Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2017 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No: - 2456 2165

Voltage Sag and Mitigation Using Dynamic Voltage

Restorer (DVR) System for Power Quality
Improvement
Maluk Imran Khan Dr. P.Chandra Babu Naidu
PG Scholar, Dept. of EEE Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,
MITS Angallu, AP, India. MITS Angallu, AP, India.

Abstract:-This paper emphasizes voltage sag as one of a mitigation this phenomenon by using Dynamic voltage
power quality concern and Dynamic Voltage Restorer restorer (DVR) system. In order to carry out these objectives
(DVR) is using for mitigation of voltage sag. DVR is a Productively, voltage sag characteristics and DVR system will
custom power devices that most operative and efficient. be discussing tentatively in details. Simulations are divided
Consequently, the determination of this project is to study into three parts which are a performance of DVR system.
how the DVR functions during compensating of voltage Simulation with and without DVR installation, the effects of
sag. The distribution network has been a selection of as a voltage sag caused by a fault in power system connected to
sample to study the DVR system. This network consists of DVR system, and finally increasing recital of DVR system.
two feeders, and each feeder connected to the balanced
load. A fault has been applied to one of the feeders. Then,
voltage sags occurred at another feeder. Matlab Simulink
was chosen as the software to simulate the system. II. VOLTAGE SAG
Mathematics model for calculation of voltage sag, and
voltage injection by DVR System also labelled.The effect of Voltage sag is commonly acknowledged as one of the most
power devices, different circuit topologies, and constraints important power quality disturbances. Voltage sag (figure 1) is
of components was discussed. The result of the simulation a short reduction in r.m.s voltage from nominal voltage,
was recorded and discussed while the conclusions and occurred in a short duration, about 10ms to seconds. The
recommendations of this project were done. voltage sag (dip) as a temporary reduction of the voltage at a
point of the electrical system below a threshold , voltage sag
Keywords: - Dynamic Voltage Restorer, Voltage Sag, Power as an r.m.s variation with a magnitude between 10% and 90%
Quality (PQ), Voltage Sag Compensation, Voltage Source of nominal voltage and duration between 0.5 cycles and one
Inverter (VSI). minute.

I. INTRODUCTION Voltage sag is occurs at the head-to-head feeder with an

unhealthy feeder. The unhealthy feeder always caused by two
aspects which are short circuits due to faults in power system
In many contemporary years, Power quality disturbances networks and starting motor which draw very large current.
become a most issue which makes many scholarsinterested to Both of these concerns are the main factor creating voltage sag
find the best answers to solve it. There are numerous types of as a power quality problem in a power system. Voltage sags
power quality which are transients, short duration voltage are the most common power quality disturbance which
variation, long- duration variation, there are voltage sag, swell, definitely gives distressing especially in industrial and large
and interruption .Based on archives by (TNEB). 80% of power commercial customers such as the damage of sensitivity
quality grievances in India were outlined to be related to equipment and loss of daily productions and finances.
voltage sag [1]. Due to the growing of new technology, a lot
of devices had been shaped and technologically advanced for There are many methods in order to mitigate voltage sag
mitigation of voltage sag. problem, One of them is decreasing short circuits caused by
the utility directly which can be done such as with avoiding
This paper distresses two goals of this project which are a feeder or cable overloading by correct organization
study on voltage sag phenomenon in power system and forecasting. Another auxiliary is using the flexible ac
technology (FACTS) devices which have been used widely in

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Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2017 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No: - 2456 2165

a power system. There are many devices have been created V. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FORVOLTAGE SAG
with tenacity to boost power quality such as Dynamic Voltage CALCULATION
Restorer (DVR), Distribution static compensator (D-
STATCOM). All of these strategies are also known as custom Considered Figure 7, in a normal condition (no fault), current
power devices. through load A and load B is equal (balance load). When there
is fault on feeder 1, a high current (short circuit current) will
III. DVR SYSTEM flow on feeder 1. So, based on Kirchhoffs Law, currents flow
to feeder 2 will be reduced. Subsequently, voltage will also
Rectifier, inverter, filter and coupling transformer comprises drop in feeder 2this voltage drop will be defined as voltage
of DVR structure,to control variable voltage pulse width sags.
modulation technique is used besides. Harmonics can be
eliminated by filter due to high switching frequency. Typically Assume
DVR system is connected in series with distribution feeder Load A = ZLOAD_A
which supplies sensitive load in power system network. Load B = ZLOAD_B
Feeder 1 Reactance = x1
IV. THE PRINCIPLE OPERATION Feeder 2 Reactance =x2
OF DVR SYSTEM Current from supply source =I
Current in feeder 1 = I1
To protect from high power application from voltage dip Current in feeder 2 = I2
typically DVR is installed on both sides of medium and low
voltage. It can inject missing voltage to the supply using Thus I=I1+I2
injection transformer when sag has been detected by control
unit. Injecting active power into distribution in sag correction In normal condition (without fault in system)
technique during compensation. Actually for long duration
sags DVR needs energy storage. DVR compensating voltage
can be done by three methods. V2 V2
I=
A. Pre Sag Compensation Method x2 Z LOAD_ B x1 Z LOAD_ A

