Preface

Adeept is a technical service team of open source software and hardware.

Dedicated to applying the Internet and the latest industrial technology in open
source area, we strive to provide best hardware support and software service for
general makers and electronic enthusiasts around the world. We aim to create
infinite possibilities with sharing. No matter what field you are in, we can lead you
into the electronic world and bring your ideas into reality.

This is an entry-level learning kit for Arduino. Some common electronic

components and sensors are included. Through the learning, you will get a better
understanding of Arduino, and be able to make fascinating works based on
Arduino.

If you have any problems for learning, please contact us at [email protected],

or please ask questions in our forum www.adeept.com. We will do our best to help
you solve the problem.
Component List
NO. Name Picture Qty

Adeept UNO R3 Board

1 1
(Arduino UNO)

ADXL345 Acceleration
2 1
Sensor

3 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor 1

4 IR Receiver HX1838 1

5 Remote Controller 1

6 PS2 Joystick Module 1

7 Relay 1

8 Stepper Motor 1
 ULN2003-based Stepper
9 1
Motor Driver

DHT-11 Temperature &

10 1
Humidity Sensor

11 LED Bar Graph 1

12 Active Buzzer 1

13 Passive Buzzer 1

14 PIR Movement Sensor 1

15 Servo 1

Analog Temperature
16 2
Sensor(Thermistor)

Breadboard Power Supply

17 1
Module
18 4*4 Matrix Keyboard 1

19 DC Motor 1

20 L9110 Motor Driver 1

21 LCD1602 1

22 Dot-matrix Display 1

23 7-segment Display 1

24 4-digit 7-segment Display 1

25 NE555 Timer 1

26 74HC595 2
27 Light Sensor(Photoresistor) 2

28 Tilt Switch 2

29 Switch 2

30 RGB LED 1

31 Red LED 8

32 Green LED 4

33 Yellow LED 4

34 Blue LED 4

35 Resistor(220) 16
36 Resistor(1K) 10

37 Resistor(10K) 10

38 Potentiometer(10K) 2

39 Capacitor(104) 5

40 Capacitor(10uF) 4

41 Button(Large) 4

42 Button(Small) 8

43 Button Cap(Red) 1

44 Button Cap(White) 1
45 Button Cap(Blue) 2

46 NPN Transistor(8050) 2

47 PNP Transistor(8550) 2

48 1N4148 Diode 2

49 1N4001 Diode 2

50 Battery Holder 1

51 Breadboard 1

52 USB Cable 1

53 Male to Male Jumper Wires 40

54 Male to Female Jumper Wires 20

55 Header(40 pin) 1

56 Band Resistor Card 1

 Contents

About Arduino..........................................................................................................................- 1 -

About Processing................................................................................................................... - 2 -

Lesson 1 Blinking LED......................................................................................................... - 3 -

Lesson 2 Active Buzzer....................................................................................................... - 8 -

Lesson 3 Controlling an LED by a Button................................................................ - 12 -

Lesson 4 Controlling a Relay.......................................................................................... - 17 -

Lesson 5 Serial Port............................................................................................................ - 20 -

Lesson 6 LED Flowing Lights..........................................................................................- 25 -

Lesson 7 LED Bar Graph Display.................................................................................. - 28 -

Lesson 8 Breathing LED....................................................................................................- 31 -

Lesson 9 Controlling an RGB LED by PWM..............................................................- 34 -

Lesson 10 Playing Music...................................................................................................- 37 -

Lesson 11 LCD1602 Display........................................................................................... - 40 -

Lesson 12 A Simple Voltmeter...................................................................................... - 44 -

Lesson 13 7-segment Display........................................................................................- 47 -

Lesson 14 A Simple Counter.......................................................................................... - 50 -

Lesson 15 Controlling a Servo.......................................................................................- 53 -

Lesson 16 Measuring Temperature by a Thermistor......................................... - 56 -

Lesson 17 IR Remote Controller.................................................................................. - 59 -

Lesson 18 Temperature & Humidity Sensor DHT-11......................................... - 63 -

Lesson 19 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor...................................................................... - 67 -

Lesson 20 3-axis AccelerometerADXL345...........................................................- 69 -

Lesson 21 4x4 Matrix Keypad....................................................................................... - 75 -

Lesson 22 Controlling DC motor.................................................................................. - 79 -

Lesson 23 PS2 Joystick..................................................................................................... - 84 -

Lesson 24 Tilt Switch......................................................................................................... - 86 -

Lesson 25 Dot-matrix Display....................................................................................... - 89 -

Lesson 26 Controlling Stepper Motor........................................................................ - 93 -

Lesson 27 Photoresistor...................................................................................................- 96 -

Lesson 28 Automatically Tracking Light Source...................................................- 99 -

Lesson 29 Frequency Meter..........................................................................................- 101 -

Lesson 30 Intrusion Detection based on the PIR..............................................- 106 -

Lesson 31 Controlling a Relay by IR Remote Controller................................- 108 -

Lesson 32 Controlling an RGB LED by IR Remote Controller...................... - 110 -

Lesson 33 Controlling a Stepper Motor by IR Remote Controller............. - 111 -

Lesson 34 Controlling the Size of a Circle by Potentiometer.......................- 114 -

Lesson 35 Controlling the 3D Model by PS2 Joystick...................................... - 123 -

Lesson 36 Snake Game................................................................................................... - 126 -

Lesson 37 Star Wars.........................................................................................................- 129 -

 About Arduino

What is Arduino?

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software. It's intended for anyone making interactive projects.

ARDUINO BOARD

Arduino senses the environment by receiving inputs from many sensors, and
affects its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators.

ARDUINO SOFTWARE

You can tell your Arduino what to do by writing code in the Arduino
programming language and using the Arduino development environment.

Before the development of Arduino program, the first thing you have to do is to
install Arduino IDE software. The software provides you with the basic
development environment that is required for developing Arduino program.
You need the following URL to download Arduino IDE:
http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software

For different operating system platforms, the way of using Arduino IDE is
different. Please refer to the following links:
Windows Userhttp://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Windows
Mac OS X Userhttp://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/MacOSX
Linux Userhttp://playground.arduino.cc/Learning/Linux

For more detailed information about Arduino IDE, please refer to the following
link:
http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage

-1-
 About Processing
What is Processing?

Processing is a programming language, development environment, and online

community. Since 2001, Processing has promoted software literacy within the
visual arts and visual literacy within technology. Initially created to serve as a
software sketchbook and to teach computer programming fundamentals
within a visual context, Processing evolved into a development tool for
professionals. Today, there are tens of thousands of students, artists,
designers, researchers, and hobbyists who use Processing for learning,
prototyping, and production.
Free to download and open source
Interactive programs with 2D, 3D or PDF output
OpenGL integration for accelerated 3D
For GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows
Over 100 libraries extend the core software

PROCESSING SOFTWARE

Download Processing:
https://www.processing.org/download/
For more detailed information about Processing IDE, please refer to the
following link:
https://www.processing.org/reference/environment/

-2-
 Lesson 1 Blinking LED
Overview

In this tutorial, we will start the journey of learning Arduino UNO. To begin,
let's learn how to make an LED blink.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * 220 Resistor
- 1 * LED
- 1 * Breadboard
- 2 * Jumper Wires

Principle

In this lesson, we will program the Arduino's GPIO output high level (+5V) and
low level (0V), and then make the LED which is connected to the Arduinos
GPIO flicker with a certain frequency.
1. What is the LED?

The LED is the abbreviation of light emitting diode. It is usually made of

gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide semiconductor materials. The LED has
two electrodes: a positive electrode and a negative one. It lights up only when
a forward current passes, and it can flash red, blue, green, yellow, etc. The
color of the light depends on the material it is made.

In general, the drive current for LED is 5-20mA. Therefore, in reality it usually
needs an extra resistor for current limitation so as to protect the LED.

-3-
2. What is resistor?

The main function of the resistor is to limit currents. In the circuit, the
character R represents resistor, and the unit of resistor is ohm().

A band resistor is used in this experiment. It is a resistor with a surface coated

with some particular color through which the resistance can be identified
directly.

There are two methods for connecting LED to pins of an Arduino board:

As shown in the schematic diagram, the anode of the LED is connected to

Arduinos GPIO via a resistor, and the cathode to the ground (GND). When the
GPIO outputs high level, the LED is on; when it outputs low, the LED is off.

The resistance of a current-limiting resistor is calculated as follows: 5~20mA

current is required to make an LED on, and the output voltage of the Arduino
UNOs GPIO is 5V, so we can get the resistance:

R = U / I = 5V / (5~20mA) = 250~1k

Since an LED is a resistor itself, here we use a 220ohm resistor.

As shown in the schematic diagram above, the anode of LED is connected to

VCC(+5V), and the cathode of LED is connected to the Arduinos GPIO. When
the GPIO output low level, the LED is on; when the GPIO output high level, the
LED is off.

The experiment is made based on method use pin D8 of the Arduino board
to control an LED. When D8 is programmed to output high level, the LED will
be turned on. Next, delay for some time. Then D8 is programmed to output
low level to turn the LED off. Repeat the above process and you can get a
blinking LED then.
3. Key functions:

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setup()

The setup() function is called when a sketch starts. Use it to initialize variables,
pin modes, start using libraries, etc. The setup function will only run once,
after each powerup or reset of the Arduino board.

loop()

After creating a setup() function, which initializes and sets the initial values,
the loop() function does precisely what its name suggests, and loops
consecutively, allowing your program to change and respond. Use it to actively
control the Arduino board.

pinMode()

Configures the specified pin to behave either as an input or an output.

