E X A M P L E 4.

1
The composite A-36 steel bar shown in Fig. 46a is made from two
segments, AB and BD, having cross-sectional areas of AAB
600 mm2
and ABD
1200 mm2. Determine the vertical displacement of end A
and the displacement of B relative to C.
75 kN
75 kN 75 kN 75 kN
A

1m
20 kN 20 kN
20 kN 20 kN 20 kN 20 kN

B PAB = 75 kN

0.75 m
40 kN 40 kN 40 kN 40 kN

C
PBC = 35 kN
0.5 m
D

(a) PCD = 45 kN
Solution (b)
Internal Force. Due to the application of the external loadings, the
75
internal axial forces in regions AB, BC, and CD will all be different.
0 P (kN) These forces are obtained by applying the method of sections and the
equation of vertical force equilibrium as shown in Fig. 46b. This
variation is plotted in Fig. 46c.
Displacement. From the inside back cover, Est
210(103) MPa. Using
the sign convention, i.e., the internal tensile forces are positive and the
1.0 compressive forces are negative, the vertical displacement of A relative
to the fixed support D is
[+15 kip]12 6 6
PL [75 kN] ft2112
(1 m)(10in.>ft2
) [+7 kip]11.5
[35 ft2112
kN] (0.75 in.>ft2
m)(10 )
1.75 dA = a = +
35 AE [600 11 in2
2[29110
2 3
2 3
kip>in 2
]2 12 in2
2[29110
2
mm (210)(10 ) kN/m ] [1200 mm (210)(10 ) kN/m
3
2 3
kip>in 2 2
] ]
6
[-9[45
kip]11kN]ft2112 in.>ft2
(0.5 m)(10 )
+
45 2.25 12 in mm
[12002
2[29110
2 3
2 kip>in
(210)(10 3 2
] 2]
) kN/m
x (m) = 0.61
+0.0127mmin. Ans.
Since the result is positive, the bar elongates and so the displacement at
A is upward.
(c)
Applying Eq. 42 between points B and C, we obtain,
[+7[35
kip]11.5 ft2112 6
in.>ft2
Fig. 46 PBCLBC kN] (0.75 m)(10 )
dB>C = = =
+0.00217
0.104 mm
in. Ans.
A BCB 12 inmm
[1200 2
2[29110
2 3
2 kip>in
(210)(10 3 2
) kN/m] 2]
Here B moves away from C, since the segment elongates.
E X A M P L E 4.2
The assembly shown in Fig. 47a consists of an aluminum tube AB having
a cross-sectional area of 400 mm2. A steel rod having a diameter of 10 mm
is attached to a rigid collar and passes through the tube. If a tensile load
of 80 kN is applied to the rod, determine the displacement of the end C
of the rod. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa.

400 mm
B A
80 kN PAB = 80 kN
80 kN
C
80 kN
PBC = 80 kN
(b)
600 mm
(a)

Fig. 47

Solution
Internal Force. The free-body diagram of the tube and rod, Fig. 47b,
shows that the rod is subjected to a tension of 80 kN and the tube is
subjected to a compression of 80 kN.
Displacement. We will first determine the displacement of end C with
respect to end B. Working in units of newtons and meters, we have

PL [+8011032 N]10.6 m2
dC>B = = = +0.003056 m :
AE p10.005 m22[20011092 N>m2]

The positive sign indicates that end C moves to the right relative to end
B, since the bar elongates.
The displacement of end B with respect to the fixed end A is
PL [-8011032 N]10.4 m2
dB = =
AE [400 mm2110 -62 m2>mm2][7011092 N>m2]
= -0.001143 m = 0.001143 m :
Here the negative sign indicates that the tube shortens, and so B moves
to the right relative to A.
Since both displacements are to the right, the resultant displacement
of C relative to the fixed end A is therefore
1:+ 2 d = d + d = 0.001143 m + 0.003056 m
C B C>B
= 0.00420 m = 4.20 mm : Ans.
E X A M P L E 4.3

90 kN A rigid beam AB rests on the two short posts shown in Fig. 48a. AC is
200 mm made of steel and has a diameter of 20 mm, and BD is made of aluminum
400 mm
A B
and has a diameter of 40 mm. Determine the displacement of point F
F
on AB if a vertical load of 90 kN is applied over this point. Take
Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa.
300 mm

