Expt. No.

: 1 Date:

SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED CONVERTER WITH

R AND RL LOAD

AIM: -
To simulate and study the Single Phase Half Controlled Converter with R and RL
Load in different firing angles.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

Sl. No. Description Quantity

01 Computer 01
02 Printer 01

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: -
MATLAB 6.1 or above.

PROCEDURE FOR R LOAD: -

1. Study the circuit diagram, operation and model waveforms of a single phase
half controlled converter.
2. Open the MATLAB software by double-clicking the MATLAB icon on the desktop
and click the shortcut Simulink to open the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Create a new model and click on SimPowerSystems block in Simulink Library
Browser.
4. Drag the powergui block in SimPowerSystems submenu to the new model.
5. Double click on the Electrical Source block in SimPowerSystems submenu to
select the single phase supply source AC Voltage Source and drag it to the
new model. Set the peak amplitude of voltage as 110 Volts.
6. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Power Electronics block to pick the
Thyristor & Diode and drag them to the new model.
7. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Elements block to pick the load
Series RLC branch and drag it to the new model. Set the values of L & C as
zero by double-clicking on the load.
8. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Measurements block to pick the
Voltage Measurement & Current Measurement and drag them to the new
model.
9. In the Simulink submenu, select Commonly Used Blocks to pick the SCOPE
and drag it to the new model.
10. In the Simulink submenu, select Sources to pick the Pulse Generator for T1 & T2
and drag it to the new model.
11. Arrange the components as per the circuit diagram and connect them.
12. Set the values of input source voltage parameters such as amplitude, phase
angle and frequency.
13. Set the pulse generator parameters such as pulse type, amplitude, period, pulse
width, phase delay, etc. as per circuit design formula.
 14. Set the scope axis as per the circuit requirements like input voltage, output
voltage, output current, etc.
15. Set the load resistance value as 10 ohms.
16. Simulate the circuit and take the output waveforms in the scope.

THEORY:-
The single phase semi converter or single phase half controlled converter bridge
is employing two Thyristors and two diodes. The semi converters have two legs. There is
a limited control over the level of dc output voltage in these converters. The single
phase semi converter offers one-quadrant operation. A one-quadrant converter has
one polarity of dc output voltage and current at its output terminals.
At t=0 to t=, the load current I0 freewheels T2D1. After t=0, T1 gets forward
bias through D2. At a firing angle , T1 is turned on. Load current shift from T2 to T1. At
t=, T2 is subjected to reverse voltage Vm Sin . Hence, it is turned off. During the
interval to , T1 and D1 conduct and ac source delivers energy to the load circuit. In
this period, the output voltage is equal to supply voltage. During the period to +,
the thyristor T1 is subjected to the reverse voltage and hence it is reverse biased. During

this period, the thyristor T2 is forward biased but it will not conduct as it is not triggered.
Hence, the output voltage and current in this period is zero.
At t = (+), the forward biased thyristor T2 is turned on. T1 is therefore turned off
and is subjected to reverse voltage Vm Sin (+). Now the output voltage is negative of
supply voltage and the current flows in the same direction as before for the period +
to 2. At t = 2, the thyristor T1 is forward biased but it will not conduct as it not
triggered and the thyristor T2 is subjected to the reverse voltage and hence it is not
triggered during the period 2 to 2+. Hence, the output voltage and current in this
period is zero.
FORMULAE USED:-
Vm
1. Average Output Voltage V0 1 cos in volts

1
V 1 2
2. RMS output voltage V0 (rms) m sin2 in volts
2 2

V0
3. Average output current I0 in amperes for R Load
R

V0 (rms)
4. RMS output current I 0 (rms) in amperes for R Load
R

Where, Vm is the peak value of the input voltage in volts.

is the firing angle delay in degrees FORMULA USED FOR

DESIGN OF PHASE DELAY: -

1. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 =

0 * 0.02 sec
360

2. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 =

180 * 0.02 sec
360
Where, = firing angle delay in degrees.
Frequency = 50 Hz, i.e. time period = 0.02 sec.
PHASE DELAY CALCULATIONS: -
Let the firing angle be 30.
i.e., = 30

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 =

0 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.001667 sec.

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 =

180 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.011667 sec.
Firing angle delays in sec for pulse generators 1 & 2 for various firing angles can
be calculated and tabulated as follows.

Phase angle delay for

FIRING ANGLE
(in sec.)
()
Pulse Pulse Generator
in deg
Generator 1 2
0 0 0.01

30 0.001667 0.011667

60 0.00333 0.01333

90 0.005 0.015

120 0.00667 0.01667

150 0.00833 0.01833

180 0.01 0.02

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 45: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 135: -

PROCEDURE FOR RL LOAD: -
1. Study the circuit diagram, operation and model waveforms of a single phase
half controlled converter.
2. Open the MATLAB software by double-clicking the MATLAB icon on the desktop
and click the shortcut Simulink to open the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Create a new model and click on SimPowerSystems block in Simulink Library
Browser.
4. Drag the powergui block in SimPowerSystems submenu to the new model.
5. Double click on the Electrical Source block in SimPowerSystems submenu to
select the single phase supply source AC Voltage Source and drag it to the
new model. Set the peak amplitude of voltage as 110 Volts.
6. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Power Electronics block to pick the
Thyristor & Diode and drag them to the new model.
7. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Elements block to pick the load
Series RLC branch and drag it to the new model. Set the value of C as zero by
double-clicking on the load.
8. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Measurements block to pick the
Voltage Measurement & Current Measurement and drag them to the new
model.
9. In the Simulink submenu, select Commonly Used Blocks to pick the SCOPE
and drag it to the new model.
10. In the Simulink submenu, select Sources to pick the Pulse Generator for T1 & T2
and drag it to the new model.
11. Arrange the components as per the circuit diagram and connect them.
12. Set the values of input source voltage parameters such as amplitude, phase
angle and frequency.
13. Set the pulse generator parameters such as pulse type, amplitude, period, pulse
width, phase delay, etc. as per circuit design formula.
14. Set the scope axis as per the circuit requirements like input voltage, output
voltage, output current, etc.
15. Set the load resistance and inductance values as 10 ohms and 1 mH
respectively.
16. Simulate the circuit and take the output waveforms in the scope.
WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 45: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 135: -

RESULT: -
Thus the single phase half controlled converter was simulated with R and RL load
of resistance of 10 ohms and inductance of 1 mH for the firing angles of 45 and 135
and the related waveforms were obtained.
Expt. No.: 2 Date:

1-PHASE SEMICONTROLLED CONVERTER WITH R

AND RL LOAD
AIM:
To study the operation and analyse the output waveforms of single phase semi
controlled bridge converter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

Sl. No. Description Quantity

01 Computer 01
02 Printer 01

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: -

MATLAB 6.1 or above.