As of Arduino 1.0.1, it is possible to enable the internal pullup resistors with

the mode INPUT_PULLUP. Additionally, the INPUT mode explicitly disables the
internal pullups.

digitalWrite()

Write a HIGH or a LOW value to a digital pin.

If the pin has been configured as an OUTPUT with pinMode(), its voltage will be
set to the corresponding value: 5V (or 3.3V on 3.3V boards) for HIGH, 0V
(ground) for LOW.

If the pin is configured as an INPUT, digitalWrite() will enable (HIGH) or disable

(LOW) the internal pullup on the input pin. It is recommended to set the
pinMode() to INPUT_PULLUP to enable the internal pull-up resistor.

delay()

Pauses the program for the amount of time (in miliseconds) specified as
parameter. (There are 1000 milliseconds in a second.)

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

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Step 2: Program
/***********************************************************
File name: 01_blinkingLed.ino
Description: Lit LED, let LED blinks.
Website: www.adeept.com
E-mail: [email protected]
Author: Tom
Date: 2015/05/02
***********************************************************/
int ledPin=8; //definition digital 8 pin as pin to control the LED
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin,OUTPUT); //Set the digital 8 port mode, OUTPUT:
Output mode
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(ledPin,HIGH); //HIGH is set to about 5V PIN8
delay(1000); //Set the delay time, 1000 = 1S
digitalWrite(ledPin,LOW); //LOW is set to about 5V PIN8
delay(1000); //Set the delay time, 1000 = 1S
}

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Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now you can see the LED blinking.

-7-
 Lesson 2 Active Buzzer
Overview

In this lesson, we will learn how to program the Arduino to make an active
buzzer beep.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB cable
- 1 * Active buzzer
- 1 * 1 k Resistor
- 1 * NPN Transistor (S8050)
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device. As a type of electronic buzzer

with an integrated structure, which uses DC power supply, buzzers are widely
used in computers, printers, photocopiers, alarms, electronic toys, automotive
electronic equipments, telephones, timers and other electronic products for
voice devices. Buzzers can be categorized as active and passive buzzers (See
the following pictures).

Place the pins of the buzzer face up, and then you can see the two types of
buzzer are different - the buzzer with a green circuit board onside is a passive
one.

In this lesson, the buzzer we used is active buzzer. Active buzzers will sound as
long as they are powered. We can program to make the Arduino output
alternating high and low levels to make the buzzer beep.

-8-
A slightly larger current is needed to make a buzzer beep. However, the output
current of Arduino GPIO is too low, so we need a transistor to help.

The main function of a transistor is to enlarge the voltage or current. It can

also be used to control the circuit conduction or deadline. Transistors can be
divided into two kinds: NPN, like the S8050 we provided; PNP, like the S8550
provided. The transistor we use is as shown below:

There are two kinds of driving circuit for buzzer:

Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 1: Set the Arduino GPIO as a high level. Then the transistor S8050 will
conduct, and the buzzer will make sounds. Set the GPIO as low, the transistor
S8050 will be de-energized, and the buzzer will stop beeping.

Figure 2: Set the Arduino GPIO as low level. The transistor S8550 will be
energized and the buzzer will beep. Set the GPIO as a high, and the transistor
S8550 will be de-energized, and the buzzer beeping will stop.

-9-
Procedures

Step 1. Build the circuit

2. Program
3. Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, you can hear the buzzer beeping.

- 10 -
Summary
After learning this lesson, you can master the basic principle of the buzzer and
transistor. Also you've learned how to program the Arduino and then control the
buzzer. Now you can use what you've learned in this lesson to make some interesting
things!

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 Lesson 3 Controlling an LED by a Button
Overview

In this lesson, we will learn how to detect the state of a button, and then toggle
the state of the LED based on the state of the button.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * Button
- 1 * LED
- 1 * 10k Resistor
- 1 * 220 Resistor
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle
1. Button

Buttons are a common component used to control electronic devices. They are
usually used as switches to connect or disconnect circuits. Although buttons
come in a variety of sizes and shapes, the one used in this experiment will be
a 12mm button as shown below.

The button we used is a normally open type one. The two contacts of a button
are in the off state under the normal conditions; only when the button is
pressed they are closed.

The schematic diagram is as follows:

- 12 -
The button jitter must happen in the process of using. The jitter waveform is
as the flowing picture:

Each time you press the button, the Arduino will regard you have pressed the
button many times due to the jitter of the button. You should deal with the
jitter of buttons before using. You can eliminate the jitter through software
programming. Besides, you can use a capacitor to solve the issue. Take the
software method for example. First, detect whether the level of button
interface is low level or high level. If it is low level, 5~10ms delay is needed.
Then detect whether the level of button interface is low or high. If the signal is
low, you can infer that the button is pressed once. You can also use a 0.1uF
capacitor to avoid the jitter of buttons. The schematic diagram is as shown
below:

2. Interrupt

Hardware interrupts were introduced as a way to reduce wasting the

processor's valuable time in polling loops, waiting for external events. They
may be implemented in hardware as a distinct system with control lines, or
they may be integrated into the memory subsystem.

- 13 -
3. Key functions:

attachInterrupt(interrupt, ISR, mode)

Specifies a named Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) to call when an interrupt

occurs. Replaces any previous function that was attached to the interrupt.
Most Arduino boards have two external interrupts: numbers 0 (on digital pin 2)
and 1 (on digital pin 3).

Generally, an ISR should be as short and fast as possible. If your sketch uses
multiple ISRs, only one can run at a time, other interrupts will be ignored
(turned off) until the current one is finished. as delay() and millis() both rely on
interrupts, they will not work while an ISR is running. delayMicroseconds(),
which does not rely on interrupts, will work as expected.

Syntax:
attachInterrupt(pin, ISR, mode)
Parameters:
pin: the pin number
ISR: the ISR will be called when the interrupt occurs; this function must take
no parameters and return nothing. This function is sometimes referred to as
an interrupt service routine.
mode: defines when the interrupt should be triggered. Four constants are
predefined as valid values:
-LOW to trigger the interrupt whenever the pin is low,
-CHANGE to trigger the interrupt whenever the pin changes value
-RISING to trigger when the pin goes from low to high,
-FALLING for when the pin goes from high to low.
digitalRead()

Reads the value from a specified digital pin, either HIGH or LOW.
Syntax:
digitalRead(pin)
Parameters:
pin: the number of the digital pin you want to read (int)
Returns:
HIGH or LOW
delayMicroseconds(us)

Pauses the program for the amount of time (in microseconds) specified as
parameter. There are a thousand microseconds in a millisecond, and a million

- 14 -
microseconds in a second.

Currently, the largest value that will produce an accurate delay is 16383. This
could change in future Arduino releases. For delays longer than a few thousand
microseconds, you should use delay() instead.

Syntax:
delayMicroseconds(us)
Parameters:
us: the number of microseconds to pause (unsigned int)
Returns:
None

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now press the button, and you can see the state of the LED will be toggled
between ON and OFF.

- 15 -
Summary

Through this lesson, you should have learned how to use the Arduino UNO to
detect the status of an external button, and then toggle the state of LED on/off
relying on the state of the button detected before.

- 16 -
 Lesson 4 Controlling a Relay
Overview

In this lesson, we will learn how to control a relay to break or connect a circuit.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * NPN Transistor (S8050)
- 1 * 1K Resistor
- 1 * 1N4001 Diode
- 1 * 220 Resistor
- 1 * Relay
- 1 * LED
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It is generally used in automatic

control circuit. Actually, it is an "automatic switch" which uses low current to
control high current. It plays a role of automatic regulation, security protection
and circuit switch. When an electric current is passed through the coil it
generates a magnetic field that activates the armature, and the consequent
movement of the movable contact (s) either makes or breaks (depending upon
construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was
closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the
contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open.
When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force,
approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position.
Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in
industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In
a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current
application it reduces arcing.

When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across
the coil to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at
deactivation, which would otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to

- 17 -
semiconductor circuit components.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now let's see what will happen: When the set of contacts are closed, the LED
lights up; when they are open, the LED goes out.

- 18 -
Summary

By this lesson, you should have learned the basic principle of relay. You can
also use the relay to do some creative applications. Just give it a try!

- 19 -
 Lesson 5 Serial Port
Overview

In this lesson, we will program the Arduino UNO to achieve sending and
receiving data through the serial port. The Uno board receive data sent from a
PC, then controls an LED according to the received data, and at last returns the
state of the LED to Serial Monitor in Arduino IDE.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * LED
- 1 * 220 Resistor
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle
1. Serial ports

Used for communication between the Arduino board and a computer or other
devices. All Arduino boards have at least one serial port (also known as a UART
or USART). It communicates on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) as well as with
the computer via USB. Thus, if you use these functions, you cannot also use
pins 0 and 1 for digital input or output.

You can use the Arduino environment's built-in serial monitor to communicate
with an Arduino board. Click the serial monitor button in the toolbar and select
the same baud rate used in the call to begin().

To use these pins to communicate with your personal computer, you will need
an additional USB-to-serial adaptor, as they are not connected to the UNO's
USB-to-serial adaptor. To use them to communicate with an external TTL serial
device, connect the TX pin to your device's RX pin, the RX to your device's TX
pin, and the ground of your UNO to your device's ground. (Don't connect these
pins directly to an RS232 serial port; they operate at +/- 12V and can damage
your Arduino board.)
2. Key function

begin()
Sets the data rate in bits per second (baud) for serial data transmission. For

- 20 -
communicating with the computer, use one of these rates: 300, 1200, 2400,
4800, 9600, 14400, 19200, 28800, 38400, 57600, or 115200. You can,
however, specify other rates - for example, to communicate over pins 0 and 1
with a component that requires a particular baud rate.

