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'.- , ., ' ~{cfcnilig to your quen'y.on the ubove sUbjeot. it issuggested thnt tll~:tbllowln8'elem;,nts arc
c()llsldetcd ill the calculation aftlle length ofthe transition ofllie spirulcurvlJ: .. · . i.. ,.
\;.(1. neslgn Speed . .. '. : ' : . . . ; .• !', •
• b. Radius ot'lhe circular curve .'. .. . . ' . , " 'I; .
!
..c.. Superolevatioll ofUle c\I.t'Ve

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. , . J .. Road Width (mt)
e, Crowllofthe)und-(%)
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X",:, ',6. Mme, SUIlCrclcitatioh 3,05 x.8.2% ""p.25Q .';', i,,'t:·:
li .NottIlE\I crl~~;;: . 3.Q5 K2'5 % "" 0.076 .
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Tile type' Of spiral recommended is tile Euler, ,Spiral or ,
Clpthoid, which by virtue of its flexibJlity and
1IIe"-
IB'
simplicity is the most commonly used worldwide! I

Ir ,
5.2.1.1 The Clothoid and its applications
Tile basic equation of tile clotlloid ;s .'.'
I; A
2
=;
'.:.
RL
, .' , i

,;'
, , ",

I' :
where
A =
Parameter cif the clothoid ,
~".

=
'

R Radius at distance L .from the origin (R Fro ) ,,'. ,.

I'ft~~li"~,"":';, ",:',
,' F":
".'.1'

..:·!'I L = Length of thespi ral, I:

I,
, ~Jf!l:J ,'" I,:·." " "'r" "'f'IV
g,!:::),
,\'
,i'
The parameter is in practice the element thatd;e'termines I',
tile "size" of ,theClothoid( li,k,e the radius[:fort'lle" I>,,
circular curves). This is,illustrated in Figure ,5.1 where
the relationship between 'parameters, 'Radii and lengths , ,,'
,

may be 'nppr.eci at ed. ' ' ,, l "

!
,
'.. t·.
'

One can intuitively see the extreme flexibility of this

type of spiral, 'which can tie adapted to any i,required
I !:
condition . . Because of the: relatively complex i formulas'
for its' calculation, the clo,t.h.oidwas, i,n the past,
seldom used for highway design, howeve~ the diffusion in
I ,,
,
1 "
recent years of sophisticated ,inexpensive' ca~culating
machine's "has made it possible the practical us~ ~"f "th'i;g j.'
,
j

,type of, ',spiral. ' I t'".

I ,
)" ": ,,'

~
.... !; ..
, ,
Foll'owing are the defini,tions and,formulas;'fo/the'
'h{~'" cal c u 1 at i on 0 f the Clot hoi ds, the s e .s h 0 u 1 d be' r e !I din ",:",,'
I i:'- conjunct'ion with Figure' 5.2 where the curve's :'diagrams , ,,
, are shown. I':
,'
" : i"

5.2.t.:~,C!qthoidsdefinil i,

A, = Parameter of ,ne ctothotd !

I'
,
,",:
,j
"Radiu's" of the' 'ircular curve ,
"
I
Length of tran ition ' 1
Abscissa ofth, ransit,ion en,d . \'" . '. I. '

Ordinate, of th! ransit ion end t

Offset qf the I Gular curve I ';
Sh i ft o~ t he pc, c' of rt angency ,I ':
Long t'angent of "hEl: trans it ion !
I
short tangent 'oj'.'the transi." ,ion
,,,.P~f.l ~,;t i on an~Jl e ' ,
: .,
,," ' i, '

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: '~

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-',
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\ N
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\ .I 00 ";(
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II:
t;~1
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,'\ .\
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\

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- , \I \
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I I·
,,
.- 10

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\ \
\ \
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\'" ----~~ \ '" I
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.,..a ~
w
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'"" -''';:

~' .......~----­ .I I

-
'""
,(Z ' ' ......... , I I
:"i I
','0 2
,-...... \

'j~ti
........... \
, I ' ;:'... .'.

.. ,
0::
::> " " "- ,.
'r-.Le.!)
i -." .......... "'J;i
II)
w Z
lL
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"-
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no:: '0
:::> <..)
Cl
I/}
i-IJ..
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0
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WITH SYMM ElRicA L CLOlHOIDS
-
I "
1

·1
I,
~
,i'"
i
~,
/
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.{'\.\
~" "
i"
':'
' \ I, ' \

, ....

,-/;"
r', ........ ,'"
,!
, ," ,
",'\
'

'\
'\
,
,,, ,"y
~
".:'-:'-,.,
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1

J " , , ,+
,, , '\
,:'
.'

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<,
,, ,,
J ", '
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PI,~; POINT OF INTERSECTION-
'" '

"y' , I I "

f,1r1::';~CENTER OF THE CURVE', i ,I

'~TS~TANGENT TO SPIRAL "
wi .':
;

, TO CIRCU LAR
SC~SPIRAL ,
"lCS =: C;IRCULAR TO SPIRAL "
" SI::SPIRAL TO TANGENT
~ "
. "
,,A i,
,,
'Y: Pol. I
i,

WITH UNSYMIV3TRICAL CLOTHOIDS

i c
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 0 == Angle of the C10thoid at R
.,' . 0 '=;.I,)./ll1g16.,:II: t.118 r:el\t:er of tile cirr;ulnl" .curv(~
T - ".Tangent 1e'ngtl') of the curve ·i .
E _. External'distance between middle of !?'urve and PI.
Lc == Length' of ·the c1 rcu'l ar 'curve" "
L . , Total 1eng'th of! the cUl-ve" :'
, '
I,
5,2.1,3 Clothoids formulas