THEORY:
In this converter, two thyristors T1, T2 and two diodes D1, D2 are used. There are
four operating modes of this converter when current flows through the load. When
none of these four devices conduct, the load current will be zero. The operating modes
of this converter and the voltage across different devices during these operating
modes are shown in the conduction table

Mode VT1 VT2 VD1 VD2 Vo

T1D1 0 - VI 0 - VI VI
T1D2 0 - VI VI 0 0
T2D2 VI 0 VI 0 - VI
T2D1 VI 0 0 - VI 0

During the positive half-cycle, T1 and D1 conducts and load current flows
through T1-load-D1. During the negative half-cycle, T1 and D1 get reverse
biased and then T2 and D2 starts conducting and current flows through T2-load-D2.
T1D1 starts conduction at t = , output voltage during this period becomes equal to
input voltage. At t= as input voltage becomes zero and after that starts to go
negative. D1 is reverse biased and the load current conduction shifts from D1 to D2. The
output voltage remains zero till T2 is fired at t = + and then T2, D2 starts conducting
and continues up to t = 2.
FORMULA:
SINGLE PHASE SEMI CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER:

SIMULATION PARAMETERS:
1. Peak amplitude of voltage source 100 V.
2. Supply frequency 50Hz.
3. Value of load resistance 3 .
4. Value of load Inductance 3mH
SINGLE PHASE SEMI CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R-LOAD:
SINGLE PHASE SEMI CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R-LOAD:
SINGLE PHASE SEMI CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH RL-LOAD:
SINGLE PHASE SEMI CONVERTER WITH RL-LOAD:
CONCLUSION:
The operation has been studied and output waveforms analysed for single
phase semi controlled bridge converter.
Expt. No.: 3 Date :

SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER WITH

R AND RL LOAD

AIM: -
To simulate and study the Single Phase Fully Controlled Converter with R and RL
Load for different firing angles.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

Sl. No. Description Quantity

01 Computer 01
02 Printer 01

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: -
MATLAB 6.1 or above.

PROCEDURE FOR R LOAD: -

1. Study the circuit diagram, operation and model waveforms of a single phase
fully controlled converter.
2. Open the MATLAB software by double-clicking the MATLAB icon on the desktop
and click the shortcut Simulink to open the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Create a new model and click on SimPowerSystems block in Simulink Library
Browser.
4. Drag the powergui block in SimPowerSystems submenu to the new model.
5. Double click on the Electrical Source block in SimPowerSystems submenu to
select the single phase supply source AC Voltage Source and drag it to the
new model. Set the peak amplitude of voltage as 110 Volts.
6. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Power Electronics block to pick the
Thyristor and drag it to the new model.
7. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Elements block to pick the load
Series RLC branch and drag it to the new model. Set the values of L & C as
zero by double-clicking on the load.
8. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Measurements block to pick the
Voltage Measurement & Current Measurement and drag them to the new
model.
9. In the Simulink submenu, select Commonly Used Blocks to pick the SCOPE
and drag it to the new model.
10. In the Simulink submenu, select Sources to pick the Pulse Generator for T1 & T2
and drag it to the new model.
11. Arrange the components as per the circuit diagram and connect them.
12. Set the values of input source voltage parameters such as amplitude, phase
angle and frequency.
13. Set the pulse generator parameters such as pulse type, amplitude, period, pulse
width, phase delay, etc. as per circuit design formula.
14. Set the scope axis as per the circuit requirements like input voltage, output
voltage, output current, etc.
 15. Set the load resistance value as 10 ohms.
16. Simulate the circuit and take the output waveforms in the scope.

THEORY:-
The single phase full converter or single phase fully controlled converter bridge is
employing four thyristors. The full converters have two legs. There is a wider control over
the level of dc output voltage in these converters. The single phase full converter offers
two-quadrant operation. A two-quadrant converter, is one in which voltage polarity
can reverse but current direction cannot reverse because of the unidirectional nature
of thyristors.
At t=0 to t=, the load current I0 freewheels T3 & T4. After t=0, T1 & T2 gets
forward biased through already conducting thyristors T3 & T4. At an angle t=, the
forward biased thyristors T1 & T2 are triggered and they get turned on. Load current,
now, shifts from T3T4 to T1T2. As a result, the supply voltage Vm Sin immediately
appears across the thyristors T3 & T4 as a reverse bias, therefore these are turned off by
natural or line commutation. The thyristors T1 & T2 conduct from t = to +. During this
period t= to t=, both the supply voltage vs and supply current is are positive,
therefore the power flows from ac source to load. During this period, t= to +, the
supply voltage vs is negative but supply current is is positive, therefore the load returns
some of its energy to the supply system. But the net power flow is from ac source to dc
load because the period ( ) > .
At t = +, the forward biased thyristors T3 & T4 are triggered. The thyristors T1 & T2
are therefore turned off by natural commutation and is subjected to reverse voltage Vm
Sin (+). Now the load current is transferred from T1 & T2 to T3 & T4.
FORMULAE USED:-
2Vm
1. Average Output Voltage V0 cos in volts

Vm
2. RMS output voltage V0 (rms) Vs in volts
2

V0
3. Average output current I0 in amperes for R Load
R

V0 (rms)
4. RMS output current I 0 (rms) in amperes for R Load
R

Where, Vm is the peak value of the input voltage in volts.

is the firing angle delay in degrees

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -
FORMULA USED FOR DESIGN OF PHASE DELAY: -

1. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 for T1 & T2 =

0 * 0.02 sec
360

2. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T3 & T4 =

180 * 0.02 sec
360
Where, = firing angle delay in degrees.
Frequency = 50 Hz, i.e. time period = 0.02 sec.

PHASE DELAY MODEL CALCULATIONS: -

Let the firing angle be 30.
i.e., = 30

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 for T1 & T2 =

0 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.001667 sec.

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T3 & T4 =

180 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.011667 sec.
Firing angle delays in sec for pulse generators 1 & 2 for various firing angles can
be calculated and tabulated as follows.

Phase angle delay for

FIRING ANGLE
(in sec.)
()
Pulse Pulse Generator
in deg
Generator 1 2
0 0 0.01

30 0.001667 0.011667

60 0.00333 0.01333

90 0.005 0.015

120 0.00667 0.01667

150 0.00833 0.01833

180 0.01 0.02

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 30: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 120: -

PROCEDURE FOR RL LOAD: -
1. Study the circuit diagram, operation and model waveforms of a single phase
fully controlled converter.
2. Open the MATLAB software by double-clicking the MATLAB icon on the desktop
and click the shortcut Simulink to open the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Create a new model and click on SimPowerSystems block in Simulink Library
Browser.
4. Drag the powergui block in SimPowerSystems submenu to the new model.
5. Double click on the Electrical Source block in SimPowerSystems submenu to
select the single phase supply source AC Voltage Source and drag it to the
new model. Set the peak amplitude of voltage as 110 Volts.
6. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Power Electronics block to pick the
Thyristor & Diode as Freewheeling Diode (FD) and drag it to the new model.
7. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Elements block to pick the load
Series RLC branch and drag it to the new model. Set the value of C as zero by
double-clicking on the load.
8. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Measurements block to pick the
Voltage Measurement & Current Measurement and drag them to the new
model.
9. In the Simulink submenu, select Commonly Used Blocks to pick the SCOPE
and drag it to the new model.
10. In the Simulink submenu, select Sources to pick the Pulse Generator for T1T2
& T3T4 and drag it to the new model.
11. Arrange the components as per the circuit diagram and connect them.
12. Set the values of input source voltage parameters such as amplitude, phase
angle and frequency.
13. Set the pulse generator parameters such as pulse type, amplitude, period, pulse
width, phase delay, etc. as per circuit design formula.
14. Set the scope axis as per the circuit requirements like input voltage, output
voltage, output current, etc.
15. Set the load resistance and inductance values as 10 ohms and 1 H respectively.
16. Simulate the circuit and take the output waveforms in the scope.
WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 30: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 120 without FD: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 120 with FD: -