Syntax:
Serial.begin(speed)
Parameters:
speed: in bits per second (baud) - long
Returns:
nothing

print()
Prints data to the serial port as human-readable ASCII text. This command can
take many forms. Numbers are printed using an ASCII character for each digit.
Floats are similarly printed as ASCII digits, defaulting to two decimal places.
Bytes are sent as a single character. Characters and strings are sent as is. For
example:
Serial.print(78) gives 78
Serial.print(1.23456) gives 1.23
Serial.print('N') gives N
Serial.print(Hello world.) gives Hello world.
An optional second parameter specifies the base (format) to use; permitted
values are BIN (binary, or base 2), OCT (octal, or base 8), DEC (decimal, or
base 10), HEX (hexadecimal, or base 16). For floating point numbers, this
parameter specifies the number of decimal places to use. For example:
Serial.print(78, BIN) gives 1001110
Serial.print(78, OCT) gives 116
Serial.print(78, DEC) gives 78
Serial.print(78, HEX) gives 4E
Serial.println(1.23456, 0) gives 1
Serial.println(1.23456, 2) gives 1.23
Serial.println(1.23456, 4) gives 1.2346
You can pass flash-memory based strings to Serial.print() by wrapping them
with F(). For example:
Serial.print(F(Hello World))
To send a single byte, use Serial.write().
Syntax:
Serial.print(val)

- 21 -
Serial.print(val, format)
Parameters:
val: the value to print - any data type format: specifies the number base (for
integral data types) or number of decimal places (for floating point types)
Returns
byte print() will return the number of bytes written, though reading that
number is optional

println()
Prints data to the serial port as human-readable ASCII text followed by a
carriage return character (ASCII 13, or 'r') and a newline character (ASCII 10,
or 'n'). This command takes the same forms as Serial.print().
Syntax:
Serial.println(val)
Serial.println(val, format)
Parameters:
val: the value to print - any data type
format: specifies the number base (for integral data types) or number of
decimal places (for floating point types)
Returns:
byte
println() will return the number of bytes written, though reading that number
is optional
read()
Reads incoming serial data. read() inherits from the Stream utility class.
Syntax:
Serial.read()
Parameters:
None
Returns:
the first byte of incoming serial data available (or -1 if no data is available) - int

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

- 22 -
Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Open IDE, click to open Serial Monitor, and then select the appropriate baud
rate according to the program.

Now, enter '1' or '0' in the textbox on the monitor, and the LED will be turned
on/off.

- 23 -
Summary

Through this lesson, we know that the computer can send data to Arduino
UNO via the serial port, and then control the state of an LED. Now try to make
more interesting things based on what you've got.

- 24 -
 Lesson 6 LED Flowing Lights
Overview

In the first lesson, we have learned how to make an LED blink by programming
the Arduino. Today, we will use the Arduino to control 8 LEDs to make the LEDs
show the effect of flowing.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 8 * LED
- 8 * 220 Resistor
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

The principle of this experiment is very simple and is quite similar with that in
the first lesson.
Key function:

for statements

The for statement is used to repeat a block of statements enclosed in curly

braces. An increment counter is usually used to increment and terminate the
loop. The for statement is useful for any repetitive operation, and is often used
in combination with arrays to operate on collections of data/pins.

There are three parts to the for loop header:

for (initialization; condition; increment) {

//statement(s);
}

- 25 -
The initialization happens first and exactly once. Each time through the loop,
the condition is tested; if it's true, the statement block, and the increment is
executed, then the condition is tested again. When the condition becomes
false, the loop ends.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, you can see 8 LEDs light up in sequence from the green one on the right
side to others on the left, and next from the left to the right. The LEDs flash like
flowing water repeatedly in a circular way.

- 26 -
Summary

Through this simple but fun experiment, you should have learned more skills in
programming on Arduino. In addition, you can also modify the circuit and code
provided to achieve even more dazzling effects.

- 27 -
 Lesson 7 LED Bar Graph Display
Overview

In this lesson, we will learn how to control an LED bar graph by programming
the Arduino.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * 10k Potentiometer
- 10 * 220 Resistor
- 1 * LED Bar Graph
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

The bar graph - a series of LEDs in a line, as you can see on an audio display,
is a common hardware display for analog sensors. It's made up of a series of
LEDs in a row, an analog input like a potentiometer, and a little code in
between. You can buy multi-LED bar graph displays fairly cheaply. This tutorial
demonstrates how to control a series of LEDs in a row, but can be applied to
any series of digital outputs.

This tutorial borrows from the For Loop and Arrays tutorial as well as the
Analog Input tutorial.

The sketch works like this: first read the input. Map the input to the output
range which is 0-10 in this case since ten LEDs are used. Then you set up a for loop
to iterate over the outputs. If the number in the array of the output is lower
than the mapped input minimum, it is turned on. If not, it's off.

- 28 -
The internal schematic diagram for the LED bar graph is as shown below:

A potentiometer, informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or

rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals
are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program

- 29 -
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, turn the knob of the potentiometer, and you will see the number of LEDs
in the LED bar graph changed.

- 30 -
 Lesson 8 Breathing LED
Overview

In this lesson, we will learn how to program the Arduino to generate PWM
signals. And then we use the PWM square-wave signals to control an LED
gradually getting brighter and then slowly dimmer, much like human breath.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * LED
- 1 * 220 Resistor
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a technique for getting analog results with
digital means. Digital control is used to create a square wave, a signal switched
between on and off. This on-off pattern can simulate voltages in between full
on (5 Volts) and off (0 Volts) by changing the portion of the time the signal
spends on versus the time that the signal spends off. The duration of "on time"
is called the pulse width. To get varying analog values, you change, or
modulate, that pulse width. If you repeat this on-off pattern fast enough with
an LED for example, the result is as if the signal is a steady voltage between 0
and 5v controlling the brightness of the LED.

In the following figure, the green lines represent a regular time period. This
duration or period is the inverse of the PWM frequency. In other words, with
Arduino's PWM frequency at about 500Hz, the green lines would measure 2
milliseconds each. A call to analogWrite() is on a scale of 0 - 255, such that
analogWrite(255) requests a 100% duty cycle (always on), and
analogWrite(127) is a 50% duty cycle (on half the time) for example.

- 31 -
Key function:

analogWrite()

Writes an analog value (PWM wave) to a pin. Can be used to light an LED at
varying brightnesses or drive a motor at various speeds. After a call to
analogWrite(), the pin will generate a steady square wave of the specified duty
cycle until the next call to analogWrite() (or a call to digitalRead() or
digitalWrite() on the same pin). You do not need to call pinMode() to set the
pin as an output before calling analogWrite().

Syntax:
analogWrite(pin, value)
Parameters:
pin: the pin to write to.
value: the duty cycle: between 0 (always off) and 255 (always on).
Returns:
nothing

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

- 32 -
Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Now, you should see the LED lights up and gets gradually brighter, and then
slowly turns dimmer. The process repeats circularly, and with the particular
rhythm it looks like animals' breath.

Summary

By learning this lesson, you should have mastered the basic principles of the PWM,
and get skilled at the PWM programming on the Arduino platform.

- 33 -
 Lesson 9 Controlling an RGB LED by PWM
Overview

In this lesson, we will program the Arduino for RGB LED control, and make
RGB LED emits a various of colors of light.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * RGB LED
- 3* 220 Resistor
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

RGB LEDs consist of three LEDs: red, green and blue. These three colored
LEDs are capable of producing any color. Tri-color LEDs with red, green, and
blue emitters, in general using a four-wire connection with one common lead
(anode or cathode).

What we use in this experiment is a common anode RGB LED. The longest pin
is the common anode of the three LEDs. The pin is connected to the +5V pin of
the Arduino, and the rest pins are connected to pin D9, D10, and D11 of the
Arduino with a current limiting resistor between.

In this way, we can control the color of an RGB LED by 3-channel PWM signals.

- 34 -
Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, you can see the RGB LED flash red, green, blue, yellow, white and purple
light, and then go out. Each state lasts for 1s each time, and the LED flashes
colors repeatedly in such sequence.

- 35 -
Summary

By learning this lesson, you should have already grasped the principle and the
programming of RGB LED. Now you can use your imagination to achieve even
more cool ideas based on what you learned in this lesson.

- 36 -
 Lesson 10 Playing Music
Overview

In this lesson, we will program the Arduino to control a passive buzzer, and
then make it play some music.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * NPN Transistor (8050)
- 1 * 1k Resistor
- 1 * Passive Buzzer
- 1 * LED
- 1 * 220 Resistor
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle
As long as you send some square wave signals to a passive buzzer with
different frequencies, the buzzer will make different sounds accordingly.

Key function:

tone()

Generates a square wave of the specified frequency (and 50% duty cycle) on a
pin. A duration can be specified, otherwise the wave continues until a call to
noTone(). The pin can be connected to a piezo buzzer or other speaker to play
tones.

Only one tone can be generated at a time. If a tone is already playing on a

- 37 -
different pin, the call to tone() will have no effect. If the tone is playing on the
same pin, the call will set its frequency.

Use of the tone() function will interfere with PWM output on pins 3 and 11 (on
boards other than the Mega).

NOTE: if you want to play different pitches on multiple pins, you need to call
noTone() on one pin before calling tone() on the next pin.

Syntax:

tone(pin, frequency)

tone(pin, frequency, duration)

Parameters:

pin: the pin on which to generate the tone

frequency: the frequency of the tone in hertz - unsigned int

duration: the duration of the tone in milliseconds (optional) - unsigned long

Returns:

nothing

noTone()

Stops the generation of a square wave triggered by tone(). Has no effect if no

tone is being generated.

NOTE: if you want to play different pitches on multiple pins, you need to call
noTone() on one pin before calling tone() on the next pin.