Lt'

DR :: (R x COS\1l + V): - R
XM :: X-(R x Sin01
TL :: X-(Y/Tan0l ".F,

TS :: Y/SiN0
e :: I:;., -20

Lc; :: 8(Radl y. R
.1 "
L :: ,,"Lc + 2Lt !
T :: (R+DR 1 x.Tan (! ..t:::.. (2) + XM
E :: (R+DR)/Cos ( .t:::.. /21 ~ R

,
.,'
~nsymmetrica1 c10thoid~:
~

I' .Formulas for each element of the two c 1ot00 i ds, i. e. A 1

A , Ltl & Lt 2 , 0 1 & O2 , xl & X 2 , Y 1& Y 2;> DR 1 .& .pR2 '
2 are the 'sa~e ~s· for
& XM2' TLf & TL2 andTS 1 & TS 2 I I.

'symmgtrical clothoids except: .

itf-" :
F~tlL.':: :: 1:;.,-01 - 02 ,'., ..... .
- , ·8
Lc :: 8(Rad) x R
L :: Lc + L tl + L t2 . i1
:: (R+DR ) .Jan (1:;.,/2) + XM 1 - (DRj-DR 2 l/coS(90- A )
.' .

Tl _ (R+QR 1 ) ran (.t:::../2) + XM 2 + (DR 1 -DR 2,)/cos(90-A)'

,T 2 2
::.For unsymmetrical curves the ~ flf meaningless,
E
1';
,.,
.. ,
"<:,; .The formulas shown for ,the calculation of; X :and,Y" allow.
.' ., , correct ,re'sults up to an: angle of clothoid (0') inthe range
~ ." : 0 0 < !1l < 90 0 . ' ".. . l: . .
For. cases: where :th,El. a:ngle·!il should beg,reater:, the.
integration
" . for XahdY,Shoulrl be ..extended.
!I·' ,,'

. ,'!.- , . . '
.,,", ,! ':,

:'L': ,; "I ,: . I
, ·t,;
56
 I.'

The elements that normally are fixed for the design "
ofa
spirnled c~~ye are' the radi~s of the circular portion
(R) )lnd the ilengtllof the tr'1nsi,tlon (Lt). ..I'"
The rad I Us 'i s fi xed' depend i ng on the, des I gn sp,eed a,nd
environmenta:l characteristics, while thelength,j:of the
transition (clothoid) should be fixed so thnt. illl the
superelevation,run-off'(disGus'sed hereiqafter)i,can be
accommodated:within its :length. ' ; , I.
"
Sin c e t his w0 u 1 d mo s t 0 f the t.i me s res u It 'i n ': b r 0 ken
clothoid parameter (Al,. for 'practical purposes this is
,nortnallyr'ounded up 'for, making use of av~;i,1able
tabulated values.l.~, '" .

I,
However, with the aid of modern calculators the: use of
tables is no longer strictly necessary and the ~esigner
has virtually unlimited choices,. '
!: .

"
t: 1 For exampl e, a most 'eye ple'cising effect is' obt~ined by "

equal ing, the length of the clothoids and ,the /,le'ngth of

the circular'curve. This 'is'achieved by fixing t'tle angle I' .
: .i.
of the clothoids (~) as '1/4 the deflection angle (L'>.), i.e.
,,'
fIl =
4
" ' ,

Another case may be when there is ',limited space :for the

development of the superelevation run-off. ,
In such case the, curve is ,better formed b,y the two
transitio~s only, meeting in one point of fixed radius.
This would completely eliminate'thecircular portion
with the,cQndition that:
,

In modern design practice, the tendency is to eliminate

short tangent lengths between curves"not only in 'brol~en"",:"""
back curves but also in: case of curves of opposite
di rection. It has been obs,erved that, between I,curves,
. :: 1 ta,ngen~ le,n,gths sho.t:ter,than 100-150 rneters;create
, uneasiness of driv.. ing',-} because' the continuous; changes ,,
"t~rom, straight ", co'urset,o
'
'1, curv,ed course' are ,'''- 'cause of'
, ','
~ ,

fragmented' drivin~ techniqUes which fatigue the

operators." ;'In such' condft,ions a continuouslx curved
',(winding) al"ignment is preferable, ':.,

5':2.1.4 sJbsequent curv'es connected

,", . by clothoids
, ~', '
.. "
'Fixing an alignment that",achievesw'hat said abqve, may
ent ail several 'trials ,be'f.o're' a satisfactory solution is,
found, m~inly d~e to ~h~bffsets of t~e circula~ curv~s
",
;' :
." ,'"
., . ,,...; .. ,"
, ,
"

!: '
,,
.' "
 .,
"1
;

!'

.'.;~. j:::'!":'!'-
when the transi~ions are applied.
In rugged terrai~, where this cpndition normally occurs,
"is common practice, while e,st>;lblishing ,the ,prelim;inary
(P) line, to f~x points of curves, as these are normally
located in,the most constrained situations. lit is
importantth~refore to fin~ a clothoid para~eter
connecting the'two circular curves without moving! them
from the originally set positi6n~ I
The following' allows the solution of this problem. I
-'
There may be 2"('two) ,cases: i) the curves are, in opposite
direction, and ii) ,the curves are in the same directiibn.
In both cases the distance (d) between the two centres,
ii
~
j
•
•

(Cl & e2) of the:,curves must: be caJ,culated 'from,the '.

