CHAPTER 8

BENDING OF BEAMS

Institute of Applied Mechanics

Contents

Pure Bending
Timoshenko Beam Theory

1
 8.1-1 Pure Bending
x2 x2
Torsion x1
assume
M
u1 x2 x3 x3 x1
M
u2 x1 x3
u3 x1 , x2 b 0

Pure Bending
semi-inverse method: x2 prismatic, not necessarily circular

assume M
k x1 M x3 x2
33

other ij 0
x1 b 0 x1
2

8.1-2 Field Equations

x2
Equilibrium equations
M M
x3 11,1 21, 2 31, 3 0
x1 12,1 22, 2 32, 3 0 OK!
13,1 23, 2 33, 3 0
33 k x1 other ij 0

Strain field Compatibility conditions (why?)

k
11 22 x1 eijk e pqr jq ,kr 0 OK!
E
k
33 x1
E
other ij 0

3
 8.1-3 Boundary Conditions
x2
33 k x1
M M
x3 other 0
ij

x1

(i) lateral surface (ii) both ends

n n1 n2 0 F3 33 dx1dx2 k x1dx1dx2
R R

0 0 0 n1 0 Ax1 0
T
t n 0 0 0 n2 0
if x3-axis passes through the
0 0 kx1 0 0
centroid of the cross-section.
OK!
4

8.1-4 Boundary Conditions

x2
M M 33 k x1
x3
other ij 0
x1

M1 x2 33 dx1dx2 k x1 x2 dx1dx2 kI12 0

R R

M2 x1 33 dx1dx2 k x12 dx1dx2 kI 2 k M I2

R R

I1 x22dx1dx2 I2 x12dx1dx2 I12 x1 x2dx1dx2

R R R

If x1-x2 axes are chosen such that I12 = 0 M1 = 0

x1-x2 axes: the principal axes of inertia
I1 and I2 : principal moments of inertia
5
 k k
x1 , x1
8.1-5 Displacement Field
11 22 33
E E
12 13 23 0
k 2
u1 x1 f x2 , x3 f x2 , x3 k g x1 , x3
2E 2 12 x2 0
k x2 E x1
u2 x1 x2 g x1 , x3
E f x2 , x3 k g x1 , x3
k x2 B x3
u3 x1 x3 h x1 , x2 x2 E x1
E
g x1 , x3 h x1 , x2 k 2
2 0 f x2 , x3 x2 B x3 x2 r x3
23
x3 x2 2E
g x1 , x3
g x1 , x3 h x1 , x2 A x1 x3 p x1 B x3
A( x1 ) x1
x3 x2

g x1 , x3 A x1 x3 p x1 A x1 x1
B x3 x3
h x1 , x2 A x1 x2 q x1 p x1 x1 b
6

k 2 A x1 x1
f x2 , x3 x2 B x3 x2 r x3

g x1 , x3
2E8.1-6 Displacement Field
A x1 x3 p x1
B x3 x3
p x1 x1 b
h x1 , x2 A x1 x2 q x1
k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2
u1 x1 x2 x3 x2 r x3 x1 x2 x3
2E 2E u1 2E 2E 2E
k k
u2 x1 x2 x1 x3 x1 b u2 x1 x2
E E
k u3 k
u3 x1 x3 x1 x2 q x1 x1 x3
E E
k x2 x3 a
2 13 x2 r ' x3 x3 x2 q ' x1 0
E x1 x3 b
k x1 x2 c
r ' x3 x3 2 x2 q ' x1
E r. b. rotation r. b. translation
0 q x1 x1 c x1
k 2 x2 x
r x3 x3 x3 a x3
2E
7
 k 2 k 2 k 2
u1 x1 x2 x3
8.1-7 Remarks 2E
k
2E
k
2E
u2 x1 x2 , u3 x1 x3
E E

1. The displacement field of the fiber along the x3 axis is

k 2 a parabola on the x1x3 plane
u1 x3 , u2 u3 0 with the vertex at the origin
2E

2. The radius of curvature R of the parabola near the origin

2 3/ 2 3/ 2
1 d 2u1 du1 k k2 2 k
1 1 x3
R dx32 dx3 E E2 E

1 M M
k Euler-Bernoulli law
R EI 2 I2

EI 2 flexural rigidity of the beam

8

8.3-1 Timoshenko Beam Theory

x3 p x3
b 0
x1 x2
t1 t2 0
t3 x1 , x2 , x3 t3 x1 , x2 , x3
symmetric axis
Assumptions
1. A plane normal to the beam axis in the undeformed state
remains plane in the deformed state.
2. All the points on a normal cross-sectional plane have the
same transverse displacement. no thickness stretch
3. There is no stretch along the beam axis.
u1 x3 x1
u2 ??
u3 w x1
 8.3-1 Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory
(Elementary beam theory)
Assumptions
1. A plane normal to the beam axis in the undeformed state
remains plane in the deformed state.
2. All the points on a normal cross-sectional plane have the
same transverse displacement.
3. There is no stretch along the beam axis.
4. A plane normal to the beam axis in the undeformed state
remains normal to the beam axis in the deformed state.
u1 x3 w' x1 u1 x3 x1
u2 ? w,1 u2 ?
u3 w x1 u3 w x1
neglect shear deformation totally!! Timoshenko beam
10

8.3-2 Beam Deformation

x3

w'

w'
x1

: rotation about x2 axis

w : slope of beam axis
In the above figure, < 0, w > 0
11
 8.3-3 Stress and Strain
u1 x3 x1
u2 ?
u3 w x1