Syntax:

noTone(pin)

Parameters:

pin: the pin on which to stop generating the tone

Returns:

nothing

Procedures

- 38 -
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, you can hear the passive buzzer play music, with the LED blinking.

- 39 -
 Lesson 11 LCD1602 Display
Overview

In this lesson, we will learn how to use a character display device - LCD1602
on the Arduino platform. We first make the LCD1602 display a string "Hello
Geeks!" scrolling, and then "Adeept" and www.adeept.com statically.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * LCD1602
- 1 * 10k Potentiometer
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

LCD1602 is a kind of character LCD display. The LCD has a parallel interface,
meaning that the microcontroller has to manipulate several interface pins at
once to control the display. The interface consists of the following pins:

A register select (RS) pin that controls where in the LCD's memory you're
writing data to. You can select either the data register, which holds what goes
on the screen, or an instruction register, which is where the LCD's controller
looks for instructions on what to do next.

A Read/Write (R/W) pin that selects reading mode or writing mode

An Enable pin that enables writing to the registers

8 data pins (D0-D7). The state of these pins (high or low) is the bits that
you're writing to a register when you write, or the values when you read.

There are also a display contrast pin (Vo), power supply pins (+5V and Gnd)
and LED Backlight (Bklt+ and BKlt-) pins that you can use to power the LCD,
control the display contrast, and turn on or off the LED backlight respectively.

The process of controlling the display involves putting the data that form the
image of what you want to display into the data registers, then putting
instructions in the instruction register. The LiquidCrystal Library simplifies this
for you so you don't need to know the low-level instructions.

- 40 -
The Hitachi-compatible LCDs can be controlled in two modes: 4-bit or 8-bit.
The 4-bit mode requires seven I/O pins from the Arduino, while the 8-bit mode
requires 11 pins. For displaying text on the screen, you can do most everything
in 4-bit mode, so example shows how to control a 2x16 LCD in 4-bit mode.

A potentiometer , informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or

rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals
are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.
Key function:

begin()
Specifies the dimensions (width and height) of the display.
Syntax:
lcd.begin(cols, rows)
Parameters:
lcd: a variable of type LiquidCrystal
cols: the number of columns that the display has
rows: the number of rows that the display has

setCursor()
Position the LCD cursor; that is, set the location at which subsequent text
written to the LCD will be displayed.
Syntax:
lcd.setCursor(col, row)
Parameters:
lcd: a variable of type LiquidCrystal
col: the column at which to position the cursor (with 0 being the first column)
row: the row at which to position the cursor (with 0 being the first row)

scrollDisplayLeft()
Scrolls the contents of the display (text and cursor) one space to the left.
Syntax
lcd.scrollDisplayLeft()
Parameters:
lcd: a variable of type LiquidCrystal
Example
scrollDisplayLeft() and scrollDisplayRight()
See also
scrollDisplayRight()

- 41 -
print()
Prints text to the LCD.
Syntax:
lcd.print(data)
lcd.print(data, BASE)
Parameters:
lcd: a variable of type LiquidCrystal
data: the data to print (char, byte, int, long, or string)
BASE (optional): the base in which to print numbers: BIN for binary (base 2),
DEC for decimal (base 10), OCT for octal (base 8), HEX for hexadecimal (base
16).
Returns:
byte
print() will return the number of bytes written, though reading that number is
optional

clear()
Clears the LCD screen and positions the cursor in the upper-left corner.
Syntax:
lcd.clear()
Parameters:
lcd: a variable of type LiquidCrystal

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program

- 42 -
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, you can see the string "Hello Geeks!" shown on the LCD1602 scrolling,
and then the string "Adeept" and "www.adeept.com" displayed statically.

Summary

After learning the experiment, you should have already mastered the driver of the
LCD1602. Now you can make something more interesting based on this lesson
and the previous lessons learned.

- 43 -
 Lesson 12 A Simple Voltmeter
Overview

In this lesson, we will make a simple voltmeter (0~5V) with Arduino UNO and
LCD1602. Then, we will measure the voltage of the potentiometer(when
adjusting the knob) with the simple voltmeter and display the voltage detected
on the LCD1602.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * LCD1602
- 2 * Potentiometer
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

The basic principle of this experiment: Convert the analog voltage collected
from Arduino to digital quantity by the ADC (analog-to-digital converter)
through programming, and then display the voltage on the LCD1602.

Connect the three wires from the potentiometer to your Arduino board. The
first goes to ground from one of the outer pins of the potentiometer. The
second goes from analog input 0 to the middle pin of the potentiometer. The
third goes from 5V to the other outer pin of the potentiometer.

By turning the shaft of the potentiometer, you change the resistance on either
side of the wiper which is connected to the center pin of the potentiometer.
This changes the voltage at the center pin. When the resistance between the
middle and the side one (connected to 5V) is close to zero (and the resistance
on the other side is close to 10k Ohm), the voltage at the middle pin is close to
5V. When the resistances are reversed, the voltage at the center pin changes
to about 0V, or ground. This voltage is the analog voltage that you're reading
as an input.

The Arduino UNO board has a circuit inside called an analog-to-digital

converter that reads this changing voltage and converts it to a number
between 0 and 1023. When the shaft is turned all the way in one direction,
there are 0 volts going to the pin, and the input value is 0. When the shaft is

- 44 -
done in the opposite direction, it's 5 volts going to the pin and the input value
is 1023. In between, analogRead( ) returns a number between 0 and 1023
that is proportional to the amount of voltage being applied to the pin.
Key functions:

analogRead()
Reads the value from the specified analog pin. The Arduino board contains a 6
channel (8 channels on the Mini and Nano, 16 on the Mega), 10-bit analog to
digital converter. This means that it will map input voltages between 0 and 5
volts into integer values between 0 and 1023. This yields a resolution between
readings of: 5 volts / 1024 units or, 0.0049 volts (4.9 mV) per unit. The input
range and resolution can be changed using analogReference( ).

It takes about 100 microseconds (0.0001 s) to read an analog input, so the

maximum reading rate is about 10,000 times a second.

Syntax:
analogRead(pin)
Parameters:
pin: the number of the analog input pin to read from (0 to 5 on most boards,
0 to 7 on the Mini and Nano, 0 to 15 on the Mega)
Returns:
int (0 to 1023)

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

- 45 -
Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO.
Now, turn the shaft of the potentiometer, and you will see the voltage
displayed on the LCD1602 changed.

Summary

The working principle of the voltmeter is reading analog voltage which is input
to the ADC inside. Through this lesson, you should have mastered how to read
analog value and how to make a simple voltmeter with Arduino. Try to use the
voltmeter you made and feel the charm of making!

- 46 -
 Lesson 13 7-segment Display
Overview

In this lesson, we will program the Arduino to achieve the controlling of a

segment display.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * 220 Resistor
- 1 * 7-segment Display
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

The seven-segment display is a form of electronic display device for displaying

decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot
matrix displays.

Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters,

basic calculators, and other electronic devices that display numerical
information.

The seven-segment display is an 8-shaped LED display device composed of

eight LEDs (including a decimal point). The segments respectively named a, b,
c, d, e, f, g, and dp.

The segment display can be divided into two types: common anode and
common cathode segment displays, by internal connections.

For a common-anode LED, the common anode should be connected to the

power supply (VCC); for a common-cathode LED, the common cathode should
be connected to the ground (GND).

- 47 -
Each segment of a segment display is composed of an LED, so a resistor is
needed for protecting the LED.

A 7-segment display has seven segments for displaying a figure andone more
for displaying a decimal point. For example, if you want to display a number '1',
you should only light the segment b and c, as shown below.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program

- 48 -
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, you should see the number 0~9 and characters A~F displayed in turn on
the segment display.

Summary

Through this lesson, you should have learned the principle and programming
of the segment display. You can use what you've learned in the previous
lessons to modify the code provided in this lesson to make cooler works.

- 49 -
 Lesson 14 A Simple Counter
Overview
In this lesson, we will program the Arduino UNO to make a simple counter.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * 4-digit 7-segment Display
- 8 * 220 Resistor
- 2 * Button
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

The 4-digit segment display is a form of electronic display device for displaying
decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot
matrix displays.

4-digit segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters,
basic calculators, and other electronic devices that display numerical
information.

The 4-digit segment display is a 4*8-shaped LED display device composed of

32 LEDs (including four decimal points). The segments arenamed respectively
a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, dig1, dig2, dig3, and dig4.

What we use in this experiment is a common cathode 4-digit 7-segment

display. Its internal structure is as shown below:

- 50 -
The pin number is as follows:

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, press one button of the two, and the value displayed on the 4-digit
7-segment display will be changed.

- 51 -
Summary

By learning this lesson, you'll find that it is so easy to make a simple counter.
Then, try your own ways to use this tool to impress makers!

- 52 -
 Lesson 15 Controlling a Servo
Overview

In this lesson, we will introduce a new electronic device (Servo) to you, and tell
you how to control it with the Arduino UNO.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * Servo
- Several jumper wires

Principle
1. Servo motor

The servo motor has three wires: power, ground, and signal. The power wire is
typically red, and should be connected to the 5V pin on the Arduino board. The
ground wire is typically black or brown and should be connected to a ground
pin on the Arduino board. Usually the signal pin is yellow, orange or white, and
should be connected to a digital pin on the Arduino board. Note that the servo
motor draws a considerable amount of power, if you need to drive more than
one or two servos, you'll probably need to power them with an extra supply
(i.e. not the +5V pin on your Arduino). Be sure to connect the grounds of the
Arduino and external power supply together.
2. Servo library

This library allows an Arduino board to control RC (hobby) servo motors.

