RAC INTERVIEW QUESTIONS:

What is RAC?
RAC stands for Real Application cluster. It is a clustering solution from Oracle
Corporation that ensures high availability of databases by providing instance
failover, media failover features.
Mention the Oracle RAC software components:-
Oracle RAC is composed of two or more database instances. They are composed
of Memory structures and background processes same as the single instance
database.Oracle RAC instances use two processes GES(Global Enqueue Service),
GCS(Global Cache Service) that enable cache fusion.Oracle RAC instances are
composed of following background processes:
ACMSAtomic Controlfile to Memory Service (ACMS)
GTX0-jGlobal Transaction Process
LMONGlobal Enqueue Service Monitor
LMDGlobal Enqueue Service Daemon
LMSGlobal Cache Service Process
LCK0Instance Enqueue Process
RMSnOracle RAC Management Processes (RMSn)
RSMNRemote Slave Monitor

What is GRD?
GRD stands for Global Resource Directory. The GES and GCS maintains records
of the statuses of each datafile and each cahed block using global resource
directory.This process is referred to as cache fusion and helps in data integrity.

Give Details on Cache Fusion:-

Oracle RAC is composed of two or more instances. When a block of data is read
from datafile by an instance within the cluster and another instance is in need of
the same block,it is easy to get the block image from the insatnce which has the
block in its SGA rather than reading from the disk. To enable inter instance
communication Oracle RAC makes use of interconnects. The Global Enqueue
Service(GES) monitors and Instance enqueue process manages the cahce fusion.

Give Details on ACMS:-

ACMS stands for Atomic Controlfile Memory Service.In an Oracle RAC
environment ACMS is an agent that ensures a distributed SGA memory
update(ie)SGA updates are globally committed on success or globally aborted in
event of a failure.

Give details on GTX0-j :-

The process provides transparent support for XA global transactions in a RAC
environment.The database autotunes the number of these processes based on
the workload of XA global transactions.

Give details on LMON:-

This process monitors global enques and resources across the cluster and
performs global enqueue recovery operations.This is called as Global Enqueue
Service Monitor.

Give details on LMD:-

This process is called as global enqueue service daemon. This process manages
incoming remote resource requests within each instance.

Give details on LMS:-

This process is called as Global Cache service process.This process maintains
statuses of datafiles and each cahed block by recording information in a Global
Resource Dectory(GRD).This process also controls the flow of messages to
remote instances and manages global data block access and transmits block
images between the buffer caches of different instances.This processing is a part
of cache fusion feature.

Give details on LCK0:-

This process is called as Instance enqueue process.This process manages non-
cache fusion resource requests such as libry and row cache requests.

Give details on RMSn:-

This process is called as Oracle RAC management process.These pocesses
perform managability tasks for Oracle RAC.Tasks include creation of resources
related Oracle RAC when new instances are added to the cluster.

Give details on RSMN:-

This process is called as Remote Slave Monitor.This process manages
background slave process creation andd communication on remote instances.
This is a background slave process.This process performs tasks on behalf of a
co-ordinating process running in another instance.

What components in RAC must reside in shared storage?

All datafiles, controlfiles, SPFIles, redo log files must reside on cluster-aware
shred storage.

What is the significance of using cluster-aware shared storage in an

Oracle RAC environment?
All instances of an Oracle RAC can access all the datafiles,control files, SPFILE's,
redolog files when these files are hosted out of cluster-aware shared storage
which are group of shared disks.
Give few examples for solutions that support cluster storage:-
ASM(automatic storage management),raw disk devices,network file system(NFS),
OCFS2 and OCFS(Oracle Cluster Fie systems).
For more details visit

What is an interconnect network?

an interconnect network is a private network that connects all of the servers in a
cluster. The interconnect network uses a switch/multiple switches that only the
nodes in the cluster can access.

How can we configure the cluster interconnect?

