction
generator. A wind farm model that uses the previous
usd components and a model of the fluctuating wind speed input
have also been developed. Wind power installed in the
3) Control System: Control Strategy considered time horizon (2004) will be 1950 MW in Galicia
Control systems of DFIG allow a great variety of control
and 3650 MW in the Aragn-Navarra region. Wind power
strategies. A common one, that has been followed here, is to
generation has been connected to the grid in different 220 and
maximise the obtained power for each wind speed. Fig. 5
132 kV buses, including the line impedance to reach the main
shows the relationship between mechanical power and
grid bus. 90% of power delivered by wind generation has
mechanical speed of a 400 kW wind turbine for several wind
been considered here. The study cases have been prepared
speed values. The dotted line that links all the maxima show
using the forecasted demand data for the whole Spanish
the optimal operating points (maximum value of C p). Variable
system (basically a 10% load increase from 2000 to 2004) and
speed devices allow the selection of mechanical speed in
the network developments needed for evacuating the wind
order to work under these conditions. This frequency is used
power in the Galicia and Aragn-Navarra regions. About
as reference in the speed control of . Maximum speed and
conventional generation, two new 450 MW combined cycle
rated power limit the performance of the device.
plants has been considered in peak situation The dynamic
model of each wind farm includes an equivalent model of his
internal electric network. An equivalent wind generator at
690 V is considered. In the case of squirrel cage generators,
an equivalent shunt capacitor to compensate the reactive
power up to a 0.99 inductive power factor is also included at
this voltage level. A transformer to 20 kV and a 20 kV short
 4

