Engineer's Notebook
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(' I' .',' ;,", ,ENGINEER I S NOTEBOOK:
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A HANDBODK OF I, NTEG RATED C I RCll ,I T APP L J CAT IONS
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FIRST EDITION
TH]RD PRINT1Ne --.1.980
COPVRUHiTI© 19791 BY -RADIO SHACKI' Ii. DlIVISTON (IF TA.NDY CORPORATION, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, PRlNTED ~N THE ONl7ED STAlES OF AMERICAt
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,ii.:n. ,tt,li So book, ·the author B1n~ ··!;:rub:.l.i·s.he;J: .a:SJ~iuItt{l; no .:responsl,'bil'ity for err'ors,~. ' omiss:io,ns 0r suita.b.ilit.y io.r ally' :a.p'"
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,,0: €lV Lc e incot' PC)r' at in g Ol'H! ©.rmo/fe .c:iI''c;:·yit,s· in .this book infri.rig,es ·atif:Ji:.Y ...P~ .t.ent.s.cop'yr 19;:h ts. o.r Qt.{l:,E!:r . ,I" iqll,t~ .• '
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:':, "! . CONTENTS
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r~TEGRATEIJ C]RCUlT INDEX
CMOSIMOS
DE.VICE
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4017 402::-'0 4'~21
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Though I 'va .k~pt;.~,engin.e'''H:"if1!q ne ... te,bool<,~f(lr 1.5 year,s, th~ #le,ilI for this nQt.ebook cam@ ,from Gary !2.(u:·Jtha;rtl, ""Radio Sha£k I'S . p.ar t.~,bqyer.JO,.: .. O'.l,I"J,d D~ve' G\lO,~el, ffi,aJ)ag.~r _"),f a~dio
. Shack I ,S public,~t.iq'ns diviSion • . C'ax)' holl'S ,long 'wanted to .1n~l.u,Q,e .1,[1 b·is parts l_in~Cii no-:
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~~ny. of the circuit·s. wel,"e'- ~ev~~ ·oped sp,eC;:l~.ic,al1y _,:"o,~ "this- nc·te~ f).Clok. J: hr~pe :YDuen:joy 'workii!5L. !!'Ii tt. t,hero. fil s mu.~h ~.s I h.a v~
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Af,a'u let h leo lor Delila .m a y :1:) ~ r,Jl;'e. - •• ,_ ~,ent • I 'I:: '~[:tee' L fie is the t,o 1 el:'a it'IS::.~
of tO€! resisto.!:. Gold l;;:; .L !i~% ~- -.;,
a no 9 i love i: iill:!. 1 Q 'l.No :f'ourtb ' .
.. ... ' , -":'
band rne~m:s ';l; :;:: 'O:t.
RE\n EW ING THE BAS res,
.I Nl ROIDU CT '[IO~ ',-
I_lUCan I. use .a '(J . .....22 u,r capac it;or. -~+ inst;.ead i;f a O.,lOIiJI' unit:;l!11
II I~ .i.t <J.Kt!a,s.:u:p.stitu.te:G\. 1~ j' .010..0. ohm ore ~d .. :[) t;Joc::r;;'. • f~o~ a 1.o~, !)(I(I ohm 1J1nit.?··i,
,Thi$ section wi.11 ta.ckJ,~et~;e:l?e CIOmmoli:!~ ue ;!;iit i o';ri !3 a :n.c1mb.;n.y ,o,t;he:r;s. M55:t_er t-hem" ,and, 'yOi.'!
~ :will. he .well .pt;epa:c~d to ,t~ck'" r__ l,e)_ ~the_ ~i:rcuH:'_$_,j,I~' __ :~his~-bo(l'k!
RESISTORS.