Solution
C D

(a) Internal Force. The compressive forces acting at the top of each post
are determined from the equilibrium of member AB, Fig. 48b. These
forces are equal to the internal forces in each post, Fig. 48c.
Displacement. The displacement of the top of each post is
Post AC:

PACLAC [-6011032 N]10.300 m2

dA = = = -286110-62 m
90 kN A ACEst p10.010 m22[20011092 N>m2]
200 mm
400 mm
= 0.286 mm p

60 kN 30 kN Post BD:
(b)
PBDLBD [-3011032 N]10.300 m2
dB = = = -102110-62 m
A BDEal p10.020 m22[7011092 N>m2]

= 0.102 mm p
A diagram showing the centerline displacements at points A, B, and F on
the beam is shown in Fig. 48d. By proportion of the shaded triangle, the
60 kN 30 kN displacement of point F is therefore

400 mm
dF = 0.102 mm + 10.184 mm2a b = 0.225 mm p Ans.
600 mm

PAC = 60 kN PBD = 30 kN
(c) 0.102 mm 600 mm
A F 400 mm B

F 0.102 mm
0.184 mm
(d)
0.286 mm

Fig. 48
E X A M P L E 4.4

A member is made from a material that has a specific weight g and

modulus of elasticity E. If it is formed into a cone having the dimensions
shown in Fig. 49a, determine how far its end is displaced due to gravity y
when it is suspended in the vertical position.
r0

Solution
Internal Force. The internal axial force varies along the member since
it is dependent on the weight W(y) of a segment of the member below
any section, Fig. 49b. Hence, to calculate the displacement, we must use
Eq. 41. At the section located at a distance y from its bottom end, the
radius x of the cone as a function of y is determined by proportion; i.e.,
L
x r0 r0
= ; x = y
y L L
The volume of a cone having a base of radius x and height y is
p pr20 3
V = yx2 = y
3 3L2
x
Since W = gV, the internal force at the section becomes
(a)
gpr20
+q Fy = 0; P1y2 = y3
3L2
y
Displacement. The area of the cross section is also a function of
position y, Fig. 49b. We have P( y)
pr20 x
A1y2 = px2 = 2 y2
L
Applying Eq. 41 between the limits of y = 0 and y = L yields W( y)
y
L
[1gpr20>3L22 y3] dy
L

P1y2 dy
d = =
0
A1y2 E 0 [1pr20>L22 y2] E
L x

y dy
g
= (b)
3E 0
Fig. 49
gL2
= Ans.
6E
As a partial check of this result, notice how the units of the terms, when
canceled, give the displacement in units of length as expected.
E X A M P L E 4.5
The steel rod shown in Fig. 412a has a diameter of 5 mm. It is attached
to the fixed wall at A, and before it is loaded, there is a gap between the P = 20 kN 1 mm
wall at B and the rod of 1 mm. Determine the reactions at A and B if A B
the rod is subjected to an axial force of P = 20 kN as shown. Neglect C B
the size of the collar at C. Take Est = 200 GPa. 400 mm
800 mm
(a)
Solution
Equilibrium. As shown on the free-body diagram, Fig. 412b, we will
assume that the force P is large enough to cause the rods end B to
contact the wall at B. The problem is statically indeterminate since there
P = 20 kN
are two unknowns and only one equation of equilibrium.
FA FB
Equilibrium of the rod requires
(b)
+ F = 0;
: -FA - FB + 2011032 N = 0 (1)
x

Compatibility. The loading causes point B to move to B, with no further

displacement. Therefore the compatibility condition for the rod is
dB>A = 0.001 m FA FA

This displacement can be expressed in terms of the unknown reactions FB FB

by using the loaddisplacement relationship, Eq. 42, applied to segments (c)
AC and CB, Fig. 412c. Working in units of newtons and meters, we have
FALAC FBLCB Fig. 412
dB>A = 0.001 m = -
AE AE
FA10.4 m2
0.001 m =
p10.0025 m22[20011092 N>m2]
FB10.8 m2
-
p10.0025 m22[20011092 N>m2]
or
FA10.4 m2 - FB10.8 m2 = 3927.0 N # m (2)

Solving Eqs. 1 and 2 yields

FA = 16.6 kN FB = 3.39 kN Ans.