line are modelled to represent the farm distribution network. in the sense that a larger number of wind generators will trip
Finally, a transformer to 132 o 220 kV is modelled to connect by their over speed protection when a transmission line fault
the wind farm to the power grid. occurs.
The electrical data and the curve of generated power vs.
TABLEI
wind speed are included in the Appendix I. Data of the
mechanical coupling between the wind turbine and the SHORTCIRCUITIN CLEARING SITUATION
induction generator are difficult to obtain. However, after a VOLTAGE BUSBAR TIME(ms) PEAK OFF
detailed study, it can be concluded that results presented in (kV) PEAK
400 MAGALLON 100 CASE1
next section are fully valid, at least within the ranges of 400 LASERNA 300 CASE2 CASE3
values that have been analysed. A reduced map of the studied 220 MAGALLON 500 CASE4 CASE5
zone is given in Appendix II.
TABLEII
B. Simulation results
It has been studied the analysis of the dynamic response of WINDFARM TRIPPINGTIME
the system to network faults: short circuits, line trips,
CASE1 CASE2 CASE3 CASE4 CASE5
generator trips. These are typically 20 seconds simulations.
ONCALA 1,41 1,36 1,37 1,47 1,45
From the analysis performed, it has been concluded that the VOZMEDIA 1,39 1,4 1,59 1,48
effect of fluctuations of wind power generation is negligible REMOLINO 1,45 1,44 2,95 1,54
compared with the effect of short circuits in the power grid. TARAZONA 1,46 1,45 1,55
As a consequence, during the 20 seconds that last the RUEDA 1,52 1,48 2,94 1,55
MUELA 1,53 2,91 1,55
dynamic simulations, wind power input has been considered MONCAYO 1,49
constant. BELCHITE 2,94 2,91 1,56
JAULIN 2,94 2,92 1,57
C. Short circuits in the transmission grid MARIA 1,58
1) Squirrel cage induction generators LOSVIENTOS 1,58
When a short circuit occurs in the transmission grid a TERUEL 1,59
CALAMOCHA 1,60
voltage dip propagates through it and reaches the wind farms. SANGUESA 1,67
The voltage dip that reaches one particular wind farm is more CORDOVILLA 1,65
or less deep depending on the type of short circuit, the point TUDELA 1,61
where the short circuit has occurred and the number and size QUEL 1,67
of synchronous generators that are located near the fault, that TOTALMW 450 890 1487 1182 2110
react increasing their reactive power output. In regions with
important wind energy penetration and little synchronous 2) Undervoltage protection
generation, voltage dips can be quite deep. When a voltage In Spain, all wind generation farms must have an
dip reaches a wind generator (squirrel cage machine), the instantaneous undervoltage protection system adjusted to the
generated active power falls, while the mechanical power 85% of the rated voltage [6]. It has been found in all
does not change; so the wind generator accelerates. The simulations performed that if this protection operated
acceleration of the machine can be large if the inertia is instantaneously, all 3650 MW wind generation in the area
relatively small. would have tripped. Even in a short duration fault correctly
When the short circuit is cleared, as the speed has cleared in the 400 kV system (not so near the wind farms) a
increased, the active power tends to be higher than before the large amount of wind generation could be tripped. Of course,
fault. But this also requires higher current, which produces this would be unacceptable for system security reasons and
higher voltage drops in the lines and transformers, and the simulations presented in the previous section have been
therefore the voltage at the induction generator does not continued without these protections tripping.
recover immediately the pre-fault value, but a transient period In Fig. 6 the evolution of the voltage at one 220 kV bus
follows. As a consequence, it may happen that the machine after a 400 kV bus bar fault cleared in 0.1 seconds is shown in
continues accelerating until the over speed protection trips. In two different base cases (peak and off-peak situation) with
fact, the wind farms nearest to the fault will trip first. Other and without undervoltage instantaneous tripping in all wind
wind farms might also trip if they would reach its over speed farms.
protection threshold. When some wind farms trip, the voltage In the two cases with undervoltage relays all wind
tends to recover. In this way, a transmission system normally generation (3650 MW) have tripped instantaneously, and the
cleared fault could induce a large number of wind generators voltage is restored quickly, but the power lost is compensated
tripping in the nearby area. In areas such as the Aragn- through the interconnection lines with France which become
Navarra with the present wind generation plans, more than overloaded and will trip later. In the other two cases where no
1000 MW of wind power could be tripped in a single, instantaneous tripping has been applied, wind generators
normally cleared, transmission line fault. Five short circuit produce large oscillations lasting 3 or 4 seconds until some of
simulations have been selected for this analysis as shown in them are tripped by its over speed protection and the rest
Table 1. The results of five short circuit simulations are remain stable. It can be seen that there are two aspects of the
summarised in Table 2, where it is shown that as the wind problem. One the one hand, it is better to trip as soon as
generation penetration increases, the system becomes weaker possible all wind farms that will trip anyway. It has been
 5

found in the simulations that many wind generators if left and even the bus with the fault recovers to about 0.98 p.u.
untripped, would oscillate and produce a disturbance that after only 1 second.
could last up to 4 seconds until the over speed protection trips
them. This long disturbance would provoke the tripping of
other wind generators of the area that would not have tripped
otherwise. For this reason, the instantaneous tripping would
be good. But, on the other hand, if it were installed in all
wind generators then as said before, all wind generators in
the affected area would trip after some single transmission
line fault.