Strain field Stress field

1
ij u i , j u j ,i E ij 1 ij kk ij
2
11 x3 ,1 11 E 11 22 33

13
1
2 w,1 Ex3 ,1 22 33

33 0 13 2 13

other ? w,1
ij
other ij ?

t2 n
12 1 22 2n n
32 3

8.3-3 Equilibrium Equations

x3
0 12 ,1 22 , 2 32 , 3 dA
A
x2
d
12 dA 22 2 n n ds
32 3
d x1 A C

symmetric axis d
12 dA t 2 ds B.C.
t1 t2 0 d x1 A C

t3 x1 , x2 , x3 t3 x1 , x2 , x3
geometry, loading: symmetric w.r.t.
x3-axis 12 odd function of x2
11,1 21, 2 31, 3 0
12 dA 0
dA 12,1 22, 2 32, 3 0 A
A

13,1 23, 2 33, 3 0

prismatic beam: n1 = 0: =

13
 t1 t2 0, t3 x1 , x2 , x3 t3 x1 , x2 , x3
8.3-4 Equilibrium Equations t3 13n1 23n2 33n3

t1 11n1 21n2 31n3

d
0 13,1 23, 2 33, 3 dA 13 dA n
23 2 n ds
33 3
A dx1 A C

d dQ Q x1 13 dA
13 dA t3 ds p x1 A
dx1 A C dx1 p x1 t 3 ds
C

0 11,1 21, 2 31, 3 x3 dA

A
d M x1 x dA
11 3 x dA x
21 3 , 2 x
31 3 , 3 31 dA A
11 1
d x1 A A

dM
x3 21 2 n 31 3n ds dA
31
d x1 C
A
dM dM
x3t1 ds Q Q prismatic beam: n1 = 0: =
d x1 C d x1
B.C.

8.3-5 Equilibrium Equations

dM
Q 0
d x1
dQ
p x1 0
d x1

11 Ex3 ,1 22 33

13 w,1

Q 13 dA w,1 dA A w,1
A A

M x3 11 dA x3 Ex3 ,1 22 33 dA
A A

EI ,1 22 33 x3 dA
A

unknown
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 8.3-4 Timoshenko Beam Equations
Approximations:
1. Neglect 22 33 x3 dA M EI ,1
A
2
2. Replace by 2 Q A w,1

2 : shear factor, a correction factor to adjust the approximate theory

to agree with the 3D theory. When = 0.3,
= 0.850 for rectangular cross-section
= 0.886 for circular cross-section
dM d d dw d2 d
Q 0 EI 2 A 0 2
EI p 0
dx1 dx1 dx1 dx1 dx1 dx1
dQ d dw d dw
p 0 2 A p 0 2 A p 0
dx1 dx1 dx1 dx1 dx1
16

8.3-8 Boundary Conditions

Two B.C.s are required at each end

either w or Q
either or M

Fixed Free Free Sliding Simply Supported

Q Q

M M

w 0 Q Q Q Q w 0
0 M M 0 M M

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 8.3-9 Remarks

1. In both beam theories, only resultant force and moment are

considered.
3D problems 1D problems !
2. The Timoshenko beam theory accounts for flexural as well as
shear deformation (partially), while the Euler-Bernoulli beam
theory accounts only for flexural deformation and neglects shear
deformation.
3. The Timoshenko beam theory is more suitable for describing the
behavior of short beams.

8.3-10 Remarks
4. Euler-Bernoulli beam equation
dM d d dw
Q 0 EI 2 A 0
dx1 dx1 dx1 dx1
dQ d dw
p 0 2 A p 0
dx1 dx1 dx1
2
M EI ,1 Q A w,1
In the elementary beam theory w,1 2

d 2w d d 2w
M EI Q EI 2
dx12 dx1 dx1
d2 d 2w
EI p x1
dx12 dx12
19
 d d dw
EI 2 A 0
8.3-11 Example dx1 dx1 dx1
d dw
2 A p 0
dx1 dx1
x3 q
x1 d2 d
2
EI q 0
dx1 dx1
L
EI q 0
cross-sectional area A
q
moment of inertia I x1 c1
EI M (0) 0
correction factor 2
q 2
x1 c1 x1 c2
B.C.s: w( 0) w( L ) 0 2 EI
M ( 0) M ( L ) 0 q 3 c1 2
x1 x1 c2 x1 c3
6 EI 2
d2 d
EI p 0 qL
2
dx1 dx1 M ( L) 0 c1
2 EI
20

d d dw
EI 2 A 0
8.3-12 Example dx1 d x1 d x1
q 3 qL 2
x1 x1 c3
q qL q 3 qL 2 6 EI 4 EI
EI x1 2
A w x1 x1 c3 0 q qL
EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI x1
EI 2 EI
1 q 3 qL 2
w 2
2qx1 qL x1 x1 c3
2 A 6 EI 4 EI
w(0) 0
1 q qL 3
w 2
qx12 qLx1 x14 x1 c3 x1 c4
2 A 24 EI 12 EI
qL3
w( L) 0 c3
24 EI
q 3 qL 2 qL3
x1 x1
6 EI 4 EI 24 EI
1 q 2 qL q qL 3 qL3
w 2
x1 x1 x14 x1 x1
A 2 2 24 EI 12 EI 24 EI
21
8.3-13 Example
M EI ,1

q 3 qL 2 qL3
x1 x1
6 EI 4 EI 24 EI

q 2 qL qx1
M x1 x1 x1 L
2 2 2

dM d qx1
Q x1 L
dx1 dx1 2

L
Q q x1
2

22

END

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