-
. __ .R.esiJli;tors limit, ,t:he. _flow. of
, _ _ell,s ~ t:r: ie a 1 <Gurr e:n,t.. A~ res i s -
___ t:Qi_-ha~ ~ ::re!1i i~~'ance filt ()if 1
• ~PQ.~11 l:~ _iilC;,'ij,"renF. - rn _0:[_1. ,am':" _. _-~ ;peref . .lgws "t l1rn i1,,1g hi t·. wh"€!n a_, -< __ :'port,e,pti.kl di.f"f,@!:r·e:a.c~e tEl .of.l - __ ,v61~t._ j.,spi~6(€d acI:'OSS. it\. 1.,n
:_ ~ {he,:;: _~:fJ;5i..l~:- - - . --- .. -- ~-
,..r _, - - , __
I _. ---- - - ..
- -- .,.- -
_ _:The:lgM~" bandy' g,or.H!ulas.f.orm-'
" .'Ollm, 1;5 ~i;li'ftl1 _, • ..1-!1emor i :z.e. _.tbem!.
~, 'Y'QU ~ll .!J.;se~Jl~m .• often. _ ..
I~
_ • ...... ,11 ...."._ - 1'.'
_._J;..e.:g;is.toi~.il:r;e .ide:nti f i·.ed, -by .. 0 _ .. - ~ =
~~ wCQ1Q.I> -Ciod·~ ".- • ~ , .. , . - ,---~
r"" _',," .~ ."......,..----- _-_ - .'I""-'-'.'~- , __ ... , .. __ ~.--
__ _H~C1<" ~ ,0 ._~_ 0,- _~-~~.,- - ,1
_ BROWN . :L._......J...._~,,-- - -I _. ,.1 j)
.. __ nED: .. 2;, -~ - :2. , .• _~ - -1010'
DR;\j)iJt(JE~, .3--- ~. ,3- ,.~= .. ~ - - - 100:0
YEloLCI'W- 4. _~ . _4i.~_- ..... 10 ~. 0'091
_~GR.BEH---- _!i___.......5 .• , __ ~ 10;(1,~ 000
:BLUE_ .. ,_. 6 _~ .. 6~ .. -- _., :t. 0 (I'll, '0010.
VIOLE!['~- 7. __ ,~'1- _101,00 Q ~. to OQ
(lffi,\Y: _._._ ~L _. _ {t __ ~ __ . 10 {):j" CICiO I 0,00'
~-lHJ~E . _ '9'... _ ._ 'SL ":'__ _. (none ), -
r ,... _......", ..... -- _, -.
- .
Erin,coS: nore-:>istlO]';' nas a p€r[~.q:t._-~ ,t;ole.r,ancBj i'~11 $" 0'£ ten OK t.Q i$uh~.:_
-r
stitu:t~ ;resi.stors ..iP'Or .exa:rop]Le:~_~ it ~ £ alJ~lo:",t, a.lways OK to use a. ~- -~. JL.S:.~ reai~,t.Dr in pl,a.c,~ :of ai, :l.OK,'. __
unit. Just try to :stay' wi.thin H,-20%: of the speqified vi1!..l.u.e.
"
Wbat ,doe8 ~m.e"1n'L? It is _$nOiC':t..--fO:L- I l J 0.00. :2/GI'K rne·~ns2(1~ 1 •. 000 _or . - -~ 20 , ~.QtO ohms, :M·i s· s'no,:ct:: - for m~tJ;:;;· .,~; ob4l1 OJ: .l, '00 Q- f ,0 no .ChlllS .'i'l·i}H'~fo1rg; __ ~ a ,2. 2,~ .r,~sistQr ria ~ a 'res i.l1l,.:._t.anc:a.:....__ to.f :2, :;;HJiO ~ 00(1 Ohm.3, .•
- ~---t
• • """"'1, .... ..1.---- ..
Re;si:ll·t;Jt;)rswhicbresi st, lots_crf_ ....L.._. I. '~\lr.r~nt m~$t ~e able 'tc:i dis5:ipabeL,] the neat-tha.t IS p:roduc€id., .Al'W~,ys." u.~.e. lC~!;,d~'~Q'rs ~rit.h thespec~.n.J~d~~ ~~,er rat.l.rl,lg: ~ No power iL.oil;tl.ng,_, ......... :5peci.fied? . Then. it. I' 5 usua.l.ly OJ-4~ to use 1/4 Etr 1/2 wa tt 1LIP i i::.}$.,,,- _ :,~i _ ~
•
~ ... ,.....".".,:r,
--~~
1. I.iID.i~ c 1llrren t toLEll) s;,traIll,s'ia:=' ....:.
t~r ~ l ~pe.ake: rs, ;. ,@to""" - ~ .. -..-t
~ ~~...I.
