cHapTER | ] The Passive CONTENTS 11-1 Forming the passive 11-5 Stative passive 11-2. Using the passive 11-6 Common stative passive verbs + 11-3 Indirect objects as passive subjects prepositions 11-4 The passive form of modals and 11-7 The passive with gee phrasal modals 11-8 Participial adj 11-1 FORMING THE PASSIVE In the passive, he objct of an active verb hecomes the bes ie subject of the passive verb: the boy in (a) becomes the active: (a)"Mary’ helped the boy. subject of the passive verb in (b). Notice that the subject of an active verb follows by in ww z > ‘ passive sentence. ‘The noun that follows by is called PASSIVE: (b) "The boy was helped’ by Mary. | the “agent.” In (b); Mary is the agent. (@) and (b) have the same meaning, subject ver __ object subject verb active: (c) An accident happened. Only transitive verbs (verbs that can be followed by an rassive: (4) (none) object) are used in the passive. It is not possible 10 use intransitive verbs (such as happen, sleep, come, seem) in the passive. (See Appendix Chart A-1, p. Al.) Form of the passive: be + past participle simple promt ——-Mary_—lps the boy. The boy is helped by Mary preent progressive Mary is helping the boy The boy és being helped by Mary. proient pejec* Mary has helped the boy ‘The boy has been helped by Mary. simple past Mary helped the boy. The boy was helped by Mary. past progresive Mary was helping the boy The boy was being helped by Mary. ast pret Mary had helped the boy ‘The boy had been helped by Mary simple fue Mary wil lp the boy. ‘The boy ill be helped by Mary. be going Mary is going to help the boy The boy is going to be helped by Mary. furure peje” Mary. will have helped the boy ‘The boy sil have been helped by Mary. (©) Was the boy helped by Mary? In the question form of passive verbs, an auxiliary (A) Is the boy being helped by Mary? verb precedes the subject. (See Appendix Chart B-1, (@) Has the boy boon helped by Mary? 'p.AB, for information about question forms.) “The progressive forms of the present perf, past er ‘Future, a fare perf ave very rarely used i the pasive 208Cl EXERCISE 1. Forming the passive. (Chart 11-1) Directions: Change the active to the passive 1 2, 3. 10. i 12. ‘Tom opens the door. Tom is opening the door. ‘Tom has opened the door. |. Tom opened the door. Tom was opening the door. . Tom had opened the door. . Tom will open the door. . Tom is going 19 open the door. . Tom will have opened the door. IsTom opening the door? Did'Tom open the door? Hos'Tom opened the door? ‘The door The door The door ‘The door ‘The door ‘The door ‘The door ‘The door ‘The door Cl EXERCISE 2. Forming the passive. (Chart 11-1) PART 1. Change the active to passive. 1 2. 3. - Two horses were pulling Shakespeare wrote that play. + That play was written by Shakespeare. Waitresses and waiters serve customers. ‘The teacher is going to explain the lesson. |. Shirley has suggested a new idea, Bill will invite Ann to the party. . Alex is preparing that report. the farmer’s wagon. is opened by Tom, the door the door the door by Tom. by Tom. — by Tom. by Tom, byTom. by Tom. byTom. by Tom. by Tom? by Tom? by Tom? na f a The Passive 2098. Kathy had returned the book to the library. 9. By this time tomorrow, the president sll have made the announcement. 10. I didn’t erite that note. Jim wrote it. 11. Alice didn’t make that pie, Did Mrs. French make i? 12. Does Prof. Jackson teach that course? I know that Prof. Adams doesn’t teach it. 13, Mrs. Andrews hasn't signed those papers yet. Has Mr. Andrews signed them yet? 14. Is Mr. Brown painting your house? 15, His tricks toon’t foo! me. PART It, Change the passive to active, 16, ‘That sentence was written by Omar. 17. Our papers are going to be collected by the teacher. 18. Was the electric light bulb invented by Thomas Edison? 19, The speed limit on Highway 5 isn’t obeyed by most drivers. 20. Have you been informed of a proposed increase in our rent by the building superintendent? CO EXERCISE 3. Forming the passive. (Chart 11-1) Directions: Change the active to passive if possible. Some verbs are intransitive and cannot be changed. 1, A strange thing happened yesterday. (no change) 2, Jackie scored the winning goal. -+ The winning goal was scored by Jackie, 3, My cat died. 4, Lagree with Dr. Tkeda’s theory. 