Servos have integrated gears and a shaft that can be precisely controlled.
Standard servos allow the shaft to be positioned at various angles, usually
between 0 and 180 degrees. Continuous rotation servos allow the rotation of
the shaft to be set to various speeds.
3. Key functions:

attach()

Attach the Servo variable to a pin. Note that in Arduino 0016 and earlier, the
Servo library supports only servos on only two pins: 9 and 10.

Syntax:

servo.attach(pin)

- 53 -
servo.attach(pin, min, max)

Parameters:

servo: a variable of type Servo

pin: the number of the pin that the servo is attached to

min (optional): the pulse width, in microseconds, corresponding to the

minimum (0-degree) angle on the servo (defaults to 544)

max (optional): the pulse width, in microseconds, corresponding to the

maximum (180-degree) angle on the servo (defaults to 2400)

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, you should see the servo rotate from 0 to 180 degrees, and then do it in
the opposite direction.

- 54 -
Summary

After learning, you should have known that the Arduino provides a servo
library for you to control a servo. By using this library, you can easily control a
servo by programming. Just fully play your imagination and make some
interesting applications!

- 55 -
 Lesson 16 Measuring Temperature by a
Thermistor
Overview
In this lesson, we will learn how to use a thermistor to collect the temperature
data by programming Arduino. The information what a thermistor collects is
displayed on the LCD1602.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * LCD1602
- 1 * 10k Potentiometer
- 1 * 10k Resistor
- 1 * Thermistor
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly with

temperature, more so than in standard resistors. In this experiment we use an
MF52 NTC-type thermistor, and it is usually used as a temperature sensor.

The key parameters of an MF52 thermistor:

B-parameter: 3470.

25 resistance: 10k.

The relationship between the resistance of thermistor and temperature is as

follows:

: the resistance of the thermistor at temperature T1

: the nominal resistance of the thermistor at room temperature T2

: 2.718281828459

: one of the important parameters of thermistor

- 56 -
 : the Kelvin temperature that you want to measure

: Under the condition of a 25 (298.15K) room temperature, the standard

resistance of MF52 thermistor is 10K;

Kelvin temperature = 273.15 (absolute temperature) + degrees Celsius;

After transforming the above equation, we can get the following formula:

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, you can see the temperature collected by thermistor on the
LCD1602.

- 57 -
Summary

After this lesson, you may have learned to use a thermistor to measure the
temperature. Next, you can use it to make some interesting applications.

- 58 -
 Lesson 17 IR Remote Controller
Overview
In this lesson, we will learn how to use an IR receiver to receive signals from a
remote controller.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * IR Receiver HX1838
- 1 * Remote Controller
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

The IR receiver HX1838 can receive signals from an infrared (IR) remote
controller. It has only three pins: signal, VCC and GND. So it is simple to
connect with an Arduino board.

The following figure shows an IR remote controller:

In this experiment, we program the Arduino board to receive the infrared

signals, and then send the received data to Serial Monitor. In the program, we
use the Arduino-IRremote-master library (provided).

- 59 -
Note:
Before using this library, you have to delete the RobotIRremote directory in
your Arduino IDE directory (check in IDE by File->Preferences, and see the
path in the Browse dialog box), and delete the RobotIRremote directory in the
system Documents folder. For example, if your computer is running on
Windows 7, you need to delete the RobotIRremote directory in

C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\libraries

and

C: \Users\SJG\Documents\Arduino\libraries.
Otherwise, when you compile the program, errors will be prompted

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, press a button on the remote controller, and you will see the button
number displayed on Serial Monitor.

- 60 -
- 61 -
Summary

Now you should have mastered the basic principle of the infrared remote
controlling. Try to apply the principle and make more creations!

- 62 -
Lesson 18 Temperature & Humidity Sensor
DHT-11
Overview

In this lesson, we will learn how to use DHT-11 to collect temperature and
humidity by programming Arduino.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * LCD1602
- 1 * 10k Potentiometer
- 1 * DHT-11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

This DHT-11 temperature & humidity sensor features a temperature &

humidity sensor complex with a calibrated digital signal output. By using the
exclusive digital signal acquisition technique and temperature & humidity
sensing technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long-term stability.
This sensor includes a resistive-type humidity measurement component and
an NTC temperature measurement component, and connects to a
high-performance 8-bit microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast
response, anti-interference ability and cost-effectiveness.

Item: DHT11

Measurement Range: 20-95%RH, 0-50

Humidity Accuracy: 5%RH

Temperature Accuracy: 2

- 63 -
+: VCC (3.3~5.5V)

-: GND (0V)

S: data pin

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
/***********************************************************

File name: 18_DHT11.ino

Description: you can see the temperature and humidity data

displayed on the LCD1602.

Website: www.adeept.com

E-mail: [email protected]

Author: Tom

Date: 2015/05/02

***********************************************************/

#include <dht11.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

dht11 DHT11;

- 64 -
#define DHT11PIN 2
LiquidCrystal lcd(4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13);// Define the connection LCD pin

void setup()

lcd.begin(16, 2); //set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:

lcd.clear(); //Clears the LCD screen and positions the cursor in the upper-left corner

delay(1000); //delay 1000ms

void loop()

int chk = DHT11.read(DHT11PIN);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // set the cursor to column 0, line 0

lcd.print("Humidity:");// Print a message of "Humidity: "to the LCD.

lcd.print((float)DHT11.humidity, 2);// Print a message of "Humidity: "to the LCD.

lcd.print(" % "); // Print the unit of the centigrade temperature to the LCD.

lcd.setCursor(0, 1); // set the cursor to column 0, line 0

lcd.print("Temp: ");// Print a message of "Temp: "to the LCD.

lcd.print((float)DHT11.temperature, 2);// Print a centigrade temperature to the LCD.

lcd.print(" C "); // Print the unit of the centigrade temperature to the LCD.

delay(1000); // delay 1S

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board

Now, you can see the temperature and humidity data displayed on the
LCD1602.

- 65 -
Summary

Through this lesson, you should be able to measure the rooms temperature
and humidity. Now try to make a simple smart home system based on this and
the previous lessons.

- 66 -
 Lesson 19 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
Overview
In this lesson, we will learn how to measure the distance by the ultrasonic
distance sensor.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
- 1 * LCD1602
- 1 * 10k Potentiometer
- Several jumper wires

Principle

This recipe uses the popular Parallax PING ultrasonic distance sensor to
measure the distance to an object ranging from 2cm to around 3m.

Ultrasonic sensors provide a measurement of the time it takes for sound to

bounce off an object and return to the sensor. The ping sound pulse is
generated when the pingPin level goes HIGH for two micro-seconds. The
sensor will then generate a pulse that terminates when the sound returns. The
width of the pulse is proportional to the distance the sound traveled and the
sketch then uses the pulseIn() function to measure that duration. The speed of
sound is 340 meters per second, which is 29 microseconds per centimeter. The
formula for the distance of the round trip is:

RoundTrip = microseconds / 29.

So, the formula for the one-way distance in centimeters is:

microseconds / 29 / 2

- 67 -
Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, change the distance between the ultrasonic module and the obstacle,
and you will find the distance value displayed on the LCD1602 changed.

- 68 -
Lesson 20 3-axis AccelerometerADXL345
Overview

In this lesson, we will learn how to use ADXL345 to collect acceleration data by
programming Arduino UNO, and then display the data ADXL345 collects on the
LCD1602.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * LCD1602
- 1 * 10k Potentiometer
- 1 * ADXL345 Acceleration Sensor
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle
1. ADXL345

The ADXL345 is a small, thin, ultralow power, 3-axis accelerometer with high
resolution (13-bit) measurement at up to 16 g. Digital output data is
formatted as 16-bit twos complement and is accessible through either a SPI
(3-wire or 4-wire) or I2C digital interface. The ADXL345 is well suited for
mobile device applications. It measures the static acceleration of gravity in
tilt-sensing applications, as well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion
or shock. Its high resolution (3.9 mg/LSB) enables measurement of inclination
changes less than 1.0.

Low power modes enable intelligent motion-based power management with

threshold sensing and active acceleration measurement at extremely low
power dissipation.

2. Wire Library

This library allows you to communicate with I2C/TWI devices. I2C/TWI pins
are A4 (SDA) and A5(SCL) on Arduino UNO R3 board.

3. Key functions:

Wire.begin()

Wire.begin(address)

- 69 -
Initiate the Wire library and join the I2C bus as a master or slave. This should
normally be called only once.
Parameters:
address: the 7-bit slave address (optional); if not specified, join the bus as a
master.
Returns:
None
Wire.beginTransmission(address)

Begin a transmission to the I2C slave device with the given address.
Subsequently, queue bytes for transmission with the write() function and
transmit them by calling endTransmission().
Parameters:
address: the 7-bit address of the device to transmit to
Returns:
None
Wire.write()

Writes data from a slave device in response to a request from a master, or

queues bytes for transmission from a master to slave device (in-between calls
to beginTransmission() and endTransmission()).
Syntax:
Wire.write(value)
Wire.write(string)
Wire.write(data, length)
Parameters:
value: a value to send as a single byte
string: a string to send as a series of bytes
data: an array of data to send as bytes
length: the number of bytes to transmit
Returns:
byte: write() will return the number of bytes written, though reading that
number is optional
Wire.endTransmission()

Ends a transmission to a slave device that was begun by beginTransmission()

and transmits the bytes that were queued by write().
As of Arduino 1.0.1, endTransmission() accepts a boolean argument changing
its behavior for compatibility with certain I2C devices.