Since the answer for FB is positive, indeed the end B contacts the wall
at B as originally assumed. On the other hand, if FB were a negative
quantity, the problem would be statically determinate, so that FB = 0
and FA = 20 kN.
E X A M P L E 4.6

P= 45 kN The aluminum post shown in Fig. 413a is reinforced with a brass

25 mm
core. If this assembly supports a resultant axial compressive load of
50 mm
P
45 kN, applied to the rigid cap, determine the average normal
stress in the aluminum and the brass. Take Eal
70(103) MPa and
Ebr
105(103) MPa.
0.5 m
Solution
Equilibrium. The free-body diagram of the post is shown in Fig. 413b.
Here the resultant axial force at the base is represented by the unknown
components carried by the aluminum, Fal, and brass, Fbr. The problem is
statically indeterminate. Why?
Vertical force equilibrium requires

+q Fy = 0; -9 kip
45 kN + Fal + Fbr = 0 (1)
P = 45 kN
Compatibility. The rigid cap at the top of the post causes both the
aluminum and brass to displace the same amount. Therefore,
dal = dbr
Using the loaddisplacement relationships,
FalL FbrL
=
A alEal A brEbr
Fbr A al Eal
Fal = Fbr a ba b
Fal
A br Ebr
(b) [(0.05
p[12 in.2m)- 11(0.025
2 2
in.22] m)210110
] 3
2 ksi 3 MPa
70(10)
Fal = Fbr B R B R
in.22 m2)
(0.025
p11 3
2 ksi 3) MPa
15110105(10

Fal = 2Fbr (2)

br = 7.64 MPa Solving Eqs. 1 and 2 simultaneously yields
al = 5.09 MPa Fal = 630kip
kN Fbr = 15
3 kip
kN
Since the results are positive, indeed the stress will be compressive.
The average normal stress in the aluminum and brass is therefore
6 kip
30 kN
sal = = 0.637

5.09
ksi MPa Ans.
in.2m)- 
[(0.05
p[12 2 2
11(0.025
in.22] m)2]
(c) 3 kip
15 kN
sbr = = 0.955

ksi
7.64 MPa Ans.
in.22 m)2]
[(0.025
p11
Fig. 413
The stress distributions are shown in Fig. 413c.
E X A M P L E 4.7
The three A-36 steel bars shown in Fig. 414a are pin connected to a rigid B D F
member. If the applied load on the member is 15 kN, determine the force
developed in each bar. Bars AB and EF each have a cross-sectional area of
25 mm2, and bar CD has a cross-sectional area of 15 mm2. 0.5 m

Solution
A C E
Equilibrium. The free-body diagram of the rigid member is shown
in Fig. 414b. This problem is statically indeterminate since there are
three unknowns and only two available equilibrium equations. These
0.4 m
equations are 0.2 m 0.2 m

+qFy = 0; FA + FC + FE - 15 kN = 0 (1)

d+ MC = 0; -FA10.4 m2 + 15 kN10.2 m2 + FE10.4 m2 = 0 (2) 15 kN

(a)
Compatibility. The applied load will cause the horizontal line ACE shown
in Fig. 414c to move to the inclined line ACE. The displacements of
points A, C, and E can be related by proportional triangles. Thus, the FA FC FE
compatibility equation for these displacements is
C
dA - d E d C - dE
=
0.8 m 0.4 m
1 1 0.4 m
dC = dA + d E 0.2 m 0.2 m
2 2
15 kN
Using the loaddisplacement relationship, Eq. 42, we have (b)

FCL 1 FAL 1 FEL

= B R + B R
115 mm 2Est
2 2 125 mm22Est 2 125 mm22Est
0.4 m 0.4 m
FC = 0.3FA + 0.3FE (3) A C E
E
A E
E
Solving Eqs. 13 simultaneously yields C
A C

FA = 9.52 kN Ans.
FC = 3.46 kN Ans. (c)
FE = 2.02 kN Ans.
Fig. 414
E X A M P L E 4.8
The bolt shown in Fig. 415a is made of 2014-T6 aluminum alloy and is
tightened so it compresses a cylindrical tube made of Am 1004-T61
magnesium alloy.The tube has an outer radius of 10 mm, and it is assumed
60 mm that both the inner radius of the tube and the radius of the bolt are 5
mm. The washers at the top and bottom of the tube are considered to be
10 mm 5 mm
rigid and have a negligible thickness. Initially the nut is hand-tightened
slightly; then, using a wrench, the nut is further tightened one-half turn.
If the bolt has 20 threads per 20 mm, determine the stress in the bolt.