5, Dr. Ikeda developed that theory. 6. Timmy dropped the cup. 7. The cup fell to the floor. 8, The assistant manager interviewed me. 9, It rained hard yesterday. 10. A hurricane destroyed the small fishing village. 11, Dinosaurs existed millions of years ago. 12, A large vase stands in the corner of our front hallway. 13, The children seemed happy when they went to the zoo. 14, After class, one of the students always erases the chalkboard. 210 CHAPTER 1115. 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. 21 22, ‘The solution to my problem appeared to me in a dream, Our plan succeeded at last. Barbara traveled to Uganda last year. Lightning didn’t cause the fire. A special committee is going to settle the dispute. Did the army surround the enemy? ‘What happened in class yesterday? ‘The Persians invented windmills around 1500 years ago, (a) Rice és grown in India, Usually the passive is used without a by-phrase. The passive is most (b) Our house was builtin 1980. frequently used when itis not known oF not important to know (©) This olive oil was imported from Crete. exactly who performs en action. In (a): Rice is grown in India by people, by farmers, by someone. It is not known or important to know exactly who grows rice in India (a), (b), and (c) illustrate the most common use of the passive i without the by-phrase. (@) Life on the Mississippi was written | The by-phrase is included only if tis important to know who bby Mark Twain. performs an action, as in (d), where by Mark Tiwain is important information. (@) My aunt made this rug, (active) If the speaker knows who performs an action, usually the active is (8) This rug was made by my aunt ‘Sometimes, even when the speaker knows who performs an action, used, asin (e) ‘That rug was made by my mother. | sthe chooses to use the passive with the ey-phrase because s/he wants to focus attention on the subject of a sentence. In (f):The focus of attention is on two rags. EXERCISE 4. Using the passive. (Charts 11-1 and 11-2) Directions: Discuss why the use of the passive is appropriate in the sentences. For purposes of comparison, form possible active equivalents, and discuss probable reasons why the speakersiwriters would choose to use the passive. L My sweater was made in England. . The new highway will be completed sometime next month. Language skills are taught in every school in the country. Beethoven's Seventh Symphony was performed at the concert last night. ‘The World Cup soccer games are being televised all over the world this year. The Passive 2116. This composition was written by Ali. That one was written by Yoko. ‘The Washington Monument is visited by hundreds of people every day. 8. Bananas originated in Asia but now are grown in the tropics of both hemispheres of the world. They were introduced to the Americas in 1516. 9. Ink has been used for writing and drawing throughout history. No one knows when the first ink was developed. The ancient Egyptians and Chinese made ink from various natural substances, such as berries, soot, and tree bark. Through the centuries, thousands of different formulas have been developed for ink. Most ink today is made from synthetic chemicals. 10. The chief writing material of ancient times was papyrus. It was used in Egypt, Greece, and other Mediterranean lands. Parchment, another writing material that was widely used in ancient times, was made from the skins of animals such as sheep and goats. After the hair had been removed, the skins were stretched and rubbed smooth so that they could be written on. Paper, the main writing material today, was invented by the Chinese. CO EXERCISE 5. Using the passive. (Charts 11-1 and 11-2) Directions: Change the active sentences to passive sentences if possible. (Some of the verbs are intransitive and cannot be changed.) Keep the same tense. Include the by-phrase only ifmecessary. People grow corn in Towa. > Corn is grown in Towa, . Peter came here two months ago. (no change) Someone made this antique table in 1734. . An accident happened at the corner of Fifth and Main. . Someone stole my purse. ‘Someone was making the coffee when I walked into the kitchen. ‘Translators have translated that book into many languages. Jim’s daughter drew that picture. My son drew this picture. 