25. Ina game, Annaand Ingrid take turns at drawing, and immediately replacing, a ball from an urn containing three blue and four green balls. The game is won when Anna draws a blue ball, or when Ingrid draws a green ball. Anna goes first. Find the probability that: {a) Anna wins on her first: draw. (c) Anna wins in less than four of her turns, (b) Ingrid wins on her first. draw, (4) Anna wins the game. 26. A bag contains two green and two blue marbles. Marbles are drawn at random, one by ‘one, without replacement, until two green marbles have been drawn. {a) What is the probability that exactly three draws will be required? (b) If the marbles are replaced after each draw, and the first one drawn is green, find the probability that three draws will be required. 27. Prasad and Wilson are going to enlist in the Australian Army. The recruiting officer will be in town for seven consecutive days, starting on Monday and finishing the following Sunday. ‘The boys must nominate three consecutive days on which to attend the recruitment office. ‘They do this randomly and independently of one another. (a) By listing all the ways in which to choose the three consecutive days, find the proba- bility that they both go on Monday. (b) What is the probability that they meet at the recruitment office on ‘Tuesday for the first time? (c) Find the probability that Prasad and Wilson will not meet at the recruitment office (a) Hence find the probability that they will meet on at least one day at the recruitment office. 28, ‘There are iwo white and three black discs in a bag. Two players A and B are playing a game in which they draw a disc alternately from the bag and then replace it, Player A must draw a white disc to win and player B must draw a black disc. Player A goes first. Find the probability that: (a) player A wins on the first draw, (c} player A wins in less than four of her draws, (b) player B wins on her first draw, (4) player A wins the game. 29. A coin is tossed continuously until, for the first time, the same result appears twice in succession. That is, you continue tossing until you toss two heads or two tails in a row. {a) Find the probability that the game ends before the sixth toss of the coin, (b) Find the probability that an even number of tosses will be required. Exercise 106 1, Evaluate, using the formula "P, = 7 : G7 (a) ®P2 (©) *Ps (e) BPs (s) °Ps (b) 2°P2 (4) °P2 (8) 4 (i) Ps 2. List all the permutations of the letters of the word DOG. How many are there? P, taken three at a time. 1 all the permutations of the letters EPGHI, beginning with 4, Find how many arrangements of the letters of the word FRIEND are possible if the letters are taken: (a) four at a time, (b) six at a time.a 10. i. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 1. ind how many four-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 if: (a) no digit is to be repeated, (b) any of the digits can occur more than once. How many three-digit numbers can be formed using the 4, 5 and 6 if no digit can be repeated? How many of these are greater than 400? In how many ways can seven people be seated in a row of seven different chairs? Eight runners are part (a) In how many ways can they finish? ipating in a 400-metre race. (b) In how many ways can the gold, silver and bronze medals be awarded? (a) If you toss a coin and roll a die, how many outcomes are possible? (b) Ifyou toss two coins and roll three dice, how many outcomes are possible? A woman has four hats, three blouses, five skirts, two handbags and six pairs of shoes. In how many ways ean she be attired, assuming that she wears one of each item? Jack has six different football cards and Meg has another eight different football cards. In how many ways can one of Jack’s cards be exchanged for one of Meg’s cards? DEVELOPMENT In Sydney, phone numbers at present consist of eight digits, starting with the digit 9, (a) How many phone numbers are possible? (b) How many of these end in an odd number? (c) How many consist of odd digits only? (d) How many are there that do not contain a zero, and in which the consecutive digits alternate between odd and eve Users of automatic teller machines are required to enter a four-digit pin number. Find how many pin numbers: (a) are possible (c) consist of odd digits only, (b) consist of four