,', .,

survey ~~ta of the'p line. ;' ; ...

i
i ) Curves in opposite direction

, ';l'' ,
,,
'The clothoidto be,found ~ust ,satisfy the :fbl.lpwing
'I
condition (Refer to Figure;'5.3)·
d = (R'1.+DR1+R2+Df\2)2 + (XM1'+XM2)2
I
i,
i,'
;i
Where
d = Distance between centres of curves
I,
I
I
Rl Radius ,Of larger curve
<.,,1 R2
DR1!XMl =
G
:;: Radius of smaller curve
Offset and shift of larger curve
I
DR2!XM2,:;: Offset and shift of smaller ('''''''9

'. ~,
the distance, (D) between :the arches c
I
must 'also be known, thus; ,
"0 := d:- (R1+R2)
" q." '.'
'.,',"
The, parameter (A), of the clothoids ,qoni
two curves t's obta::q,Q'",d by': I
J .,' "
~--------,--------
~; ';" "~;'( R1R2/R 1+R2)

*
: • " ' .
. 0!::~5DO .:?5. (2.. .~134+0
, e,
~.
. . . 0843 (Rl

"Jhis formUla, derives i from; a seri.es of mdhematical

<regressions, therefore the, results are not absolutely
. " . .
,

I
'.
::.
.

'"
''I.
,precise. Tli'e error: is, "however, negligible, for'
practical ap~iication"{n' n'ormalconditioris.In cases,'
where absolut~, precisjop,',ts required few, reiterations
·(trial\·and.
.. -
error are l.';necessary).
. '.... ,'.
.
,
' ~
I
'h
,-,.,,",': ..
: I! .,',", i
I
i .

I
"

, .'- . I
58
 ,- 'i .- ., I - , . '. J-\ .. '..
' I',. I~ : '''-- ".~-.'
~;
.- .r- r- J.,-:...
) .'. ... ... '. "...::y }

,' ..., '.. ·'·.··,·FJGURE5.3 -'~l~::t:< .

'CURVESOF(fpPOSlTOIRECTION ... ,- .-'----'- ...~ ....
"

'-CONNECTED BY CLOTHOIDS
, ;.. .A
," ..

XM2
'\
'<:-....
o
-
c::

"~ ....
,
0.
" ,.'I·
-----
'+
-
C::1cC\
, \
\
\

,·~!.NAL ,~RAVER~E, =l~t.~.

I,Q

_0:-- -- tDRl
iRIG1NAL lP)'N
': ', ' IDR2 ·
--t.-:.::.:,~,' -? -:---:-
7-' ,' .
_£CJ.-
" .1 . ,
..
XM . . I.
rRAVERSE LINE' ..•', . .
. ---
----_. ,
.'-- , " A= '( RtR2 )0 '7~
1 ----. ,-,.'

x D0 ''2~ ~ ~2.2154+0.0845x-
. T .2
. .

(R R )-',0077xD
. -
J
",
Rt+R. ". ,I..., . Rt+R2

'\ .D =V R,+,.l+ '0,,"'_ ~ (R + R~) =V (R;+DR 1+ R2+OR2)2.j.{XM1+XM:l,;{ R + R2)

t t
Q:rv . \ c!:= ATN (ocr ) _ XM t +X M2 .) ATN(
\ rRt+Rz \RI+DRI+R2+ DR 2
. ' R2
- . (R.+DR )- -eo -
OM = R TANc!:+ - 2, so:.;
• 2 . ,Sin cC
~:
,..,_, .-.•:_=·1_.""-,~,.~'''C, ,·:'c-,--,,·, ·::··,,,;;:;'oCZ·· QM =RI~ANit!Rl\+DR~)::"CC'C~~
-'-
;i:'" --"'·-~~-'--'C-'=--'·--·'
~.'
Sin cC
'~

Rl
".' (Rf+ DR1) - ' COS-cC ,
'- MSTiTS = XM 1 -
.~ -Ian c!:
'~-

._._ '._~ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ _ ' _ _ _ _ • ,,_·0 ••. ",:': _.,--.,..",...,_' ,~.,-:-:-.:..,..._~:-:-=:-_=_~_ ',-::_,""'::":-;~ - .. -.0---.7-::'7::-:---,-,··
:.;. -.- :.-..----;-:'.~='-=.,...~.- ,.
 " '

.:) ..
The same may be, found graphically by usingithe
chrirts included in Figure 5.5 ai follows ,I'
I
I
,,1. Enter R1 and R2 in chart b) (curv~s in oppo:site
direction).!
2. At the intersection read'the value of R1R~/~1+R2.
3. Enter this value and the' D (calculated) in 'chart
a) . ~ . : ...' i

4. At th'e',:,intersectjon read ,the value of!the

parameter (A). ,,' ;' ,
;,,"

ii) Curves in the same direction,

----~----------------------~,
-,
In case of curves in ,the same direction (broken :back
curves) the connection wit:h clothoid is poss~~le
only if the smaller curve i~ inscribed in the l~rger
on'e, because, un1 i ke the previou.s case where th.e:, two
:", ".
curve's arches, are connect,ed by 2 ,(two) c10thoids
having the same parameter and flex point (R' =1
ot 8T=T8, in this cose the two'curve arc'hesl ure
') '11
I
r

connecfed by a segment o'f ,clothoid huving the! two'

ends id~ntified, by the two radii values. ,! '1
I,
Should the two curVes not ,be 'on,e inscri,bed in the

,--'-.
:. '
other, than an auxiliary arch circumscribing bofh of
them must' be inserted and then
"
the connections made.
, , ,
II
, .-

,~

-'
,
In this c~se the clothoid ~o be found must satisfy
the follo'w'ing condition (Refer to Figure, 5.4) ,., ~
I
,
(R1+DR1-R2-DR2J 2 + ~XM2-XM1)2
:~ ,
=

::'-! ... !
d

,the distance (D) between arbhes will' be

, ,
'. "

d ~ 1\ ... ,1 ••••• '.