Solution
Equilibrium. The free-body diagram of a section of the bolt and the
(a) tube, Fig. 415b, is considered in order to relate the force in the bolt Fb
to that in the tube, Ft. Equilibrium requires
Ft
+qFy = 0; Fb - Ft = 0 (1)

Fb
The problem is statically indeterminate since there are two unknowns
in this equation.
Compatibility. When the nut is tightened on the bolt, the tube will
shorten dt, and the bolt will elongate db, Fig. 415c. Since the nut
1 201
undergoes one-half turn, it advances a distance of 121221
( mm)
0.5 mm
20 in.2 = 0.025 in.
20
along the bolt. Thus, the compatibility of these displacements requires
1+q2 t
0.5 mm  b
Taking the modulus of elasticity EAm
45 GPa, Eal
75 GPa, and
applying Eq. 42, yields

13 in.2
FFt t(60 mm) FF 13 in.2
b b(60 mm)
(b) =
0.025
0.5 mm -
in. 
p[10.5 mm)- 10.25
[(10 in.22 2
(5 mm) 2 3 3
in.2 ][6.48110 2 ksi]
][45(10 ) MPa] (5 mm)
p10.25 22
in.2][75(10 3 3
[10.6110 2 ksi]
) MPa]
5Ft
125(1125)  9Fb (2)
Solving Eqs. 1 and 2 simultaneously, we get
Fb
Ft
31556 N
31.56 kN
Final
position The stresses in the bolt and tube are therefore

b Fb 31556 N
0.5 mm b

2
401.8 N/mm2
401.8 MPa Ans.
t Ab (5 mm)
Ft 31556 N
Initial s


133.9 N/mm2
133.9 MPa
position At [(10 mm)2  (5 mm)2]
(c) These stresses are less than the reported yield stress for each material,
(Y)al
414 MPa and (Y)mg
152 MPa (see the inside back cover),
Fig. 415 and therefore this elastic analysis is valid.
E X A M P L E 4.9
P = 20 kN 1 mm The A-36 steel rod shown in Fig. 417a has a diameter of 5 mm. It is attached
A B to the fixed wall at A, and before it is loaded there is a gap between the
C B wall at B and the rod of 1 mm. Determine the reactions at A and B.
800 mm
400 mm Solution
(a)
Compatibility. Here we will consider the support at B as redundant.
P = 20 kN 1 mm Using the principle of superposition, Fig. 417b, we have
1:+ 2 0.001 m = dP - dB (1)
Initial The deflections dP and dB are determined from Eq. 42.
P
=

position
P = 20 kN PLAC [2011032 N]10.4 m2
dP = = = 0.002037 m
AE p10.0025 m22[20011092 N>m2]
Final
Bposition FBLAB FB11.20 m2
+ dB =
AE
=
p10.0025 m22[20011092 N>m2]
= 0.3056110 - 62FB
FB
Substituting into Eq. 1, we get
(b) 0.001 m = 0.002037 m - 0.3056110 - 62FB
FA 20 kN 3.40 kN FB = 3.4011032 N = 3.40 kN Ans.
Equilibrium. From the free-body diagram, Fig. 417c,
(c)
:+ F = 0; -FA + 20 kN - 3.40 kN = 0 FA = 16.6 kN
x Ans.
Fig. 417
E X A M P L E 4.10
10 mm
The A-36 steel bar shown in Fig. 418 is constrained to just fit between
two fixed supports when T1
30C. If the temperature is raised to 10 mm
T2
60C, determine the average normal thermal stress developed in
the bar.
A
Solution
Equilibrium. The free-body diagram of the bar is shown in Fig. 418b. 1m
Since there is no external load, the force at A is equal but opposite to
the force acting at B; that is,
+qFy = 0; FA = FB = F B

The problem is statically indeterminate since this force cannot be

(a)
determined from equilibrium.
Compatibility. Since dA>B = 0, the thermal displacement dT at A that F
would occur, Fig. 418c, is counteracted by the force F that would be
required to push the bar dF back to its original position.The compatibility
condition at A becomes
1 +q2 dA>B = 0 = dT - dF

