EE-211 Circuit Analysis

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, TOPI 23460
[email protected]

September 11, 2017

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Overview
1 Theory
An overview
Circuit theory
SI units
Circuit Analysis
Electric charge
Voltage representation
Types of current
Double index notation
Flashlight circuit
Power and Energy
Sign convention
Basic ideal element
Circuit element
2 Numerical

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Electrical Engineering

Profession dealing electrical signals with their

Generation
Transmission
Measurement
Utilization
It has five major branches
Communication systems
Power
Power Electronics
Control systems
Computer systems

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Circuit theory

All the field of EE have one thing in common which is called as

Electric Circuits.
This course is a special case of electromagnetic theory (EMT).
EMT is an advance course which require tedious mathematical
calculations and solid background in physics.
We make simplifying assumptions to make use of circuit theory
without knowing the EMT.
I Lumped parameter : System is physically small enough that charges
propagate instantaneously.
I Net charge on every component is zero i.e no component can collect a
net excess of charge. Note that some components can store charge
I There is no magnetic coupling between the components. Note that
magnetic coupling can occur within a component

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Circuit theory (continued)

What are the benefits ?

Simple solutions at sufficient accuracy.
Terminal behavior of each component can predict the behavior of
interconnection.
We solve many linked differential equations that helps in developing
interest in other engineering applications.
Throughout this course we will use lumped parameters that greatly
simplify the approach towards circuit solution.

Definition
A circuit is solved when all the unknown parameters are known.

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International system of units (SI)
SI units are based on six defined Standardized prefixes
quantities
1 Length Basic unit is meter and
symbolized as m
2 Mass Basic unit is kilogram and
symbolized as kg
3 Time Basic unit is second and
symbolized as s
4 Electric current Basic unit is
ampere and symbolized as A
5 Thermodynamic temperature
Basic unit is kelvin and symbolized
as K
6 Luminous intensity Basic unit is
candela and symbolized as cd

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Circuit Analysis

It is mathematical solution to find the behavior of circuit model and

ideal circuit elements.
I Circuit model is mathematical model of real electrical systems.
I Elements of electrical components are easy to analyze if considered
ideal provided the degree of accuracy is acceptable.
The ideal circuit elements can be connected together i.e an
interconnection can be defined in terms of a mathematical equation.
The mathematical equations are in measurable quantities i.e voltage
and current.

Network vs circuit
Interconnection of two or more circuit elements is called network. If the
network has at least one closed path it is an electric circuit. Every circuit
is a network. Not every network is a circuit.

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Electric charge
It is bipolar i.e. positive and negative. The separation of positive and
negative charge means expansion of energy.
They are in discrete quantities and integral multiples of charge on
electron.
d
The separation of charge is called voltage (v = dt ) and motion of
charge is known as current (i = dq
dt ).

Why important ?
The separation of charge (voltage) as well as motion of charge (current)
have impact on electrical effects.

What is the advantage ?

We can model a circuit element based on the voltage and current at its
terminals.

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Voltage representation
Volt is energy required to move a positive charge of 1C through an
element. v= dw
dq
Figure a means that terminal A is at higher potential than terminal B.
Figure b shows that terminal B is at higher potential than terminal A.

Figure: b

Figure: a

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Current types

Current wave shape may be time varying (Sinusoidal or alternating

current (ac))
Current wave shape may not vary with time. (Direct current (dc))
Figure a and b shows common household current and battery wave
shape.

Figure: a Figure: b

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Double index notation

If the ends of an element are labeled, the current through it can be

denoted using double index notation.
If Iab =5A then figure a means that current is flowing from terminal a
to terminal b and its amplitude is 5A.
If Iab =-5A then figure b means that current is flowing from terminal b
to terminal a and its amplitude is 5A.
If Iba =-5A then figure b means that current is flowing from terminal a
to terminal b and its amplitude is 5A.

Figure: a Figure: b

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Current flow

For historical reasons we take current for the motion of positive

charges and call it conventional current flow.
Figure a shows that at any time 2C of charge flows from left to right
each second.
Figure b shows that at any time 2C of charge flows from right to left
each second.

Figure: a Figure: b

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Flashlight circuit
A typical flashlight (torch) has a switch, a pair of cells (battery) and
an electric bulb as shown in Fig. a
When the switch is turned on, charges flows out (current) of the
positive terminal, passes through the bulb an returns to the negative
terminal.
Charges lose energy in the bulb and gain energy as they pass through
the battery.
In Fig. b, voltage across bulb and battery indicates the terminals with
higher potential level.

Figure: a Figure: b
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Power and Energy

  
dq
Power is a direct product of current and voltage. P = d dt = d
dq dt
Rt
Energy is power integrated over time. = 0 pdt.
We can tell from the terminal information of a component that if the
power is delivered to it or extracted from it. There are two sign
conventions for relating the voltage drop and current in a circuit element.

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Sign convention
Passive sign convention : If the direction of current is in the direction
of voltage drop then use a + sign.
I If the product of voltage and current is positive the power is absorbed
by the element. If the product is negative the power is supplied by the
element.
Negative sign convention : If the direction of current is in the
direction of voltage rise then use a sign.

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Example 1.2

Figure: a Figure: b

In figure a P=(2)(-4)=-8W. This means that element is supplying

power.
In figure b P=(2)(-2)=-8W. This means that element is supplying
power.