II
::1 ,
D =. R1-d-R2i
. ,;
I

I
. , ,,': ., ... II
, ..... i The larger radius, iS~'a"ways' identified by R1 and the
. :i,"
i:; ,
"~"1Il1~lle'r radius tiY'.:R2., ;,
, The 'parnll\eter, (A) of the clothoid, oLWhi:ch a
•'" i
II
II
.... segment., is, ,used' for, (':onnecti ng t he ,two curves, is
obtained by : ' ' " ':. ,

* A :..: (R 1 R2/R 1-R2 ),0 . 75 DO. 2. ( 2 . 2134+0.0843( R1 R2/R1-R2IJ -1 :0077'() 'J'"

,r., .,' " ' I '
,
' '~
;: • • ,•• j ., - j....
* Th'is formula der:ives from,'a: ,series" of, mathemat:ical
regressions, the'reforel',the results are not absolutelY
preci 5,e;.",T.he eTror, is', however, neg1 i gib1 'fol" e
practical;'appl ication' in normal conditions. In 'cases
where' absolute precision is required few reitera'ti'ons
" " (trial and error are necessa~y). I
'j:

",:!: I

;, I
~,~_.-' - - .....,., -,~, IWOiJ ~. ~ ~ ~ El!I fmi ~.
:- )-
r--~-- r- r-' . - r~'- r:--~-'---I-.'-·
...-....
' . - .. - ...
r- ,----.
, " "'tcF i GU'RE:S.4':>
, ,CURVES ,IN'SAMEDIRECTION*
c6~fNEC"tED ,8YCLOTHOID
>, ..-%
,: ( Rl R",\O.7= 0 0.25 X[2.21~~~.0843J.Rl R2,,-1.C077x OJ ? ' \
.'\
Rr':R;) .' .. '\,Rl-RJ . . \
\

\
\
~ RI'-CjC2-~2~' RlCY CR1+CR1-RZ-ORi"+ eXM Z-XM 1J' ~ RZ •
\
\
',': ;~: . .: .' -
\
.. ,
,
;..'-- \

\
'\
\
"-\,
\.;..; .. . '\

,-.
i .. "- ~\ j
}- \
\
/
.'3 "LA'
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j.\
\
~ I . I
;:;'" I . ~D \
I "-... \ ,.
-I
I
~I,. . I \

'~I
+:
c: I' ,
.~ -1 . \\
'" II .' or·
c: I .
\
e ...: ' \ .l..
I
_____"1Ib.l
OR ___ · -'I- ___ -"'____
.
--.
.---- : . 1 '
----------~--------.
"'"I
'-....... .
~.'
\ . ----- .
. --'
'G
• . '"

--':--' """-.-'-'.-'-,.-:- . ,. " ",

-:::-'~--'-'r' .XMz ~,~:Ml ":'\':-':'" .--- _",,-,----c---.. cc' .-.:.--,:..-.-. ---..... "-" . '. ':~ -- - ..' ._.,' --,---~,.,~:,~-
....~-" ... ---------

. -'.
", "

\\'
.::.:.
;'

'~-"-.-----. - .. " .---.'-'---"'.

, "
 ;--' ,'m ,,",' "c.o~;:~~~;;~;-,d_':"'C",,':',~.:_::~(JFjGlJRi5.5" " c. i. ~1~
':::Dl, 1\ I\.\\ I.!. lll!I NJ \!\ 1\ 3;8],;i,'I~,}i1~.ii '
\J 'l Li 1'\ \I 'I. t{'11l
~
II' ~
'CHARTS FOR THE GRAPHICAL -DETERMINATION
·~o
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, OF THECLOTHOID PARAMETER (A) FOR CONNECTING
, I 1\ 11\ 1\ 1\ 'dH
" , \ I 1\ '\ '\" -i'!:l CIRCULAR CURVES IN THE SAME OR OFPOSIT DIRECTION
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US;'I1'gthe chnrts in F:igure5.5the parameter
. , may be
found"gruphicallyfo110w;ng the 'sume ,procedure.':
described earlier except that 'chart (C) will be used i "
to find, R1R2/Rl-R2. '
5.2.2 Superelevation in CUrVe !.
,,
, ',
For horizontal curve design, it is nece,ssary tOi:determine
superelev:at ion rates as app1 i cabl e overthei range of
curvature used for eac'h': design speed. Earl ier' we have
seen that for the calculation of 'the minimum radius, for"
a given design speed, the,'maximum values of 'e
(superelevation rate) and' f ,(si-de friction' factor) are
used. ". .:
However if the design speed is fixed, when the; radius of
curvature varies, also (e+.o varies. . " . i
In order to'determine the super,elevationrate,. as a
function of ~he radius at 'Il giv.en' speed, the/d,i:~tribution .
of e and 'f should be determined, • . That is,' itl'should be. j
.,
, , identified how much of th~ centrifugal forced~veloped,on
di~ferent curvnturecondftionl'ls counterac~ed by .the,
side friction, 'and how much of it by the super~;levntion.
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The method 'recommended "fbr t,hedistribution9f e and f

'is the AASHTO Method' 5 iri whichf is distributed along a
curved 1 i,ne of par:abol ic fiorm.," ', ... ' .: . ' ,I'
,.
Based 'on :this method' the ,distribution ,of e,an'd fin all i· .