2 .• Val~tag:e .. ,di·visiQ.n .. _JE!.Q'lC iJ:l,5t.anP~:--.
-~
The. \i"(lI.lt,age ,a,.t ? is .;..~-~ I x. R2:.. 1 meansthe .. ~~, Ic.uri!:"~n.t thrQU!9h RI. atvd~ - R2:., 9.0- I • ." lQ:/ on .. -,+-U'-r ....
CIl::' to., O'iO 5 amp~:t"61 ~.. - or'her;ef.o_l!';e:, .. -~? -: ('9 ..,005:~-- -I' x. {l OCDJ'J ~ - .gJ; .5 \I''Olt$. .... -_-- --~
Natel:..hQt!;.h~ to.t,a.l.. ---re.::;; .1. s t·~ltflCe- 6,£ R.L e.pd.. _. ~ R2 isr;;,implyltl- + JZL-____:" 'l'hi~r1.J.l~ prePJid,es a. . ha,,:r.t.~Y t.1:' ic:.l!:. for - iIiJ,<l:u .. nJ;J- .
C1;[st.dm. re'sistal'lc€~& .~-. \
•• 'C ,;
~ _. I.-_';'
R~ U:. .?
.;
-I
V;Q.ltage divio"e145 .~re u~ea t.O bi._a ffi ~.1:'i'Hl:S;i. s+or 50::
v- -.. ~,
+,
I, '
Tlj,ey II :l:1!a.l..!;iO ,;a. cQ,n,veniert·t 'SO~,:IlI:ce of v'ax:ia.b1i.,S! vo 1 t:age;
And' _they' lee \~s,efll,l 1n 'llcl'lt.a:g:e: _ s.en~~ng c.ircuits., S~e the
_ compar,a to·l:' circuits in tbi.5
_ nQ.t:ebook .. ,
,.3 •. They con,tr.ol the charging tim:€~ p·f cap a.ci tor s, Be:ad on.,.,.,
-,CAPAC] TOR.S -
C,a.pa,citol'S store ,fllectrlcal ene.I:gy ana. p1 iCck he, ;flow of direct cU...L:J:.el1t wh~lre,_:pa.s,si,ng al.,!:.er,~,t~g ,cu.rrent.., Capa,c:i'J~,a.nce. ,is .sp:ec;:,ified in f,1i!l!::ads. O!1~ f·g~a8. "r,epireS£1nt.s..a hu~e c'apa'ci'l:.anC:E! ~,o mo~t. capaci,t,o,I':S have '.-,;raluas 0.1: l$rotall LLeU::.t:.iOn.:!LOf a :far ad.:
_.- .... '6
Lmi.cr.af.araa Jl1FJ"" 10: '.' ,f:iiI.,rad
l ... pico.f,etx.,ad (pFJ = .. 1'0-12. farad_ ..
_ _ .or .
._, _ __JL_ uF _",,' JL, .. ,D~Hl,j,OI~hLlPF
T11'1a valu~ of a, c~pii1citor as u:~ru~ 1.1y pr int.edo'l1I the compo-: _nent ._. 'The, uP and pF des,ign,atiOlts .may not b·e ,presen t . SlMll ,OnfH)~·rk,ed. r-anee are r.a.t"et'J.in ~JiJP i .l~x9le~ ones
ma.rked .001-1000 fU::Q: Ldte.d .in, ~ .•
• T
,El~ct:Lolytic e apac i, tor,!S~.p;:ra'Vj.de.._ hi'9h c'apa:city ir. ,a~mall space...._ Theit:" leads are pola.t i:ted -.and _ _ must be conn~cted ,i,nt.oa.. .. Circljd.t.. in the .prop(tr ell i.rect.ion _ ~_. _.