Applying the thermal and loaddisplacement relationships, we have

FL
0 = aTL -
AL
Thus, from the data on the inside back cover,
F
F = aTAE
(b)

[12(106)/C] (60C  30C)(0.010 m)2 [200(106) kPa]
T

7.2 kN
From the magnitude of F, it should be apparent that changes in F
temperature can cause large reaction forces in statically indeterminate
members.
Since F also represents the internal axial force within the bar, the
average normal compressive stress is thus

F 7.2 103 MN
2.87 kip
s = = = 11.5

ksi72 MPa Ans.
A 10.5(0.01
in.22 m)2
(c)

Fig. 418
E X A M P L E 4.11
A 2014-T6 aluminum tube having a cross-sectional area of 600 mm2 is
used as a sleeve for an A-36 steel bolt having a cross-sectional area of
400 mm2, Fig. 419a. When the temperature is T1 = 15C, the nut holds
the assembly in a snug position such that the axial force in the bolt is
negligible. If the temperature increases to T2 = 80C, determine the
average normal stress in the bolt and sleeve.

150 mm

Fs

Fb

(a) (b)

Fig. 419

Solution
Equilibrium. A free-body diagram of a sectioned segment of the
assembly is shown in Fig. 419b. The forces Fb and Fs are produced since
the sleeve has a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than the bolt,
and therefore the sleeve will expand more when the temperature is
increased. The problem is statically indeterminate since these forces
cannot be determined from equilibrium. However, it is required that

+qFy = 0; Fs = Fb (1)

Compatibility. The temperature increase causes the sleeve and bolt to

expand 1ds2T and 1db2T, Fig. 419c. However, the redundant forces Fb
and Fs elongate the bolt and shorten the sleeve. Consequently, the end
of the assembly reaches a final position, which is not the same as the
initial position. Hence, the compatibility condition becomes
1+p2 d = 1db2T + 1db2F = 1ds2T - 1ds2F
 Initial
position (b) T
(s) T ( b)F
Final
position
( s)F

(c)

Applying Eqs. 42 and 44, and using the mechanical properties from the
table on the inside back cover, we have
[12110 - 62>C]180C - 15C210.150 m2
Fb10.150 m2
+ -6
1400 mm 2110 2
m2>mm22[20011092 N>m2]
= [23110-62>C]180C - 15C210.150 m2
Fs10.150 m2
- -6
600 mm 110 2
m2>mm22[73.111092 N>m2]

Using Eq. 1 and solving gives

Fs = Fb = 20.26 kN
The average normal stress in the bolt and sleeve is therefore
20.26 kN
sb = = 50.6 MPa Ans.
400 mm2 110-6 m2>mm22
20.26 kN
ss = = 33.8 MPa Ans.
600 mm 110 - 6 m2>mm22
2

Since linearelastic material behavior was assumed in this analysis, the

calculated stresses should be checked to make sure that they do not exceed
the proportional limits for the material.
E X A M P L E 4.12
The rigid bar shown in Fig. 420a is fixed to the top of the three posts
300 mm 300 mm 150 kN/m made of A-36 steel and 2014-T6 aluminum. The posts each have a length
of 250 mm when no load is applied to the bar, and the temperature is
T1 = 20C. Determine the force supported by each post if the bar is
60 mm subjected to a uniform distributed load of 150 kN>m and the temperature
250 mm
40 mm 40 mm is raised to T2 = 80C.