9, The judges will judge the applicants on the basis of their originality. 10, My sister’s plane will arrive at 10:35. 11, Is Professor Rivers teaching that course this semester? 12, When did someone invent the radio? 13, The mail carrier had already delivered the mail by the time left for school this morning. 14, When is someone going to announce the results of the contest? 15. After the concert was over, hundreds of fans mobbed the rock music star outside the theater. 16. Ever since I arrived here, I have been living in the dormitory because someone told me that it was cheaper to live there than in an apartment. 17. They* are going to build the new hospital next year. They have already built the new elementary school 18. If you* expose a film to light while you are developing it, you will ruin the negative. "in Item 17, they san impersonal pronoun; it refers to “some people” but to no people in particular. Te Item 18, you isan impersonal pronoun; it refers to any person or people in general. See Chart 8-5, p. 140 212 CHAPTER 1111-3 INDIRECT OBJECTS AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS 10. Do. (a) Someone gave "Mrs. Lee (>) Mrs, Lee was given an award, indiect object; D.O. = direct object Either an indirect object or a direct object may become the subject of a passive sentence, (@), (6), (©), and (4) have the same meaning D0. 10. (©) Someone gave “an award’ to Mrs. Lee ‘Notice in (4): When the direct object becomes the subject, £0 is (@ An award was given to Mrs. Lee usually kept in front of the indirect object." "The omission of to is more common in British English chan American English An atand war given Me. Lee (1 EXERCISE 6. Indirect objects as passive subjects. (Chart 11-3) Divections: Find the indirect object in each sentence and make it the focus of attention by using it as the subject of a passive sentence. Use the by-phrase only if necessary. 1, Someone handed Ann a menu at the restaurant. (indirect object = Ann) + Ann was handed a menu at the restaurant. 2. Indiana University has awarded Peggy a scholarship. 3. Some company paid Fred three hundred dollars in consulting fees for a job he did last week. 4. Someone has given Maria a promotion at her job as a computer programmer at Microsoft 5. They will send you a bill at the end of the month. 6, Someone will give the starving people a week’s supply of rice as soon as the food supplies arrive in the famine-stricken area, (1 EXERCISE 7. Using the passive. (Charts 11-1 + 11-3) Directions: Change active to passive. Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class. Example: SPEAKER A (book open). SPEAKER B (book closed) Someone built that house ten years ago. ‘That house was built ten years ago. 1. Someone invited you to a party. 7, Someone is going to serve dinner at 2. People grow rice in many countries. six. 3. Someone is televising the game. 8. Someone will announce the news 4. Teachers teach reading in the first tomorrow. rade. 9, Someone has made a mistake. 5. Someone told you to be here at ten, 10. The teacher is giving a test in the 6. Someone made that hat in Mexico. next room right now. The Passive 2131 EXERCISE 8. Using the passive. (Charts 11-1 + 11-3) Directions: Form groups of three. Speaker A: Your book is open. Give the first cue to Speaker B. Speaker B: Your book is closed. Change the cue to a passive sentence. Speaker A: Give the second cue, a question. Speaker C: Your book is closed. Answer the question, using the passive if possible. Examples: SPEAKER A (book open): Someone stole your watch. SPEAKER B (book closed): My watch was stolen, SPEAKER A (book open): What happened to (. . .)’s watch? SPEAKER € (book closed): It was stolen. SPEAKER A (book open): People speak Arabic in many countries. SPEAKER B (book closed): Arabic is spoken in many countries. SPEAKER A (book open): Is Arabic a common language? SPEAKER C (book closed): Yes. It is spoken in many countries. 1. Ist-ewe: Someone stole your pen 2nd cue: What happened to (.. .)’s pen? 2. Ist cue: People speak Spanish in many countries. 2nd exe: Is Spanish a common language? 3. Ist cue: People play soccer in many countries. 2nd cue: Is soccer a popular sport? 