Waveform

Generators and
Special function ICs
UNIT-V
Sine wave generators(Oscillators)

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RC Phase Shift Oscillators

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Wien Bridge Oscillator

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Astable Multivibrators using
opamp

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Astable Multivibrators using
opamp

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 Monostable Multivibrators using
opamp

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Monostable Multivibrators using
opamp

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Monostable Multivibrators using
opamp

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Triangular waveform generator

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Sawtooth Waveform Generator
Sawtooth Waveform Generator
ICL8038-Function Generator
555 timer
Block Diagram of 555 timer
555 timer Monostable Multivibrator
555 timer Monostable Multivibrator
555 timer Astable Multivibrator
555 timer Astable Multivibrator
555 timer-Astable Multivibrator

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IC Voltage Regulators

There are basically two kinds of IC voltage

regulators:
Multipin type, e.g. LM723C
3-pin type, e.g. 78/79XX
Multipin regulators are less popular but they
provide the greatest flexibility and produce the
highest quality voltage regulation
3-pin types make regulator circuit design simple

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Classification of IC Voltage regulator

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Multipin IC Voltage Regulator

The LM723 has an

equivalent circuit that
contains most of the
parts of the op-amp
voltage regulator
discussed earlier.
It has an internal
voltage reference,
error amplifier, pass
transistor, and current
limiter all in one IC
LM 723C Schematic package.
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LM723 Voltage Regulator

Can be either 14-pin DIP or 10-pin TO-100 can

May be used for either +ve or -ve, variable or fixed
regulated voltage output
Using the internal reference (7.15 V), it can operate
as a high-voltage regulator with output from 7.15
V to about 37 V, or as a low-voltage regulator from
2 V to 7.15 V
Max. output current with heat sink is 150 mA
Dropout voltage is 3 V (i.e. VCC > Vo(max) + 3)

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IC723 as a LOW voltage LOW current

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IC723 as a HIGH voltage LOW current

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IC723 as a HIGH voltage HIGH current

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Three-Terminal Fixed Voltage
Regulators
Less flexible, but simple to use
Come in standard TO-3 (20 W) or TO-220 (15 W)
transistor packages
78/79XX series regulators are commonly available
with 5, 6, 8, 12, 15, 18, or 24 V output
Max. output current with heat sink is 1 A
Built-in thermal shutdown protection
3-V dropout voltage; max. input of 37 V
Regulators with lower dropout, higher in/output,
and better regulation are available.

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Basic Circuits With 78/79XX Regulators

Both the 78XX and 79XX regulators can be used to

provide +ve or -ve output voltages
C1 and C2 are generally optional. C1 is used to
cancel any inductance present, and C2 improves the
transient response. If used, they should preferably
be either 1 F tantalum type or 0.1 F mica type
capacitors.

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 78XX Floating Regulator

It is used to obtain
an output > the Vreg
value up to a
max.of 37 V.
R1 is chosen so that
R1 0.1 Vreg/IQ,
where IQ is the
Vreg quiescent
R1 (Vo current
Vreg ) of
Vo Vreg I Q R2 R2 regulator.
or the
R1 Vreg I Q R1

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3-Terminal Variable Regulator

The floating regulator could be made into a

variable regulator by replacing R2 with a pot.
However, there are several disadvantages:
Minimum output voltage is Vreg instead of 0 V.
IQ is relatively large and varies from chip to chip.
Power dissipation in R2 can in some cases be
quite large resulting in bulky and expensive
equipment.
A variety of 3-terminal variable regulators are
available, e.g. LM317 (for +ve output) or LM 337
(for -ve output).

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Basic LM317 Variable Regulator Circuits

(a) (b)
Circuit with capacitors Circuit with protective
to improve performance diodes
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Switching Regulator

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Block Diagram of Switch-Mode
Regulator

It converts an unregulated dc input to a regulated dc

output. Switching regulators are often referred to as
dc to dc converters.
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Comparing Switch-Mode to Linear
Regulators
Advantages:
70-90% efficiency (about double that of linear
ones)
can make output voltage > input voltage, if
desired
can invert the input voltage
considerable weight and size reductions,
especially at high output power
Disadvantages:
More complex circuitry
Potential EMI problems unless good shielding,
low-loss ferrite cores and chokes are used
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Monolithic Switching Regulator

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Step-Down converter

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Step-Up Converter

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Switched Capacitor Filter

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Switched Capacitor Filter-MF10

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Audio Power Amplifier

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PIN DIAGRAM AND BLOCK DIAGRAM
OF LM380

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Audio Power Amplifier-LM380

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Isolation Amplifier

Provides a way to link a fixed ground to a floating

ground.
Isolates the DSP from the high voltage associated
with the power amplifier.

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ISOLATION AMPLIFIER

Purposes
To break ground to permit incompatible circuits

to be interfaced together while reducing noise

To amplify signals while passing only low

leakage current to prevent shock to people or

damage to equipment
To withstand high voltage to protect people,

circuits, and equipment

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Methods

Power Supply Isolation : battery, isolated power

Signal Isolation : opto-isolation, capacitive

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OPTOCOUPLER
The optocouplers provide protection and high-
speed switching

An optocoupler, also known as an opto-isolator, is

an integral part of the opto electronics arena. It has
fast proven its utility as an electrical isolator or a
high-speed switch, and can be used in a variety of
applications.

The basic design for optocouplers involves use of

an LED that produces a light signal to be received
by a photodiode to detect the signal. In this way,
the output current or current allowed to pass can
be varied by the intensity of light.

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Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits

Applications
Inter- and intra-chip optical interconnect and clock
distribution
Fiber transceivers

Intelligent sensors

Smart pixel array parallel processors

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Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits

Approaches
Conventional hybrid assembly: multi-chip modules

Total monolithic process development

Modular integration on ICs:

epitaxy-on-electronics

flip-chip bump bonding w. substrate removal

self-assembly

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LED Phototransistor Optocoupler

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LED Photodiode Optocoupler

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Optocoupler IC

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