conditions of design. speed envisaged, ,conSidering max

. sUper,e 1 eyat,.; on ,rat es'( e), iof, i 10· pe rcent,', 'and ~8 percent,'
are'" shown in Tables 5.2, and 5. 3,respecti ye ly. . F.or
. practjcal design purposes ;the val~es ,il'Jd{cate~ 'i,n'column
, (e) may be, rounded to the ,neurestO.5 percent,
," .'
The superelevation rates ;presented,.,in 'Figures 5.6 and
5.7 ,were derived by plon ingthe.. evalues from Tables
'5.2 and 5.3 and,may be:used fo'r intermediate' Rudi'i"",',
values. ~ ,;·fY,~.:·
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supe'rel evat i on::."run~Q~f (I.,). denotes t he,.l engt h : of . road
".\i"needed to .. a'cco-iTiplis/l the change'·.in"cross:~lope from
normal crown, section. t,o't:he fu.1,lY,superelevated ,section ..
The minimum length required to.:uccomplish:thisl" cons-iders
the maximum relative slope betWeen profile of the edges ,. ",:

I:' ;,".
,," of travelway and centerlire as follows : : ;
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" __ . ': .. ______________________ ~c - : a,GIg t~~5· Re.·:":: V,02S ... a.OiO
~-----.---------------- RC :, O.~l2 a.alQ o.nz! ~,~H j,:m~. Q.12i :
___ .. _____________ ~----- ____________________________________________________________________ _

-, ,500 -/--.--'---=-=. ,_.- .-'-'-": '.-~- :::..-...::.-:.:.--~;--.-.:-~-.:-:-:::------- -·---'~~··e;J1'---:l.u02-----XC-·--: aJ15-:·.,u,~:!!7--RC·;-~ 0,020 ·:0.(lQ6 -:-::-RC:~!,:·6;fi25,--a;OO7_·'--·RC .. - ~-u,~l~" -1:J!1. "fL~2~--i'
:--;;---: --------------------,----------------------,--"-:--:~--------------'--""'--'----'--------'-o-aii--'-;;;----ic---
.. _____________________ I _______________________ , _______________________
1_~~~~._I_ ____________________ I __ ! ____ ____ ____ I "6-ij';---j-iai---RC--'
'..:.~ __ ___ ____________ I :o-3i-"Toii----RC---
__! __ !____
~_:!!:: ~ t !_!~ ~! -;-i;s---;-;;g----RC---'
____ __________ I t
!_~-----~---~I_:!_~ =!:~

1'"'00
_:.: ____ ', ____-____ ::. _________
- .. _... _1,--~ . - 1/___________
___ .: _________________ - ::. __________ ,I __c·:.·_______________
- ~ - ... __ ,I __,014
___ ,I __________________
- !._______ .:. 001 a
NC '~O'S
__,------:...-, 00' -
__ !_! _____0! __: ____ :..RC___..:.I_!
t Jl' a
__ ___ "01 ~ :.:.!... _________
. RC I'
• "" •
,,\IllY - '--'
I . I' .. •r· - . -.' - - 1 -. I - • , a Of,
I .IJI~ ~O'
0.\llt "' I , ' "...
IV,;I' '-'OS .. II

=:_~:::~:=--=~:=::: ::~::::::::~:=:---=:~ :-:i.::~::=:=:~::-~~.~~: :~:~~~:::~:---.--.-=:~:: :::::::::::::::==:::: :~~~H=~~,q~1::~:~~:=! ]JE=~~~~:~~=~[:::

I\It I,l """

I
-isur-: ---:~:::=:=~::::~=:
:'-5-0-0-0---'----
I - - __ ..:. .. _____ .. __ ... 1t __-- __- .. ______________
~
- - ' ..0
1_________ .; ___________ 1/
_. - , _ _ :. ....;.:;...;.;.--__ , __
_._______ 0 a's "as R' , . _____________
.:..:.:.~.:.
- - 'l .. ________________
-- - ::_~,
I. _____________________
- - , __!_! ___ ~!! _______!_ __ I
'-~~iiC--'------
l_:.:: __ .... _______.._______
~!.
- I , .........
_:---~:l.:'----:__-----·---"':'--l--
:' ,'"'
__________.: .
; _____ ... __ .. lI _______ ..;' .________
: . ,...
.:..:.._l_ .
.. __________.___... ,__ I -
___ '. ,,:1
, ___________________ . . I
..:.!. ______.. _____________ ~!4.____ ":
l __!_..:. n :'IO! ____lIC____ :I
:~_..;. ~

. Seurca : The Cansalt!l,t. Oerived irem :\Asnto :: =.;d f distribution S}

··R : iadius· ~f"curY'a.tl1ra [n) e :,Suiieraian!::~ ra.te (i1iJ) f: Side irlctioi'i factor RC : ReIGle -ldws! :r:ln HC -: Har;iiai Cr~va
. ~~. ?'
 FIGURE 5.,6
SUPE'RELEVATION CHART (e max. 10%)

"
III III 0 0 0
0
r<l
"
00:
0
,to

0: "
0
OJ

0: "
--
"
0:
III

"
0:
N
"
0:
OJ
N

"
0:
to
r<l'

"
0:

-'II
..
,

: .

