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hw4 Sol

This document contains solutions to homework problems about metric spaces and analysis. Specifically: 1) It defines accumulation points and proves properties about closed sets and bounded/infinite subsets of the real numbers. 2) It proves that a certain set of sequences is closed in l1, l2, c0, and l∞ spaces. 3) It shows that the product of two closed subsets of the real numbers is closed in R2 and generalizes this to Rn. 4) It proves various properties about closures of sets in a general metric space, including that a set is equal to its closure and the closure of a set is closed.

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62 views

hw4 Sol

This document contains solutions to homework problems about metric spaces and analysis. Specifically: 1) It defines accumulation points and proves properties about closed sets and bounded/infinite subsets of the real numbers. 2) It proves that a certain set of sequences is closed in l1, l2, c0, and l∞ spaces. 3) It shows that the product of two closed subsets of the real numbers is closed in R2 and generalizes this to Rn. 4) It proves various properties about closures of sets in a general metric space, including that a set is equal to its closure and the closure of a set is closed.

Uploaded by

emerson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 5070 Fall 2012 Homework 4 solutions

1. 38.5 Let X be subseet of a metric space M . We say that a point x in


M is an accumulation point of X there exists a sequence {xn } in X such that
limx xn = x and xn 6= x for all n. Denote by X a the set of all accumulation
points of X.
(a) Prove that X is closed if and only if X a X.
(b) Prove that if X is a bounded infinite subset of R, then X a 6= .
(c) Prove that if X is an uncountable subset of R, then X a 6= .
Solution.
(a) We have defined that X is closed if limn xn X for every sequence
{xn } in X which converges in M .
=: Let x be an accumulation point of X. Then there exists a sequence
{xn } in X such that limx xn = x in M , and because X is closed, x X.
=: Suppose that X a X, {xn } is a sequence in X, and limn xn = x.
We need to show that x X. If xn = x for some n, then x X because xn X.
If xn 6= x for all n, then x X a X.
(b) Because X is infinite, we can choose a sequence {xn } in X with all
xn different. Because X is bounded, the sequence {xn } is bounded, and by
the Weierstrass theorem, there is a convergent subsequence xnk x. We will
show that x X a . If xnk 6= x for all k, we are done. Otherwise, since all
xnk are different, xnk = x for only one k, and by removing this term from the
subsequence we get a subsequence which of numbers from X all different from
x, which also converges to x.
Another solution. Because X is bounded, X (a0 , b0 ) for some real a0 , b0 .
Then X (a0 , b0 ) is infinite. If we already have ak , bk such that X (ak , bk ) is
inifinite, at least one of the sets
   
ak + bk ak + bk
X ak , , X , bk
2 2

is infinite. Choose (ak+1 , bk+1 ) to be one of the intervals ak , ak +b or ak +b


 
2
k
2
k
, bk
such that X (ak , bk ) is infinite. By induction, we get intervals

(a0 , b0 ) (a1 , b1 ) (ak , bk )

of lengths
b0 a0
bk ak = 0, k .
2k
Since ak is increasing and bounded (by b0 ), it has a limit L. Because limk bk
ak = 0, bk has the same limit L. Since the set X (ak , bk ) has at least two
elements (in fact, it is infinite), we can choose xk X (ak , bk ), xk 6= L, and
by the squeeze theorem, limk xk = L.
(c) We first show that if x X but x / X a then

x > 0 : (x x , x + x ) X = {x} . (1)

1
Otherwise
> 0 : (x , x + ) X 6= {x} ,
Because x (x , x + ) X always and choosing = 1/n in turn we get

n Nxn (x 1/n, x + 1/n) X, xn 6= x.

Since xn x, n , and xn = 6 x for all n, it follows that x X a .