4, Ist cue: Mark Twain wrote that book. 2nd cue: Who is the author of that book? 5. Ist cue: You went to a movie last night, but it bored you. 2nd cue: Why did (...) leave the movie before it ended? 6. Ist cue: Someone returned your letter. 2nd cue: (...) sent a letter last week, but he/she put the wrong address on it. What happened to the letter? 7. Ist cue: Someone established this schoo! in 1950. 2nd cue: How long has this school been in existence? Switch roles. 8. Ist cue: Someone robbed the bank. 2nd cue: What happened to the bank? 9. Ist cue: The police caught the bank robber. 2nd cue: Did the bank robber get away? 10. Ist cue: A judge sent the bank robber to jail. 2nd cue: What happened to the bank robber? 11, Istcue: ‘The government requires international students to have visas. 2nd cue: Is it necessary for international students to have visas? 12, Ist ewe: Someone had already made the coffee by the time you got up this morning 2nd cue: Did (...) have to make the cofie when he/she got up? 13. Ist cue: Something confused you. 2nd cue: Why did (...) ask you a question? 14, Ist cue: Someone discovered gold in California in 1848, 2nd cue: What happened in California in 1848? 214 CHAPTER 11Siwitch roles. 15, Ist cue: Tread about a village in the newspaper. Terrorists attacked the village. 2nd cue: What happened to the village? 16, Ist cue: People used candles for light in the 17th century. 2nd cue: Was electricity used for light in the 17th century? 17. Ist cue: The pilot flew the hijacked plane to another country. 2nd cue: What happened to the hijacked plane? 18. Ist cue: When you had car trouble, a passing motorist helped you. 2nd cue: Yesterday (.. .) was driving down (Highway 40) when suddenly her/his car started to make a terrible noise. So she/he pulled over to the side of the road. ‘Then what happened? 19, Ist cue: ‘There is a party tomorrow night. Someone invited you to go. 2nd cue: Is (...) going to the party? 20. Ist ewe: You wanted to buy a chair, but you needed time to make up your mind. Finally you decided to buy it, but someone had already sold the chair by the time you returned to the store. 2nd cue: Did (. ..) buy the chair? 1 EXERCISE 9. Using the passive. (Charts 11-1 11-3) Directions: Use the words in the list 10 complete these passive sentences. Use any appropriate tense. build frighten report cause vinvent spell confuse pall surprise divide offer surround expect order wear 1. The electric light bulb ___was invented __ by Thomas Edison. 2. An island by water. 3, The ~ing form of “sit” with a double t. 4, Even though construction costs are high, a new dormitory next year. 5, The class was too lange, so it into two sections. 6. A bracelet around the wrist 7. The Johnsons’ house burned down, According to the inspector, the fire by lightning. 8, Algot a ticket for reckless driving. When he went to traffic court, he to pay a large fine. The Passive 2159, Tread about a hunter who accidently by another hunter, 10. The hunter’s fatal accident in the newspaper yesterday. 11, Ididn’t expect Lisa to come to the meeting last night, but she was there. I to see her. 12, Last week I job at a local bank, but I didn’t accept it. 13. The children in the middle of the night when they heard strange noises in the house 14, Could you explain this math problem to me? Yesterday in class I by the teacher’s explanation, is the plane going to be late? No. It ______ to be on time. Cl EXERCISE 10. Using the passive. (Charts 11-1 -- 11-3) Directions: Use either active or passive, in any appropriate tense, for the verbs in parentheses. 1, The Amazon valley is extremely important to the ecology of the earth. Forty percent of the world’s oxygen (produce) there. 2. Right now Roberto is in the hospital.* He (reat) for a bad burn on his hand and arm. 3. The game (win, probably) by the other team. tomorrow. They're a lot better than we are. 4. There was a terrible accident on a busy downtown street yesterday. Dozens of people (see) it, including my friend, who (interview) by the police. 5, In my country, certain prices, such as the price of medical supplies, (control) by the government. Other prices (determine) by how much consumers are willing to pay for a product. 