Steel Aluminum Steel Solution

(a) Equilibrium. The free-body diagram of the bar is shown in Fig. 420b.
Moment equilibrium about the bars center requires the forces in the steel
posts to be equal. Summing forces on the free-body diagram, we have
90 kN +qFy = 0; 2Fst + Fal - 9011032 N = 0 (1)
Compatibility. Due to load, geometry, and material symmetry, the top
of each post is displaced by an equal amount. Hence,
1+p2 dst = dal (2)
The final position of the top of each post is equal to its displacement
Fst Fal Fst
caused by the temperature increase, plus its displacement caused by the
(b) internal axial compressive force, Fig. 420c. Thus, for a steel and
aluminum post, we have
1+p2 dst = -1dst2T + 1dst2F
( al ) T 1+p2 dal = -1dal2T + 1dal2F
( st ) T
Initial Position ( al )F Applying Eq. 2 gives
st = al ( st )F Final Position -1dst2T + 1dst2F = -1dal2T + 1dal2F
Using Eqs. 42 and 44 and the material properties on the inside back
cover, we get
Fst10.250 m2
(c) -[12110 - 62>C]180C + 20C210.250 m2 +
p10.020 m22[20011092 N>m2]
Fal10.250 m2
Fig. 420 = -[23110 - 62>C]180C - 20C210.250 m2 +
p10.03 m22[73.111092 N>m2]
Fst = 1.216Fal - 165.911032 (3)
To be consistent, all numerical data has been expressed in terms of newtons,
meters, and degrees Celsius. Solving Eqs. 1 and 3 simultaneously yields
Fst = -16.4 kN Fal = 123 kN Ans.
The negative value for Fst indicates that this force acts opposite to that
shown in Fig. 420b. In other words, the steel posts are in tension and
the aluminum post is in compression.
E X A M P L E 4.13
A steel bar has the dimensions shown in Fig. 426. If the allowable
stress is allow
115 MPa, determine the largest axial force P that the
bar can carry.
P

20 mm

10 mm 10 mm

10 mm

40 mm

P
Fig. 426

Solution
Because there is a shoulder fillet, the stress-concentration factor can be
determined using the graph in Fig. 424. Calculating the necessary
geometric parameters yields
r 10 mm
0.5 in.
= =
0.50 0.50
n 20 mm
1 in.
w 240in.mm
= = 2
2
h 120in.mm
Thus, from the graph,
K = 1.4
Computing the average normal stress at the smallest cross section, we
have
P
avg

0.005P N/mm2
(20 mm)(10 mm)
Applying Eq. 47 with sallow = smax yields

sallow = Ksavg
ksi

2
115 16.2
N/mm = 1.4(0.005P)
1.412P2

16.43(10
P =P 5.79 kip
3
)N Ans.

16.43 kN
E X A M P L E 4.14
The steel strap shown in Fig. 427 is subjected to an axial load of 80 kN.
Determine the maximum normal stress developed in the strap and the
displacement of one end of the strap with respect to the other end. The
steel has a yield stress of sY = 700 MPa, and Est = 200 GPa.

40 mm
A B 20 mm C D

80 kN 80 kN
10 mm
6 mm
300 mm 800 mm 300 mm

Fig. 427

Solution
Maximum Normal Stress. By inspection, the maximum normal stress
occurs at the smaller cross section, where the shoulder fillet begins at B
or C. The stress-concentration factor is determined from Fig. 423. We
require
r 6 mm w 40 mm
= = 0.3, = = 2
h 20 mm h 20 mm
Thus, K = 1.6.
The maximum stress is therefore

P 8011032 N
smax = K = 1.6 B R = 640 MPa Ans.
A 10.02 m210.001 m2
Notice that the material remains elastic, since 640 MPa 6 sY = 700 MPa.
Displacement. Here we will neglect the localized deformations
surrounding the applied load and at the sudden change in cross section
of the shoulder fillet (Saint-Venants principle). We have
PL 8011032 N10.3 m2
dA>D = a = 2b r
AE 10.04 m210.01 m2[20011092 N>m2]
8011032 N10.8 m2
+ b r
10.02 m210.01 m2[20011092 N>m2]
sA>D = 2.20 mm Ans.
E X A M P L E 4.15
Two steel wires are used to lift the weight of 15 kN (
1.5 kg), Fig. 430a.
Wire AB has an unstretched length of 5 m and wire AC has an
unstretched length of 5.0075 m. If each wire has a cross-sectional area
A of 30 mm2, and the steel can be considered elastic perfectly plastic as
shown by the sP graph in Fig. 430b, determine the force in each wire
and its elongation.
]Fig. 430a
5m 5.0075 m Solution
By inspection, wire AB begins to carry the weight when the hook is lifted.
However, if this wire stretches more than 0.01 m, the load is then carried
by both wires. For this to occur, the strain in wire AB must be
B C 0.0075 m
AB