RESULT: -
Thus the single phase fully controlled converter was simulated with R and RL load
of resistance of 10 ohms and inductance of 1 H for the firing angles of 30 and 120 and
the related waveforms were obtained.
 Expt. No.: 4 Date:

THREE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED CONVERTER WITH

R AND RL LOAD

AIM: -
To simulate and study the Three Phase Half Controlled Converter with R and RL
Load in different firing angles.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

Sl. No. Description Quantity

01 Computer 01
02 Printer 01

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: -
MATLAB 6.1 or above.

PROCEDURE FOR R LOAD: -

1. Study the circuit diagram, operation and model waveforms of a three phase half
controlled converter.
2. Open the MATLAB software by double-clicking the MATLAB icon on the desktop
and click the shortcut Simulink to open the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Create a new model and click on SimPowerSystems block in Simulink Library
Browser.
4. Drag the powergui block in SimPowerSystems submenu to the new model.
5. Double click on the Electrical Source block in SimPowerSystems submenu to
select the three phase supply source i.e. Three Phase Programmable Voltage
Source and drag it to the new model. Set the peak amplitude of voltage as 100
Volts.
6. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Power Electronics block to pick the
Thyristor & Diode and drag them to the new model.
7. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Elements block to pick the load
Series RLC branch and drag it to the new model. Set the values of L & C as
zero by double-clicking on the load.
8. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Measurements block to pick the
Three-Phase V-I Measurement, Voltage Measurement & Current
Measurement and drag them to the new model.
9. In the Simulink submenu, select Commonly Used Blocks to pick the SCOPE
and drag it to the new model.
10. In the Simulink submenu, select Sources to pick the Pulse Generator from it
for T1, T2 and T3 and drag it to the new model.
11. Arrange the components as per the circuit diagram and connect them.
12. Set the values of input source voltage parameters such as amplitude, phase
angle and frequency.
 13. Set the pulse generator parameters such as pulse type, amplitude, period, pulse
width, phase delay, etc. as per circuit design formula.
14. Set the scope axis as per the circuit requirements like input voltage, output
voltage, output current, etc.
15. Set the load resistance value as 10 ohms.
16. Simulate the circuit and take the output waveforms in the scope.

THEORY:-
The three phase semi converters or three phase half controlled converter bridges
are used in industrial applications upto the 120kW level, where one-quadrant operation
is required. The Power Factor of this converter decreases as the delay angle increases,
but it is better than that of three phase half-wave converters.
The circuit of three phase half controlled bridge converter contains three
thyristors in the three arms and diodes in the other three arms. This converter has
inherent free-wheeling action, which improves the power factor. The free-wheeling
action takes place between the two devices (SCR and diode) in the same arm, i.e.
between T1D4, T3D6 and T5D2. With this free-wheeling action, the voltage drop across the
load, (VTH + VD) becomes approximately 2 V. Hence, this leads to the following
drawbacks.
(i) This voltage drop reduces the average output voltage.
(ii) During the free-wheeling period, the conduction losses increases which decreases
the efficiency of the converter. This also makes the load current less continuous for
the same operating conditions.
(iii) SCRs continues to conduct in the negative cycle of the line voltage and hence
the conduction period of each SCR is 180 (or ). This increases the average and
rms current ratings of the SCRs.
All these drawbacks can be reduced by placing an external freewheeling diode
across the load. This reduces on-state voltage drop across the load and conduction
losses and makes the load current more continuous. The free-wheeling diode also
guarantees the commutation of each SCR at the end of the corresponding half cycle
and hence the average and rms current rating of the devices (both SCRs and diodes)
decreases. This helps to decrease the cost and cooling requirements of the converter.
FORMULAE USED:-
3 3 Vm
1. Average Output Voltage is, V0 1 cos in volts
2
2. In case of /3 i.e. for continuous output voltage, RMS output voltage is,
1
3 2 3 2
V0 (rms) 3 Vm 1 cos 2 in volts
4 3 2
3. In case of /3 i.e. for discontinuous output voltage, RMS output voltage is,
1
3 1 2
V0 (rms) 3 Vm sin 2 in volts
4 2
V0
4. Average output current I0 in amperes for R Load
R
V0 (rms)
5. RMS output current I 0 (rms) in amperes for R Load
R
Where, Vm is the peak value of the input voltage in volts.
is the firing angle delay in degrees
FORMULA USED FOR DESIGN OF PHASE DELAY: -

1. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 for T1 =

30 * 0.02 sec
360

2. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T2 =

30 120 * 0.02 sec
360

3. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T3 =

30 240 * 0.02 sec
360
Where, = firing angle delay in degrees.
Frequency = 50 Hz, i.e. time period = 0.02 sec.

PHASE DELAY MODEL CALCULATIONS: -

Let the firing angle be 30.
i.e., = 30

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 for T1 =

30 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.00333 sec.

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T2 =

30 120 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.01 sec.

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 3 for T3 =

30 240 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.01667 sec.
Firing angle delays in sec for pulse generators 1, 2 & 3 for various firing angles can
be calculated and tabulated as follows.
Phase angle delay for
FIRING ANGLE
(in sec.)
()
Pulse Pulse Generator Pulse Generator
in deg
Generator 1 2 3
0 0.001667 0.00833 0.015

30 0.00333 0.01 0.01667

60 0.005 0.011667 0.01833

90 0.00667 0.01333 0.02

120 0.00833 0.015 0.021667

150 0.01 0.01667 0.02333

180 0.011667 0.018333 0.025

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 30: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 60: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 90: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 120: -

PROCEDURE FOR RL LOAD: -
1. Study the circuit diagram, operation and model waveforms of a three phase half
controlled converter.
2. Open the MATLAB software by double-clicking the MATLAB icon on the desktop
and click the shortcut Simulink to open the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Create a new model and click on SimPowerSystems block in Simulink Library
Browser.
4. Drag the powergui block in SimPowerSystems submenu to the new model.
5. Double click on the Electrical Source block in SimPowerSystems submenu to
select the three phase supply source i.e. Three Phase Programmable Voltage
Source and drag it to the new model. Set the peak amplitude of voltage as 110
Volts.
6. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Power Electronics block to pick the
Thyristor & Diode and drag them to the new model.
7. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Elements block to pick the load
Series RLC branch and drag it to the new model. Set the value of C as zero by
double-clicking on the load.
8. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Measurements block to pick the
Three-Phase V-I Measurement, Voltage Measurement & Current
Measurement and drag them to the new model.
9. In the Simulink submenu, select Commonly Used Blocks to pick the SCOPE
and drag it to the new model.
10. In the Simulink submenu, select Sources to pick the Pulse Generator for T1, T2
and T3 and drag it to the new model.
11. Arrange the components as per the circuit diagram and connect them.
12. Set the values of input source voltage parameters such as amplitude, phase
angle and frequency.
13. Set the pulse generator parameters such as pulse type, amplitude, period, pulse
width, phase delay, etc. as per circuit design formula.
14. Set the scope axis as per the circuit requirements like input voltage, output
voltage, output current, etc.
15. Set the load resistance and inductance values as 10 ohms and 1 mH
respectively.
16. Simulate the circuit and take the output waveforms in the scope.
WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 30: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 60: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 90: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 120: -