6. Yesterday a purse-snateher (catch) by a dog. While the thief (chase) by the police, he (jump) over a fence into someone's yard, where he encountered a ferocious dog. The dog (keep) ____ the thief from escaping. “in the hospital = American English; in horpial = British English 216 CHAPTER 117. The first fish (appear) on the earth about 500 million years ago. Up to now, more than 20,000 kinds of fish (name) and (describe) by scientists. New species (discover) every year, so the total increases continually. 8, Richard Anderson is a former astronaut. Several years ago, when he was 52, Anderson. inform) by his superior at an aircraft corporation that he could no longer be a test pilot. He (tell) _______ that he was being relieved of his duties because of his age. Anderson took the corporation to court for age discrimination. 9. Frostbite may occur when the skin expose) to extreme cold. It most frequently (affect)* the skin of the cheeks, chin, ears, fingers, nose, and toes. 10. In 1877, a network of lines (discover) on the surface of Mars The astronomer (call) these lines “channels,” but when the Italian word (translate) by an Italian astronomer, Giovanni Schiapareli, into English, it became “canals.” As a result, some people thought the lines were waterways that (build) ______ by some unknown creatures, We now know that the lines are not really canals. Canals (exist, not) on Mars. 11. Carl Gauss (recognize) as a mathematical genius when he was ten. One day a professor gave him an arithmetic problem. Carl (ask) to add up all the numbers from 1 to 100 (I +2+3 +445, etc). It (take) hhim only eight seconds to solve the problem. How could he do it so quickly? Can you do it quickly? Carl could do it quickly because he (know) that each pair of numbers — 1 plus 100, 2 plus 99, 3 plus 98, and so on to 50 plus 51 — equaled 101 So he (multiply) 50 times 101 and (come) up with the answer: 5,050, ‘verb (exes The eather act my moods) st noun (esp The neather hat an eft on my moods) The Passive 21712. Captain Cook, a British navigator, was the first European to reach Australia’s east coast. While his ship was lying off Australia, his sailors (bring) a strange animal on board. Cook wanted to know the name of this unusual creature, so he (send) hhis men ashore to ask the native inhabitants. When the natives (ask) in impromptu sign language to name the animal, they said, “Kangaroo.” The sailors, of course, believed “kangaroo” was the animal’s name. Years later, the truth (discover) “Kangaroo” means “What did you say?” But today the animal (call, still) ‘a kangaroo in English. 11-4 THE PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS AND PHRASAL MODALS THE PASSIVEFORM: modal” + be + past participle (@) Tom will be invited to the picnic, (©) The window can't be opened. (©) Children’ should be taught to respect their elders. @ May! be excused —_from class? (©). This book had better be returned —_ to the library before Friday. (8) This leteer ought to be sent before June Ist (g) Mary hasto be told about our change in plans. Fred issupposedto be told about the meeting. ‘THE PAST-PASSIVE FORM: modal + have been + past participle (i) The letter should have been sent __last week. Gj). This house ‘must have been built over 200 years ago. (i) Jack ought to have been invited to the party. "See Chapters 9 and 10 fora discusion ofthe form, meaning, and wse of modals and phrasal modls 218 CHAPTER 11Cl EXERCISE 11. Passive modals. (Chart 11-4) Directions: Complete the sentences with the given words, active or passive. 1. James (should + tell) __shoula be tolA___ the news as soon as possible. 2. Someone (should + well) __shoulA tell_ James the news immediately 3. James (should + tel) should have been told _ the news a long time ago. 4, Meat (must + keep) —____ in a refrigerator or it will spoil. 5. You (must + keep) ___ meat in a refrigerator or it will spoil 6. We tried, but the window (couldn’t + open) = Itwas painted shut, 7. I tried, but I (couldn't + open) ___ the window. 8. Good news! I (may + offer) a job soon. Thad an interview at an engineering firm yesterday. 9. Chris has good news. The engineering firm where she had an interview yesterday (may + offer) her a job soon. 10. L hope Chris accepts our job offer, but I know she’s been having interviews with several companies. She (may + already + offert) a job by a competing firm before we made our offer. 