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If true, endTransmission() sends a stop message after transmission, releasing
the I2C bus.
If false, endTransmission() sends a restart message after transmission. The
bus will not be released, which prevents another master device from
transmitting between messages. This allows one master device to send
multiple transmissions while in control.
The default value is true.
Syntax:
Wire.endTransmission()
Wire.endTransmission(stop)
Parameters:
stop: boolean. true will send a stop message, releasing the bus after
transmission. false will send a restart, keeping the connection active.
Returns:
byte, which indicates the status of the transmission:
-0: success
-1: data too long to fit in transmit buffer
-2: received NACK on transmit of address
-3: received NACK on transmit of data
-4: other error
Wire.requestFrom()

Used by the master to request bytes from a slave device. The bytes may then
be retrieved with the available() and read() functions.
As of Arduino 1.0.1, requestFrom() accepts a boolean argument changing its
behavior for compatibility with certain I2C devices.
If true, requestFrom() sends a stop message after the request, releasing the
I2C bus.
If false, requestFrom() sends a restart message after the request. The bus will
not be released, which prevents another master device from requesting
between messages. This allows one master device to send multiple requests
while in control.
The default value is true.
Syntax:
Wire.requestFrom(address, quantity)
Wire.requestFrom(address, quantity, stop)
Parameters:
address: the 7-bit address of the device to request bytes from

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quantity: the number of bytes to request
stop: boolean. true will send a stop message after the request, releasing the
bus. false will continually send a restart after the request, keeping the
connection active.
Returns:
byte : the number of bytes returned from the slave device
Wire.available()

Returns the number of bytes available for retrieval with read(). This should be
called on a master device after a call to requestFrom() or on a slave inside the
onReceive() handler.
available() inherits from the Stream utility class.
Parameters:
None
Returns:
The number of bytes available for reading.
Wire.read()

Reads a byte that was transmitted from a slave device to a master after a call
to requestFrom() or was transmitted from a master to a slave. read() inherits
from the Stream utility class.
Syntax:
Wire.read()
Parameters:
none
Returns:
The next byte received
lcd.setCursor()

Position the LCD cursor; that is, set the location at which subsequent text
written to the LCD will be displayed.
Syntax:
lcd.setCursor(col, row)
Parameters:
lcd: a variable of type LiquidCrystal
col: the column at which to position the cursor (with 0 being the first column)
row: the row at which to position the cursor (with 0 being the first row)

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

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Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, you can see the acceleration data collected by ADXL345 displayed on the
LCD1602.

Summary

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After learning this lesson, you should have got the usage of the ADXL345. Next,
you can use it to make more interesting applications.

- 74 -
 Lesson 21 4x4 Matrix Keypad
Overview
In this lesson, we will learn how to use a matrix keypad.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * 4x4 Matrix Keyboard
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

In order to save the resources of the microcontroller ports, we usually connect

the buttons of a matrix in practical projects.

See the schematics of a 4x4 matrix keyboard as below:

- 75 -
In this tutorial, we use the Keypad library. Before programming, please install
the library (for how to, see Lesson 17).

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board

Now, press a button on the 4x4 matrix keyboard, and you will see the
corresponding key value displayed on Serial Monitor.

- 76 -
- 77 -
- 78 -
 Lesson 22 Controlling DC motor
Overview

In this comprehensive experiment, we will learn how to control the state of a

DC motor with Arduino, and display the state by an LED at the same time. The
state includes its running forward, reversing, acceleration, deceleration and
stop.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * L9110 DC Motor Driver
- 1 * DC Motor
- 4 * Button
- 4 * LED
- 4 * 220 Resistor
- 1 * Battery Holder
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle
1. L9110

L9110 is a driver chip which is used to control and drive motor. The chip has
two TTL/CMOS compatible input terminals, and possesses the property of
anti-interference: it has high current driving capability, two output terminals
that can directly drive DC motor, each output port can provide 750~800mA
dynamic current, and its peak current can reach 1.5~2.0A; L9110 is widely
applied to various motor drives, such as toy cars, stepper motors, and power
switches and so on.

- 79 -
OA, OB: These are used to connect the DC motor.

VCC: Power supply (+5V)

GND: The cathode of the power supply (Ground).

IA, IB: The input terminal of drive signal.

2. DC motor

A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current

electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the
forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some
internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically
change the direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types produce
rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight
line.

DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from
existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's
speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply
voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC
motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can
operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for portable power
tools and appliances.

- 80 -
3. Key functions

switch / case statements

Like if statements, switch case controls the flow of programs by allowing

programmers to specify different code that should be executed in various
conditions. In particular, a switch statement compares the value of a variable
to the values specified in case statements. When a case statement is found
whose value matches that of the variable, the code in that case statement is
run.

The break keyword exits the switch statement, and is typically used at the end
of each case. Without a break statement, the switch statement will continue
executing the following expressions ( falling-through ) until a break, or the
end of the switch statement is reached.

Example:
switch (var) {
case 1:
//do something when var equals 1
break;
case 2:
//do something when var equals 2
break;
default:
// if nothing else matches, do the default
// default is optional
}
Syntax:
switch (var) {
case label:
// statements
break;
case label:
// statements
break;
default:
// statements
}
Parameters:

var: the variable whose value to compare to the various cases

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label: a value to compare the variable to
Procedures
Step 1: Build the circuit (Make sure that the circuit connection is correct before
powering on; otherwise it may cause the chips to burn.)

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Press the btn1 button to stop or run the DC motor; press btn2 to make it go
forward or reverse; press btn3 to accelerate the motor; press btn4 to
decelerate it. When any of the four buttons is pressed, the corresponding LED
will flash, prompting that the current button is pressed down.

- 82 -
Summary

Now you must have grasped the basic theory and programming of the DC
motor after all the study. You not only can make it go forward and reverse, but
also regulate its speed. Besides, you can do more awesome applications with
what you've learnt.

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 Lesson 23 PS2 Joystick
Overview
In this lesson, we will learn the usage of joy stick. We program the Arduino to
detect the state of PS2 joystick, and display the data on an LCD1602.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * LCD1602
- 1 * 10k Potentiometer
- 1 * PS2 JoyStick
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and

reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. A joystick, also
known as the control column, is the principal control device in the cockpit of
many civilian and military aircraft, either as a center stick or side-stick. It often
has supplementary switches to control various aspects of the aircraft's flight.

Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more
push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A popular
variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles is the analog
stick. Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks,
underwater unmanned vehicles, wheelchairs, surveillance cameras, and zero
turning radius lawn mowers. Miniature finger-operated joysticks have been
adopted as input devices for smaller electronic equipment such as mobile
phones.

- 84 -
Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, you can see the PS2 joystick state information displayed on the
LCD1602.

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 Lesson 24 Tilt Switch
Overview

In this lesson, we will learn how to use the tilt switch and change the state of
an LED by changing the angle of tilt switch.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * Tilt Switch
- 1 * LED
- 1 * 220 Resistor
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

The tilt switch is also called the ball switch. When the switch is tilted in the
appropriate direction, the contacts will be connected, tilting the switch the
opposite direction causes the metallic ball to move away from that set of
contacts, thus breaking that circuit.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

- 86 -
Step 2: Program
/***********************************************************
File name: 24_tiltSwitch.ino
Description: Tilt switches to control the LED light on or off
Website: www.adeept.com
E-mail: [email protected]
Author: Tom
Date: 2015/05/02
***********************************************************/

int ledpin=11; //definition digital 11 pins as pin to control the

//LED
int tiltSwitchpin=7; //Set the digital 7 to tilt switch interface
int val; //Define variable val

void setup()
{
pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT); //Define small lights interface for the
//output interface
pinMode(tiltSwitchpin,INPUT_PULLUP);//define the tilt switch
//interface for input interface
}

void loop()
{
val=digitalRead(tiltSwitchpin);//Read the number seven level value is
//assigned to val
if(val==LOW) //Detect tilt switch is disconnected, the
//tilt switch when small lights go out
{ digitalWrite(ledpin,LOW);} //Output low, LED OFF
else //Detection of tilt switch is conduction,
//tilt the little lights up when the switch conduction
{ digitalWrite(ledpin,HIGH);} //Output high, LED ON
}

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board

Now, when you lean the breadboard at a certain angle, you will see the state of
LED is changed.

- 87 -
Summary

In this lesson, we have learned the principle and application of the tilt switch.
Tilt switch is a very simple electronic component, but simple device can often
make something interesting.

- 88 -
 Lesson 25 Dot-matrix Display
Overview

In this lesson, we will program to control a 8*8 dot-matrix to realize the

display of graphical and digital we want.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * 8*8 Dot-matrix
- 2 * 74HC595
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle
1. Dot-matrix display

A dot-matrix display is a display device used to display information on

machines, clocks, railway departure indicators and many other devices
requiring a simple display device of limited resolution.

The display consists of a dot-matrix of lights or mechanical indicators arranged

in a rectangular configuration (other shapes are also possible, although not
common) such that by switching on or off selected lights, text or graphics can
be displayed. A dot-matrix controller converts instructions from a processor
into signals which turns on or off lights in the matrix so that the required
display is produced.

The internal structure and appearance of the dot-matrix display is as shown in

below:

- 89 -
A 8*8 dot-matrix display consists of 64 LEDs, and each LED is placed at the
intersection of the lines and columns. When the corresponding row is set as
high level and the column is set as low level, then the LED will be lit.

A certain drive current is required for the dot-matrix display. In addition, more
pins are needed for connecting dot-matrix display with controller. Thus, to
save the Arduinos GPIO, driver IC 74HC595 is used in the experiment.
2. 74HC595

The 74HC595 is an 8-stage serial shift register with a storage register and
3-state outputs. The shift register and storage register have separate clocks.
Data is shifted on the positive-going transitions of the SH_CP input. The data in
each register is transferred to the storage register on a positive-going
transition of the ST_CP input. The shift register has a serial input (DS) and a
serial standard output ( Q7' ) for cascading. It is also provided with
asynchronous reset (active LOW) for all 8 shift register stages. The storage
register has 8 parallel 3-state bus driver outputs. Data in the storage register
appears at the output whenever the output enable input (OE) is LOW.

