Example 4.

1
The simply supported parallel T-beams sustain floor system which span 7m and
subjected to a total design BM of 500kNm. The beams are spaced at 2000mm on
centerline. The other beam dimensions are hf = 800mm, bw = 400mm, D = 400mm.
Materials, fck = 20MPa; steel, fyk = 300MPa and class I work. Determine the tensile steel
area required at mid-span of and interior beam.
Solution

Constants:
A A fcd = 11.3Mpa
7m fyd = 260.87Mpa
M = 28.78
C1 = 2.5
C2 = 0.32fcd = 3.616MPa
2m 2m 2m

80mm=hf
D=400mm

Bw=400mm

Section A-A

Check depth for deflection

f ykLe
Beam, d (0.4 + 0.6* ) Le = 7000
400 a

a = 20
300 7000
d (0.4 + 0.6 * )* = 297.5mm
400 20
D 297.5 + 75 = 372.5mm<400mmsafe.
For +ve BM flauge is on compression side

1
 l 7000
bw 5 400 1800mm
be 5

c/c dist. = 2000mm

be = 1800mm
Since the BM is very large, assume two layers of 26 steel.
d1 = 26+8+26+13 = 73mm 75mm.
d = D-d1 = 400-75 = 325mm
Check T-beam (assuming b = be)
4M d
Kx = 0.5 c1 c1
2

be d 2 c 2

4 * 500 * 106
= 0.5 2.5 2.52 2
1800 * 325 * 3.616

= 0.336 < kxmax.

X = kxd = 0.336*325 = 109.23mm>kf
T-section
Mdf = (be-bw)hf fcd (d-hf/2)
= (1800-400)*80*11.3*(325-80/2)*10-6
= 360.70kNm.
M df 360.70 * 10 6
Asf =
4852mm 2
h 80
f yd (d f ) 260.87 * (325 2 )
2
1 2 4 M dw
Kw = c1 c1 Mdw = Md-Mdf
2 bw d 2 c 2

= 500-360.7
= 139.3kNm

1
4 * 139.3 * 10 6
Kw = 2.5 2.5 2
2 = 0.443<0.448 (singly reinforced)
2
400 * 325 * 3.616

kw 0.443
Asw = bw d * 400 * 325 2003mm
2

m 28 . 78
As = Asf + Asw = 4852 + 2003 = 6855mm2
6855
#26 = 12.93 say 13.
530
Use 13 26 bars in two layers.

2
 1800mm

80mm

400mm 1326

400mm

Example 4.2
For the T-section singly reinforced with high strength steel (fy = 460N/m2) calculate the
design moment capacity of the section.
Assume the grade of concrete as c-30.

1200mm

120mm

400mm 1224

70mm

350mm

Solution
460
Analysis: fyk = 460MPa fyd = = 400MPa
1.15
C-30 fcd = 13.6Mpa.
f yd 400
M= = 36.76
0.8 f cd 0.8 * 13.6

d = 120 + 400 = 520mm.

be = 1200mm
As = 12*452 = 5424mm2
As 5424
= = 0.008694.
bed 1200 * 520
X = md = 0.00869 * 36.76 * 520 = 166mm

3
 Y = 0.8x = 0.8*166 = 133mm> 120mm
T-section analysis is required.
Mdf = (be-bw)hf fcd Zf
hf
Zf = d- = 520- 120 = 410mm
2 2
Mdf = (1200-350)*120*13.6*410*10-6
= 568.75kNm.
M df 568.75 * 10 6
Asf = = 3468mm2
Z f f yd 410 * 400

Asw = As-Asf = 5424-3468 = 1956mm2

a sw 1956
w = = 0.01075
bw d (350)(520)

Kw = mw = 36.76*0.01075 = 0.395<kxmax
Mdw = 0.8 bwd2 fcd kw (1-0.4kw)
= 0.8*350*5202*13.6*0.395*(1-0.4*0.395)*10-6
= 342.51kNm.
Md = Mdf + Mdw = 568.75 + 342.51
= 911.26kNm

Example 6.1

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A propped cantilever bam is subjected to a live load of 14kN/m an dead load of 5kN/m
(including self weight), both uniformly distributed. If it has a cross-section of 300 x
500mm,
(a) Determine the amounts of reinforcements at the critical sections.
(b) Show in sketch the curtailment and anchorage of the bars if only 30% of the +ve
reinforcements and 30% of the negative reinforcements are to be extended up to the
supports (see fig. below) use materials 16 for main reinforcement, 6 for stirrups of S-
400 and concrete of grade C-30.