11. A competing firm (may + already + offer*) Chris a job before we made our offer. 12, The class for next semester is too large. It (ought to + divide) ____ i half, but there’s not enough money in the budget to hire another teacher. 13, Last semester's class was too large. It (ought to + divide) in half. 14. These books (have to + return) ___ to the library by tomorrow. 15. Polly (have to + return) ____________ these books by next Friday. If she doesn’t return them, she (will + have 10 + pay) a fine to the library. 7A midsentence adverb such as already may be placed after the First auiliary (eg. migh already have come) ‘oF after the second aussiry (eq, might have area come). The Passive 21916. A: Andy, your chores (had better + finish) by the time I get home, including taking out the garbage. B: Don't worry, Mom. P'll do everything you told me to do. 17. A: Andy, you (had better + finish) your chores before ‘Mom gets home. B: I know. Pll do them in a minute. I’m busy right now. 18. This application (be supposed to + send) to the personnel department soon. 19. Ann’s birthday was on the 5th, and today is the 8th. Her birthday card (should + send) a week ago. Maybe we'd better give her a call 0 wish her a belated happy birthday. 20. A: Ann didn’t expect to see her boss at the labor union meeting. B: She (must + surprise) when she saw him, A She was. (EXERCISE 12. Passive modals. (Chart 11-4) Directions: Use the verb in parentheses with the modal or phrasal modal that sounds best to you. All of the sentences are passive. 1. The entire valley (see) ___Cam be seen __ from their mountain home, 2. He is wearing a gold band on his fourth finger. He (marry) 3. According to our teacher, all of our compositions (write) in ink, He won’t accept papers written in pencil. 4. I found this book on my desk when I came to class. It (eave) by one of the students in the earlier class. 5. Five of the committee members will be unable to attend the next meeting. In my opinion, the meeting (postpone) 6. A child (give, mor) _________ everything he or she wants. 7. Your daughter has a good voice. Her interest in singing (encourage) 8. Try to speak slowly when you give your speech. If you don’t, some of your words (misunderstand) 220 CHAPTER 119, 10. u 12, 13. 4. 15. Some UFO sightings (explain, not) easily. They are inexplicable. ‘What? You tripped over a chair at the party and dropped your plate of food into a ‘woman’s lap? You (embarrass) . She is very lazy. If you want her to do anything, she (push) The hospital in that small town is very old and can no longer serve the needs of the community. A new hospital (build) years ago. Blue whales and other endangered species (save) from extinction. Do you agree? We can’t wait any longer! In my opinion, Ms. Hansen (elec) ymething (do) honest, knowledgeable, and competent. ] EXERCISE 13. Passive modals. (Chart 11-4) Directions: Create dialogues that include one (or more) of the given vero phrases. Use other passive modals if you can. Present your dialogues to the class. should have been changed must be submitted ‘ought to have been told could have been damaged will be announced 6 7, 8, 9. 0. . may be required . must have been surprised . had better be sent fare supposed to be worn 10. can’t be estimated immediately! because she is The Passive 221CO EXERCISE 14. Using the passive. (Charts 11-1 > 11-4) Directions: Use active or passive, in any appropriate tense, for the verbs in parentheses. 10. It’s noon. The mail should be here soon. It (deliver, usually) sometime between noon and one o'clock. Only five of us (work) in the laboratory yesterday when the explosion (occur) - Luckily, no one (hurt) I was supposed to take a test yesterday, but I (admit, not) — to the testing room because the examination (begin, already) Before she graduated last May, Susan (offer, already) a position with a law firm. Right now a student trip to the planetarium (organize) by Mrs. Hunt. You can sign up for it at her office. . He is a man whose name will go down in history. He (forget, never) As Yesterday (be) a terrible day. B: What (happen) A: First, I (flunk) —___a test, or