During fault to the pre-fault condition, load voltage was

When a fault happened (see Figure 7) in feeder 1, because of
reimbursed and this method also measured supply voltage
short circuit, a high current flow through feeder 1 as well as
continuously. In this method, the load voltage can be restored
source current I.In the course of this time, voltage in feeder 2
ideally, but injected active power cannot be controlled such as
reduced due to increasing of voltage drop across source
the type of faults and load condition
reactance xs, this makes sag happened.
B. In-Phase Compensation
V2 V
I= 2 (when fault happened)
The added DVR voltage is in phase with measured supply x2 Z LOAD_ B x1
voltage regardless of the load current and the pre-fault voltage.
The magnitude of injected DVR voltage is minimized for Hence,
constant load voltage magnitude is the advantage of this V2=Vs. I xs
method.
And V2 decreased from nominal value (V2 become as voltage
C. Phase Advance Method sag)

The injection voltage is in phase with the source voltage. For

this method, the injection voltage magnitude of phase
advanced method is larger than others method. Voltage phase
shift might cause voltage waveform break, imprecise zero
crossing, and load power swing. Thus phase advance method
should be changed to the load that is tolerant to phase jump, or
transition duration should take while phase angle is moved
from pre-fault angle to advance angle.

Fig. 1: Calculation of Voltage Sag.

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Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2017 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No: - 2456 2165

VI. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR VOLTAGE A. Power Circuit

INJECTION BY DVR SYSTEM
Power circuit unit of DVR consists of DC Link or energy
Consider the schematic diagram shown in Figure2. storage unit, DC/AC inverter, LC filter, injection transformer
Zth=Rth+jXth and system protection. Whereas the control unit of DVR
consists of sag or swells detection, reference signal generation,
VDVR+Vth=VL+ZthIL and voltage injection strategies, the last one is generating of
gating signal.
When dropped voltage occurred at VL, DVR inject a series
voltage VDVR through the injection transformer so that the B. Inverter
desired load voltage magnitude VLcan be sustained. Hence
The Inverter is a static circuit. In general, the function of the
VDVR = VL+ZthIL-Vth inverter is to convert DC power to AC power in other word,
inverters transfer power from a DC source to AC load. There
are two types of an inverter which are voltage source inverter
* and current source inverter. This project used VSI type of
P jQL inverter. The difference between these two types is DC
IL = L
VL voltages are taken as a source for VSI while DC current as a
source for CSI.
When VL is considered as a reference, therefore;
The switching component for the inverter to operate can be a
thyristor, GTO, IGBT or any other power transistor. IGBT
VDVR VL 0 Z th I L ( ) Vth was selected in this project. The advantage of IGBT is low
power loss and fast switching. In order to trigger the inverter,
Here , and are the angle of VDVR , Zth and V th , the gating signal comes from PWM is injected to the IGBT.
respectively and is the load power factor angle with

QL
tan 1
PL
The power injection of the DVR can be written as

SDVR =VDVR IL

Fig 3: IGBT layout

C. Control Unit

The Control unit of DVR consists of sags or swell detection,

reference signal generation and voltage injection strategies.
This unit is the most important part in DVR system. It is the
first to be operated to detect the voltage sag. Then, it will
conduct the power unit to compensate for the voltage sag that
occurred in the power system. If this unit is not operating
properly, then the power unit cannot compensate the voltage
sag, and the primary purpose DVR installation in the power
system can be viewed as useless or not worth.

The sequence of the operation of a control unit is starting with

Fig 2: Calculation for DVR Voltage Injection sag and swell detection. When the sag occurred in the system
installed with DVR, it will detect the sag. Then, the actual

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ISSN No: - 2456 2165

signal (sag) and reference signal will convert into dq0 form.
After relating both of the signals, the error signal in dq0 form
will produce. This signal will change back into VABC form.
Because of inverter need pulse signal to operate, the VABC
signal in sinusoidal form will convert into pulse signal via
PWM control. This pulse will send to the inverter which is in
the power unit. Thus, power unit will settle the rest of the
operation.