Configure User Datagram Protocol(UDP) on Gigabit ethernet for cluster
interconnect.On unia and linux systems we use UDP and RDS(Reliable data
socket) protocols to be used by Oracle Clusterware.Windows clusters use the
TCP protocol.

Can we use crossover cables with Oracle Clusterware interconnects?

No, crossover cables are not supported with Oracle Clusterware intercnects.

What is the use of cluster interconnect?

Cluster interconnect is used by the Cache fusion for inter instance
communication.

How do users connect to database in an Oracle RAC environment?

Users can access a RAC database using a client/server configuration or through
one or more middle tiers ,with or without connection pooling.Users can use
oracle services feature to connect to database.

What is the use of a service in Oracle RAC environemnt?

Applications should use the services feature to connect to the Oracle
database.Services enable us to define rules and characteristics to control how
users and applications connect to database instances.

What are the characteriscs controlled by Oracle services feature?

The charateristics include a unique name, workload balancing and failover
options,and high availability characteristics.

Which enable the load balancing of applications in RAC?

Oracle Net Services enable the load balancing of application connections across
all of the instances in an Oracle RAC database.

What is a virtual IP address or VIP?

A virtl IP address or VIP is an alternate IP address that the client connectins use
instead of the standard public IP address. To configureVIP address, we need to
reserve a spare IP address for each node, and the IP addresses must use the
same subnet as the public network.

What is the use of VIP?

If a node fails, then the node's VIP address fails over to another node on which
the VIP address can accept TCP connections but it cannot accept Oracle
connections.

Give situations under which VIP address failover happens:-

VIP addresses failover happens when the node on which the VIP address runs
fails, all interfaces for the VIP address fails, all interfaces for the VIP address
are disconnected from the network.

What is the significance of VIP address failover?

When a VIP address failover happens, Clients that attempt to connect to the VIP
address receive a rapid connection refused error .They don't have to wait for
TCP connection timeout messages.

What are the administrative tools used for Oracle RAC environments?
Oracle RAC cluster can be administered as a single image using OEM(Enterprise
Manager),SQL*PLUS,Servercontrol(SRVCTL),clusterverificationutility(cvu),DBCA,N
ETCA

How do we verify that RAC instances are running?

Issue the following query from any one node connecting through SQL*PLUS.
$connect sys/sys as sysdba
SQL>select * from V$ACTIVE_INSTANCES;
The query gives the instance number under INST_NUMBER
column,host_:instancename under INST_NAME column.

What is FAN?
Fast application Notification as it abbreviates to FAN relates to the events related
to instances,services and nodes.This is a notification mechanism that Oracle RAc
uses to notify other processes about the configuration and service level
information that includes service status changes such as,UP or DOWN
events.Applications can respond to FAN events and take immediate action.

Where can we apply FAN UP and DOWN events?

FAN UP and FAN DOWN events can be applied to instances,services and nodes.
State the use of FAN events in case of a cluster configuration change?
During times of cluster configuration changes,Oracle RAC high availability
framework publishes a FAN event immediately when a state change occurs in the
cluster.So applications can receive FAN events and react immediately.This
prevents applications from polling database and detecting a problem after such a
state change.
Why should we have seperate homes for ASm instance?
It is a good practice to have ASM home seperate from the database
hom(ORACLE_HOME).This helps in upgrading and patching ASM and the Oracle
database software independent of each other.Also,we can deinstall the Oracle
database software independent of the ASM instance.

What is the advantage of using ASM?

Having ASM is the Oracle recommended storage option for RAC databases as the
ASM maximizes performance by managing the storage configuration across the
disks.ASM does this by distributing the database file across all of the available
storage within our cluster database environment.

What is rolling upgrade?

It is a new ASM feature from Database 11g.ASM instances in Oracle database
11g release(from 11.1) can be upgraded or patched using rolling upgrade
feature. This enables us to patch or upgrade ASM nodes in a clustered
environment without affecting database availability.During a rolling upgrade we
can maintain a functional cluster while one or more of the nodes in the cluster
are running in different software versions.