RESULT: -
Thus the three phase half controlled converter was simulated with R and RL load
of resistance of 10 ohms and inductance of 1 mH for the firing angles of 30, 60, 90
and 120 and the related waveforms were obtained.
 Expt. No.: 5 Date:

THREE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER WITH

R AND RL LOAD

AIM: -
To simulate and study the Three Phase Fully Controlled Converter with R and RL
Load in different firing angles.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

Sl. No. Description Quantity

01 Computer 01
02 Printer 01

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: -
MATLAB 6.1 or above.

PROCEDURE FOR R LOAD: -

1. Study the circuit diagram, operation and model waveforms of a three phase fully
controlled converter.
2. Open the MATLAB software by double-clicking the MATLAB icon on the desktop
and click the shortcut Simulink to open the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Create a new model and click on SimPowerSystems block in Simulink Library
Browser.
4. Drag the powergui block in SimPowerSystems submenu to the new model.
5. Double click on the Electrical Source block in SimPowerSystems submenu to
select the three phase supply source i.e. Three Phase Programmable Voltage
Source and drag it to the new model. Set the peak amplitude of voltage as 110
Volts.
6. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Power Electronics block to pick the
Thyristor and drag it to the new model.
7. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Elements block to pick the load
Series RLC branch and drag it to the new model. Set the values of L & C as
zero by double-clicking on the load.
8. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Measurements block to pick the
Three-Phase V-I Measurement, Voltage Measurement & Current
Measurement and drag them to the new model.
9. In the Simulink submenu, select Commonly Used Blocks to pick the SCOPE
and drag it to the new model.
10. In the Simulink submenu, select Sources to pick the Pulse Generator for
Thyristors T1, T2 , T3, T4, T5 & T6 and drag it to the new model.
11. Arrange the components as per the circuit diagram and connect them.
12. Set the values of input source voltage parameters such as amplitude, phase
angle and frequency.
13. Set the pulse generator parameters such as pulse type, amplitude, period, pulse
width, phase delay, etc. as per circuit design formula.
14. Set the scope axis as per the circuit requirements like input voltage, output
voltage, output current, etc.
15. Set the load resistance value as 10 ohms.
16. Simulate the circuit and take the output waveforms in the scope.
THEORY:-
The three phase converters are extensively used in industrial applications upto
120kW level, where a two-quadrant operation is required. A three phase full converter
circuit with a RL load is shown in the diagram below (pl. refer circuit diagram). This
circuit is known as three-phase bridge. The following points are considered for
operation.
i) Each device should be triggered at a desired firing angle .
ii) Each SCR can conduct for a period of 120.
iii) SCRs must be triggered in the sequence T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6.
iv) The phase shift between the triggering of the two adjacent SCRs is 60.
v) At any instant, two SCRs can conduct and there are such six pairs. The six pairs
are, (T6 T1), (T1 T2), (T2 T3), (T3 T4), (T4 T5) and (T5 T6).
vi) Each SCR conducts in two pairs and each pair conducts for 60.
vii) The incoming SCR commutates the outgoing SCR, i.e. SCR T1 commutates SCR T5,
SCR T2 commutates SCR T6 and so on.
viii) When two SCRs are conducting, i.e. one from positive (upper) group and one
from negative (lower) group, the corresponding line voltage is applied across
the load. For example, when T6 and T1 are conducting, the line voltage VAB is
applied across the load.
ix) Phase A is connected to first half bridge (T1/T4), phase B is connected to second
half bridge (T3/T6) and phase C is connected to third half bridge (T5/T2).
x) When upper SCR of a half bridge conducts, the current of that phase is positive
whereas when lower SCR conducts, the current of that phase is negative.
xi) When the phase voltage makes an angle of 30 with the neutral, the upper SCR
in that half bridge is forward biased. Similarly, the lower SCR is forward biased
when its phase makes an angle of 210 with the neutral. Hence, = 0 when t =
30.

FORMULAE USED:-
3 3 Vm
1. Average Output Voltage is, V0 cos in volts

1
1 3 3 2
2. The RMS output voltage is, V0 (rms) 3 Vm cos 2 in volts
2 4

V0
3. Average output current I0 in amperes for R Load
R
V0 (rms)
4. RMS output current I 0 (rms) in amperes for R Load
R
Where, Vm is the peak value of the input voltage in volts.
is the firing angle delay in degrees
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -
FORMULA USED FOR DESIGN OF PHASE DELAY: -

1. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 for T1 =

30 * 0.02 sec
360

2. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T2 =

30 60 * 0.02 sec
360

3. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 3 for T3 =

30 120 * 0.02 sec
360

4. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 4 for T4 =

30 180 * 0.02 sec
360

5. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 5 for T5 =

30 240 * 0.02 sec
360

6. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 6 for T6 =

30 300 * 0.02 sec
360
Where, = firing angle delay in degrees.
Frequency = 50 Hz, i.e. time period = 0.02 sec.

PHASE DELAY MODEL CALCULATIONS: -

Let the firing angle be 30. i.e., = 30

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 for T1 =

30 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.00333 sec.

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T2 =

30 60 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.00667 sec.

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 3 for T3 =

30 120 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.01 sec.

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 4 for T4 =

30 180 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.01333

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 5 for T5 =

30 240 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.01667

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 6 for T6 =

30 300 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.02
Firing angle delays in sec for pulse generators 1, 2 & 3 for various firing angles can be
calculated and tabulated as follows.
FIRING ANGLE Phase angle delay for (in sec.)
() in deg PG 1 PG 2 PG 3 PG 4 PG 5 PG 6
0 0.00167 0.005 0.00833 0.01167 0.015 0.01833
30 0.00333 0.00667 0.01 0.01333 0.01667 0.02
60 0.005 0.00833 0.01167 0.015 0.01833 0.02167
90 0.00667 0.01 0.01333 0.01667 0.02 0.02333
120 0.00833 0.01167 0.015 0.01833 0.02167 0.025
150 0.01 0.01333 0.01667 0.02 0.02333 0.02667
180 0.01167 0.015 0.01833 0.02167 0.025 0.02833
WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 30: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 60: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 90: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 120: -

