Multiaxial FatigueASTM STP 853, K. J. Miller and M. W.

this section report on (a) correspondence between initiating

Brown, eds., American Society for Testing and Materials growth of cracks (small) generated by torsion loading of
(ASTM), Philadelphia, PA., 1985, 741 pp. smooth specimens, (b) microstructure plays an important role
in initial crack process, (c) local multiaxial stress field adja-
This is a "peach" of a book. It contains a great deal of cent to notches subject to uniaxial loads. This indicates that
material which is of great concern to engineers and research the growth rate of short cracks may be tempted by
scientists. Applied multiaxial stress-strain state decides the 3-dimensional considerations, (d) use of fretting to produce
fatigue life time and may be imposed by either the component short cracks adjacent to notch subject to uniaxial loads, (e)
geometry itself of multiple loading. The present generated testing of wire under tension and shear. This allows one to
laboratory material data under restrained conditions cannot study the effects of material anisotropy on fracture.
be employed in actual practice without resorting to some Section V opens with a review of multiaxial fatigue testing
multiaxial standard. By introducing stresses in 2 or 3 axes in of fiber-reinforced plastics. The next paper covers biaxial
fatigue experiments, this furnishes valuable information as to fatigue of fiber-reinforced polyestive resins. It is shown that
micromechanics of fatigue crack formation and growth. This biaxial stresses produce a shift in the fatigue crack propaga-
also imposes limitations on the application of multiaxial cor- tion rate with a resultant decrease in Paris exponent and an in-
relation factors. crease in the biaxial factors. A number of problems arise in
Recently, two important developments have emerged. They testing of composite materials. Work needs to be accom-
are a knowledge of plastic deformation and fracture plished on gripping methods and suitable reinforcement in
mechanics. The range of plastic deformation is crucial since assuring satisfactory stress transfer. Test procedures must still
inelastic strains occur in low cycle fatigue and advanced be developed in generating biaxial stress fields without affec-
elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. A number of problems still ting that mode of failure.
exist. Fatigue cracks are always accompanied by notches or The initial paper in Section VI focuses on high cycle fatigue.
surface defects. They frequently experience aggressive en- Tests were conducted on 2 different biaxial stress fields. The
vironments. As stated by the editors, "This volume shows stress state stems from the influence on material properties on
significant progress has been achieved towards predicting fatigue limit behavior. The next paper considers the classifical
finite fatigue life behavior." This should provide a useful set approach to complex problems of cumulative damage in
of interpreting failures and understanding the mechanics of notched shafts. The third paper states that mean stress can be
fatigue. extended to low cycle of fatigue since uniaxial stress does not
This volume contains 9 groups comprising a total of 39 represent biaxial stress. The other paper examine the slopes of
papers. They are broken down as follows: the Coffin-Manson and Basquin plots and the need to extend
(0) General Discussion (1) multiaxial fatigue studies to notched components. The last
(1) Multiaxial Fatigue Testing (3) paper shows that the strain ellipse and plastic work ap-
(II) Determination of Behavior and Stress Analysis of proaches furnish the best life statements.
Cracks (8) Section VII begins with a review on out of phase torsion and
(III) Propagation of Long Fatigue Cracks (5) bending. It is also indicates that Tresca and Von Mises criteria
(IV) Formation and Growth of Short Cracks (5) are inappropriate. It does provide a simple rule for predicting
(V) Damage Accumulation in Composite Materials (3) long life fatigue strength. The next paper extends the classical
(VI) Life Prediction Techniques for Plain and Notched deformation approach to fracture process but has difficult in
Components (6) accommodating torsional fatigue data. The following paper
(VII) Nonproportional Loading Effects (5) finds a cyclic variation of critical biaxial stress parameters
(VIII) Elevated Temperatures (3) when loaded by two modes. The greatest fatigues life reduc-
tion occurs when differences of applied frequencies are small.
In the general discussion, the presenter considers "planes of The concluding paper considers the involvement of different
maximum shear strain" is contrary to accepted definitions. It strain wave forms at elevated temperatures. No single method
should be "planes of maximum shear strains." can predict the behavior of material under certain conditions.
Section I describes advanced testing machines. They have a However, in each case, greater cycle work hardening was
great advantage over present limited range of biaxial stress natural during nonproportional loading.
machines. Section II points out the complexities of analyzing The initial paper in Section VIII indicates that fatigue life is
multiaxial conditions. The papers report on (a) a review of reduced due to triaxiality factors. Much work still needs to be
the use of plastic deformation theories for cycle loading, (b) done. The next two papers state that two parameters govern-
uniaxial cyclic stress behavior in describing the response of ing failure can be combined into an equivalent shear strain in
materials to uniaxial loading, (c) incorporation of elastic order to furnish a Manson-Coffin-type law. The next paper
plastic deformation theories. At crack tip, this encounters specifically shows that the current creep fatigue needs to be
both Modes I and II fracture. reasoned. This results from the showing in some material,
Section III allows the endurance of materials to be com- damage, is highly directioned. The final paper studies the dual
pletely akin to crack growth behavior. Short cracks develop combination of rapid thermal transients and mechanical
rapidly during the beginning phase of life. The initial 3 papers loading. Crack initiation can be studied in the traditional man-
concentrate on Mode I cracks with the resultant mixed mode ner. Crack propagation results point out that cracks can grow
growth (Mode I with Modes II and III). Furthermore, the em- much speedier than predicted by LEFM. A more detailed
phasis on crack tip plasticity tends to control crack speed. It treatment is required for this nature of biaxial stresses.
indicates that crack growth rates are faster than LEFM sug- In summary, this is an excellent book. Although low cycle
gested predictions. LEFM is only useful to stresses below 1/3 fatigue is stressed in combined tension-torsion tests, life
of yield stresses. Higher stress levels require further ex- predictions must be considered by incorporating the effects of
perimentation in accounting for biaxial effects. The last 3 fatigue limits and thresholds. More testing is deemed
papers recount Mode III crack growth and difficulty in main- necessary for diagnosing some of the more complex stress
taining it for long cracks. At high stress levels, large crack tip situations. The reviewer recommends this volume to research
plastic zones allow Mode III extension. The choice of crack and design engineers plus material analysts.
paths seems to rely upon mean stress and material
dependence. H. Saunders
Section IV examines behavior of short cracks. Papers within Scotia, N. Y. 12302

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology Copyright 1988 by ASME AUGUST 1988, Vol. 110/339

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