Fig. 7. Comparison between responses produced by SCIG and DFIG in

substations of Magalln and Villanueva. The continuous line is voltage in
Villanueva with SCIG. Above it, in the two first seconds of simulation, are
voltage in Magalln with DFIG, and, higher, voltage in Villanueva with DFIG.
In the bottom in the first two seconds, voltage at Magalln with SCIG.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The performed simulations seem to show that:
Fig. 6. Voltage at MAGALLON 220 kV bus. The more oscillating curves has
1. A large amount of not-controlled wind generation
been obtained without undervoltage protections (continuous line, peak load connected in small areas could have negative consequences
situation; dotted line, valley situation). Of the other two, the peak load situation on system dynamics. Two possible alternatives are, either to
is the one with a higher oscillation.
use variable speed devices in the wind farms or to install
Then the problem is to trip as quickly as possible those carefully designed dynamic voltage support systems in the
wind generators that are more affected by the transmission area.
system fault without tripping the rest. This objective could be 2. It is recommended that the adjustments of the voltage
achieved using either an instantaneous voltage threshold protection be carefully studied. Instantaneous tripping at 85%
much lower than 85% or, perhaps better, a time delay. In fact of nominal voltage seems prone to cause unexpected
a well-studied scheme of perhaps two voltage thresholds with problems. A suggestion for the change could be voltage
two-associated time delays could be a good solution. protective systems with two voltage thresholds and two
If the transmission system fault is quickly cleared and the different time delays.
most affected wind farms are tripped successfully in a short 3. In the performed tests, variable speed devices seems to
time, then the disturbance will probably be harmless from the have a much better dynamic performance than fixed speed. In
power system viewpoint. However, this objective is not easily the proposed example, they do not need capacitors.
achievable since the compromise between an excess of wind
farm fast tripping and the lack of it, that would lead to a late V. APPENDIX I (DATA OF WIND GENERATORS)
over speed tripping of more wind farms, is a difficult task. Induction generators (machine base)
3) Doubly fed induction generators Stator Resistance 0.0059 p.u. Stator Reactance: 0.0087 p.u.
The simulations performed show that only between a half Magnetizing Reactance: 4.76 p.u.
and one third of the wind generation tripped in the case of Rotor Resistance: 0.019 p.u. Rotor Reactance: 0.143 p.u.
squirrel cage generators would be tripped with this type of Generator Inertia: 0.45 s Generator Damping: 0.005 p.u.
generator. That is, of course, while all other conditions Wind turbine - induction generator coupling:
remain equal. The instantaneous undervoltage tripping would Coupling stiffness: 50 p.u. Coupling damping: 1 p.u.
be even more inappropriate for these machines. The much Wind turbine model
more favourable response of this kind of generator (from the Inertia constant: 5 s Damping: 0.005 p.u.
power system viewpoint) can be seen in figure 12 where the Modelled Protections
voltages of two 220 kV buses in two particular simulations, Over speed (each wind generator): 1.15 p.u.
one with each kind of induction machines have been Undervoltage (wind farm): 0.85 p.u.
represented. Transformer T1
The two voltages that are more quickly recovered Rated Power: 1.1P Impedance: 6% X/R ratio: 12
correspond to the simulation with doubly fed induction
machines. It is seen that in the simulation with the squirrel
CurvePv
cage machines one of the voltages (that of the faulted bus)
M/s 4 2 5 7 9 11 12 14 21 25
remain under 0.85 p.u. during almost 5 seconds. In the
P(kW) 0 20 114 254 407 490 600 600 Trip
doubly fed machine case both voltages almost recover the
0.85 p.u. value shortly after the fault clearing (0.4 seconds)
 6

Transformer T2 Line(100 MVA base)

Nominal Power: 1.1Active power R: 0.008 p.u. (100 MVA base)X = 0.017 p.u.
Impedance: 11% X/R ratio: 28

VI. APPENDIX II. PART OF SPANISH 2004 PLANNED TRANSMISSION GRID

Orcoyen
Sangesa
Pamplona Cordovilla Sabiigo

Quel La Serna Gurrea

Tudela Villanueva Peaflor

Remolino
Tarazona Magalln Miralbueno Montetorrero
Oncala Jaln Muela
Moncayo Mara
Aragn
Los Vientos Escatrn
Almazn Vozmedia Jauln
Rueda Teruel
Escucha
Substation Terrer
Belchite
Calamocha
400 kV line
220 kV line

VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Domingo Beato received the degree in Electrical Engineering from E.T.S. de
Ingenieros Industriales de Madrid in 1972. He joined the company Empresarios
The authors are grateful to GAMESA ELICA, MADE, Agrupados in 1974 where he has been working at electrical studies of Power
ECOTECNIA, ABB and SIEMENS for the wind generator Plants and Network Analysis. He is presently Assistant Manager of Systems
Analysis: Electrical Department (E-mail: [email protected]).
data that were provided for the study. The authors are also Ramn Iturbe received the degree in Electrical Engineer from the E.T.S. de
grateful to Mr. Ignacio Cruz (CIEMAT) for the wind speed Ingenieros Industriales de Bilbao in 1986. He joined the company Empresarios
real data that were provided for the study and to Mr. Jos Soto Agrupados in 1987 where he has ben working at electrical studies of Power
Plants and Network Analysis: static and dinamic studies (E-mail:
(IBERDROLA) for his contributions to the wind farm model. [email protected] ).
Julio Usaola received his B.S. degree and his PhD degree in Electrical
VIII. REFERENCES Engineering from E.T.S. de Ingenieros Industriales de Madrid in 1986 and 1990
respectively. In 1988 he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering in
[1] S.M. Chan, R.L. Cresap, D.H. Curtice, "Wind turbine cluster model." E.T.S. de Ingenieros Industriales de Madrid where he remained until 1994. He is
IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 103, no.7, July 1984. presently an Associated Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering in
[2] P. Ledesma, J. Usaola, J.L. Rodrguez "Models of WECS for Power System the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. His research interests include Power
Dynamic Studies." Proceedings of the UPEC'98. September 1998. Quality studies wind energy systems. (E-mail: [email protected]).
[3] J. Usaola, P. Ledesma, Dynamic Incidence of Wind Turbines in Networks Pablo Ledesma was born in Madrid, Spain, in 1970. He received his B.S.
with High Wind Penetration. Proc of 2001 PES Summer Meeting. degree in Electrical Engineering at E.T.S. Ingenieros Industriales de Madrid in
[4] P. Kundur Power Systems Stability and Control. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995 and he fulfilled his PhD in 2001. He is now an Assistant Lecturer at the
1994. Department of Electrical Engineering of the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
[5] CIGRE, Modelling New Forms of Generation and Storage. Report 185. His working interests are on transient stability of power systems with high level
April 2001. of wind generation.
[6] P. Ledesma Dynamic Analysis of Power Systems with Wind Generation. Jos R. Wilhelmi received the PhD degree in Engineering from the E.T.S. de
PhD Dissertation. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Legans, 2001. (in Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos of the Polytechnic University of
Spanish). Madrid in 1972. In 1974 he joined the company Empresarios Agrupados where
[7] Ministerio de Industria y Energa, Administrative and Technical he worked on power plants engineering. Since 1982 he is a Professor of
Specifications for Grid Connection and Required Performance of Electrical Engineering in the Polytechnic University of Madrid. His present
Hydraulic Power Plants up to 5000 kVA, and Electrical Self-Generation research interest are about hydropower and other renewable energy sources as
B.O.E. 219, Septiember, 12 th, 1985. wind, marine currents or waves. (E-mail [email protected] ).

IX. BIOGRAPHIES
Juan M. Rodrguez received the degree of Electrical Engineer from the
Universidad Pontificia Comillas (Madrid) in 1988. He joined Red Electrica de
Espaa S.A. in 1990 and began working at the Network Study Department in the
fields of reactive and voltage control, stability and R&D projects. He is presently
responsible of the Network Study Department. (E-mail: [email protected]).
Jos L. Fernndez received his B.S. degree and his PhD degree in Electrical
Engineering from the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Industriales de Madrid in 1981 and
1987 respectively. In 1982 he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at
the E.T.S. de Ingenieros Industriales de Madrid . He joined Red Elctrica de
Espaa S.A. (REE) in 1989, working at the Network Study Department in the
fields of reactive and voltage control, stability and being technical responsible of
several Spanish and European funded R&D projects. He is now at the Operation
Markets Department of REE. (E-mail: [email protected]).