Can rolling upgrade be used to upgrade from 10g to 11g database?

No,it can be used only for Oracle database 11g releases(from 11.1).

State the initialization parameters that must have same value for every
instance in an Oracle RAC database:-
Some initialization parameters are critical at the database creation time and must
have same values.Their value must be specified in SPFILE or PFILE for every
instance.The list of parameters that must be identical on every instance are
given below:
ACTIVE_INSTANCE_COUNT
ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET
COMPATIBLE
CLUSTER_DATABASE
CLUSTER_DATABASE_INSTANCE
CONTROL_FILES
DB_BLOCK_SIZE
DB_DOMAIN
DB_FILES
DB_NAME
DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST_SIZE
DB_UNIQUE_NAME
INSTANCE_TYPE (RDBMS or ASM)
PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORD_FILE
UNDO_MANAGEMENT

Can the DML_LOCKS and RESULT_CACHE_MAX_SIZE be identical on all

instances?
These parameters can be identical on all instances only if these parameter values
are set to zero.
What two parameters must be set at the time of starting up an ASM instance in a
RAC environment?The parameters CLUSTER_DATABASE and INSTANCE_TYPE
must be set.

Mention the components of Oracle clusterware:-

Oracle clusterware is made up of components like voting disk and Oracle Cluster
Registry(OCR). What is a CRS resource?
Oracle clusterware is used to manage high-availability operations in a
cluster.Anything that Oracle Clusterware manages is known as a CRS
resource.Some examples of CRS resources are database,an instance,a service,a
listener,a VIP address,an application process etc.

What is the use of OCR?

Oracle clusterware manages CRS resources based on the configuration
information of CRS resources stored in OCR(Oracle Cluster Registry).

How does a Oracle Clusterware manage CRS resources?

Oracle clusterware manages CRS resources based on the configuration
information of CRS resources stored in OCR(Oracle Cluster Registry).

Name some Oracle clusterware tools and their uses?

OIFCFG - allocating and deallocating network interfaces
OCRCONFIG - Command-line tool for managing Oracle Cluster Registry
OCRDUMP - Identify the interconnect being used
CVU - Cluster verification utility to get status of CRS resources

What are the modes of deleting instances from ORacle Real Application
cluster Databases?
We can delete instances using silent mode or interactive mode using
DBCA(Database Configuration Assistant).

How do we remove ASM from a Oracle RAC environment?

We need to stop and delete the instance in the node first in interactive or silent
mode.After that asm can be removed using srvctl tool as follows:
srvctl stop asm -n node_name
srvctl remove asm -n node_name
We can verify if ASM has been removed by issuing the following command:
srvctl config asm -n node_name

How do we verify that an instance has been removed from OCR after
deleting an instance?
Issue the following srvctl command:
srvctl config database -d database_name
cd CRS_HOME/bin
./crs_stat

How do we verify an existing current backup of OCR?

We can verify the current backup of OCR using the following command :
ocrconfig -showbackup

What are the performance views in an Oracle RAC environment?

We have v$ views that are instance specific. In addition we have GV$ views
called as global views that has an INST_ID column of numeric data type.GV$
views obtain information from individual V$ views.

What are the types of connection load-balancing?

There are two types of connection load-balancing:server-side load balancing and
client-side load balancing.

What is the differnece between server-side and client-side connection

load balancing?
Client-side balancing happens at client side where load balancing is done using
listener.In case of server-side load balancing listener uses a load-balancing
advisory to redirect connections to the instance providing best service.

Give the usage of srvctl:-

srvctl start instance -d db_name -i "inst_name_list" [-o start_options]srvctl stop
instance -d name -i "inst_name_list" [-o stop_options]srvctl stop instance -d orcl
-i "orcl3,orcl4" -o immediatesrvctl start database -d name [-o start_options]srvctl
stop database -d name [-o stop_options]srvctl start database -d orcl -o mount