, II
,
i '

:11
I
II

,,i
I-

I .::', '
. ~ .
.... ,. .i
I
.J'
i
',,° °
00
, r<l <t a
If) ,
000
(l),I'--OOOl 0 ,
.. -,
a
:. r-
,',
8
,N
, ,a
o
r<l
ao
''<t
0
0
10
00000
0 0 0 00
(l) 1'--00 010
00000
a 00 00,
N '<tID'OOO
°aa a
0
0
'i - . ...- .-- ...... ...-C\I r<l '<t

RADIUS OF CURVATURE (R)- Meter

-, .! :"::'
.' '!':il!:!"
. . ,::i
" ':

-,
 " .'
FIGURE 5.7 (8 max. 8 %)
:!'.
SUPERELE~ATlON CHART
',;". iv.If '
.' i

'. :'U'- .
,1 ',.'
.
o 0
: . .
o o o o. 0
If) Ie) w If) 'It

'. m m: '
.,~,::<':.:
,,
:' ,

,
,Lr .. , ,,
i[
.. , ,
Ii: i
:U·,' °0'----'---''--.L-LJ.....l-
o 0 0000' "
,'
',0. .0 0 0 0 0 000; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
:
"
'
. If) 'It)0 III f'. W 01 ' ,I' 0,
'" , ..:. 1\1 ,
0
If)
.,.
0 0 00000, 0 0 0 0 0
II) U> f'. OJ 01 0: 1\1 .,. U> OJ 0
0
0
0
0

.\,I';' ,..'
" '" If) 'I"
. - - - _ ..... (\1
.' ",',,',' ., .,
i
RADIUS OF CURVATURE (m)
 ~~" ";,, "i
When simple'circular curves are used between tang;ents, to
achi.eve the 'max1lnum superelevation, the supere;levation·
run-off is split. in accordance to normal international
practice, between the curved portion and the Itang'ent
port ion in the rat io 1/3L inside the curve and i 2/3L 'on
.: , the tangent', the break even point being the itangent
.i ,l point of the curve. In'sonie c·ase,. especially; where ~S .
curve are, introduced in the: alignment, the va111es shown'
apove may :l),~,.e)\ceeded •. however ney.er beyond 1%. ,In such
.1- .,.'.;
I
cases, the·';·distribution.· .. of rune-6ff 1engthsm·.ay also
differ· froin the ratios stated. above .. it.mayj',cbe said:":"'·
i·

that although not desirable!, these relaxations' do not,:

significantly affect the t:r:avelli",g characterfstics of··
the road from the safety . vi~wp6int.
, ,
..
When transition curves!are inserted between tangents and
circular curves,the supere'levntion run-off, is ientire1y
developed within the ;transition which .1engtl;1 should
a'lways be determined accord,ngly; A method bf''!,app1ying.
superelevation ;s shown 'in Figure 5.8. Ve'ry, fla't
horizontal :curves require 1itt1e·.or 'nosupere!levation
be.cause,as said, the amount of cent,rifugal' forces ,to' be"
counteracted" .decreases 'as the radius of c;urvature·: ..
increases. 'Th~ limit a~ which, to counteract the
centrifugal force, it is sufficient that .both l/ln\,s have ..
the normal crown slope va1ue'in the directio:n 'of the
center of the curve, is indicated ;n Tab1,es 5.2 i and 5.3
with RC (Remove adverse Crown).· ,j .
The limit (minimum radiusi for whicb thefe is no need of
,supere1~vation is indicated with.NC· (Normal cro~n) •
.' " "!",
'I'"
Widening of " Lanes in Curve
"' ' ,

On modern highWays, wit;h lanes 3.65m." Wi.de. ane! .'

relatively straig~t, alignments, the' need for widenirig hai'"
. lessened considerab]y, but! for narrower Janes' and some
conditions of curvllJ!iure:,especially ;n h;i1'ly and
,~ountainous ter~~in and on roads with high percentage of
commercial t·raftic., it. may. be necessa'r.)i to widen the
pavement to make vehi·cle operating characteristics"
cOl]lparable:'to tangents sect;ions. ' ! .
.The amounCof Widening, as .shown· in Tab]es 5.4 and 5.5
derived from. AASHTO, is applied to the insid,e edge of
",:t h epa vern e n t i n cor res po n den ceo f t:h e ,,f u.] ,1 y ,.
supereleva(ed curve,:,s portion' and the tapering is.
I ~ ..
i
,~
attained 1jri~ar1y over the superelevation run~off.
'i' . t,· '. , !
"Th'e val ues indicate,d,in T.ab.le 5 .. 4 'are ,for general
application and are 'based on standard compdsition of.
t raf,f'i'c 'and on the S.ingle:.Unit"tru.ck (SU) vehicle type.

i
... ;
,'"
 j--, '- ",- '- ',- -L:,-': I-- ~ ~_ ~ 1_:;--~ I--- I--- ,
..J'T~~.:.~,,~ _."
I--
.-' - '-~:':'=":::' ~.:
_" -
: "
,1,: '.
'FIGURE5 8 --co:
,,' " " _' - -- -,:I. -': ;
:,,-,L __
~

I--- '- .fL-,

';-C"'~:0f;;!
METHOO-:OFAPPLYING__ SU'PERE:LEVXTION-- '-' -~

NORMAL CROWN- , SUPERELEVATIONRUNOFF =L MAX. SUPERELEVATIOO

,
2/:3L _, 1/:3L

" q~TEREOGE OF +MENT

J "
, -,
5 =- SL9iE RELATIVE 0 CENTERLlN '\.
NC.:"t,W'
'I -
, - ROAD i"""t
e· LW

-~..r.N:-;-;C'- . == '-,~ ± ; __ NC'L~' _ 'jPC/PT SCI S ---

~S/ES TS/ST---_,-:---O.. ---~.:.:~-:-__ __ e'LW
.-.
,_-,
. ....
i ROUNDING -.- _ --:~ r-o. . -"----
.. _
-0-----
~-.