- ... """'- ........... ~. -~ ....__
Capaeit,Q:r.s ha;ve a.. 'Vol:t.age .r:at.:Lng; .... It • S usudllly p'l" int.-ea, u;n,dertb.e ~ _. c~p,aeit.y mq.!i::k.inq. The vol.t.age. ,~_.
ra--ein-gto.us,t b'o!'.: :higherth.an. ihe _
hi,ghest- expected vol cage {us~a.'U¥ . thE! power ~uppl.¥ gol:tal~~ ~ .•
Caution z A. capacitnx can _ t.orp...:_a ~bg,rg.e' fen:: a. ~ci!:is:id~r~,le timet, __ af'i;:,er pCl'!,o"e:r. a s remo'ved,. l"hi'g
cnarg,B c,an b·3 danq,ff,.l:':.)'\\~I 1\ laol;'·ge'
elect.rol::!'t_u.;~(,":tp;"jlj.c·~ tm~ c~tal"-9t~d ~ ordy 5 o;:m: 10 ""'01't8 c~a..r.I~~l~a the..tip Q,fa scr,eowdriver p,laced,-.ac~ i't.s lea.ds1, ]3',.igh V'Gl·t,cu~:e .ca;pa:r;:d,~ tors r:.:a.r: £lto~e ~. It;,th~)_ .. (.;'~-,~.rg~:l.!-. Discna.rgll.! Oil. capae.I t,Q!I" -by ,~,e.~~u1 ...... 11" :placin.g a. resis:to::r .(lK........o,r; mQt:'..e 1;!~le O'nm I s law) across its. .J.eads ....... 'lise onl.y one bElilU]: 1:;'0, p:r~ve.:nt"r touching: .bo,t.h le;'J!d,fi, .. Qi ;;;he . .c(),~).,!!iC:;;' it.:or.
lmpartant ,C:,GI!·Pfl.c:i.b:lr. appli.c.~n.s·
. .
1., HemO;:.le: pc.W'er ~\1.pl?ly~pik.e.~ •.•. (,Place: e , 01-0.1 !..\E' g,'::~~Q':;;;s powe'L, supply pitt,s of tji.qi-t;.,al lCs.... .. Swps
f~lse triig~rin9., -
2. Smoo.th .:t'~:ctified .PJ: \liQ,lta.g'f!: .. _ inbo s:t~~d:y PC ,~olt::a9,e ,. (Pl.aca __ ~ 10(1-10.000 I.lf .acro.ss :::eet.ifier~ _ o~.tp:yt. )
(~t;"\ ~, 0
y~'~V~
.pi iEnpf~ E~
."1- .
1"1
r, :!;i-loCk DC s . .i.9na1 'Wb.L1.~ pas,s- 11l'CjAC: ~sigI'Lal i
4. Sypass AC signal around a _ 'ciic::uH::. c;u: to gr'O:1illlicl.
__ 5. Filt.er out unwant-e.d portion.s .o.f a fluctuating signal.
6. US'E! with t:e,s-h.,bolL to i.nte~ ,_ 'gxfJI't,e i21. fluctuatings ig"l1a.l ;
"'''' .... ;r-.~- ~ ~ ~ ..'
-.I:1._J::I__ • I ' A . A.
~: LJ I~ "I _,. _y., _v.;. ... ~ ...
0---- .. -)00
,_1. 0][ !to differelrtL:d:~€ a. _ ,f,lm!'b.ua:t ~ng s.i:gn~l,L
r
-o-i'TI~ -
,:.f1:.f1= -- ' - .. ~"-" - -
1 - - • ,
a _- " .
tli. P:erform e; timifl'yfu.n,c ,tio,n;
_ ~ _Pi:f~5 R
Gtt,'>Jl
' _.~_ ~ L_~.:'
-r' C will quickly clli!.r'ge, ••• -then
-_5 l..Q1'W'~Y _rliscki-a.::r''gei; t-h.r 0 ug'h .R.