PROCEDURE FOR RL LOAD: -
1. Study the circuit diagram, operation and model waveforms of a three phase fully
controlled converter.
2. Open the MATLAB software by double-clicking the MATLAB icon on the desktop
and click the shortcut Simulink to open the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Create a new model and click on SimPowerSystems block in Simulink Library
Browser.
4. Drag the powergui block in SimPowerSystems submenu to the new model.
5. Double click on the Electrical Source block in SimPowerSystems submenu to
select the three phase supply source i.e. Three Phase Programmable Voltage
Source and drag it to the new model. Set the peak amplitude of voltage as 110
Volts.
6. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Power Electronics block to pick the
Thyristor and drag them to the new model.
7. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Elements block to pick the load
Series RLC branch and drag it to the new model. Set the value of C as zero by
double-clicking on the load.
8. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Measurements block to pick the
Three-Phase V-I Measurement, Voltage Measurement & Current
Measurement and drag them to the new model.
9. In the Simulink submenu, select Commonly Used Blocks to pick the SCOPE
and drag it to the new model.
10. In the Simulink submenu, select Sources to pick the Pulse Generator for T 1, T2,
T3, T4, T5 & T6 and drag them to the new model.
11. Arrange the components as per the circuit diagram and connect them.
12. Set the values of input source voltage parameters such as amplitude, phase
angle and frequency.
13. Set the pulse generator parameters such as pulse type, amplitude, period, pulse
width, phase delay, etc. as per circuit design formula.
14. Set the scope axis as per the circuit requirements like input voltage, output
voltage, output current, etc.
15. Set the load resistance and inductance values as 10 ohms and 1 H respectively.
16. Simulate the circuit and take the output waveforms in the scope.
WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 30: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 60: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 90: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 120: -

RESULT: -
Thus the three phase fully controlled converter was simulated with R and RL load
of resistance of 10 ohms and inductance of 1 H for the firing angles of 30, 60, 90 and
120 and the related waveforms were obtained.
 Expt. No.:6 Date

SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONVERTER WITH

R AND RL LOAD

AIM: -
To simulate and study the Single Phase AC Voltage Converter with R and RL
Load in different firing angles.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

Sl. No. Description Quantity

01 Computer 01
02 Printer 01

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: -
MATLAB 6.1 or above.

PROCEDURE FOR R LOAD: -

1. Study the circuit diagram, operation and model waveforms of a single phase AC
Voltage controller.
2. Open the MATLAB software by double-clicking the MATLAB icon on the desktop
and click the shortcut Simulink to open the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Create a new model and click on SimPowerSystems block in Simulink Library
Browser.
4. Drag the powergui block in SimPowerSystems submenu to the new model.
5. Double click on the Electrical Source block in SimPowerSystems submenu to
select the single phase supply source AC Voltage Source and drag it to the
new model. Set the peak amplitude of voltage as 110 Volts.
6. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Power Electronics block to pick the
Thyristor and drag them to the new model.
7. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Elements block to pick the load
Series RLC branch and drag it to the new model. Set the values of L & C as
zero by double-clicking on the load.
8. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Measurements block to pick the
Voltage Measurement & Current Measurement and drag them to the new
model.
9. Also find the RMS block for converting the output signal to rms value in the
measurements submenu under Extra Library in SimPowerSystems menu and
drag it to the new model.
10. Find the Display block for displaying the rms value of the output signal in the
Sinks submenu under Simulink menu and drag it to the new model.
11. In the Simulink submenu, select Commonly Used Blocks to pick the SCOPE
and drag it to the new model.
12. In the Simulink submenu, select Sources to pick the Pulse Generator for T 1 & T2
and drag it to the new model.
13. Arrange the components as per the circuit diagram and connect them.
 14. Set the values of input source voltage parameters such as amplitude, phase
angle and frequency.
15. Set the pulse generator parameters such as pulse type, amplitude, period, pulse
width, phase delay, etc. as per circuit design formula.
16. Set the scope axis as per the circuit requirements like input voltage, output
voltage, output current, etc.
17. Set the load resistance value as 10 ohms.
18. Simulate the circuit and take the output waveforms in the scope.

FORMULA USED FOR DESIGN OF PHASE DELAY: -

1. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 =

0 * 0.02 sec
360

2. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 =

180 * 0.02 sec
360
Where, = firing angle delay in degrees.
Frequency = 50 Hz, i.e. time period = 0.02 sec.
PHASE DELAY CALCULATIONS: -
Let the firing angle be 30.
i.e., = 30

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 =

0 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.001667 sec.

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 =

180 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.011667 sec.
Firing angle delays in sec for pulse generators 1 & 2 for various firing angles can
be calculated and tabulated as follows.

Phase angle delay for

FIRING ANGLE
(in sec.)
()
Pulse Pulse Generator
in deg
Generator 1 2
0 0 0.01

30 0.001667 0.011667

60 0.00333 0.01333

90 0.005 0.015

120 0.00667 0.01667

150 0.00833 0.01833

180 0.01 0.02
THEORY:-
AC voltage controllers are thyristor based devices which convert fixed
alternating voltage directly to variable alternating voltage without a change in the
frequency. Some of the main applications of ac voltage controllers are for domestic
and industrial heating, transformer tap changing, lighting control, speed control of
single-phase and three-phase ac drives and starting of induction motors. Earlier, the
devices used for these applications were auto-transformers, tap-changing transformers,
magnetic amplifiers, saturable reactors, etc. But these devices are now replaced by
thyristor and triac based ac voltage controllers, because of their high efficiency,
flexibility in control, compact size and less maintenance. AC voltage controllers are also
adaptable for closed loop control systems. Since, the ac voltage controllers are phase
controlled devices, thyristors and triacs are line-commutated and as such no complex
commutation circuitry is required in these controllers. The main disadvantage of AC
voltage controllers is the introduction of objectionable harmonics in the supply current
and load voltage waveforms, particularly at reduced output voltage levels.
The AC voltage controllers are of two types, namely
i) Phase controlled AC Voltage controllers,
ii) Integral cycle controlled or on-off controlled AC Voltage controllers.
The power circuit diagram of single-phase Phase controlled AC voltage
controller is shown below (Pl. refer the circuit diagram). It consists of two SCRs
connected in antiparallel. The voltage and current waveforms at the output are also
shown (Pl. refer the model waveforms). The positive half cycle of the waveforms are
identical with the negative half cycle for both voltage and current waveforms. The
power circuit, therefore, introduces no direct component in the supply and load circuit.
Thus, this circuit is more suited to practical circuits than single-phase half-wave circuit.
Hence, in phase controlled AC voltage controllers, the phase relationship between the
start of load current and the supply voltage is controlled by varying the firing angle. As
the controlled output is AC, these are called phase-controlled ac voltage controllers or
ac voltage controllers.