-Rour; DING _ ' - _ - --

' . '-. 0:; I :> '

w
~

(,)
~
!!i~'
en
~

_<i~>~. ~~-
z
~
~

wz
_
_ *C:::'
C::: 0 ' 6~
:::;: 0 ;
, - c::
~I - _____--"".:..-~=.o----~~-'_- '~en
_____ z ()______- WC::: _ • ILl
, I ----
_ _ _ _ _ _ ...:----------- C:::(,) ---- -
--~--.;.;;-..;.---~~.7. --
,-«;:)
xc..
.------.--.. -.. " •.. __ ._-- ._-

,-
SSiES = BEGINNING/END OF SUPERELEVATION e =
SUPERaEVATION RATE , ROUNDING: NC· LW/S
MS '" MAXIMUM SUPEREtEVATION ; LW =
LANE WIDTH " TS/ST : TANGENTISPlRAl./TANGENT
PCiPT .. POINT OF CURVE/TANGENT W = WIDENING SC/CS = SPIRAL/CIRClE/sPIRAL
;

- - '-.--. . ...• --_.-,-- - .

 •

Table 5.4
WIDENING (M) OF TWO-LANES PAVEMENT ON CURVES
(Based on Single-Unit Truck-SU-Vehicle Type)
.. ,
------------.---------~----- .. --.----------.--------.--------.--------~--------------.-----
: DESIGN SPEED (1<011 h ) . :
R ; -----------------;-------------"-..:--------------:..:.------ -.:.-.-----~---'"7-,,------: ;
, ,: 30 ": 40 : 50 : 60 : 70 : 80 :. 90
. , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :...: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :... _ _ _ ,
100:,: t

30 ,,
, 2.40
,, ,,., , '

40 ,, 1. 95
, ,
.

,,, ,,
"
.
50 ,. 1. 65 LBO
,
60
70
1.50' :,1
1.35
. 1 ;65 ,,
1. 59 ,, ,, ,,,
1. 35 , 1. 50 ,
'"r" •

80 1. 20 ,
1. 20 ,
r'.
,
90
100
1.05
1 ;05, 1. 20 ,
,.. 1.35 '.'
1.20 -. , 1"

125 0.90 1. 05 ",

, 1.05 1. 20 ,I;..
"; I' 150 , 0.90 0.90 I.
, 1. 05 '1.05 . ' 1.20 ,' i '

175 , 0.75 , // 0.90 / 0.90 ,1.05, 1.05 '11'

, , , .L05,
,";

,{
200 ,: 0.75 ,, 0.75 ,
, '0.90 0.90 ,' , '

225 0.75 ,, 0.75 , 0.90 '0.90 0.90 1. 05 "1

0.75 ,,,
", I
.. ':
:-;" 250 0.60 0.75 ,,. 0 ..90 0.90 1.05 I!Ij" .
275 0.60 0.75 , 0.75 , 0;90 ", 0.90 0.90 I;
300 0.60 0.60. 0.75 0.75 0.90 0.90 ",I 1. as
, ,, . 350 0.60 0.60 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.90 "" 0.90
. ,
,
,, 400
450
0.60 0.60
0.60
" 0.60
0.60
'0.75
'0.75
·0.75
0.75
0.75 "'i"
0.75 ",.
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
,.
500 0.60 ;0.60 0,75 , 0.75 ,I" 0.75 0.90 ",
,
0.60 ,,
"

600 0.60 :0.60 0.75 :1. 0.75 0.75 ",/ ,

700 , 0.60 0.60 .0.,60 ·Ii, 0.75 0.75 ,
BOO ,, 0.60 0.60 ,." 0.60. 0.75 ,,,
900 ,, 0.60 0.60. , " . 0.60 0.75 ,,
" I,"
.: 1000 ,, 0.60 ,r, 0.60 . I ..
, 0.60 /
,
,
, _~

!
" ' , 'I
./
I'
1500 ,,
2000 /
,,, 0.60 ,
,
/
0.60 ,
,
!:::
,I •
I I' !:, i I.
---------------------------------------------------~-----------~--------------------
/

!i-·
I", " r,
NOTES:
.' IJ. ",.

'II·
;1:
":':;"1: ,The above is based on Norma.l Pavement ,
: .. '
.Width (w) = 6.'10 m.
.For w = 6.70;ln. reduce the. above',Jalues by .0.30'm.
Ii
: ._- I
"
'1 For W'~ .. 7.. 30 m. reduce the above vaJ ues' by" 0.60 /1)."
", Values 'less than 0.60 m. lIlay be disregarded.'· .

"
'-J'
:.

,.

"
.' i •

70
 ,
,<' ,:
,~ .' I , .
,I II·
i I
"t,.--; . '.',' .'
,/",;,
,, . ,
1

r• '.: .. <;.:
, I
:..., ' ,~.
.
,, .
I" .
... ~ :;./;',,".
.. \: 1 , i.
"

,.
I'

I' ::;
,
',,'
•
J~

,,'! ' .
!"
,"1
d ;"
.
',.,'