0.0015
5m
which is less than the maximum elastic strain, PY = 0.0017, Fig. 430b.
Furthermore, the stress in wire AB when this happens can be determined
(a) from Fig. 430b by proportion; i.e.,
0.0015
0.0017 0.0015
=
35050MPa
ksi sAB
sAB = 44.12
308.82ksi
MPa
As a result, the force in the wire is thus
FAB
ABA
(308.82 N/mm2)(30 mm2)
9264.6 N
9.26 kN
Since the weight to be supported is 15 kN, we can conclude that both
wires must be used for support.
Once the weight is supported, the stress in the wires depends on the
corresponding strain. There are three possibilities, namely, the strains in
both wires are elastic, wire AB is plastically strained while wire AC is
elastically strained, or both wires are plastically strained. We will begin
by assuming that both wires remain elastic. Investigation of the free-body
diagram of the suspended weight, Fig. 430c, indicates that the problem
(MPa)
is statically indeterminate. The equation of equilibrium is

350 T AB TAC

(mm/mm)
0.0017 ]Fig. 430c

(b) 15 kN (c) Fig. 430

+qgFy = 0; TAB  TAC  15 kN
0 (1)
Since AC is 0.0075 m longer than AB, then from Fig. 430d,
compatibility of displacement of the ends B and C requires that A

AB
0.0075 m  AC (2)

The modulus of elasticity,Fig.430b,is Est
350MPa/0.0017
205.9(103)MPa. 5m 5.0075 m
Since this is a linearelastic analysis, the loaddisplacement relationship
is d = PL>AE, and therefore
TAB(5 m) TAC(5.0075 m) AB = 0.0075 + AC


0.0075 m 
Initial position
30(106)[205.9(106) kPa] 30(106)[205.9(106) kPa] B
C
AC
5TAB
46.3275  5.0075TAC (3) Final position

Solving Eqs. 1 and 3, we have (d)

TAB
12.135 kN ]Fig. 430d

TAC
2.865 kN
The stress in wire AB is thus
2.60 kip 3) N
12.135(10
sAB = 2
=2 52.0

ksi404.5 MPa
0.0530inmm
This stress is greater than the maximum elastic stress allowed
(Y
350 MPa), and therefore wire AB becomes plastically strained and
supports its maximum load of
TAB
350 MPa (30 mm2)
10.5 kN Ans.
From Eq. 1,
TAB
4.5 kN Ans.
Note that wire AC remains elastic since the stress in the wire is
AC
4.5(103) N/30 mm3
150 MPa  350 MPa. The corresponding
elastic strain is determined by proportion, Fig. 430b; i.e.,
ACPAC 0.0017
0.0017
=
150 10 ksi
MPa 50 ksi
350 MPa
AC
0.000729
The elongation of AC is thus
AC
(0.000729)(5.0075)
0.00365 m Ans.
Applying Eq. 2, the elongation of AB is then
AB
0.0075  0.00365
0.01115 m Ans.
E X A M P L E 4.16
The bar in Fig. 431a is made of steel that is assumed to be elastic
perfectly plastic, with sY = 250 MPa. Determine (a) the maximum value
of the applied load P that can be applied without causing the steel to
yield and (b) the maximum value of P that the bar can support. Sketch
the stress distribution at the critical section for each case.

Solution
Part (a). When the material behaves elastically, we must use a stress-
concentration factor determined from Fig. 423 that is unique for the
bars geometry. Here
40 mm
r 4 mm
= = 0.125
4 mm h 140 mm - 8 mm2

P P w 40 mm
= = 1.25
4 mm 2 mm h 140 mm - 8 mm2
The maximum load, without causing yielding, occurs when smax = sY.
(a) The average normal stress is savg = P>A. Using Eq. 47, we have

PY
smax = Ksavg; sY = Ka b
A
Y
PY
25011062 Pa = 1.75 B R
PY 10.002 m210.032 m2

(b)
PY = 9.14 kN Ans.
This load has been calculated using the smallest cross section. The
resulting stress distribution is shown in Fig. 431b. For equilibrium, the
volume contained within this distribution must equal 9.14 kN.
Y Part (b). The maximum load sustained by the bar causes all the material
at the smallest cross section to yield. Therefore, as P is increased to the
Pp plastic load Pp, it gradually changes the stress distribution from the elastic
state shown in Fig. 431b to the plastic state shown in Fig. 431c. We
(c) require
Pp
sY =
A
Fig. 431
Pp
25011062 Pa =
10.002 m210.032 m2
Pp = 16.0 kN Ans.