FORMULAE USED:-
1
V 1 1 2
1. The RMS output voltage is, V0 (rms) m sin 2 in volts
2 2
V0 (rms)
2. RMS output current I 0 (rms) in amperes for R Load
R
Where, Vm is the peak value of the input voltage in volts.
is the firing angle delay in degrees
-
WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 30: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 60: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 90: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 120: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 150: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 180: -

PROCEDURE FOR RL LOAD: -
1. Study the circuit diagram, operation and model waveforms of a single phase AC
Voltage controller.
2. Open the MATLAB software by double-clicking the MATLAB icon on the desktop
and click the shortcut Simulink to open the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Create a new model and click on SimPowerSystems block in Simulink Library
Browser.
4. Drag the powergui block in SimPowerSystems submenu to the new model.
5. Double click on the Electrical Source block in SimPowerSystems submenu to
select the single phase supply source AC Voltage Source and drag it to the
new model. Set the peak amplitude of voltage as 110 Volts.
6. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Power Electronics block to pick the
Thyristor and drag them to the new model.
7. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Elements block to pick the load
Series RLC branch and drag it to the new model. Set the value of C as zero by
double-clicking on the load.
8. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Measurements block to pick the
Voltage Measurement & Current Measurement and drag them to the new
model.
9. Also find the RMS block for converting the output signal to rms value in the
measurements submenu under Extra Library in SimPowerSystems menu and
drag it to the new model.
10. Find the Display block for displaying the rms value of the output signal in the
Sinks submenu under Simulink menu and drag it to the new model.
11. In the Simulink submenu, select Commonly Used Blocks to pick the SCOPE
and drag it to the new model.
12. In the Simulink submenu, select Sources to pick the Pulse Generator for T 1 & T2
and drag it to the new model.
13. Arrange the components as per the circuit diagram and connect them.
14. Set the values of input source voltage parameters such as amplitude, phase
angle and frequency.
15. Set the pulse generator parameters such as pulse type, amplitude, period, pulse
width, phase delay, etc. as per circuit design formula.
16. Set the scope axis as per the circuit requirements like input voltage, output
voltage, output current, etc.
17. Set the load resistance and inductance values as 10 ohms and 1 H respectively.
18. Simulate the circuit and take the output waveforms in the scope.
WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 30: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 60: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 90: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 120: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 150: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 180: -

RESULT: -
Thus the single phase AC Voltage converter was simulated with R and RL load of
resistance of 10 ohms and inductance of 1 H for the firing angles of 30, 60, 90, 120,
150 and 180 and the related waveforms were obtained.
 Expt. No.: 7 Date:

THREE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONVERTER WITH

R AND RL LOAD

AIM: -
To simulate and study the Three Phase AC Voltage Converter with R and RL Load
for different firing angles.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

Sl. No. Description Quantity

01 Computer 01
02 Printer 01

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: -
MATLAB 6.1 or above.

PROCEDURE FOR R LOAD: -

1. Study the circuit diagram, operation and model waveforms of a three phase AC
Voltage controller.
2. Open the MATLAB software by double-clicking the MATLAB icon on the desktop
and click the shortcut Simulink to open the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Create a new model and click on SimPowerSystems block in Simulink Library
Browser.
4. Drag the powergui block in SimPowerSystems submenu to the new model.
5. Double click on the Electrical Source block in SimPowerSystems submenu to
select the three phase supply source Three Phase programmable Voltage
Source and drag it to the new model. Set the input voltage as 415 Volts (rms).
6. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Power Electronics block to pick the
Thyristor and drag them to the new model.
7. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Elements block to pick the load
Series RLC branch of three nos. such that one for each phase and drag it to
the new model. Set the type of load as R load by double-clicking on the load.
8. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Measurements block to pick the
Three Phase V-I Measurement and drag them to the new model.
9. In the Simulink submenu, select Commonly Used Blocks to pick the SCOPE
and drag it to the new model.
10. In the Simulink submenu, select Sources to pick the Pulse Generator for T 1, T2,
T3, T4, T5 & T6 and drag them to the new model.
11. Arrange the components as per the circuit diagram and connect them.
12. Set the values of input source voltage parameters such as amplitude, phase
angle and frequency.
13. Set the pulse generator parameters such as pulse type, amplitude, period, pulse
width, phase delay, etc. as per circuit design formula.
 14. Set the scope axis as per the circuit requirements like input voltage, output
voltage, output current, etc.
15. Set the load resistance value as 10 ohms.
16. Simulate the circuit and take the output waveforms in the scope.

THEORY:-
The Three Phase AC voltage controllers are also called as Three-Phase
bidirectional controller. The unidirectional controllers, which contain dc input current
and higher harmonic content due to the asymmetric nature of the output voltage
waveform, are not normally used in ac motor drives, but a three-phase bidirectional
control is commonly used.
There are many three-phase versions of ac voltage thyristor controllers. They are,
i) Three-phase 3-wire star load,
ii) Three-phase 3-wire delta load,
iii) Three-phase 4-wire star load,
iv) Three-phase 3-wire delta controller,
v) Three-phase control in delta and
vi) Three-phase half wave delta control.
They all operate in slightly different ways. The following are the important points
of comparison between the above circuits.
i) In circuits (iii) and (iv), the individual phase controllers control their own loads
independently of the other. Therefore, they can be treated as three single-phase
controllers.
ii) In other circuits, (i), (ii), (v) and (vi), the individual phase controllers affect the other
phase loads also and they have to be treated as complete three-phase circuits.
iii) The peak voltages occur across thyristors at or near to the fully OFF state.
iv) All these circuits can be used under phase control.
v) The range of phase angle required to achieve full output range from zero to
maximum varies between the circuits.
vi) The maximum current flow in the thyristors is decided from the fully ON condition
and the size of the thyristors to be used should be chosen from this condition. The
peak, mean and RMS thyristor currents are related to the RMS a.c. input current
which should be found by applying the full supply voltage to the load-circuit
impedances.
vii)

FORMULAE USED:-
1. The RMS output voltages for various range of delay angle are,
1

i) for the range of 0 < 60, 1 sin 2

V0 (rms) 6 Vs
2

in volts
6 4 8
1

ii) for the range of 60 < 90, 1 3 sin 2 3 cos 2 2 in volts

V0 (rms) 6 Vs

12 16 16
1

ii) for the range of 90 150, 1 5 sin 2 3 cos 2 2 in volts

V0 (rms) 6 Vs

24 4 16 16
2. RMS output current I 0 (rms) V0 (rms) in amperes for R Load
R
Where, Vs is the RMS value of the input voltage in volts.
is the firing angle delay in degrees
FORMULA USED FOR DESIGN OF PHASE DELAY: -

1. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 for T1 =

30 * 0.02 sec
360

2. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T2 =

30 60 * 0.02 sec
360

3. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 3 for T3 =

30 120 * 0.02 sec
360

4. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 4 for T4 =

30 180 * 0.02 sec
360

5. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 5 for T5 =

30 240 * 0.02 sec
360

6. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 6 for T6 =

30 300 * 0.02 sec
360
Where, = firing angle delay in degrees.
Frequency = 50 Hz, i.e. time period = 0.02 sec.

PHASE DELAY MODEL CALCULATIONS: -

Let the firing angle be 30. i.e., = 30

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 for T1 =

30 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.00333 sec.

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T2 =

30 60 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.00667 sec.

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 3 for T3 =

30 120 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.01 sec.