USil1~':;;h;o, chnrts in r,lgure li.n tho par"mot!lJr may be

I·

,j'
,. (OUlltl, ,g·raphlcl.ll1y following tha /,lame Pt:ocedUre.
clElflCr1 bed! en,.1 i e r :except. that.' chart (,C) w.I ll:! be i used'
" 'j

to f,ind· ~lR2/Rl-A2. j' ii

SUlJerelevaHoll: in .curve! 'f!
'T--~------r-+--~-----i '. '. r
,"I

.• i
i. ' .. " :;. ";,
For hori.zqt.l~I)·l !;cUr"vede;sjgni:!'ft:f,fs,'.'ne,cessary to'det~rmine' '.r
suporo 1 Bv~t'i'on/,,'rllt os lis.: ap!?]! cab1.e . OV~J,·t he,,'png<) or,.'·,",:..... ".
i .
'curvature. used for e.l1chdesji 9n, spef3d. . Eflr,) ier Iwe. /Jav.e.;,·
seel1that for the calculation of the.tnfnimum·:radlus 'for' ?
IJ'!/; Ve 11 d ~s i.,9 /1, .. s "a'e d .t.he., mil xi m.um·);fY~4l,1E1 ~;,;.,o'fej .
'(sup",relevlltl011 ratEd and f!(siodefrlction:.;f/lct'or). are.
Use.d'. . ' : !. ' . . . ' i' .' '...... :: •. "' .• ,,. "'1·:""
Hqwover if t.ha desigl1speed ~s fixed, w.heh.theradius of ",

curvatureya,ries, nlso(e.H)iY~ries. , . ,l."lii . .'

In,,ol'dor to determine the sUpeC,elevntiol1 'rJlt,~"Il&.a '. ,'rl

functionof the radiUS at a divanspaed. thGdfstfit~ttol1

.. of e and ·.f sho,!ld .be detormi,ned.Thllt is, ,it'. s~.cit;1d be ..
. ident·Hhd how tnuchoft.he· cel1tdftlg'al forc~ deve1<:>ped on. "
I·
,I"'!;...

, . . different cvrvllturo condlf.ipns is countllrilctedFby the '.' .

., I'" ,
side frlctton,.llnd how much· 6f it ·by the supejele~lltlon. :
" "',1 .
..
, " , .".." , ". . . . ... .: ; - ' , '. ,~. -,',. :" "; ... '-. . :- ~ : ."..- ,"" ." ,.. - . : f :". ,,' ". . . .' .
'.'
The /Tiet /Jod recommended :' for. It he .•.·:d istr ibut iOI;\, 0 f iB' Ilnd f,'·.
is the AASHiO Method /). in'which' t' is distl"ibut<>dlalong a .
curved 1 ine of pal"nbol ic form.. . . . . . i: .. ,
l3/1Sed on this method the distribution .of e and f,; in 11.11.
;1 "
conditiohS of design speed ,envisAged,. aonr;idering max .'
. !i
.·f .superelevl:ltion rates (e) of :10 pel"cent .and8,pel,,;;ent, .• ,: \' .
are "shown' i 11 Tab lea 5'. 2andlL 3 . 1"09\)901'; ve 1 y ;·"'··1'01"··'" (' I.
,': .
prnpiioalde,sigl1 purposes th~ ValUes indicnfedjlI 'column •
I·'I .
(g') tnlly'bo· rolmdod . t 0 the he~"'estO. 5' poroent'; id l" ': ,..
(
:~ "i ' ,.'.,
rhe superelevation rates .presentedirl'(o'Figl.lres 5 18. and
).~.
. 5~" War.G- dorived by plotting the e·~'valul!g froln' 'rabIes,,·,,··,,·,·'·
,"
,
i '.'
i"
'!
!5.2and . 5.3 .!Ind' . be used fOI" intermediate'
/nI1Y . ~.. r
Radii
. I . _ .

' ... ;;,

' ••• I'
values. '. . .1'.,'.
.•"f-. :,. . " . j
,: '(,n, SUper-elevation l'utl~Q~f. (l) denotes the 1ength.., ,of f"ond .
.j,': ..... , ',:.'.:,:., ',:'''.11 nO'e'ded to aocomplish the changei n cross 9101;1(1 f r~m
normal Cf"oWn,~ect ion to tho.flfllysUperaleV<ated ll!J.ot~Oti.
;~-'The rrd.nlmuin •.',i;etl9th requ.il'ed t'o 'aooomplish th'ie;cohsHlers
I rhe maximum, I'elut lve slope between profi llii'of,.the ;gdlles ..
.' '~~___ ~~__~.~_~~~~~~~~_~_~~~~...'::~~:~~~~_i_~~_~S__~~;_l_,:~~_.:____..;~.,_,___.,i~~_~~~~_;.~:-;,;';·'
:1. ,
:". . ' I
I
~',
_I '.
I.
I
I 'C~~) . I
1.._..
'I' .. ' I
: I
I I'
I
I
. 1
I. I '"', '"
!i 1I .:''
! !' i: 90 ! 100 .
j

~.!:D~~i9n speed (11m/h) :,:30! 40:!, 50:! 00 '10! ,.' ~o : " ..

"1'. ,- _. . ' .'
'-'-'I
, ...
"t·)·"
. , r . '-. ~.J.
,
.,
I
f " , ',.
".
_!I ,
-', '_1:.,
, : r -, ,.~ ~·tt
"

!MIl~. 'relntive 1>1ope:,(%)' i 0':.7!';\ 0.70! '.·0'.65!0.eo: 0.551. . 0;50,".:O:41l\ 0:4~! . ."" .
t'

~
;'~-':"";--""~""-""--":"":'-~~7.'~·7;~~""'::;;""~:-:~---'":'~7--"'~":"1-~~~;-"-::~':--- . . -~~·~.::"~t~"I . . ~'..
I,·'i,.
IT7:---.. .--- :. .'

" .

": ::;i 1;1 ~ ':.! I ..

',:; ,