Self Assessment
Solve E1.1, Problem 1.20 - 1.22

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Finding unknown parameters
Using the sign convention one can determine the unknown voltage and
current.
In Figure a the power is -20W across the element. This means it is
supplying power. Therefore, the current is entering the negative terminal.
Voltage is computed to be 4V.

Figure: a

Power supplied to a network is equal to the power absorbed by the

network.
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Basic ideal element

Characteristics
It is a two terminal device.
A circuit element with two terminal has one voltage and current expression.
It can be described mathematically by voltage and current.
It cannot be subdivided further.

Classification
Circuit elements are classified as active or passive elements. Active
elements can generate energy while passive elements cannot.

Example
Example of active elements are batteries and generators.
Example of passive elements are resistors, inductors and capacitors.

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Circuit elements
This course deals with the dc sources and loads.
Source is a device capable of converting non electrical energy to
electrical energy and vice versa.
Sources are
I Voltage source
F Independent voltage source
F Dependent voltage source
I Current source
F Independent voltage source
F Dependent voltage source
These sources can either maintain either a voltage (voltage source) or
current (current source).
In this course three basic loads are as follows
I Resistor Algebraic calculations.
I Capacitor Algebraic and differential calculations
I Inductor Algebraic and differential calculations

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What is a source ?

Examples are
I Battery
F Discharging battery is a source
F Charging battery is a sink.
I Dynamo
F Mechanical to electrical as a generator
F Electrical to mechanical as a motor
These sources can either maintain either a voltage (voltage source) or
current (current source).

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Types of sources ?
The symbols used for independent sources are shown in figure a. The
sign indicates the voltage source whereas the arrow indicates the current
source.
The symbols used for dependent sources are shown in figure b (note the
diamond shape). The sign indicates the voltage source whereas the
arrow indicates the current source.

Figure: a Figure: b

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Types of voltage sources ?

An ideal independent voltage source maintains voltage across its elements

regardless of the current in the device.
An ideal dependent voltage source is one whose value is determined by the
voltage or current at some other location in the circuit. It can either be a
voltage controlled voltage source or current controlled voltage source.

vs = vx (1)
vs = ix (2)
and are multiplying constants

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Voltage source
An ideal voltage source maintains terminal voltage even at infinite current.
Practically it cannot because an infinite amount of current requires that
the voltage source would deliver an infinite amount of power.This is, of
course, physically impossible.
Voltage begins to drop as the current increases. The point where the
voltage becomes zero is called short circuit.
Short circuit is a dangerous phenomenon and must be avoided. We will
learn in later classes how to avoid the short circuit.

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Voltage sources connection

Parallel voltage sources must have same voltage.

Series connected voltage sources can have different voltage.

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Dependent voltage sources example

In the circuit below v2 is known to be 3V what is the output voltage VL .

VL is the same as 5V2 .

V2 =3V
VL = 5V2 =15V

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Types of current sources ?

An ideal independent current source maintains current through its

elements regardless of the voltage across the device.
An ideal dependent current source is one whose value is determined by the
voltage or current at some other location in the circuit. It can either be a
voltage controlled current source or current controlled current source.

is = vx (3)
is = ix (4)
and are multiplying constants

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Current source
An ideal current source maintains terminal current even at infinite voltage.
Practically it cannot.
Current begins to drop as the voltage increases. The point where the
current become zero is called open circuit.
Not always but open circuit at times becomes a dangerous phenomenon.

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Current sources connection

Parallel current sources must have different current.

Series connected current sources cannot have different current.

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Voltage and current sources

Rule 1
For all dependent and independent voltage sources, current cannot be
determined in the source as a function of its terminal voltage.

Rule 2
For all dependent and independent current sources, voltage cannot be
determined across the source as a function of its terminal current.

Rule 3
Some sources have the capability to sink.

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Some special cases

Open circuit
A short circuit is an ideal voltage source having v=0 . Current depends on
the values of other components in the circuit.

Short circuit
An open circuit is an ideal current source having i=0 . Voltage across an
open circuit is determined by other components.

Effect
No power is absorbed or delivered in these two cases.

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Summary of sources

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Example of source connection

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Example 1.6

Calculate the power absorbed by each element in the network.

P1 =(16)(1)=16
P2 =(4)(1)=4
P3 =(12)(1)=12
P1 =(8)(2)=16
P12v =(12)(2)=24
P24v =(24)(-3)=-72
Summing these together equals 0
(16+4+12+16+24-72=0)

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Basic circuit terminology
Node is a point in a circuit that connects two or more elements (5 nodes).
Loop is a close path in a circuit (3 loops).
Mesh is a loop not containing any other loop (2 mesh).
Note that the loop3 contain 2 loops inside therefore it is not a mesh.

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Basic circuit terminology (Continued)
A circuit that can be drawn on a plane with no crossing branches is called
a planar circuit as shown in figure a.
Note that apparently fig. a looks like a non-planar circuit however, the
circuit may be routed in a planar fashion.
A circuit which cannot be redrawn such that the node connections are
maintained and no branch overlap is called a non-planar circuit as shown
in fig. b.

Figure: b

Figure: a
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Practice problems

Students are advised to practice end numerical of chapter 1 of the

textbook.

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References

Figures used in this presentation are taken from the following sources.
Irwin, J.D. and Nelms, R.M., 2007. Basic engineering circuit analysis.
John Wiley & Sons.
Nilsson, J.W. and Riedel, S., 2014. Electric Circuits. Prentice Hall.

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 The End

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