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 4 for T4 =

30 180 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.01333

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 5 for T5 =

30 240 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.01667

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 6 for T6 =

30 300 30 * 0.02 sec
360
= 0.02
 Firing angle delays in sec for pulse generators 1, 2 & 3 for various firing angles can
be calculated and tabulated as follows.

FIRING Phase angle delay for (in sec.)

ANGLE ()
in deg PG 1 PG 2 PG 3 PG 4 PG 5 PG 6

0 0.00167 0.005 0.00833 0.01167 0.015 0.01833

30 0.00333 0.00667 0.01 0.01333 0.01667 0.02
60 0.005 0.00833 0.01167 0.015 0.01833 0.02167
90 0.00667 0.01 0.01333 0.01667 0.02 0.02333
120 0.00833 0.01167 0.015 0.01833 0.02167 0.025
150 0.01 0.01333 0.01667 0.02 0.02333 0.02667
180 0.01167 0.015 0.01833 0.02167 0.025 0.02833

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 30: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 45: -

WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 60: -

PROCEDURE FOR RL LOAD: -
1. Study the circuit diagram, operation and model waveforms of a three phase AC
Voltage controller.
2. Open the MATLAB software by double-clicking the MATLAB icon on the desktop
and click the shortcut Simulink to open the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Create a new model and click on SimPowerSystems block in Simulink Library
Browser.
4. Drag the powergui block in SimPowerSystems submenu to the new model.
5. Double click on the Electrical Source block in SimPowerSystems submenu to
select the three phase supply source Three Phase programmable Voltage
Source and drag it to the new model. Set the input voltage as 415 Volts (rms).
6. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Power Electronics block to pick the
Thyristor and drag them to the new model.
7. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Elements block to pick the load
Series RLC branch of three nos. such that one for each phase and drag it to
the new model. Set the type of load as RL load by double-clicking on the load.
8. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Measurements block to pick the
Three Phase V-I Measurement and drag them to the new model.
9. In the Simulink submenu, select Commonly Used Blocks to pick the SCOPE
and drag it to the new model.
10. In the Simulink submenu, select Sources to pick the Pulse Generator for T 1, T2,
T3, T4, T5 & T6 and drag them to the new model.
11. Arrange the components as per the circuit diagram and connect them.
12. Set the values of input source voltage parameters such as amplitude, phase
angle and frequency.
13. Set the pulse generator parameters such as pulse type, amplitude, period, pulse
width, phase delay, etc. as per circuit design formula.
14. Set the scope axis as per the circuit requirements like input voltage, output
voltage, output current, etc.
15. Set the load resistance and inductance values as 10 and 10 mH.
WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 30: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 45: -

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD FOR FIRING ANGLE OF 60: -

RESULT: -
Thus the three phase AC Voltage converter was simulated with R and RL load of
resistance of 10 ohms and inductance of 10 mH for the firing angles of 30, 45 & 60
and the related waveforms were obtained.
Expt. No.: 8 Date:

CLASS A CHOPPER WITH R AND RL LOAD

(STEP DOWN CHOPPER)

AIM: -
To simulate and study the Class A Chopper (Step Down Chopper) with R and RL
Load for different firing angles.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

Sl. No. Description Quantity

01 Computer 01
02 Printer 01

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: -
MATLAB 6.1 or above.

PROCEDURE FOR R LOAD: -

1. Study the circuit diagram, operation and model waveforms of a Class A
Chopper (Step Down Chopper).
2. Open the MATLAB software by double-clicking the MATLAB icon on the desktop
and click the shortcut Simulink to open the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Create a new model and click on SimPowerSystems block in Simulink Library
Browser.
4. Drag the powergui block in SimPowerSystems submenu to the new model.
5. Double click on the Electrical Source block in SimPowerSystems submenu to
select the DC Voltage supply source DC Voltage Source and drag it to the
new model. Set the input voltage as 100 Volts.
6. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Power Electronics block to pick the
IGBT and drag them to the new model.
7. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Elements block to pick the load
Series RLC branch and drag it to the new model. Set the type of load as R load
by double-clicking on the load.
8. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Measurements block to pick the
Voltage Measurement and Current Measurement blocks and drag them to
the new model.
9. In the Simulink submenu, select Commonly Used Blocks to pick the SCOPE
and drag it to the new model.
10. In the Simulink submenu, select Sources to pick the Pulse Generator for IGBT
and drag them to the new model.
11. Arrange the components as per the circuit diagram and connect them.
12. Set the pulse generator parameters such as pulse type, amplitude, period, pulse
width, phase delay, etc. as period of 2 msec, pulse width of 40%, phase delay of
0.
 13. Set the scope axis as per the circuit requirements like input voltage, output
voltage, output current, etc.
14. Set the load resistance value as 100 ohms.
15. Simulate the circuit and take the output waveforms in the scope.

THEORY:-
Many industrial applications require power from dc voltage sources. Several of
these applications, perform better in case there are fed from variable dc voltage
sources. Examples of such dc systems are subway cars, trolley buses, battery-operated
vehicles, battery-charging, etc. From ac supply systems, variable dc output voltage
can be obtained through the use of phase-controlled converters or motor-generator
sets. The conversion of fixed dc voltage to an adjustable dc output voltage, through
the use of semiconductor devices, can be carried out by the use of two types of dc to
dc converters.
A chopper is a static device that converts fixed dc input voltage to a variable
dc output voltage directly. A chopper may be brought of as dc equivalent of an ac
transformer since they behave in an identical manner. As choppers involve one stage
conversion, these are more efficient. The power semiconductor devices used for a
chopper circuit can be power BJT, power MOSFET, GTO or force-commutated thyristor.
These devices, in general, can be represented by a switch SW with an arrow. When the
switch is OFF, no current can flow. When the switch is ON, current flows in the direction
of arrow only. The power semiconductor devices have on-state voltage drops of 0.5 V
to 2.5 V across them. For the sake of simplicity, the voltage drop across these devices is
neglected.
As a chopper is dc equivalent to an ac transformer having continuously variable
turns ratio, like a transformer, it can be used to step down or step up the fixed dc input
voltage. A chopper is a high speed ON/OFF semiconductor switch. It connects source
to load and disconnects the load from source at a fast speed. Thus, a chopped load
voltage is obtained from a constant dc supply of magnitude Vs. In the circuit diagram,
chopper is represented by a switch SW inside a dotted rectangle, which may be
turned-ON or turned-OFF as desired. For the sake of highlighting the principle of
operation, the circuitry used for controlled the ON, OFF periods of this switch is not
shown.