In this experiment, only 3 pins of Arduino are used for controlling a dot-matrix
display due to the existence of 74HC595.

The flowing is the function of each pin:

DS: Serial data input

Q0-Q7: 8-bit parallel data output

Q7: Series data output pin, always connected to DS pin of the next 74HC595

OE: Output enable pin, effective at low level, connected to the ground directly

MR: Reset pin, effective at low level, directly connected to 5V high level in
practical applications

SH_CP: Shift register clock input

ST_CP: storage register clock input

- 90 -
3. Key function:

shiftOut()

Shifts out a byte of data one bit at a time. Starts from either the most (i.e. the
leftmost) or least (rightmost) significant bit. Each bit is written in turn to a data
pin, after which a clock pin is pulsed (taken high, then low) to indicate that the
bit is available.

Syntax:
shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, bitOrder, value)
Parameters:
dataPin: the pin on which to output each bit (int).
clockPin: the pin to toggle once the dataPin has been set to the correct value.
bitOrder: which order to shift out the bits; either MSBFIRST or LSBFIRST.
(Most Significant Bit First, or, Least Significant Bit First)
value: the data to shift out. (byte)
Returns:
None

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit (Make sure that the circuit connection is correct and
then power, otherwise it may cause the chips to burn.)

- 91 -
Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, you can see a rolling Adeept should be displayed on the dot-matrix
display.

Summary

In this experiment, we have not only learned how to operate a dot-matrix

display to display numbers and letters, but also learned the basic usage of
74HC595, then you can try operating the dot-matrix display to show other
images.

- 92 -
 Lesson 26 Controlling Stepper Motor
Overview
In this lesson, we will learn how to control a stepper motor.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * Stepper Motor
- 1 * ULN2003 Driver Board
- Several jumper wires

Principle
1. stepper motors

Stepper motors, due to their unique design, can be controlled to a high degree
of accuracy without any feedback mechanisms. The shaft of a stepper,
mounted with a series of magnets, is controlled by a series of electromagnetic
coils that are charged positively and negatively in a specific sequence,
precisely moving it forward or backward in small "steps".

There are two types of steppers, Unipolars and Bipolars, and it is very
important to know which type you are working with. In this experiment, we
will use a unipolar stepper.

The stepping motor model that we provide is 28BYJ-48. Operating voltage is

5VDC. Phase is 4. The current is 92mA. The reduction ratio is 1/64. Using the
eight-beat control the stepper motor.
2. ULN2003 driver board

Arduino UNO R3 board cannot directly drive stepper motors. A driver circuit is
necessary, so we choose an ULN2003 driver board here as shown below. There
are four LEDs on the top. The white booth in the middle is connected to the

- 93 -
stepper motor. The bottom is four pins used to connect with Arduino digital
pins. When a pin is high, the corresponding LED will light up. The black jump
hat on the right is power source input end. The driving method for stepper
motor can be categorized as four-beat and eight-beat. In this experiment, we
take eight-beat for example, for it is simple. You can drive the motor as long as
you input HIGH to the four ports A, B, C and D in turn.

How many beats needed for the shaft to take a turn

It is 360 degrees for the shaft to take a turn. In this experiment, we set that it
takes 512 steps to take a turn. So each step will be 360/512 = 0.7 degrees.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

ULN2003 driver board IN1----------------------- Arduino UNO R3 Digital pin 8

ULN2003 driver board IN2----------------------- Arduino UNO R3 Digital pin 9

ULN2003 driver board IN3----------------------- Arduino UNO R3 Digital pin 10

ULN2003 driver board IN4----------------------- Arduino UNO R3 Digital pin 11

ULN2003 driver board + ----------------------- Arduino UNO R3 Power pin 5V

ULN2003 driver board ------------------------ Arduino UNO R3 Power pin GND

- 94 -
Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, the stepper motor can run fast in a clockwise circle, next the stepper
motor can run slow in a counterclockwise circle.

- 95 -
 Lesson 27 Photoresistor
Overview

In this lesson, we will learn how to measure the light intensity by photoresistor
and make the measurement result displayed on the LCD1602.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * LCD1602
- 1 * Photoresistor
- 1 * 10k Resistor
- 1 * 10k Potentiometer
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

A photoresistor is a light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a

photoresistor decreases with the increasing incident light intensity; in other
words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in
light-sensitive detector circuits.

A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a

photoresistor can have a resistance as high as a few megohms (M), while in
the light, a photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms.
If incident light on a photoresistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons
absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump
into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners)
conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and
sensitivity of a photoresistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices.
Moreover, unique photoresistors may react substantially differently to photons
within certain wavelength bands.

The schematic diagram of this experiment is shown below:

- 96 -
With the increase of the light intensity, the resistance of photoresistor will be
decreased. The voltage of GPIO port in the above figure will become high.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, when you try to block the light towards the photoresistor, you will find
that the value displayed on the LCD1602 will be reduced. Otherwise, when you
use a powerful light to irradiate the photoresistor, the value displayed on the
LCD1602 will be increased.

- 97 -
Summary

By learning this lesson, we have learned how to detect surrounding light

intensity with the photoresistor. You can play your own wisdom, and make
more originality based on this experiment and the former experiment.

- 98 -
 Lesson 28 Automatically Tracking Light
Source
Overview
In this lesson, we will make a light tracking system based on a servo and a
photoresistor.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * Servo
- 1 * Photoresistor
- 1 * 10k Resistor
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle
In this experiment, we need to fasten the photoresistor with the horn of servo.
First, we control the servo with a photoresistor to rotate from 0 to 180 to
record the intensity of illumination, and then the photoresistor will stop at the
brightest position.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

- 99 -
Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board

- 100 -
 Lesson 29 Frequency Meter
Overview

In this lesson, we will make a simple frequency meter with the Arduino UNO.
We will acquire the frequency of square wave which is generated by 555 timer,
and then send the result to serial monitor through USB port.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * NE555 Timer
- 1 * 10k Resistor
- 1 * 10k Potentiometer
- 2 * 104 Capacitor
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle
1. NE555

The 555 integrated circuit is originally used as a timer, and that is why it is
called 555 timer or 555 time-based circuit. It is widely used in various
electronic products because of its reliability, convenience and low price. There
are dozens of components in the 555 integrated circuit, such as divider,
comparator, basic R-S trigger, discharge tube, and buffer. This is a complex
circuit and a hybrid composed of analog and digital circuits.

As shown in the above figure, the 555 integrated circuit is dual in-line with 8
pins package(DIP).

Pin 6 is the THRESHOLD for the input of upper comparator;

Pin 2 is TRIGGER for the input of lower comparator;
Pin 3 is the OUTPUT having two states of 0 and 1 decided by the input electrical
level;

- 101 -
Pin 7, the DISCHARGE which has two states of suspension and ground
connection also decided by input, is the output of the internal discharge tube;
Pin 4 is the RESET that outputs low level when supplied low voltage level;
Pin 5 is the CONTROL VOLTAGE that can change the upper and lower level
trigger value;
Pin 8 (Vcc) is the power supply;
Pin 1(GND) is the ground.

The schematic diagram used in the experiment is as shown below:

The circuit can generate a square wave signal that the frequency is adjustable.
The frequency can be calculated by the formula:

1.44
Frequency
RA 2RB C
2. Key functions

pulseIn()
Reads a pulse (either HIGH or LOW) on a pin. For example, if value is HIGH,
pulseIn() waits for the pin to go HIGH, starts timing, then waits for the pin to
go LOW and stops timing. Returns the length of the pulse in microseconds.
Gives up and returns 0 if no pulse starts within a specified time out.

The timing of this function has been determined empirically and will probably
show errors in longer pulses. Works on pulses from 10 microseconds to 3
minutes in length.

Syntax:
pulseIn(pin, value)
pulseIn(pin, value, timeout)
Parameters:
pin: the number of the pin on which you want to read the pulse. (int)
value: type of pulse to read: either HIGH or LOW. (int)
timeout (optional): the number of microseconds to wait for the pulse to start;

- 102 -
default is one second (unsigned long)
Returns:
the length of the pulse (in microseconds) or 0 if no pulse started before the
timeout (unsigned long)

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit (Make sure that the circuit connection is correct before
powering on; otherwise it may cause the chips to burn.)

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, rotate the potentiometer knob, and the frequency value of square waves
printed on Serial Monitor will be changed.

Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, rotate the potentiometer knob, and the frequency value of square waves
printed on Serial Monitor will be changed.

- 103 -
- 104 -
Summary

Afrer this lesson, you should have mastered the principle of timer and can
make a simple frequency meter by yourself. You can display the value of
square frequency to a LCD1602 by modifying the code we provided.

- 105 -
Lesson 30 Intrusion Detection based on the
PIR
Overview

In this lesson, we will learn how to use Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor to detect
the movement that happens nearby.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * PIR Movement Sensor
- 1 * 220 Resistor
- 1 * LED
- Several jumper wires

Principle

The sensor has pins marked OUT, -, and + (for Output, GVD, and +5V).

PIR sensors respond to heat and can be triggered by animals such as cats and
dogs, as well as by people and other heat sources. The output pin of a PIR
sensor will go HIGH when a motion is detected.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

- 106 -
Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
The LED will be turned on when any motion is detected.