Fig.5: Injection Transformer

Fig. 4: Power Unit

VII. TECHNICAL ISSUE OF USING DVR

To improve the power quality traditional compensation

methods such as passive filters, synchronous capacitors, phase
advances were employed. However, traditional controllers
include many disadvantages such as fixed compensation,
bulkiness, electromagnetic interference and possible
resonance. These disadvantages urged power system and
power electronic engineers to develop adjustable and dynamic
solutions using custom power devices.
Fig.6: Sag Detector Circuit, Dq0 to ABC and
ABC to Dq0 Circuit

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ISSN No: - 2456 2165

The circuit of the PWM generator was connected. The input of

this circuit was an error signal in ABC form. The waveform of
the input to this circuit was compared with the repeating
sequence by a relational operator. Shows the configuration of
repeating sequence in the circuit. Thus, the switching
frequency will become 20 KHz.

VIII. SIMULATION

A. Simulation without DVR System

The simulation was tested on the distribution system which

consists of two feeder and balance loads. In order to
investigate the sags event, three lines to the ground fault was
generated at feeder A. Then, automatically voltage sags will
occur in feeder B. Thus, we can investigate the effect of using
DVR and how DVR systems mitigate the sag. All of the
process was done by using Matlab Simulink.

Fig 7: Inverter Circuit and Filter

A. Proposed System

Fig. 9: Simulation without DVR System.

Fig. 8: SPWM

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Shows the main circuit of distribution network without IX. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
installation of DVR systems. The load connected to the system
is balanced loads. The three phase fault generator was placed The result of the simulation without installation of the DVR
at feeder A. The run time for the whole system is 0.14 seconds system from Scope 1. When the fault applied at feeder A, the
where sags occur in feeder B during 0.04 second to 0.1 voltage sags occurred in feeder B. The result obtained viewed
second. The fault generator was set to the three phase to the from Scope 1 was as expected. Voltage sags occurred between
ground by check all three parameters and the transition times 0.04s till 0.1s. During that time, the voltage dropped 5% from
was set to (2/50) to (5/50) in order to produce sag for 0.06 adnominal value. Therefore, the event occurred during the
seconds. interval of time can be considered as voltage sag because the
period of the voltage sag is between 0.5 cycles.

B. Simulation with Installation of DVR System Until 1minute. From this result, it means the next simulation
of distribution network installed with DVR system can
proceed by using the same value and configuration of the fault
occurred in the simulation.

Fig. 11: Actual signal (sag) and reference signal

Fig. 10: DVR System Connected to the Power System. Fig 12: Voltage output at feeder A without DVR.

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Fig 13: Voltage output at feeder B without DVR. Fig 16: Output From Sinusoidal Pulse With Modulation
(SPWM).

The final result of compensation DVR to the power system. It

shows that the custom power devices successfully compensate
the voltage sag. 85% of the voltage during the 0.04s to 0.1s
back to the nominal value. However, the harmonic problems
cannot be solved even though the line side filtering scheme
was used. The main factor that distributed to the appearance of
the harmonic is due to usage of converter or inverter, pulse
width modulation, and transformer.

The results of the simulation double lines to ground are

shown. As expected, DVR systems have no problems to
handle voltage sag problems, but the appearance of harmonic
and distortion in the system still cannot be avoided.

Fig 14: Actual Signal (sag) and Reference Signal Convert into
Dq0 form Respectively.

Fig 17: Output Voltage of Feeder B after Compensation.

X. CONCLUSION

Based on this project, one of the methods to mitigate the

voltage sag is by using dynamic voltage restorer system. In
order to investigate whether the DVR is able to deal with this
problem, Matlab Simulink was selected in order to simulate
the system and mitigate the voltage sag. Based on the
simulation that had been done, it can be proved that DVR is
Fig. 15

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the dynamic fast response devices that able to overcome the

devices. Even though the system cannot compensate 100
percent of voltage during sag, it is an acceptable because the
output voltage after compensation still in a range of the
nominal value. The simulation was implemented by using the
distribution network where the effectiveness of the DVR
system is better compared to the transmission network.Since
DVR is the custom power devices, there were so various
combinations of the main component that can be combined in
order to get better results. For example, using GTO as a
switching device, using SVPWM as the device for generating
gating signal or maybe can use the other type of filter in order
to eliminate the harmonics.

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