9. Sbo,~ ,a, C-hfLrg:e 'cok"eep a transist.or 'i:.!.:n:-n,ed 'off <Oil:" ,on ,.
10. Store a chax''ilet,Q D'~' dutmipil;!c't -_ thtt:'ough .. a . .fla~hj::.~ibe, o,r J_;E·D in .a! _
_ . fa S',:- ,~ul,d pQ!,\Je-l:'fuJ. pul se ~
lean yOru" substit ute _.~a'p·a.G ilto.rs 1 In-mos,t;, ca se& .cha~,9 itl'g tne val ne, -,of a ,aap,a.cit,ar -1-0-% Q_l;"eV~n 100'%
wilLI:\ct .cause a ma.lfunction"
., butc.tr-cui t.-oper-:a;.ti,gll may be
- ·a.ffected,., ,-- -1-11 -a ~iming c ircu it:: ~ .. 'for e~a:mp.le- inc :t:"~asing r 'the
v,a I u,~- ol.f -the· ti'M.ing ,c,apac it,or
~W 1.11 .in.c.r~$·e. the timi.ngp~:(' jad,., . Ch:an.gLn9' --t.be- -c.a,pacdtors -.hl a
.f i 1 t.er- -wi 11- cha ~n g;'a' - t-h~ f ilt. er ,I s~ 'fregu.en.c:y -reS[lonM ... - - Ea sure. t'Q __ use the. l'J.1Co.pe& \l"o1ta.'I~p~ri;l.t inq '.
-'And don l,t-WO'r:ry -ab(H!'t the diff,er .... , e'nc~' -h,@twe:en. iJ" 47 - a~d. 0., SuP-.'
I - - -- - - _. , -
SEMICONDUCTo.RS
tLs1l"ia.lly road.e, f:r<:l'ilI :~dl Leon .B-e sut.@· __
't:.~.) 6b5~rve all op~ra it. ing r~ !S:t;.r.icc::_ _
tions. Br lef descriptions-of im:-.:._. __ PQrlr;ant se,miconducto-r' ae'lli'ce_s:
DIODES
P'Elrmit curre:nt· to flow in bU.t. one. direct~Q~ (forward blas) @ Used
to reNO t ify ,AC J allow current tq ~ flow i:n_.to a circuit but block .it..s.. r,et:urn I etc ' ..
,
-, '-.--- ,_,....
ZENER D [ODES_
j -_ .. +-
-- ,-
I ......_ ..; -----T-
'The .t:E:.nel' diodei,s. a vol ta.·g·e, XegIJ-! ; lator. .In this ty,pical c.i.icm..Lt".__~~ vol'tarr.e €l:Xc.eedind"if. tll.@ din.,de, ~ ,..,
-;r ~ ~ -'~I."!,,,
bre.a:kdown. vo,l tage: Ls sbunten. . .bo
g 1:()und=, .._ _. • _. __ - _=
In:frar-"cj liED~ a"l:'II:! much mOI:"~ pDwe:rfulth:~n visible ,L~Ds ~ but ':beir radieltion ~~ totally inv·i 5i.bie. ij.s·e the.mfc:nt o.b,j €let diete,:c!:ors and commun.I> COl t:.ci'r:6 '.
TRANS],STORS
In thisn,oteb09ik I t.ra:ru!;:i;sttJrs aJ"eu.8flc a3 ~i~LPl.€ s.mpl lfier is and Bwitc;bGl::i1 'th,;l.t,. turn on1.::e::ps .• Any gen.er,al pU.rpOSE;: 5w.it.c:hin9t tran.si,stol"'s will work.