distinct digits, (4) start and end with the same digit. (a) If repetitions are not allowed, how many four-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, ...8, 92 (>) How many of these end in 12 () How many are divisible by 5? (c) How many of these are even? __(e) How many are greater than 7000? Repeat the previons question if repetitions are allowed. how In Tasmania, a car licence plate consists of two letters followed by four digits many of these are possible: (a) if there are no restrictions, (b) if there is no repetition of letters or digits, (c) if the second letter is X and the third digit is 3, (4) if the letters are D and Q and the digits are 3, 6,7 and 9 (a) In how many ways can the letters of the word NUMBER be arranged? (b) How many begin with N? (c) How many begin with N and end with U? (d) In how many is the N somewhere to the left of the U?18. Find how many arrangements of the letters of the word UNIFORM are possible: (a) if the vowels must occupy the first, middle and last positions, (b) if the word must start with U and end with M, (c) if all the consonants must be in a group at the end of the word, (4) if the M is somewhere to the right of the U, 19. Find how many arrangements of the letters of the word BEHAVING: {a) end in NG, (b) begin with three vowels, (¢) have three vowels oceurring together. 20. In how many ways can three Maths books, six Science books and four English books be placed on a shelf, if the books relating to each subject are to be kept together? 21. A Maths test is to consist of six questions. In how many ways can it be arranged so that; (a) the shortest question is first and the longest question is last? (b) the shortest and longest questions are next to one another? 22, In how many ways can a boat crew of eight women be arranged if three of the women can only row on the bow side and two others can only row on the stroke side? 23. A motor bike can carry three people: the driver, one passenger behind the driver and one in the sidecar. If among five people, only two can drive, in how many ways can the bike be filled? 24, In Morse code, letters are formed by a sequence of dashes and dots, How many different letters is it possible to represent if a maximum of ten symbols are used? 25. Four boys and four girls are to sit ina row. Find how many ways this ean be done if (2) the boys and girls alternate, (b) the boys and girls sit in distinet groups. 26. Five-letter words are formed without repetition from the letters of PHTYSICAT. (a) How many consist only of consonants? (c) How many begin with a vowel? (b) How many begin with P and end with $7 (d) How many contain the letter Y? (e) How many have the two vowels occurring next to one another? (f) How many have the letter A immediately following the letter 12 27. (a) How many seven-letter words can be formed without repetition from the letters of the word INCLUDE? (b) How many of these do not begin with I? (c) How many end in L? (d) How many have the vowels and consonants alternating? (c) How many have the C immediately following the D? (1) How many have the letters N and D separated by exactly two letters? (g) How many have the letters N and D separated by more than two letters? 28. Repeat parts (a)-(d) of the previous question if repetition is allowed. 29. (a) Find in how many ways ten people can be arranged in a line: (i) without restriction, (Gi) if one particular person must sit at either end, (iii) if two particular people must sit next to one another, (iv) if neither of two particular people can sit on either end of the row. (b) Find in how many ways ean n people be placed in a row of n chair (i) if one particular person must be on either end of the row, (ii) if two particular people must sit next to one another, (il) if two of them are not permitted to sit at either end30. 1. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. Five boys and four girls form a queue at the cinema, ‘There are two brothers who want to stand together, the remaining three boys wish to stand together, and the four girls don’t ‘mind where they stand. In how many ways can the quene be formed? Eight people are to form two queues of four. In how many ways ean this be done ift (a) there are no restrictions? (b) Jim will only stand in the left hand queue? (c) Sean and Lian must stand in the same queue? (a) How many bers can be formed from the digits 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6? (b) How many of these numbers are greater than 56 432? (c) How many of these numbers are less than 56432? e-figure nun ‘There are eight swimmers in a race. Find in how many ways can they finish if there are no dead heats and the swimmer in Lane 2 finishes: (a) immediately after the swimmer in Lane 5, (b) after the swimmer in Lane 5. tions not allowed. (a) Integers are formed from the digits 2, 3, 4 and 5, with repe (3) How many such numbers are the (>) Repeat the two parts to this question if repetitions are allowed. (ii) How many of them are even? (a) How many five-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 if repeti- tions are not allowed? (b) How many of these are odd? (©) How many are divisible by 52 Five backpackers arrive in a city where there are five youth hostel (a) How many different accommodation arrangements are there if there are no restrictions ‘on where the backpackers stay’ (b) How many different accommodation arrangements are there if each backpacker stays at a different youth hostel? (c) Suppose that two of the backpackers are brother and sister and wish to stay in the same youth hostel. How many different accommodation arrangements are there if the other three can go to any of the other youth hostels? Numbers less than 4000 are formed from the digits 1, 3, 5, 8 and 9, without repetition. (a) How many such numbers ate there? (¢) How many of them are divisible by 5? (b) How many of them are odd? (4) How many of them are divisible by 3? (a) If °P, = 336, find the value of r. (b) 1 72"P, = 4°" P,, find n. nl (©) Using the result "Py = (5p, prove that G) "HP, = "P,P, (ii) "Pp = "FP. bar, abrir 1) "=P,Exercise 10F 1. Find the number of permutations of the following words if all the letters are used: (a) BOB (a) TASMANIA () EQUILATERAL. (>) ALAN () BEGINNER (8) COMMITTEE {) SNEEZE (1) FOOTBALLS (i) WOOLLOOMOOLOO 2. ‘The six digits 1, 1, 1, 2,2, 3 are used to form a six-digit number. How many numbers can be formed? 3. Six coins are lined up on a table. Find how many patterns are possible if there are: (a) five tails and one head, (b) four heads and two tails, (¢) three tails and three heads. Bight balls, identical except for colour, are arranged in a line. Find how many different arrangements are possible if (a) all balls are of a different colour, (b) there are seven red balls and one white ball, (c) there are six red balls, one white ball and one black ball, (4) there are three red balls, three white balls and two black balls. 5. Five identical green chairs and three identical red chairs are arranged in a row. Find how many arrangements are possible: (a) if there are no restrictions, (b) if there must be a green chair on either end.= © ier OF so 3 we i ) 3 ) 29 26(a) 5 4S © 2 rf 8 melee © jas @ 1 2 bh 28(a) 5, 8 29a) TE ( 34 g- we) eb Geb 1 gtb—2 turning point at g = 5 +3¥2 and minimum turn- ing point at g =5—3V2 (yj 3 green and 2 blue cor 4 green and 10 blue marbles i) maximum Exercise 10E (Page 417) ___ 11 30) 90 @) 6 4) G @) 120 24 | 15120 (1814400 2 There are 6: DOG, DGO, ODG, OGD, GOD, Gpo 3 PEG, FGE, PEH, PHE, PEI, FIE, FGH, HG, FGI, FIG, FHI, PU 419) 360 (8) 720 Bie) 120) 625 6 60, 36 7 5040 Bie) 10320 (0) 336 Sia) 12) B64 10 720 148 121) 107 to) 5 x 10° (@ 5” 32000 134) 10000 @) 5040 (@ 625 «@) 1000. Wa) 3024 () 336 (@ 1344 936 (@) 1008 16) 6561 () 720 (@) 2916 729 (@) 2187 16) 6760000 ©) 3276000 (6) 26.000 () 48 171) 720 (&) 120 (@ 24 (@) 360 (half of them) ti) 144 (@) 120 (@) 144 @) 2520 (half of the total) 1@) 720) 720 (@) 4820 20 622080 21a) 24) 240 22 1728 B24 24 2046 250) 1152 (b) 1152 269) 720) 120 1680 (4 4200) 960 0 480 279) 5040) 4320 @) 720 i) 144) 720 9 960 @ 1440 20a) 77 6x7? (7 fo Bx 44x B= Tx 18 2949) 3.628800) 725760 aa) 725760 () 2257920 @@ 2(n—1)! w) %n—1)! i (n= 2){n — 3)(n = 2) 30 8640 31) 40320) 20160 @ 172803za) 120) 24 @ 95 33(a) 5040 (b) 20160 aa(ay() 64 i) 332 (by) 340 i):«170 35a) 96 (by 36 (e) 24 36(a) 5° ways (b) 5! = 120 ways () 5x 4° = 320 ways 37(a) 133° (b) 104 (@) 29° (a) 50 38a) 3 (b) 3 Exercise 10F (Page 423) fla) 3 (b) 12 (c) 120 (d) 6720 ) 10080 () 90720 (9) 4989600 (nh 45360 (ji 25740 2 60 3a) 6 (b) 15 (eo) 20 4a) 40320 (b) 8 (ce) 56 (a 560 Bia) 56 (b) 20