Taking the x from (1), we have
[
X (x x /2, x + x /2)
xX

and the sets (x x /2, x + x /2) are disjoint; if

(x x /2, x + x /2) (y y /2, y + y /2) 6=

for some x, y X, x 6= y, then |x y| < x /2+y /2 max {x , y } and so either


y (x x , x + x )X or x (y y , y + y )X, which is a contradiction. By
the density of rationals, there exists a rational number rx (x x /2, x + x /2)
and since the intervals are disjoint, rx is different for different x, and x 7 rx is
a one to one mapping between X and a subset of rationals, which is countable.
Alternative solution. Define Xn = X [n, n + 1].If all Xn were finite, then

[
X = Xn is countable as the countable union of finite sets. Thus there
n=
exists Xn which is infinite. Because Xn is bounded, 6= Xna and because
Xna X a , it holds that X a 6= .
2. 38.7 Let (k) be the sequences

(1) = (1, 0, 0, . . .)
(2) = (0, 1, 0, . . .)
..
.
n o
(k) (k) (k)
that is, for each k, (k) is the sequence n defined by k = 1, n = 0
 n=1
if n 6= k. Prove that the set X = (k) |k N is closed subset of `1 , `2 , c0 , and
` .
Solution. First, X is a subset of all those spaces:

X
(k)
n = 1 = (k) `1
n=1

(k) 2
X
n = 1 = (k) `2
h n=1 i
n N : n(k) 1 = (k) `

lim n(k) = 0 = (k) c0


n

2
(k)
where the last statement follows from the fact that the sequence n = 0 for all
n > k.
Now, if i 6= j, then
 
d`1 (i) , (j) = 1 + 1 = 2
 
d`2 (i) , (j) = 1 + 1 = 2
 
d` (i) , (j) = 1

Since always d (i) , (j) 1 for i 6= j, the only sequences from X that are
convergent are those that are eventually constant, and so X has no accumulation
points. The result follows from problem 1(a).
3. 38.8 Let X and Y be closed subsets of R. Prove that X Y is a closed
subset of R2 . State and prove a generalization to Rn .
Solution. Consider X1 , . . . , Xn R closed. The metric in Rn is given by
v
u n
uX 2
d ((x1 , . . . , xn ) , (y1 , . . . , yn )) = t |xi yi | .
i=1


Suppose x(k) is a sequence in X1 Xn such that limk x(k) = x in
Rn , that is  
lim d x(k) , x = 0.
k

Then for all i = 1, . . . , n,


 
(k)
xi xi d x(k) , x 0 as k ,

(k)
thus limk xi = xi in R. Since Xi are closed, xi Xi for all i = 1, . . . , n,
and, consequently,

x = (x1 , . . . , xn ) X1 Xn .

4. 38.13 Let M be a metric space. Prove the following:


(a) X = X for all X M
(b) X is closed for all X M
(c) For all X, Y M , if X Y M , then X Y
(d) X Y = X Y for all X, Y M
(e) If Y is a closed subset\of M such that X Y , then X Y.
(f) If X M , then X = {Y |X Y M, Y is closed}
Solution.
(a) Since any set is a subset of its closure, we have X X.We need to prove
X X. Let x X. Then there exists a sequence {xn } X, xn x as
n , . Let m N. Since xn x as n , there exists some n such that
d (xn , x) < 1/2m. Since xn X, there exists a sequence {yk } X, yk xn as

3
k , and so there exists k such that d (yk , xn ) < 1/2m.Put zm = yk . Then
zm X and
1 1 1
d (zm , x) d (zm , xn ) + d (xn , x) < + = .
2m 2m m
We have constructed a sequence {zm } X, zm x as m , so x X.
(b) Since X = X by (a), X is closed.
(c) If x X, then x = limn xn for some {xn } X. Since X Y, also
{xn } Y , so x Y .
(d) Since X X Y and Y X Y , we have by (c) X X Y and
Y X Y , so X Y X Y . For the opposite inclusion, let x X Y .
Then x = limn xn , where all xn X Y . Either infinitely many xn X,
in which case x X because the subsequence of xn X convergese to x, or
infinitely many xn Y and then x Y (or both).
(e) Since Y is closed, Y = Y . By (c), X Y gives X Y = Y .
(f) Denote F = {Y |X Y M, Y is closed}, the family of all closed sets
in M which contain X. Since all \ sets in F are closed, and the intersection of a
family of closed sets is closed, F is closed. Since X is subset of any set Y in
\ \
F, it is contained in their intersection, so X F. By (e), X F. But
\
X X and X is closed by (b), so X F, hence F X.

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