300mm

300mm

300mm 300mm

7m

Solution
Material strengths:
C- 30 fcd = 13.6MPa.
S- 400 fyd = 348MPa.
16 and 6 are to be used.
Load:

DL 5kN / m
Pd = 1.3DL + 1.6LL = 28.90kN/m
LL 14kN / m
Analysis
28.90kNm

7m

Critical moments:

5
 wl 2 28.9 * 7 2
-ve BM , M =
8 8
+ve BM,
28.90kNm

R1 R2
177kNm

28.9 * 72 1
R2 = 177 = 75.86kN.
2 7

28.9 x 2 dM
Mx = 75.86X- 75.86-28.9X = 0
2 dx
75.86
X= = 2.625m
28.9
28.9 * 2.625 2
Mmax = 75.86 * 2.625- 99.56kNm
2
Amounts of reinforcements.
Assume d1 = 40mm d = D-d1
D = 500-40 = 460mm
dused = 460mm , d1 = 25+6+8 0 39mm< 40mm ok!
Check d
M
d=
0.8 f cd bk x max (1 0.4k x max )

177 * 10 6
d=
0.8 * 13.6 * 300 * 0.448 * (1.04 * 0.448)

d = 384mm < 460mmsafe.

-ve reinforcement M = 177kNm
M K
As = f d (1 0.4k ) or As = x bd
y x m
C1 = 2.5 C2 = 0.32fcd = 4.352
m = fyd/0.8fcd = 32

4M d 4 * 177 *10 6
Kx = 0.5 c1 c1 2 0.52.5 2.52
2

bd c 2 300 * 460 2 * 4.362

+ve reinforcement M = 99.56kNm

6

4 * 99.56 * 10 6

Kx = 0.5 2.5 2.5
2
2

300 * 360 * 4.352
= 0.1536 <Kxmax
0.1536
As = * 300*460 = 662mm2
32
662
# 16 = = 3.3
200
use 416 for max. Moment in the span.
Curtailment of bars:
Basic anchorage length
fyd
lb = for fck = 24MPa
4 fbd

fbd = 2.6MPa
fbd = 2fctd (EBES-2)
0.21 f 2 3
fbd = 2*
ck 0.28 f 0.28( 24) 2 3
1.5 ck

fbd = 2.33MPa.
16 348
lb = * =597mm
4 2.33
For ve reinforcement
As ,cal = 1251mm2
As,prov = 7*200 = 1400mm2
For straight anchorage a =1.0
As ,cal 1251
Lb,net = a lb = 597* = 533mm>d safe
As , prov 1400

But the column can accommodate only

16
300-(25+ ) = 267mm<533mm
2
Hence hooking is recommended:
a = 0.7
Lb,net = 0.7*533 = 373mm

Using 900 bend

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 267m
m

lt

Lt + 267 = lb,net = 373

Lt 373-267 106mm
Use lt = 110mm 5 = 80mm ok!
70% of ve reinforcements are to be curtailed only 30% are to be extended capable of
resisting 0.3Mneg. Location of curtailment.

28.9kmN
177kNm m
28.9 x 2
M = 177 + 126.44 X
2
M = 0.3*177
126.44kNm X

0.3*177 = 177+14.45X2-126.44X
X2-8.75X + 8.574 = 0

X=
1
2

8.75 8.75 2 4 * 8.574 = 1.124m

Cut off point from the face of support will be X + lb,net = 1124 + 533 = 1657mm
70% bar means 0.7*7 = 4,95 bars.
The length of these five bars:
lcut = 1657 + 267 + 110 = 2034mm.
Take lcut = 2040mm
1930m

110

Those bars extended to the end (2bars)

lend = (7000-25)+267+110+150 = 7502
Use lend = 7500
For +ve reinforcement
As,cal = 662mm2
As,prov = 4*200 = 800mm2
For straight anchorage a = 1.0

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 As ,cal 662
lb,net = alb 597 * = 494mm> d
As , prov 800

There are only 4 bars

Extending only 30% means # bars = 0.3*4 = 1.2< 2.
Ate least 2 bars must be extended this means 50% of the bars. Curtailment loation for
these 50% bars means, the moment M = 0.5Mpos.
Mpos = 99.56kNm
0.5Mpos = 177 + 14.45x2-126.44x
-0.5*99.56 = 177 + 14.45x2 -126.44x
X2-8.75X + 15.694 = 0

X=
1
2

8.75 8.75 2 4 *15.694
X1 = 2.52m, X2 = 6.23m
(left end) (right end)
The length of the two cut bars will be
Lcut = (x2-x1) + 2lb,net = (6.23-2.52)+2*0.494
4.70m.
The remaining 2 bars extended to the support are anchored similar to the ve
reinforcements.
Lend = 7.35m lb,net = 0.7*494 = 346mm.

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 Bar No. of Bar size Bar length Bar shape(mm)
type bars ,(mm) (mm)
1 5 16 2040 1930
110
2 2 16 7500 7390
110
3 2 16 4700
4700
4 2 16 7350
80
7270

Location of Zero moment from fixed support

M=0
0 = 177 + 14.45X2-126.44X
X2-8.75X+12.25 =

X=
1
2

1
8.75 8.75 2 4 * 12.25 (8.75 5.25)
2
= 1.75m
Except 2 bars which must extend up to support ends both positive and negative
reinforcements are cut by extending with lb,net from this location.

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