- 107 -
Lesson 31 Controlling a Relay by IR Remote
Controller
Overview
In this experiment, we will program the Arduino UNO to control a relay by
remote controller.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * IR Receiver HX1838
- 1 * Remote Controller
- 1 * NPN Transistor (S8050)
- 1 * 1k Resistor
- 1 * 220 Resistor
- 1 * 1N4001 Diode
- 1 * Relay
- 1 * LED
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle
The remote IR receiver connected to the Arduino UNO is used to receive IR
signals from remote controller. If you press the different keys (key 0 or key 1)
on the remote controller, the relay state will be toggled on/off.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

- 108 -
Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Now, press the button 0 on the remote controller, and the LED will be off.
Then press button 1, and the LED will be turned on. At the same time, you will
hear the sound of relay toggling.

- 109 -
 Lesson 32 Controlling an RGB LED by IR
Remote Controller
Overview
In this lesson, we will use the remote IR receiver and the RGB to do an
experiment - control the RGB LED by the infrared remote controller.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * IR Receiver HX1838
- 1 * Remote Controller
- 1 * RGB LED
- 3* 220 Resistor
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle
This experiment is to connect an RGB LED with a remote controller, and by
programming the Arduino board, realize controlling the LED by the remote
controller.

If you press a certain key except 0 on the remote controller, you will find the
color of an RGB LED changed. When you press the key marked with 0, the
RGB LED will be off.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

- 110 -
Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board

Now press any key except 0 on the remote control and the color of the RGB
LED will change; press key 0, then the LED will be turned off.

- 111 -
 Lesson 33 Controlling a Stepper Motor by
IR Remote Controller
Overview
In this lesson, we will learn how to control a stepper motor by a remote
controller.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * IR Receiver HX1838
- 1 * Remote Controller
- 1 * Stepper Motor
- 1 * ULN2003 Driver Board
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle
If you press a certain key on the remote controller, the corresponding signal
will be sent to the Arduino UNO, and then the Arduino can tell the stepper
motor how many steps it needs to run in which direction. For example, when
you press the key +, the stepper motor will run clockwise; press the key -,
the motor will run counterclockwise; press the key 2, it will rotate two laps;
press the key 5, it will rotate five laps.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

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Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board

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Lesson 34 Controlling the Size of a Circle by
Potentiometer
Overview
In this lesson, we will collect the potentiometer data by programming the
Arduino UNO Board, and then send the data to the Processing through serial
communication to change the size of a circle.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * 10k Potentiometer
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle
The experiment consists of two parts: first, acquire the data from Arduino;
second, process the data.
Arduino key function:

write()

Writes binary data to the serial port. This data is sent as a byte or series of
bytes; to send the characters representing the digits of a number use the
print() function instead.

Syntax:

Serial.write(val)

Serial.write(str)

Serial.write(buf, len)

Parameters:

val: a value to send as a single byte

str: a string to send as a series of bytes

buf: an array to send as a series of bytes

len: the length of the buffer

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Returns:

byte

write() will return the number of bytes written, though reading that number
is optional
Processing key function:

Name: size()

Description:

Defines the dimension of the display window in units of pixels. The size()
function must be the first line of code, or the first code inside setup(). Any
code that appears before the size() command may run more than once,
which can lead to confusing results.

The system variables width and height are set by the parameters passed to
this function. If size() is not used, the window will be given a default size of
100x100 pixels.

Syntax:

size(w, h)

size(w, h, renderer)

Parameters:

w int: width of the display window in units of pixels

h int: height of the display window in units of pixels

renderer

String: Either P2D, P3D, or PDF

Returns:

void

Name: println()

Description:

The println() function writes to the console area, the black rectangle at the
bottom of the Processing environment. This function is often helpful for
looking at the data a program is producing. Each call to this function creates
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a new line of output. More than one parameter can be passed into the
function by separating them with commas. Alternatively, individual elements
can be separated with quotes ("") and joined with the addition operator (+).

Before Processing 2.1, println() was used to write array data to the console.
Now, use printArray() to write array data to the console.

Note that the console is relatively slow. It works well for occasional messages,
but does not support high-speed, real-time output (such as at 60 frames per
second).

Syntax:

println()

println(what)

println(variables)

Parameters:

what Object, String, float, char, boolean, or byte: data to print to console

variables Object[]: list of data, separated by commas

Returns:

void

Name: background()

Description:

The background() function sets the color used for the background of the
Processing window. The default background is light gray. This function is
typically used within draw() to clear the display window at the beginning of
each frame, but it can be used inside setup() to set the background on the
first frame of animation or if the backgound need only be set once.

An image can also be used as the background for a sketch, although the
image's width and height must match that of the sketch window. Images
used with background() will ignore the current tint() setting. To resize an
image to the size of the sketch window, use image.resize(width, height).

It is not possible to use the transparency alpha parameter with background

colors on the main drawing surface. It can only be used along with a

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PGraphics object and createGraphics().

Syntax:

background(rgb)

background(rgb, alpha)

background(gray)

background(gray, alpha)

background(v1, v2, v3)

background(v1, v2, v3, alpha)

background(image)

Parameters:

rgb int: any value of the color datatype

alpha float: opacity of the background

gray float: specifies a value between white and black

v1 float: red or hue value (depending on the current color mode)

v2 float: green or saturation value (depending on the current color

mode)

v3 float: blue or brightness value (depending on the current color

mode)

image PImage: PImage to set as background (must be same size as the

sketch window)

Returns:

void

Name: fill()

Description:

Sets the color used to fill shapes. For example, if you run fill(204, 102, 0), all
subsequent shapes will be filled with orange. This color is either specified in
terms of the RGB or HSB color depending on the current colorMode(). (The
default color space is RGB, with each value in the range from 0 to 255.)

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When using hexadecimal notation to specify a color, use "#" or "0x" before
the values (e.g., #CCFFAA or 0xFFCCFFAA). The # syntax uses six digits to
specify a color (just as colors are typically specified in HTML and CSS). When
using the hexadecimal notation starting with "0x", the hexadecimal value
must be specified with eight characters; the first two characters define the
alpha component, and the remainder define the red, green, and blue
components.

The value for the "gray" parameter must be less than or equal to the current
maximum value as specified by colorMode(). The default maximum value is
255.

Syntax:

fill(rgb)

fill(rgb, alpha)

fill(gray)

fill(gray, alpha)

fill(v1, v2, v3)

fill(v1, v2, v3, alpha)

Parameters:

rgb int: color variable or hex value

alpha float: opacity of the fill

gray float: number specifying value between white and black

v1 float: red or hue value (depending on current color mode)

v2 float: green or saturation value (depending on current color mode)

v3 float: blue or brightness value (depending on current color mode)

Returns:

void

Name:ellipse()

Description:

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Draws an ellipse (oval) to the screen. An ellipse with equal width and height is
a circle. By default, the first two parameters set the location, and the third
and fourth parameters set the shape's width and height. The origin may be
changed with the ellipseMode() function.

Syntax:

ellipse(a, b, c, d)

Parameters:

a float: x-coordinate of the ellipse

b float: y-coordinate of the ellipse

c float: width of the ellipse by default

d float: height of the ellipse by default

Returns:

Void

Note:
1. In this experiment, my Arduino UNO board is connected to my computer
port COM26. But it may differ in your case. So please adjust it according to
your actual situation.

2. If Processing prompts that you need to install the related function library,
please do it.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

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Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Step 4: Run the Processing software (Processing_Potentiometer.pde)
Now, turn the knob of the potentiometer, and you will see a blue circle size to
change on the computer.

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Lesson 35 Controlling the 3D Model by PS2
Joystick
Overview
In this lesson, we will collect the state of a joystick by programming the
Arduino UNO Board, and then send the data to the Processing through the
serial communication.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * PS2 Joystick
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle

The experiment consists of two parts: first, acquire the data from Arduino;
second, process the data.

Here use the Arduino UNO board to collect data of the joystick state, and
upload the data to the computer through the serial port. The data will be
processed by Processing and shown with 3D image.

Note:
1. In this experiment, my Arduino UNO board is connected to my computer
port COM26. But it may differ in your case. So please adjust it according to
your actual situation.

2. If the Processing does not run normally, you may need to install the related
function libraries.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

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Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Step 4: Run the Processing software (Processing_PS2Joystick.pde)
Move the joystick, and the 3D model will follow movement changes
accordingly on your computer.

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 Lesson 36 Snake Game
Overview
In this lesson, we will make a Snake Game based on the Processing, and play
the game with two buttons.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 2 * Button
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle
The experiment consists of two parts: first, acquire the data from Arduino;
second, process the data.

Play the Snake Game:

1. When you press the right button, the snake will move to the right.

2. Press the left button, and the snake will move to the left.

Note:
1. You need to install the Sound library.

2. In this experiment, my Arduino UNO board is connected to my computer

port COM26. But it may differ in your case. So please adjust it according to
your actual situation.

3. If the Processing does not run normally, you may need to install the related
function libraries.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

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Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Step 4: Run the Processing software (Snake_Game_Processing_Button.pde)

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 Lesson 37 Star Wars
Overview
In this lesson, we will make a star wars game based on the Processing and
play the game with a PS2 joystick and a button connected to the Arduino
UNO.

Components

- 1 * Arduino UNO
- 1 * USB Cable
- 1 * Button
- 1 * PS2 Joystick
- 1 * Breadboard
- Several jumper wires

Principle
The experiment consists of two parts: first, acquire the data from Arduino;
second, process the data.

Play the Star Wars Game:

1 When you press the button, the fighter aircraft will fire bullets

When you operating the PS2 Joystick, you can change the position of
movement of the fighter aircraft.

Note:
1. In this experiment, my Arduino UNO board is connected to my computer
port COM26. But it may differ in your case. So please adjust it according to
your actual situation.

2. If the Processing does not run normally, you may need to install the related
function libraries.

Procedures

Step 1: Build the circuit

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Step 2: Program
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board
Step 4: Run the Processing software (Processing_PS2Joystick_Button.pde)

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