TNTEG.~.TED ct RCUTTS
:s:in.ee an Ie is a complete' C'iit-' euit 01:'1 ,ill, .silicon chi.p, you 'must cib-serv:e 'all ·operating lr€:IOrl:.r ietion:;; ,. Reversed pola ri ty , exc.(!'s:siv~ sU9ply vol tag'e and :sou.rc.i:r.g ,or sinking: too much cll:r.rent can oesbrQY an Ie. B,e sure t.o pa,y closea.ttenti'on +c the 1,o,cptiQrlI o.:.:t.he power aup>
ply _,pinls ,!, -;~.Q,:.;t reS. ar,1t.! p-ack..-'
ag·ed Ln 8. 140'!': 16 pin pla5tic :OI'P,s ~D\l.,al In=lin!la :P,ack,.a,g€fs).
A. nat ch OlL e ircle i5fl·e,ar pin 1::
W'h.@Dth~IC is ri'9ht sid:eup, ,?in 1, ,i ~ ~t l:c)'!'·!:er left;
'~CP782Y
7'S"" l'lB
- -_ .• "- .•• - ~,t.i - - z.'~' +.t., •• ""' ........
__ ,_~ ~ I..~ ~~ _ .' , __ . L!'Il'w.I ~·a.:;.r
In.c:.iden ta ll¥" a date ,code ma.y r!Loot be present, btu:; oth~r numbers may ba ..• and the date code ~s nD~ alway 'iii bel,ow t.he -device flJumb\1!.:r:
~'--.,._,_.~ ~ 'DA.T ~ (ODe .;:y 7al t. 0
C D"I:I~"~'C, ~,~MS~l." ,ilil!.ii
l
, f
,
Stt';,n:',e .IC;s i:lla plastic cab.~fi~t. ff -. you q,an afford Q· .. ,e.. 01' inseirt . __ them in' l"(;)W5 i:;: a 5,tYl:Qf,oam tr~y
(tbe kind u.6ed. f.or meat ion ,<I' 'qrJo':'::-_
c,erystor e '} .. CAtJTIO'N !, Neve.r ,.._-
stQ;r;e "Os/rCt~OS;.!Cs in oJ;:din,g_ijl -... .. _ ncn-eeneuc t i ve ,p'la~tic. S(l:ep·,:_~,) ~-_
t". [R"C i I I T f:I:~ i 1 LO'i 1 Mrr' .\.. .... !iJ" "vU .• ,!lIJ
- -- ,,_..,
- -'
Build you~r cj_rcll.its 0.1'1 '09. sofder-
.l,e,s s breadboard to make chan,.ges'---a:nd find bug s. Then liJake p~rma= - liI.,ent. 'lers,iof'ls" Radi'o SJlJtlc}:::'-- pl-~~:s~ - tic modui';:lZ" :socke.ts (:276 ... 17 j I e;te-.ar e ide a.I . rrh e y :Ii.:nc i u·d e "t~".Q- ~QC li _;frt, l:,OiW5 fol;:' powe.r s~.!"'ly conrlieci';-l~ tio:n:$, and s~1i~ r'ails for a-tEadiliii
." ,sockets t.oCJieth'€lt, parts: . .;b:n~~ ~ w:u.rfS
r . ,_ ~ ....... , __
oan he i.ns.~I::"i:e!d ,ojire,c~lY'._i1'i..ico'~;· holes in tlm socket.. .r+-.J._.
J {
~ .. - ---- -"--=1=
For p'~;;;mane:nt o Lxourt s I use. _Ra.:il~.Q_
Shlt.c]" PC boaz da, Cata 1'09. IlUfI!b~.r~ __ 2.76 - 0 l~ and 2 7' ~ -lSl' are ;ideg;.l for sim.p·l e Ie Pl'O 5 set s, . (j se lillr'CIer" - - 1iJ.ni'v·en:::·s-al fG ba,ard.s f.q.J;' mor~'~ coi;:;', ple>:: prO] ect.r:;; (.~ 7'0,-:1 S,2 t. ,2 7 6-1.5/r~ You ean ell t t.hem j n to sma .. ll,e:.r
.- .. .• -'''---r'~
sect.Lons ~ii 't11 ,.:I ni~bbl@rtQol QK __
sma 11 ..s.aw·. .L.. __ •
-
I :prefer t.o use wrapp i log 'wi_.re' f9,l- __
Ie pf""O'j.ects ,. .Inser'c ~rapl?ing sp_;"c;! ,et.s i.1l boa.l;d~nd make coni1e~tictD.1'>_ w~t,h i;', Wir~-\\lt,'a.pp:i.i:l9ltooJ, !(~.IlCl:lL~J~ ;;1.~'6-~)10). Appl.ywrapp'i.ng' yrire.~_ dl:ire-c t1 y tc J ~ads o;t 1i;r,a~ .. si,~. tC,J;:_~.:.£_ r¢.sis ta~:!i;; t ,~t<;'. and __ s.o.ld.e'r_.in ... ~._ pla~::;:;.e •
--I -- I~""~"'"
,
- ori~' - -'~'9-"~~
_._' ... - .... _ . "'-'-'''1 .- .... - ......