Here Pp equals the volume contained within the stress distribution,

which in this case is Pp = sYA.
E X A M P L E 4.17
The rod shown in Fig. 433a has a radius of 5 mm and is made from an
elastic-perfectly plastic material for which sY = 420 MPa, E = 70 GPa,
Fig. 433b. If a force of P = 60 kN is applied to the rod and then
removed, determine the residual stress in the rod and the permanent
displacement of the collar at C.

Solution
The free-body diagram of the rod is shown in Fig. 433b. By inspection,
the rod is statically indeterminate. Application of the load P will cause
one of three possibilities, namely, both segments AC and CB remain
elastic, AC is plastic while CB is elastic, or both AC and CB are plastic.*
An elastic analysis, similar to that discussed in Sec. 4.4, will produce
FA = 45 kN and FB = 15 kN at the supports. However, this results in a
stress of
A C P= 60 kN B 45 kN
sAC = = 573 MPa 1compression2 7 sY = 420 MPa
p10.005 m22
300 mm
100 mm
(a) in segment AC, and
15 kN
sCB = = 191 MPa 1tension2
p10.005 m22
in segment CB. Since the material in segment AC will yield, we will
assume that AC becomes plastic, while CB remains elastic.
For this case, the maximum possible force developed in AC is
A C P= 60 kN B 1FA2Y = sYA = 42011032 kN>m2 [p10.005 m22]
FA FB
= 33.0 kN
(b) and from the equilibrium of the rod, Fig. 433b,
FB = 60 kN - 33.0 kN = 27.0 kN
Fig. 433 The stress in each segment of the rod is therefore
sAC = sY = 420 MPa 1compression2
27.0 kN
sCB = = 344 MPa 1tension2 6 420 MPa 1OK2
p10.005 m22
Residual Stress. In order to obtain the residual stress, it is also necessary
to know the strain in each segment due to the loading. Since CB responds
elastically,
FBLCB 127.0 kN210.300 m2
dC = = = 0.001474 m
AE p10.005 m22 [7011062 kN>m2]
 Thus, dC 0.001474 m
PCB = = = +0.004913
LCB 0.300 m
Also, since dC is known, the strain in AC is
dC 0.001474 m
PAC = = - = -0.01474
LAC 0.100 m
Therefore, when P is applied, the stressstrain behavior for the material in
segment CB moves from O to A, Fig. 433c, and the stressstrain behavior
for the material in segment AC moves from O to B. If the load P is applied
in the reverse direction, in other words, the load is removed, then an elastic
response occurs and a reverse force of FA = 45 kN and FB = 15 kN must
be applied to each segment. As calculated previously, these forces produce
stresses sAC = 573 MPa (tension) and sCB = 191 MPa (compression),and
as a result the residual stress in each member is
1sAC2r = -420 MPa + 573 MPa = 153 MPa Ans.
1sCB2r = 344 MPa - 191 MPa = 153 MPa Ans.
This tensile stress is the same for both segments, which is to be expected. (MPa)
Also note that the stressstrain behavior for segment AC moves from B to
D in Fig. 433c, while the stressstrain behavior for the material in segment 420 A
344
CB moves from A to C. = 0.0060 153
E
Y D C
AC = 0.01473 O Y = 0.0060
(mm/mm)
 CB = 0.004911
CB
Permanent Displacement. From Fig. 433c, the residual strain in CB is
s 15311062 Pa B
420
P CB = = = 0.002185
7011092 Pa
AC
E
(c)
so that the permanent displacement of C is
dC = P CBLCB = 0.002185 1300 mm2 = 0.656 mm ; Ans.
We can also obtain this result by determining the residual strain P AC
in AC, Fig. 433c. Since line BD has a slope of E, then
ds 1420 + 1532106 Pa
dPAC = = = 0.008185
E 7011092 Pa
Therefore
P AC = PAC + dPAC = -0.01474 + 0.008185 = -0.006555
Finally,
dC = P ACLAC = -0.006555 1100 mm2 = 0.656 mm ; Ans.

*The possibility of CB becoming plastic before AC will not occur because when point C
deforms, the strain in AC (since it is shorter) will always be larger than the strain in CB.