at least I think I did. Then I (drop) my books while I (walk) across campus, and they (fall) into a mud puddle. And finally, my bicycle (eal) B: You should have stayed in bed. Yesterday we went to look at an apartment. I really liked it, but by the time we got there, it (rent, already) During the family celebration, the little boy was erying because he (ignore) He needed some attention, too. A: Where (buy, you) ‘that beautiful necklace? B: I (buy; not) it, It (give) to me for my birthday. (ou, like) ie 222 CHAPTER 1111, The sun is just one of billions of stars in the universe. As it travels through space, it (circle) by many other celestial bodies. The nine known planets (hold) in orbit by the sun’s gravitational field. ‘The planets, in turn, (circle) by their own satellites, or moons. 12. Early inhabitants of this region (orship*) the sun and the moon. We know this from the jewelry, sculptures, and other artwork archaeologists have found. 13. Since the beginning of the modern industrial age, many of the natural habitats of plants and animals (destroy) —__ by industrial development and pollution. 14, The Olympic Games began more than 2,000 years ago in Olympia, a small town in Greece. At that time, only Greek men (allow) © compete. People of other nationalities (invite, not) to participate, and women (forbid) to set foot in the area where the games (hold) 15. Ever since it (build) three centuries ago, the Taj Mahal in ‘Agra, India, (describe, often) as the most ‘beautiful building in the world. It (design) —__ by a Turkish architect, and it (take) _____ 20,000 workers 20 years to complete it. 16. The photography competition that is taking place at the art museum today Gjudge) by three well-known photographers. I've entered, three of my pictures and have my fingers crossed. The results (announce) later this afternoon, “Speling nove: worshiped or worshipped = American English ‘sonhipped = British English The Passive 223(1 EXERCISE 15. Activity: the passive. (Charts 11-1 + 11-4) Directions: Write a fil-in-the-blanks grammar exercise of 10 (or more) items on active vs. passive verb forms. Choose from the given subjects and verbs. Give your exercise to a Classmate to complete. Example: (name of a person) \ofter Possible item: When Sally (offer) —————— a job at Microsoft last week, she happily (accepy) —_ it. 1. (name of language) \ speak 15. (kind of car) \ manufacture 2. (name of a person) \ speak 16. computer \ cost 3. (Rind of game) \ play 17. newspaper \ sell 4, my friends and I\ play 18. I\ eat 5. earthquake \ occur 19. (name of a person) \ respect 6. news! report 20, friend \ agree 7. food \ serve 21. bride \ kiss 8, dark cloud \ appear 22, 1\ influence 9. jeans \ wear 23, movie \ show 10. students \ wear 24. tice \ cook 11. bill \ pay 25, rule \ obey 12. I\ pay 26, damage \ cause 13. (name of a thing) \ invent 27. automobile accident \ happen 14. (name of a placelthing) \ discover Ci EXERCISE 16. Using the passive. (Charts 11-1 + 11-4) Directions: Change the verbs to the passive as appropriate. Discuss why you decide that certain verbs should be in the passive but others should remain active (1) Paper isa common material. Pode ESA everywhere in the world. Throughout history, people have made it from various plants, such as rice and papyrus, but today wood is the chief source of paper. In the past, people made paper by hand, but now machines do most of the work.* Today people make paper from wood pulp by using either a mechanical or a chemical process. (2) In the mechanical process, someone grinds the wood into small chips. During the grinding, someone sprays it with water to Keep it from burning from the friction of the grinder, Then someone soaks the chips in water. (3) In the chemical process, first someone washes the wood, and then someone cuts it into small pieces in a chipping machine. ‘Then someone cooks the chips in certain chemicals. After someone cooks the wood, someone washes it to get rid of the chemicals. “Whether oF not to use the passive in the sccond half of this sentence isa stylistic choice. Bither the active or the passive can appropriately be used, Some writers might peter the pasive so that both halves ofthe sentence are parallel in structure 224 CHAPTER 11