iI·
~ , ,
I I I
~ :
II '
II ,
II
I r
I
I '
t
,[ ~
[)!G,ITAL IC~ ARE ~-!l>T"''!'~ Dev,cES.
O:',H~" ~'J'A,TES. ! I~ ""re~'R. 0' VO,,-cT!i!> O'R
;S.~DU ""I> (l.O W CliR, L) )Io,,~D 'ifH ~ OTHS'R;
,~s, M'E:I\'!l 'THo E. XC'5" ,;vPfl.V Vo"LlfA.&~
( II:U'1i O.tR: !-1J). $.U',8, S'T IT !!.1 t'~ 0 ;;OA L.
A.:lJD JI FOR: R AMtl, DU;r rAl J;C:~
e . .!)" ilJ ""Roc;;.E:5;S j ;;.)(;l,j 'V jO·u A ,L BNoJA .R¥
DHilT"'$. (,~ TS) ,o,R; M,!I.I·olTlf''L~ ,SIT wCiI;icrS.,
,1, ~~ s r'TI w 0 KC>. i5. ~ .~ ~sg,::.~ Aj,J@ AF\.!
tB,""&I'f· W~ 15,· A.. B"I'Te .•
ft'·S,· _ .YJc:1it "if BIU .. f',~ u t"
'A t SOl" M~ SINlA(;l:'>j'
,p.t.J!l). _ i '" 1'\ I THEY
TO .~ ~o .. ~l "'n4!! ,E;
N~ .... 8,~,RS '. ,If:;.o "! t,
,A.IOlE. :
.Q:' 1:,T~!- C i'r z: L-t. L :b!I, t::,L, LHL
, ,3, _,-~' L L :iii .,Ii~ tj-:_ - iI.~ f'I .t. L
S=,L~LH '" ';o'--l:" ,j4 ,!of L '?~LI'!'HH
"s ~ H L l. ,L 'q- -,H t Ii. M ~'o - ~ L H: ,I.. ~~ - fl' L .H Ii Jl-~Hl.·L. n,'-i'!:liLH N'':' .i'l. M ,M .t. IS:" H Il}l: fJ'
~ .
~
if.l0"t!;i;t"HJiI,T I..,U.L (>Q) II s AS H~'J.tA
~J!:,~6~E.Jt A,S.""N"l OTH ,E.R.. ;IoJ,!JMS,ER"
LOG I: C GA.T ES,
lO~1 C C: UU:~rr5 A,le ,~AOE "")I J!IJ'-E:R~
{o'IJf,J:EtTU.hG l'lUt?e':H!. NI:~~E or.: T:f!!,'i::.:'!O~
g~'1~C LOG!C: (in'l'!,l,ES:
, ,
"'~' .. '. -
- I '- . OUT
s; .~-' ~-- - .
p.... B' O!)lT
,l.L L ,L.Hi I L
I~ l: ,I:, H _).t, H
-.- .,-,. - _._ p
- -AND
.~ .. , _,.. . "
, 1
.A. ~ .. ' .••. O.~T - - .,_, • ,e-' QUT.
B~~---~ =, - _"~ L - I~.' fI -
L H H A,~--l-I. ~
I--! H t.
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