FORMULAE USED:-
TON
1. The average load voltage is, V0 VS VS f TON VS in volts
T
V0
2. The average load current I0 in amperes for R Load
R
Where, Vs is the value of the input voltage in volts.
T
ON is the duty cycle of the chopper.
T
TON is the ONTime period of the chopper in sec.
TOFF is the OFFTime period of the chopper in sec.
T = TON + TOFF is the Total time period of the chopper in sec.
1
f is the chopping frequency of the chopper in sec.
T
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -
WAVEFORMS OF R LOAD: - (Time period = 5 Sec, amplitude = 1)
1) For duty cycle = 0.4 or 40% (Pulse width)

2) For duty cycle = 0.7 or 70% (Pulse width)

PROCEDURE FOR RL LOAD: -
1. Study the circuit diagram, operation and model waveforms of a Class A
Chopper (Step Down Chopper).
2. Open the MATLAB software by double-clicking the MATLAB icon on the desktop
and click the shortcut Simulink to open the Simulink Library Browser.
3. Create a new model and click on SimPowerSystems block in Simulink Library
Browser.
4. Drag the powergui block in SimPowerSystems submenu to the new model.
5. Double click on the Electrical Source block in SimPowerSystems submenu to
select the DC Voltage supply source DC Voltage Source and drag it to the
new model. Set the input voltage as 100 Volts.
6. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Power Electronics block to pick the
IGBT and Diode and then drag them to the new model.
7. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Elements block to pick the load
Series RLC branch and drag it to the new model. Set the type of load as RL
load by double-clicking on the load.
8. In the SimPowerSystems submenu, select Measurements block to pick the
Voltage Measurement and Current Measurement blocks and drag them to
the new model.
9. In the Simulink submenu, select Commonly Used Blocks to pick the SCOPE
and drag it to the new model.
10. In the Simulink submenu, select Sources to pick the Pulse Generator for IGBT
and drag them to the new model.
11. Arrange the components as per the circuit diagram and connect them.
12. Set the pulse generator parameters such as pulse type, amplitude, period, pulse
width, phase delay, etc. as period of 2 msec, pulse width of 40%, phase delay of
0.
13. Set the scope axis as per the circuit requirements like input voltage, output
voltage, output current, etc.
14. Set the load resistance and inductance values as 100 ohms and 1 mH.
WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD (With FD):- (Time period = 2 Sec, amplitude = 1)
1) For duty cycle = 0.4 or 40% (Pulse width):

2 ) For duty cycle = 0.7 or 70% (Pulse width):

WAVEFORMS OF RL LOAD (Without FD):- (Time period = 2 Sec, amplitude = 1)
1) For duty cycle = 0.4 or 40% (Pulse width):

2) For duty cycle = 0.7 or 70% (Pulse width):

RESULT: -
Thus the Class A chopper (Step Down Chopper) was simulated with R and RL
load of resistance of 100 ohms and inductance of 1 mH for duty cycles of 40% (0.4) and
70% (0.7) and the related waveforms were obtained.
Expt. No.: 9 Date:

3 Phase 12 Pulse Fully Controlled Bridge

Aim:
To study the operation and analyze the output waveform of 3 phase 12 pulse
fully controlled bridge rectifier with resistive load.

Apparatus Required:

MATLAB Software (R2008b Version)

Theory:
12-pulse system performs much better in terms of rectification efficiency and
ripple content, both in amplitude and frequency, than a 6-pulse one. The three-phase
bridge, along with the possibility to use indifferently delta or Y secondary connections
without affecting the performance of the rectifier, makes it possible to build 12-pulse
structures quite easily, avoiding complex transformer configurations.
In order to achieve a proper 12-pulse operation, as shown in the plots on the
left of Fig, a phase displacement of 30 degrees has to be introduced between the
corresponding phase-to-phase voltages of the two 6-pulse units. This is easily achieved
by connecting one secondary as delta and the other as Y.
The primary connection is normally delta to avoid excitation unbalance. In
order to obtain equal secondary voltages, the number of turns of the two secondary
windings must be in a ratio of 1:3. Since 3 is an irrational number, the turn ratio of the
two secondary windings can only be approximated.
Higher pulse configuration using the same principle is also possible. The twelve-
pulse was obtained with a 30 phase-shift between the two secondary transformers. The
addition of further appropriately shifted transformers in parallel provides the basis for
increasing pulse configurations. For instance, 24-pulse operation is achieved by means
of four transformers with 15 phase-shift, and 48-pulse operation requires eight
transformers with 7.5 phase-shift.
Although theoretically possible, pulse numbers above 48 are rarely justified due
to the practical levels of distortion found in the supply voltage waveforms. Besides, the
converter topology becomes more and more complicated.

SIMULATION PARAMETERS:
Phase to phase RMS voltage 1V
Frequency 50 HZ
Firing angle - 45
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WAVEFORMS:

GATE PULSES OF CONVERTER1:

GATE PULSES OF CONVERTER2:

VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS:

CONCULSION:
The operation and output waveforms of 3phase 12pulse fully controlled bridge rectifier
with resistive load has been studied and analyzed with 45 firing angle.
Expt. No.:10 Date

1-PHASE STEPDOWN CYCLOCONVERTER

AIM:
To study the operation and analyse the output waveforms of single phase step
down cycloconverter.
SOFTWARE USED:
MATLAB software (R2008b version).
THEORY:
In industrial applications, two forms of electrical energy are used: direct
current (dc) and alternating current (ac). Usually constant voltage constant
frequency single-phase or three-phase ac is readily available. However, for
different applications, different forms, magnitudes and/or frequencies are
required. This converter consists of back-to-back connection of two full-wave
rectifier circuits. The input voltage, vs is an ac voltage at a frequency, fi as
shown in For easy understanding assume that all the thyristors are fired at a=0
firing angle, i.e. thyristors act like diodes. Note that the firing angles are named
as aP for the positive converter and aN for the negative converter. Consider the
operation of the cycloconverter to get one-fourth of the input frequency at the
output. For the first two cycles of vs, the positive converter operates supplying
current to the load. It rectifies the input voltage; therefore, the load sees 2
positive half cycles.In the next cycle, the negative converter operates supplying
current to the load in the reverse direction. The current waveforms are not
shown in the figures because the resistive load current will have the same
waveform as the voltage but only scaled by the resistance. Note that when one
of the converters operates the other one is disabled, so that there is no current
circulating between the two rectifiers.
The frequency of the output voltage, vo is 2 times less than that of vs, the
input voltage, i.e. fo/fi=1/2. Thus, this is a step-down cycloconverter. On the
other hand, cycloconverters that have fo/fi>1 frequency relation are called
step-up cycloconverters. Note that step-down cycloconverters are more widely
used than the step-up ones. The frequency of vo can be changed by varying
the number of cycles the positive and the negative converters work. It can only
change as integer multiples of fi in 1f-1f cycloconverters. With the above
operation, the 1f-1f cycloconverter can only supply a certain voltage at a
certain firing angle a. Thus varying a, the fundamental output voltage can be
controlled. Constant a operation gives a crude output waveform with rich
harmonic content. If the square wave can be modified to look more like a sine
wave, the harmonics would be reduced
SIMULATION PARAMETERS:
1. Peak amplitude of voltage source 100 V.
2. Supply frequency 50Hz.
3. Value of load resistance 1 .

SINGLE PHASE STEPDOWN CYCLOCONVERTER WITH R-LOAD:

WAVEFORMS FOR SINGLE PHASE STEPDOWN CYCLOCONVERTER WITH R-LOAD:

CONCLUSION:
The operation has been studied and output waveforms analysed for single
phase stepdown cycloconverter.